Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
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Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/
Other students also liked, how to write a problem statement | guide & examples, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, how to write a literature review | guide, examples, & templates, what is your plagiarism score.
Hey there, curious minds in the world of numbers and balance sheets! Are you ready to dive into the exciting realm of accounting research? Whether you’re an aspiring bean counter or a number enthusiast, we’ve got a treasure trove of 90 research topics for accounting students. Imagine unlocking the secrets behind financial reporting, discovering the magic of tax strategies, and exploring the ethics that guide the accounting world. From financial fairy tales to auditing adventures, this blog is your gateway to research topics that are as clear as crystal. So grab your pens, put on your thinking caps, and get ready to embark on a journey through the fascinating landscape of accounting ideas. Let’s explore together!
Financial accounting topics.
As we draw the curtain on this exploration of 120 compelling research topics for accounting students, we hope you’re feeling as inspired as we are by the vast possibilities that await your inquisitive minds. The world of accounting is a dynamic landscape, evolving with every technological stride and ethical challenge that comes its way. These research topics for accounting students serve as invitations to delve deeper, question assumptions, and contribute to the ever-growing body of knowledge.
Remember, each research topic represents a gateway to discovery, innovation, and the chance to make a meaningful impact in the realm of accounting. Whether you choose to unravel the intricacies of financial technology, dissect ethical quandaries, or scrutinize the shifting paradigms of financial reporting, your journey promises to be both enlightening and rewarding.
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120+ Finance Research Topic Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project
If you’re just starting out exploring potential research topics for your finance-related dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of finance-centric research topics and ideas.
PS – This is just the start…
We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.
If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .
These research topic ideas explore a breadth of issues ranging from the examination of capital structure to the exploration of financial strategies in mergers and acquisitions.
The list below presents a series of research topics exploring the multifaceted dimensions of investment banking, with a particular focus on its evolution following the 2008 financial crisis.
These research topic ideas are centred on venture capital and private equity investments, with a focus on their impact on technological startups, emerging technologies, and broader economic ecosystems.
This list includes a range of research topic ideas focused on asset management, probing into the effectiveness of various strategies, the integration of technology, and the alignment with ethical principles among other key dimensions.
Here we explore research topics related to hedge fund operations and strategies, including their implications on corporate governance, financial market stability, and regulatory compliance among other critical facets.
This list explores various research topic ideas related to financial planning, focusing on the effects of financial literacy, the adoption of digital tools, taxation policies, and the role of financial advisors.
The following list delves into research topics within the insurance sector, touching on the technological transformations, regulatory shifts, and evolving consumer behaviours among other pivotal aspects.
These topic ideas span the development of asset pricing models, evaluation of machine learning algorithms, and the exploration of ethical implications among other pivotal areas.
The following topic ideas explore treasury management, focusing on modernisation through technological advancements, the impact on firm liquidity, and the intertwined relationship with corporate governance among other crucial areas.
The following research topic ideas explore the transformative potential of blockchain, the rise of open banking, and the burgeoning landscape of peer-to-peer lending among other focal areas.
These topic ideas span commercial banking, encompassing digital transformation, support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the evolving regulatory and competitive landscape among other key themes.
The folowing research topic ideas are centred around international finance and global economic dynamics, delving into aspects like exchange rate fluctuations, international financial regulations, and the role of international financial institutions among other pivotal areas.
These finance-related research topic ideas are starting points to guide your thinking. They are intentionally very broad and open-ended. By engaging with the currently literature in your field of interest, you’ll be able to narrow down your focus to a specific research gap .
When choosing a topic , you’ll need to take into account its originality, relevance, feasibility, and the resources you have at your disposal. Make sure to align your interest and expertise in the subject with your university program’s specific requirements. Always consult your academic advisor to ensure that your chosen topic not only meets the academic criteria but also provides a valuable contribution to the field.
If you need a helping hand, feel free to check out our private coaching service here.
thank you for suggest those topic, I want to ask you about the subjects related to the fintech, can i measure it and how?
Please guide me on selecting research titles
I am doing financial engineering. , can you please help me choose a dissertation topic?
I’m studying Banking and finance (MBA) please guide me on to choose a good research topic.
I am studying finance (MBA) please guide me to choose a good research topic.
