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Scaffolding Critical Reading

Teachers in any discipline where reading matters should practice a robust scaffolding pedagogy to teach critical reading, in contrast to the more common but less direct approaches that often leave students to learn or not learn these skills themselves. In this essay, I describe how to adapt established methods for teaching writing (including templates) to teaching reading. To answer critics who might find the approach too “reductive,” I turn to scaffolding theory, which calls for purposefully—but temporarily—reductive teaching. Finally, I present qualitative and quantitative evidence from three years of an American literature course to show how a scaffolding approach can help students read critically.

Author Biography

Paul t. corrigan, university of tampa.

Paul T. Corrigan teaches at the University of Tampa (USA).

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Hakutani, Yoshinobu. "Richard Wright, Toni Morrison, and the African 'Primal Outlook upon Life'." Southern Quarterly: A Journal of the Arts in the South 40.1 (2001): 39-53.

Hallberg, Anna Victoria. "Vad Är En Läsare? Om Toni Morrison’s Beloved Och Begreppet 'Response-Ability'." Tidskrift för Litteraturvetenskap 1-2 (2003): 5-32.

Harris, Ashleigh. "Toni Morrison and Yvonne Vera: An Associative Fugue." Scrutiny2: Issues in English Studies in Southern Africa 9.1 (2004): 6-18.

Harris, William. "Nobel Laureates: Toni Morrison and William Faulkner." Proteus: A Journal of Ideas 21.2 (2004): v+.

Hart, Stephen M. "Magical Realism in the Americas: Politicised Ghosts in One Hundred Years of Solitude , the House of the Spirits , and Beloved ." Tesserae: Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies 9.2 (2003): 115-23.

Hayes, Elizabeth T. "The Named and the Nameless: Morrison's 124 and Naylor's 'The Other Place' as Semiotic Chorae." African American Review 38.4 (2004): 669-81.

Hewlett, Peter. "Messianic Time in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Agora: An Online Graduate Journal 1.1 (2001).

Hoem, Sheri I. "Disabling Postmodernism: Wideman, Morrison and Prosthetic Critique." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 35 (2002): 193.

Hogue, W. Lawrence. "Postmodernism, Traditional Cultural Forms, and the African American Narrative: Major's Reflex, Morrison's Jazz , and Reed's Mumbo Jumbo ." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 35 (2002): 169.

Hsu, Lina. "Aesthetic Experience of the Novel: The Narrative of Toni Morrison's Sula ." Studies in Language and Literature 9 (2000): 289-329.

Huang, Hsin-ya. "Three Women's Texts and the Healing Power of the Other Woman." Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 28.1 (2003): 153-80.

Humann, Heather Duerre. "Bigotry, Breast Milk, Bric-a-Brac, a Baby, and a Bit in Beloved : Toni Morrison's Portrayal of Racism and Hegemony." Interdisciplinary Literary Studies: A Journal of Criticism and Theory 6.1 (2004): 60-78.

Ingram, Penelope. "Racializing Babylon: Settler Whiteness and the 'New Racism.’" New Literary History: A Journal of Theory and Interpretation 32.1 (2001): 159-76.

Insko, Jeffrey. "Literary Popularity: Beloved and Pop Culture." Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 12.4 (2001): 427-47.

Jarrett, Gene. "'Couldn't Find them Anywhere': Thomas Glave's Whose Song? (Post)Modernist Literary Queerings, and the Trauma of Witnessing, Memory, and Testimony." Callaloo: A Journal of African-American and African Arts and Letters 23.4 (2000): 1241-58.

Jones, Jacqueline M. "When Theory and Practice Crumble: Toni Morrison and White Resistance." College English 68.1 (2005): 57-71.

Jones, Jill C. "The Eye of a Needle: Morrison's Paradise , Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! , and The American Jerimiad ." Faulkner Journal 17.2 (2002): 3-23.

Kang, Nancy. "To Love and Be Loved: Considering Black Masculinity and the Misandric Impulse in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Callaloo: A Journal of African-American and African Arts and Letters 26.3 (2003): 836-54.