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Our academic experts understand how hard it can be to come up with original accounting research paper topics for assignments. Students are often dealing with multiple responsibilities and trying to balance numerous deadlines. Searching the web or class notes takes up a lot of time. Therefore, we have put together our list of 150 accounting research topics that students can choose from or gather inspiration from.
This area of study has tremendous upside as more businesses rely on managerial accountants to bring innovative changes to their organizations. Here is a list of topics for research paper in this area:
The following collection can be considered accounting hot topics because they deal with the issues that are most important to today’s generation of accountants that utilize advanced software to keep businesses successful:
As students advance academically, they may want to consider these topics for research paper to earn higher scores in their classes. Here are some suggestions:
Many accounting topics for research papers need to draw a reader’s attention right from the start. This list of topics is controversial and should accomplish just that:
These accounting paper topics are meant for students that have acquired skills in writing but may not have developed the skills needed to write a top-notch paper quite yet. They should be easy to research given a proper planning period:
Sometimes you need to consider accounting project topics that would be great for numerous situations. You may need to present before a class or write a paper for a discussion panel. These ideas may suit your needs:
Some cost accounting topics are worthy of an audience but need to be completed within a tight deadline. These project ideas are easy to research and can be completed within one week:
This is another area of accounting that has a promising future for small to large businesses. Here are forensic accounting research paper topics you can use if you are interested in this booming segment:
Good accounting thesis topics should mirror personally important issues. Essay ideas should reflect the things you want to learn more about and explore in-depth. Here is a list that may pique your interest:
The following topic ideas delve into some serious issues in accounting and are much more difficult to handle. These should be approached with the utmost academic determination to earn a master’s or a Ph.D.:
If you don’t have enough time to research current topics in accounting, these ideas will help you save time. There are plenty of online resources discussing current issues and you can also find information in the library:
These are the topics you should be considered for a graduate-level course if you want to make a great impression on the professor. Just be sure to do your due diligence and research your selected topic thoroughly:
Topics in accounting are rooted in financial processes that date back centuries. Yet, there are still many innovative ideas that drive business success. Consider these topics for an essay on issues that are current for today’s world:
The next set of topics are great for anyone wanting to combine accounting with technology. We put together this set to generate interest in this area:
These presentation topics cover a wide range of areas that are perfect for diverse interests. At the college level, students must conduct a lot of academic research to guarantee they have all the most relevant information needed to present on a great topic:
What do you think of our accounting research topics? These are available for free and can be shared with other students. If you need a custom list of accounting topics, our academic experts can take your assignment details and provide you with original and simple accounting research topics to facilitate your project and help you earn a top grade. We can also provide you with writing, editing, and proofreading services to ensure your assignment is error-free and gets you the highest score possible.
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Here is a sample that showcases why we are one of the world’s leading academic writing firms. This assignment was created by one of our expert academic writers and demonstrated the highest academic quality. Place your order today to achieve academic greatness.
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Introduction.
Volatility is defined as the statistical measurement of the dispersion in a market index considering the returns (Abdalla and Suliman, 2012). The central banks and regulatory authorities of stock exchanges have highly focused on volatility modelling and forecasting by using asset pricing models for measuring risks and using option pricing formulas for maximising returns.
The Black-Scholes model is an option pricing formula that delivers the scope of portfolio management of stocks along with delivering reliable estimates of volatility (Bhowmik & Wang, 2020). The Saudi stock exchange is also known as Tadawul and it was established in 2007. Tadawul has a market cap of SAR 8.23 trillion and its trade volume amounts to SAR 380.89 billion.
The research topic is to conduct an analysis of the impact of financial volatility estimates and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market.
The research topic has been selected as volatility has become an integral component of the present financial markets and most of the studies conducted by the past authors have focused on the relationship between volatility of the oil prices in Saudi Arabia and the stock prices. This research will evaluate how the estimation of financial volatility along with using option pricing models can be used for increasing the returns in the Saudi stock market along with conducting a financial risk assessment.
This research will provide more information regarding the dependencies among financial volatility and the Saudi Stock Market along with evaluating the significance of forecasting methods for maximizing gains and minimising risk. The research will provide the investors with better decision making parameters considering the alterations in returns due to financial volatility.
This study research aims to evaluate the influence of financial validity extremists and option pricing methods on the returns and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market. The research objectives include analysis of the significance of financial volatility modelling and estimates in the Saudi stock market.
The research will also contribute in the domain of option pricing models that can be used for evaluating the risk associated with the stock prices for guiding the decision making of the investors. The present condition of the Saudi stock market along with its dependencies on oil and other commodities will also be evaluated as an objective of this research.
Lastly, the ways in which returns of investment can be maximized in the Saudi stock market by conducting a proper risk assessment by using financial volatility forecasting and option pricing models will also be discussed. This will facilitate the foreign investors to understand the fluctuations in the Saudi stock along with helping the risk manager is and investors to raise awareness about the risk in Tadawul.
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In Saudi Arabia, the volatility of the stock market and the overall financial industry in the last decade was due to the changes in oil prices. However, the BASEL accords were updated to implement BASEL III for improving the banking and financial regulations. The stock prices in the nation have been declining since 2015 due to the fall in the price of crude oil (Kalyanaraman, 2014).
The government of the country has established a model for Vision 2030 by integrating financial forecasting mechanisms to reduce the dependence on oil for the economy (Simmons, 2006). Volatility is desired in the market as stagnant stock prices do not yield any profits. However, high volatility also implies high risk for the security, and it is measured by using variance and standard deviation among the returns from the market index.
The research questions are:
The financial assets have the characteristics of providing returns on the investment but are also susceptible to market risks due to the returns being variable (Black, 1976). The volatility of the assets remains variable, requiring the forecasting of stocks to analyse the market risk involved. Examination of the stock volatility is crucial for minimising the risk and losses while contributing to increasing financial gains.
Option pricing methods refer to the parameter of volatility for evaluating the price of the stocks (Birge and Zhang, 1999). This is beneficial for risk assessment applications and general portfolio management of the stocks. As per Bhowmik & Wang (2020), price volatility estimation enables the financial institutions to become aware of the current volatility value of the assets they are managing and estimating the future values for maximising investors’ returns. According to Lim and Sek (2013), the two methods of determining financial volatility forecasting include using the GARCH and ARMA models.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of estimating financial volatility and option pricing methods on the return on investments and risk assessment in the Saudi Stock Market. This research will be conducted using the positivism philosophy for using first and information for deriving the findings.
The research will be conducted using an inductive approach and considering an experimental design to establish the linkage among the variables in the research topic (Saunders et al., 2007). The research will be conducted by conducting a semi-structured interview with 10 Saudi stock exchange employees to understand the implications of financial volatility forecasting and option pricing models.
The research limitations include time and budget restrictions that inhibit surveying with the investors in the Saudi Stock exchange.
The research will require 180 days or six months to complete.
The research will be conducted by analysing the data collected from the interview by forming a thematic analysis for evaluating the open-ended responses. Secondary data will also be considered in this research for comparing the findings from the immediate reactions.
This investigation will identify the measures that are best suited for guiding the investors and financial advisors regarding the maximisation of returns and risk minimisation in the Saudi stock market by using financial volatility estimates and option pricing.
Abdalla, S. Z. S. (2012). Modelling Stock Returns Volatility: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Stock Exchange International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 85, 166-179.
Bhowmik, R., & Wang, S. (2020). Stock Market Volatility and Return Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review. Entropy, 22(5), 522.
Birge, J.R. and Zhang, R.Q., 1999. Risk-neutral option pricing methods for adjusting constrained cash flows. The Engineering Economist , 44 (1), pp.36-49.
Black, F. (1976). Studies of stock market volatility changes. 1976 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Business and Economic Statistics Section .
Kalyanaraman, L. (2014). Stock market volatility in Saudi Arabia: An application of univariate G.A.R.C.H. model. Asian Social Science, 10 (10), 142.
Lim, C.M. and Sek, S.K., 2013. Comparing the performances of GARCH-type models in capturing the stock market volatility in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance , 5 , pp.478-487.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P.H.I.L.I.P. and Thornhill, A.D.R.I.A.N., 2007. Research methods. Business Students 4th edition Pearson Education Limited, England .
Simmons, M.R., 2006. Twilight in the desert: The coming Saudi oil shock and the world economy. John Wiley & Sons.
How to write a phd dissertation proposal.
To write a Ph.D. dissertation proposal:
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Proposal maker.
An accounting proposal can help accountants, accounting firms and other entities in the field or industry of accounting to get their prospective clients. Just like other proposal examples in pdf , Word or Excel; it is essential for accounting proposals to be complete, direct to the point and attention-grabbing so that clients can get the impression of what businesses can provide them with.
Accounting training proposal template.