Kanthak, John F. "Feminisms in Motion: Pushing the 'Wild Zone' Thesis into the Fourth Dimension." Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 14.2 (2003): 149-63.

Kawash, Samira. "Haunted Houses, Sinking Ships: Race, Architecture, and Identity in Beloved and Middle Passage ." CR: The New Centennial Review 1.3 (2001): 67-86.

Kearly, Peter R. "Toni Morrison's Paradise and the Politics of Community." Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 23.2 (2000): 9-16.

Kellman, Sophia N. "To be Or Not to Be (Loved)." Black Issues in Higher Education 18.7 (2001): 29-31.

Kérchy, Anna. "Wild Words: Jazzing the Text of Desire: Subversive Language in Toni Morrison's Jazz ." AnaChronisT (2002): N. pag.

Kim, Min-Jung. "Expanding the Parameters of Literary Studies: Toni Morrison's Paradise ." Journal of English Language and Literature/Yongo Yongmunhak 47.4 (2001): 1017-40.

Kim, Myung Ja. "Literature as Engagement: Teaching African American Literature to Korean Students." MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 29 (2004): 103-20.

Kim, Yeonman. "Involuntary Vulnerability and the Felix Culpa in Toni Morrison's Jazz ." Southern Literary Journal 33.2 (2001): 124-33.

King, Nicole. "'You Think Like You White': Questioning Race and Racial Community through the Lens of Middle-Class Desire(s)." Novel: A Forum on Fiction 35 (2002): 211.

Kintz, Linda. "Performing Virtual Whiteness: The Psychic Fantasy of Globalization." Comparative Literature 53.4 (2001): 333-53.

Knadler, Stephen. "Domestic Violence in the Harlem Renaissance: Remaking the Record from Nella Larsen's Passing to Toni Morrison's Jazz ." African American Review 38.1 (2004): 99-118.

Krumholz, Linda J. "Reading and Insight in Toni Morrison's Paradise ." African American Review 36.1 (2002): 21-34.

Kurdi, Mária. " ‘Teenagers' 'Gender Trouble' and Trickster Aesthetics in Gina Moxley's Danti Dan." ABEI Journal: The Brazilian Journal of Irish Studies 4 (2002): 67-82.

Kwon, Teckyoung. "[Toni Morrison's Sula : 'we was girls together']." Studies in Modern Fiction 9.1 (2002): 5-28.

Laforest, Marie Hélène. "Whose Story, Whose World? Speaking the Unspoken in Toni Morrison and John M. Coetzee." Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli-sezione germanica: Anglistica 4.1 (2000): 135-59.

Lavoie, Judith. "La Présence De Huck Finn Dans Beloved : Quels Enjeux Pour La Traduction?" Post-Scriptum.org: Revue de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Textes et Médias 3 (2003): 19 pars.

Lazenbatt, Bill. "Toni Morrison, Silence and Resistance: A Reading of Huckleberry Finn and Beloved ." Irish Journal of American Studies 9 (2000): 184-219.

Lee, Soo-Hyun. "[ The Bluest Eye : Tragic Aspects of Black Consciousness of the Self]." Studies in Modern Fiction 9.1 (2002): 195-217.

Leontis, Artemis. "'What Will I Have to Remember?': Helen Papanikolas's Art of Telling." Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 29.2 (2003): 15-26.

LeSeur, Geta. "Moving Beyond the Boundaries of Self, Community, and the Other in Toni Morrison's Sula and Paradise ." CLA Journal 46.1 (2002): 1-2.0

---. "'Sweet Desolation' and Seduction in Toni Morrison's Jazz ." Popular Culture Review 16.1 (2005): 21-30.

Lucy, Crystal J. "Ancestral Wisdom in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye ." Proteus: A Journal of Ideas 21.2 (2004): 21-26.

Ludigkeit, Dirk. "Collective Improvisation and Narrative Structure in Toni Morrison's Jazz ." Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 12.2 (2001): 165-87.

Madigan, Mark. "Richard Wright, Toni Morrison, and United States Book Clubs." Acta Neophilologica 37.1-2 (2004): 3+.