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Size: A4, US
Support your firm’s accounting services in the most effective way possible by creating a strong proposal with the use of the above template. For quicker proposal preparation for your potential business clients , make sure to download this template and edit it in a way that suits your needs and requirements best. Professional proposal examples can be used to create the right proposal for your organization.
If you are in search of a document that allows you to bid on a request for a proposal that persuades probable customers to support the proposal in a financial manner, then you are in the right place. The above template is the one you are looking for. Check nonprofit proposal examples and samples for more. Gather all the information on your accounting service from service brochures , and make sure that the graphs incorporated are appropriate. It can be easily edited and customized in the way you like best.
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If you already know how to write a book proposal , then you may also want to learn a thing or two about the creation of an accounting proposal. Making an accounting proposal is as easy as developing budget proposal examples as long as you are already aware of the basics of proposal making. Having no idea how to write this kind of document should not be a concern as we have listed examples, guides, and tips that you can use as references.
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Just like when creating grant proposal examples and other kinds of corporate and professional proposals, one of the first things that you have to consider when making an accounting proposal is the reason why you need to create one. There are different purposes or objectives that should be achieved when making this document. Here are some of the instances where you can use an accounting proposal:
1. You can develop accounting proposals if you want the management of the business where you are currently working to support your proposal in a financial aspect. This is observed in internal transactions where there is a need for accounting services to be outsourced and the finance department needs to ask for funding by proposing the usages of the funds or budget of the business for the specified accounting services. With this, keep in mind that business proposal examples & samples are not just done in B2C or B2B transactions.
2. You can present an accounting proposal if you would like to bid for your accounting services to possibly be selected by your prospective clients. Accounting proposals are commonly created as a response to the client’s request for proposals. If this is the reason why you need to make an accounting proposal, then you should be aware of how to write a business proposal for customers .
3. You can make an accounting proposal if you want your clients to be convinced that you are the best fit for their accounting needs. If your expertise and professional qualifications are aligned with what the clients are looking for, then it is best for you to develop an accounting proposal that can showcase that.
Compared to project proposal examples , accounting proposals are also technical, precise, and time-bound. If you believe that you already need to start the development of an accounting proposal, it will be best if you will first make yourself aware of a few pre-writing tips. Here are some of the guidelines that you may find useful if you already plan to start making your accounting proposal:
1. When making research proposal examples & samples , the problem at hand is important to be looked into so that the research proposal can address areas of concern. The same goes for accounting proposals. Always list down the concerns that you have with the transaction especially those that are related and relevant to the needs, demands, and requirements of the clients. This will help you narrow down the information that you will include in the accounting proposal.
2. Just like the initials steps on preparing a nonprofit grant proposal budget , create a draft that can specifically plot your plan for your accounting proposal. Your discussion should be transparent enough for clients to see that you are truly aware of what you are talking about.
3. Base your presentation on the needs and expectations of your clients. Your accounting proposal should always give focus on your deliverables and how these can help answer the problems of your clients. Though a brief background about your services and expertise may help, this should not be the highlight of the proposal. In case you plan on investing in any business or a particular industry, then investment proposal templates will help you create just the right kind of a proposal of that kins for you, so you do not have to make one from scratch.
If you do not know how to create the layout of an accounting proposal, you can use proposal templates and examples as your guides and references. Aside from that, listed below are some tips that will allow you to end up with an effective and comprehensive accounting proposal.
1. Though your accounting proposal should focus on your answers to the needs of your clients, it will not hurt if you list down a few of your qualifications and professional experiences. This will make you look more credible.
2. Always have an executive summary at hand. Your proposal should provide an idea that your services are what the clients are looking for. A short specification of the project and how you can handle it can already give an idea of what you can bring to the table. Group proposal templates will help you create the perfect group proposal when you need to submit them as a group.
3. Present a timeline or a time frame that you will follow when it comes to providing your accounting services. The time duration that you will specify should be realistic for goals to be attainable. This also goes with the development of fundraising proposal examples & samples and other kinds of corporate proposals.
4. Have an estimate of the cost that you will charge your clients based on their accounting needs. Specify that these amounts can still change depending on the items that your clients would like to add or remove should they decide to hire you.
Proofreading any article is as important as writing it. When you proofread, you know where you went wrong and can make the necessary corrections wherever required. We believe that the samples and discussion above can already help you create an accounting proposal that has a high potential of being converted into an actual contract. Once you are already done making your accounting proposal, do not forget to review everything that you placed in it.