Mahaffey, Paul. "Rethinkng Biracial Female Sexuality in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby ." Proteus: A Journal of Ideas 21.2 (2004): 38-42.

Malmgren, Carl D. "Texts, Primers, and Voices in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye ." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 41.3 (2000): 251-62.

Mandel, Naomi. "'I Made the Ink': Identity, Complicity, 60 Million, and More." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies 48.3 (2002): 581-613.

Mayberry, Susan Neal. "Something Other than a Family Quarrel: The Beautiful Boys in Morrison's Sula ." African American Review 37.4 (2003): 517-33.

Mayo, James. "Morrison's The Bluest Eye ." Explicator 60.4 (2002): 231-4.

McCarthy, Cameron. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature 31.1-2 (2000): 231-53.

McCoy, Beth A. College English 68.1 (2005): 42-71.

---. "Trying Toni Morrison Again." College English 68.1 (2005): 43-57.

McDermott, Ryan P. "Silence, Visuality, and the Staying Image: The 'Unspeakable Scene' of Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Angelaki 8.1 (2003): 75-89.

McKee, Patricia. "Geographies of Paradise ." CR: The New Centennial Review 3.1 (2003): 197-223.

McWilliams, Mark B. "The Human Face of the Age: The Physical Cruelty of Slavery and the Modern American Novel." Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal of Southern Cultures 56.3 (2003): 353-72.

Mermann-Jozwiak, Elisabeth. "Re-Membering the Body: Body Politics in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye ." Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 12.2 (2001): 189-203.

Michael, Magali Cornier. "Re-Imagining Agency: Toni Morrison's Paradise ." African American Review 36.4 (2002): 643-61.

Midzic, Simona. "Responses to Toni Morrison's Oeuvre in Slovenia." Acta Neophilologica 36.1-2 (2003): 49-61.

Miller, D. Quentin. "'Making a Place for Fear': Toni Morrison's First Redefinition of Dante's Hell in Sula ." English Language Notes 37.3 (2000): 68-75.

Moffitt, Letitia. "Finding the Door: Vision/Revision and Stereotype in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby ." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 46.1 (2004): 12-26.

Mohanty, Satya. "The Epistemic Status of Cultural Identity: On Beloved and the Postcolonial Condition." Cultural Logic: An Electronic Journal of Marxist Theory and Practice 3.1-2 (1999): 46 pars.

Moreira-Slepoy, Graciela. "Toni Morrison's Beloved : Reconstructing the Past through Storytelling and Private Narratives." Post-Scriptum.org: Revue de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Textes et Médias 2 (2003): 13 pars.

Morgenstern, Naomi. "Literature Reads Theory: Remarks on Teaching with Toni Morrison." University of Toronto Quarterly: A Canadian Journal of the Humanities 74.3 (2005): 816-28.

Mori, Aoi. "Toni Morrison no Sakuhin Rakuen (Paradaisu) no Shittsui to Iyashi: Paradaimu Shifuto to Tasha no Shisen Kara no Kaiho." Chu-Shikoku Amerika Bungaku Kenkyu/Chu-Shikoku Studies in American Literature 38 (2002): 42-4.

Mueller, Agnes C. "Female Stories of Migration in Emine Sevgi Özdamar's Das Leben Ist Eine Karawanserei and in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Colloquia Germanica: Internationale Zeitschrift für Germanistik 36.3-4 (2003): 303-14.

Muñoz, Patricia. "'On the Edge of the Main Body': Womanhood, Race and Myth-Making in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Gayl Jones' Corregidora and Song for Anninho ." BELL: Belgian Essays on Language and Literature (2002): 109-20.

Murray, Robin. "Textual Authority, Reader Authority, and Social Authority: Reconfiguring Literature and Experience in a Reader-Response Context." Readerly/Writerly Texts: Essays on Literature, Literary/Textual Criticism, and Pedagogy 8.1-2 (2000): 9-21.

Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo. "An Abiku-Ogbanje Atlas: A Pre-Text for Rereading Soyinka's Aké and Morrison's Beloved ." African American Review 36.4 (2002): 663-78.

Okonkwo, Christopher N. "A Critical Divination: Reading Sula as Ogbanje-Abiku." African American Review 38.4 (2004): 651-68.

Otero-Blanco, Angel. "The African Past in America as a Bakhtinian and Levinasian Other. 'Rememory' as Solution in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 22 (2000): 141-58.

Othow, Helen Chavis. "Comedy in Morrison's Terrestrial Paradise ." CLA Journal 47.3 (2004): 366-73.

Page, Philip. "Furrowing all the Brows: Interpretation and the Transcendent in Toni Morrison's Paradise ." African American Review 35.4 (2001): 637-51.

Paquet-Deyris, Anne-Marie. "Toni Morrison's Jazz and the City." African American Review 35.2 (2001): 219-31.

Parker, Emma. "A New Hysteria in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal 47.1 (2001): 1-19.

Potter, George. "Forced Domination: Intersections of Sex, Race and Power in Light in August and The Bluest Eye ." Proteus: A Journal of Ideas 21.2 (2004): 43-48.

Quashie, Kevin Everod. "The Other Dancer as Self: Girlfriend Selfhood in Toni Morrison's Sula and Alice Walker's The Color Purple ." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 2.1 (2001): 187-217.

Rand, Lizabeth A. "we all that's left: Identity Formation and the Relationship between Eva and Sula Peace." CLA Journal 44.3 (2001): 341-49.

Ranghetti, Clara. "Un Io 'Indiscutibilmente, Inconfondibilmente Nero': Gli Scritti Di Toni Morrison." Visnyk Kharkivs'koho Natsional'noho Universytetu: Seria Filolohiia 84.1 (2001): 79-97.

Raynaud, Claudine. "Toni Morrison: Site and Memory." GRAAT: Publication des Groupes de Recherches Anglo-Américaines de l'Université François Rabelais de Tours 27 (2003): 219-36.

Redding, Arthur. "'Haints': American Ghosts, Ethnic Memory, and Contemporary Fiction." Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 34.4 (2001): 163-82.

Reid, E. Shelley. "Beyond Morrison and Walker: Looking Good and Looking Forward in Contemporary Black Women's Stories." African American Review 34.2 (2000): 313-28.

Rodriguez, Denise. "'Where the Self that Had No Self Made its Home': The Reinscription of Domestic Discourse in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Griot: Official Journal of the Southern Conference on Afro-American Studies, Inc. 20.1 (2001): 40-51.

Rody, Caroline. "Impossible Voices: Ethnic Postmodern Narration in Toni Morrison's Jazz and Karen Tei Yamashita's Through the Arc of the Rain Forest ." Contemporary Literature 41.4 (2000): 618-41.

Romero, Channette. "Creating the Beloved Community: Religion, Race and Nation in Toni Morrison's Paradise ." African American Review 39.3 (2005): 415-30.

Rothberg, Michael. "Dead Letter Office: Conspiracy, Trauma, and Song of Solomon's Posthumous Communication." African American Review 37.4 (2003): 501-16.

Rózanska, Malgorzata. "Inspiracje Folklorem Murzynskim w Umilowanej Toni Morrison." Literatura Ludowa 45.4-5 (2001): 73-8.

Rummell, Kathryn. "Toni Morrison's Beloved : Transforming the African Heroic Epic." Griot: Official Journal of the Southern Conference on Afro-American Studies, Inc. 21.1 (2002): 1-15.

Ryan, Katy. "Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison's Fiction." African American Review 34.3 (2000): 389-412.

Salvatore, Anne T. "Toni Morrison's New Bildungsroman: Paired Characters and Antithetical Form in The Bluest Eye , Sula , and Beloved ." Journal of Narrative Theory 32.2 (2002): 154-78.

Sánchez Soto, Cristina I. "Between the Self and the Others: Subjective and Social Consciousness in Toni Morrison's Jazz and Dionne Brand's In Another Place, Not Here ." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 10 (2002): 237-59.