Your content should always be updated, real, and properly formatted so you can present your business and offer in a professional and effective manner. Check service proposal examples for more detailed help on how to make the right service proposal you are planning to make.
Proofreading is not only for accounting proposals. Make your accounting proposal and ensure that you will review it once again so you can spot errors and items that you need to remove or improve. Do not hesitate to browse through our downloadable samples again if you want to refresh your mind on what you can include in an accounting proposal and how you can put them in a single document. The management proposal template can also be of great help to you while you create the best proposal for your organization.
Text prompt
Generate a proposal for a new school recycling program
Compose a proposal for a school field trip to a science museum.
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Prepared for: [Client.FirstName] [Client.LastName] [ Client.Company]
Created by: [Sender.FirstName] [Sender.LastName] [ Sender.Company]
[Client.FirstName] [Client.LastName] [Client.Company] [Client.Company.Address]
[Date] [Sender.Company.Address]
Dear [Title] [Client.LastName] ,
Whether your business is new or old, it needs efficient accounting services for growth and sustainability. Having your books in top shape all year round is an achievement that can help your business function smoothly and provide grounds for sound and promising business decisions.
As your accounting needs will continue to grow with your business, it is imperative to pay careful thought to a long term and viable solution for this vital part of your business. By hiring [Sender.Company] to take care of all your accounting needs, you will be ensuring yourself a step in the right direction. By letting us be your professional accountants you will:
Given the opportunity to work for your promising company, we will prove, with our dedication and high performance, that you have purchased peace of mind in the guise of our professional accounting services.
Sincerely, [Sender.Company]
[Sender.FirstName] [Sender.LastName] [Sender.Title]
[[Project.Name]] [Sender.Company]
[ Client.Company] seeks a full review of their historical financial records and future accounting needs.
At the start, our experts carefully review your past records and assess your financial services needs according to the nature of your company and suggest the services model best suited to your requirements. The work plan is finalized only after an initial (and possibly subsequent) extensive consultation with [ Client.Company] . Periodic review of our services and client feedback is an essential feature of our work plan which ensures that we remain an efficient accounting partner for your business.
Accounting is a function that forms the core of any business. Important business decisions rely heavily upon the financial information at all stages of a project, from planning to execution to finalization. Efficient bookkeeping and financial control ensures the company runs smoothly with an eye for growth. Data, statements and projections are all vital financial figures that a business must have on-hand for sound business performance. Operating as a neutral third party, [ Sender.Company] will provide accurate and unbiased data to [Client.Company] .
[Sender.Company] offers proven expertise in areas such as bookkeeping , accounting , and controller services . Bookkeeping includes the day-to-day business transactions like customer payments, bills, invoices, bill payments, disbursements, and withdrawals. We maintain ledgers for Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, and cash accounts and produce daily or weekly reports according to the clients’ preference. Payroll and related activities with tax calculation are also part of our portfolio. Our repertoire also includes preparing periodic reports, financial statements, bank reconciliations and taking care of your general accounting needs.
We will keep [ Client.Company] apprised at all stages of our accounting procedures with regular reports for [ Client.Company] ‘s reference and review. All data will be accessible to the client around the clock through dedicated servers using the most modern software and backup facilities. In addition, we also act as business advisors by keeping an eye on the market trends and advising our clients on using the most modern and efficient methods related to accounting and financial reporting.
According to a recent estimate, outsourcing accounting work can reduce your business cost by as much as 30%. Hiring a specialist accounting firm like [ Sender.Company] will not only lower your business costs but will also provides [ Client.Company] with the benefit of an efficient and experienced accountants.
At [ Sender.Company] we have built a team of financial experts in business with over 12 years of combined experience. Our founders came together in 1993 to start this company in the California area. As a company, we are recognized for our work and have been recognized for our achievements.
Our accounting professionals are highly qualified and specialized accountants working on the most up-to-date accounting software programs available and also continually stay up-to-date on the newest accounting laws.
[ Sender.Company] uses the most popular accounting software such as MYOB, Oracle, QuickBooks, Quicken and SAP.
Below you will find a cost breakdown of [Sender.Company] 's services.
Name | Price |
---|---|
Conversion from [Company.X] to [Sender.Company] | $2500.00 |
Time period covered: JAN 1, 2015 to Present | $500.00 |
Production of Quarterly Reports | $800.00 |
Subtotal | $3800.00 |
Total | $3800.00 |
Name | Price |
Daily Account Reconciliation | $1000.00 |
Bi-Monthly Payroll Services | $600.00 |
Subtotal | $1600.00 |
Total | $1600.00 |
Name | Price |
---|---|
Quarterly Tax Documents | $600.00 |
Quarterly Filings | $300.00 |
Quarterly Reports | $800.00 |
Subtotal | $1700.00 |
Total | $1700.00 |
Name | Price |
---|---|
Year End Summaries | $500.00 |
Year End Tax Filing Summaries | $500.00 |
Employee Benefits Reports Maintenance | $300.00 |
Subtotal | $1300.00 |
Total | $1300.00 |
Setup Total |
Monthly Total |
Quarterly Total |
Yearly Total |
This pricing quote is tentative and subject to change based after the initial assessment of the state of [ Client.Company] ‘s bookkeeping records.
This Accounting Contract ("CONTRACT") is made and entered into by [ Sender.Company] , a duly licensed and certified public accounting firm in the State of California with its principal place of business located at 200 Clock Tower Pl Carmel, California(CA), 93923, and [ Client.Company] , located at 200 Elaine Dr Pleasant Hill, California(CA), 94523, effective on May 12. It shall continue for a period of 2 years or until terminated as provided by this CONTRACT.
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Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management
ISSN : 1176-6093
Article publication date: 21 June 2011
(2011), "Proposal for a Special Issue of Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal", Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management , Vol. 8 No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1108/qram.2011.31408baa.001
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2011, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Article Type: Call for papers From: Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, Volume 8, Issue 2
Special issue on: accounting, accountants, and accountability regimes in pluralistic societies: taking multiple perspectives seriously
Guest Editors:
Professor Judy Brown, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, e-mail: [email protected]
Professor Jesse Dillard, Queen’s University, UK and Portland State University, USA, e-mail: [email protected]
Professor Trevor Hopper, Sussex University, UK; Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand and Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden, e-mail: [email protected]
How can accountings, accountants, and accountability regimes better facilitate democracy by serving the needs of pluralistic communities given power inequalities among the various constituencies?
Acknowledging diversity, fostering democratic debate, and formulating feasible but progressive policy and practices are central to critical accounting’s research agenda. Pursuing this agenda leads to promoting the interests of groups marginalized by conventional accounting and accountability regimes (e.g. environmentalists, ethical investors, unionists, feminists, humanitarian agencies, new social movements within civil society, and indigenous communities) and questioning what is accounted for, how it is accounted for, and on whose terms.
A typical panacea for addressing diverse interests is to negotiate a consensus within the context of open and honest dialogue among the affected parties. However, given the reality of ongoing power asymmetries, negotiated consensuses within pluralistic democracies can be problematic, reinforcing the status quo, furthering the interests of dominant groups, and denying legitimate aims of marginalized groups. Often, meaningfully incorporating perspectives of diverse groups (e.g. their values, assumptions, approaches to social change) calls forth different processes of policy formulation and accountability, requiring new types of information transmitted through alternative media. However, the accounting, accountability, and policy implications are generally poorly articulated or understood.
This special issue seeks papers that conceptualize and/or apply approaches addressing a wide range of phenomena and stakeholder groups and are sensitive to power inequalities and the politics of recognition. We welcome contributions that envisage new designs and means of implementing pluralistic accounting and accountability systems that facilitate debate on social justice, sustainability, and other contemporary issues directed toward exposing inequities, reducing them, and articulating and evaluating feasible social reforms. The challenge, in brief, is to “take multiple perspectives seriously” and develop democratic means of incorporating these multiple perspectives to produce meaningful reforms in organizational and state policy arenas. Possible avenues of investigation might include approaches that:
Imagine and/or (co)develop accountings and/or accountability regimes beyond business and managerialist models of stakeholder engagement that promote democratic dialogue between constituencies with different economic, social, and political interests/perspectives, as well as consider the implications of policies and practices emerging from negotiated outcomes that recognize and respect diversity and disagreement
Analyze the design and operation of systems that reinforce alternative notions of accountability and that facilitate neglected constituencies’ involvement in decisions, say, by utilizing non-financial information, visual and verbal methods, new social media tools, environmental accounting/corporate social responsibility dimensions, silent/shadow reports, and counter-accounts.
Examine actual and potential opportunities, problems, and applications of accounting and accountability regimes based on deliberative models of democracy, poly-logic perspectives, dialogical learning, and heteroglossic and agonistic approaches
Reformulate the role(s) of accounting, accountants, and accountability regimes in facilitating pluralistic organizational and/or social change and address related ethical issues.
We seek empirical and theoretical contributions from various research perspectives and approaches that stimulate development of further imaginings and engagements in this vital area. Papers must be relevant to theory development, practice, and/or policy.
The closing date for submissions for this special issue is 31 December 2012. Manuscripts should be sent electronically by e-mail (in a Word file format) to the Guest Editor: Professor Trevor Hopper at: [email protected] . The editors welcome enquiries and declarations of interest in submitting. Earlier submissions are welcome. All papers will be reviewed in accordance with Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal ’s normal processes. It is anticipated that this special issue will be published in 2014.
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Accounting and management practice as well as accounting research would benefit by shifting more of the scholarly attention towards external matters – solving problems of practice – while retaining its emphasis on rigor and validity of research claims.
Introduction.
Accounting as a Professional Practice
Research and Practice
Internal and External Issues
Rebalancing
The scope of natural sciences extends beyond the boundaries of time or space, but social sciences are contingent on both. Compared with the laws of mechanics, electricity or sound, any regularities we observe in social domains tend to have limited, and noisier predictive power and practical applicability. Moreover, regularities observed in social data are often unstable because of the reflexivity of such phenomena: once human beings recognize a pattern in past data, they tend to adjust their behavior so the pattern in the data changes. In other words, many social phenomena tend not to be robust to their own discovery.
Accounting, a professional practice, rests on elements of various natural and social sciences and addresses the practical problems of business, government and not-for-profit organizations. These problems may have some common elements, but they are also characterized by time- and context-specific circumstances of societies, industries, businesses, and organizations. For this reason, attempts to build general theories of accounting can be admirable exercises in abstraction, but their explanatory and predictive powers are necessarily constrained.
A cursory glance at the sister professional practices of engineering and medicine can help us gain a better perspective on accounting. Various systems of medicine — western, Chinese, Indian Aryurveda and Yunani , and many others — were based mostly on experience, not science until a century ago. Surgery, rooted in anatomy, did better, but was hampered by infections until an improved understanding of microbes was gained in the late 19th century. While the traditional systems of medicine were supported by people’s belief in their efficacy combined with centuries of experience, modern medicine is hardly free of mistakes, belief and tradition. The popularity of the surgical removal of tonsils to prevent infection for example has seen its ups and downs over three millennia. [1] The placebo effect is a well-established fact in medicine – a patient’s trust in their physician helps to determine their healthcare outcome.
Similarly, while little of modern engineering can work without its scientific underpinnings, the early human makers of stone, bronze or iron tools, weapons, shelters, and bridges had little knowledge of the principles involved. The science of mechanics arose as generalized inference from observation, and it was combined with accumulated practical experience to develop the mechanics of machines and other engineering principles. Thus, observation, experience, inference and experimentation helped machines evolve through successive designs which make much of modern life possible.
In both medicine and engineering research, a sense of purpose and progress toward solving practical problems is visible to experts as well as non-experts. Research — including university-based research — in these practical matters has remained in the vanguard of innovation with well-known contributions to human welfare. Governments, taxpayers and philanthropists in many countries generously support research as a method of generating knowledge in the form of public goods. Valuable knowledge has been gained through research into, for example, agriculture, dairy farming, human diseases, airplanes, computers, and cell phones.
Few would claim that accounting research compares well with the contributions of research to its sister professional practices. What could be the reasons? Lack of funding, ideas and imagination, direction and purpose, interest and ability, are some possibilities that come to mind.
Research efforts in all disciplines are allocated between internal and external issues. The former set includes attention and development of research methods, intellectual history of the discipline, data sources, collection and structures, quality control, and dissemination of findings, etc. Academic research distinguishes itself from consulting by giving careful attention to developing research methods, and examining the validity of research claims. This is an essential part of creating a discipline.
The external aspect of a discipline is addressing and solving the problems of the world. The former component helps support accuracy, consistency and replicability of findings and in spite of its critical importance is not well-known to non-experts. The latter is what the larger world of non-experts sees and cares about. The former is evaluated by easier-to-validate internal criteria, while evaluating the latter can be messier, take a long time and remain contested, sometimes for generations.
For example, it is easier to determine whether Model A or Model B yields a higher explanatory power for variation in dependent variables in a dataset from a given sample. In contrast, assessing the consequences of implementing Policy A versus Policy B on the welfare of society is harder to do, especially when the potential implementation of the chosen policy lies in the future, as it almost always does. Randomized controlled trials are feasible in managerial and auditing but impractical in financial reporting. Inference from quasi-experiments using structural and reduced form estimation from field data gathered after a chosen policy has been implemented are beset by factors that may have led choice of the policy (endogeneity), cross-sectional heterogeneity, and by uncontrolled changes in environment during the period of data collection. Thought experiments and computer simulations can yield some insights into consequences of a decision, but they also depend on the assumptions built into the model. Unfortunately, there are no perfect methods of addressing the external issues because they call for inference — a leap of faith, so to speak — and are difficult to derive from internal logic of the model on which a research project is based.
Given this difficulty, perhaps it is not surprising that a large part of accounting research concerns itself with the internal issues—mostly methods and data. The external concerns receive less attention, and are even neglected, or abandoned. It is not unusual to see occasional caveats that the results of the research are not meant for private or public decisions. It is almost as if medical researchers focused on developing methods of keeping their laboratories cleaner, instead of using clean laboratories as an important prerequisite to find cures for Covid-19. Engineers need to develop sufficiently accurate instruments to measure dimensions of car components but are judged by the quality of the vehicles they make. Neither medical nor engineering nor accounting research can advance without developing satisfactory research methods and instrumentation, but the world judges them by the effectiveness of solutions to its problems. While individuals may focus their attention on internal or external issues, for the discipline as a whole, efforts devoted to the two concerns must be balanced. I am inclined to think that accounting research has tilted too far towards the former.
Accounting and management practice as well as accounting research would benefit by shifting more of the scholarly attention towards external matters — solving problems of practice — while retaining its emphasis on rigor and validity. William W. Cooper, Yuji Ijiri, and Robert S. Kaplan, for example, addressed scores of important problems of practice, and as joint or byproducts, made landmark methodological contributions to accounting, management and many other disciplines. I recommend reading in full what Professor Cooper said in accepting his induction into the Accounting Hall of Fame ( Cooper 1996 , pp. 131–3), and quote a few lines from his remarks:
This “practice oriented” research, however, lacked the rigor that is needed to provide a foundation for scientific generalization and testing to determine how far and in what manner extensions might be affected beyond the realm of particular problems and practices. The contemporary research literature now supplies this kind of rigor, but in a way that often seems remote from practice. One way to summarize what is happening is to say that much of this contemporary research is pointed toward “pure science” whereas an “applied science” orientation is what is (or should be) wanted if our research is to interact with practice in a mutually beneficial way.
Indeed, an ability to formulate problems as well as solutions in general and rigorous terms is needed to obtain this type of inter-science cross-fertilization. This is what is intended by “applications driven theory”. The application is driven by problems of actual practice with a solution that is also extended and stated with sufficient rigor and generality to be understood by others (including persons in other disciplines). … . Evidently, it is possible to be basic as well as applied in such research (depending on how it is conducted) and the impact on other disciplines provides one test of whether its achievements are fundamental.
I once asked Professor Cooper, over a dinner conversation: What do you do about consulting? “It’s simple,” he said. “When someone comes to me with a problem, I ask myself: do I know how to solve this problem? If the answer is yes, I give them the phone number of one of my students, because I have taught everything I know in my classes. If the answer is no, I accept the project; it is consulting for them and research for me.”
I thank Yuri Biondi, Jonathan Glover and Karthik Ramanna for their comments on an earlier draft, and Elizabeth Viloudaki for editing.
Cooper, W. W. (1996). Research and practice in contemporary accounting. Accounting Historians Journal , 23:1 (June), 130–135. Search in Google Scholar
McNeill, R. A. (1960). A history of tonsillectomy: Two millenia of trauma, hæmorrhage and controversy. Ulster Medical Journal , 29 (1), 59–63. Search in Google Scholar
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Proposal for a Special Issue of Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal. Article Type: Call for papers From: Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, Volume 8, Issue 2 Special issue on: accounting, accountants, and accountability regimes in pluralistic societies: taking multiple perspectives seriously
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