Sathyaraj, V. "'Dragon Daddies and False-Hearted Men': Patriarchy in Toni Morrison's Love ." Notes on Contemporary Literature 35.5 (2005): 2-4.

Schueller, Malini Johar. "Articulations of African-Americanism in South Asian Postcolonial Theory: Globalism, Localism, and the Question of Race." Cultural Critique 55 (2003): 35-62.

Schur, Richard L. "Locating Paradise in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Toni Morrison and Critical Race Theory." Contemporary Literature 45.2 (2004): 276-99.

Schur, Richard. "Dream Or Nightmare? Roth, Morrison, and America." Philip Roth Studies 1.1 (2005): 19-36.

---. "The Subject of Law: Toni Morrison, Critical Race Theory and the Narration of Cultural Criticism." 49th Parallel: An Interdisciplinary Journal of North American Studies 6 (2000). (Electronic publication).

Schwartz, Larry. "Toni Morrison and William Faulkner: The Necessity of a Great American Novelist." Cultural Logic: An Electronic Journal of Marxist Theory and Practice 5 (2002): 16 pars.

Sherard, Tracey. "Women's Classic Blues in Toni Morrison's Jazz : Cultural Artifact as Narrator." Genders 31 (2000): 40 pars. (Electronic publication).

Shiffman, Smadar. "Someone Else's Dream? an Approach to Twentieth Century Fantastic Fiction." Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 13.4 (2003): 352-67.

Spargo, R. Clifton. "Trauma and the Specters of Enslavement in Morrison's Beloved ." Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 35.1 (2002): 113-31.

Stewart, Jacqueline. "Negroes Laughing at Themselves? Black Spectatorship and the Performance of Urban Modernity." Critical Inquiry 29.4 (2003): 650-77.

Story, Ralph D. "Sacrifice and Surrender: Sethe in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." CLA Journal 46.1 (2002): 21-47.

Sweeney, Megan. "Racial House, Big House, Home: Contemporary Abolitionism in Toni Morrison's Paradise ." Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 4.2 (2004): 40-67.

Tae, Heasook. "[The Body in Black Women's Literature: Their Eyes Were Watching God and Sula ]." Journal of English Language and Literature/Yongo Yongmunhak 46.1 (2000): 243-63.

Tanaka, Hisao. "Fokuna to Morison no Kokujin Hyousho." Eigo Seinen/Rising Generation 147.2 (2001): 94,96, 100.

Thomas, H. Nigel. "Further Reflections on the Seven Days in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon ." Literary Griot: International Journal of Black Expressive Cultural Studies 13.1-2 (2001): 147-59.

Thomas, Valorie D. "'1 + 1 = 3' and Other Dilemmas: Reading Vertigo in Invisible Man , My Life in the Bush of Ghosts , and Song of Solomon ." African American Review 37.1 (2003): 81-94.

Thompson, Carlyle V. "'Circles and Circles of Sorrow': Decapitation in Toni Morrison's Sula ." CLA Journal 47.2 (2003): 137-74.

Toda, Yukiko. "Toni Morison no Sura Ni Okeru Porikuronotoposu no Kozo." Kobe Jogakuin Daigaku Kenkyujo Yakuin/Kobe College Studies 47.3 (2001): 173-85.

Tonegawa, Maki. "Shadrack no Sherushokku: Sula Saiko." Studies in American Literature (Kyoto, Japan) 38 (2001): 135-51.

Torres, Roberto. "La Africanización Del Sujeto Como Constructo De La Identidad Racial Del Blanco En La Novela Cumboto, De Ramón Díaz Sánchez." Afro-Hispanic Review 20.2 (2001): 8-17.

Traore, Ousseynou B. "Where to Dry Ourselves: Essays Celebrating Achebe & Morrison at 70." Literary Griot: International Journal of Black Expressive Cultural Studies 13.1-2 (2001): 1-160.

Treherne, Matthew. "Figuring in, Figuring Out: Narration and Negotiation in Toni Morrison's Jazz ." Narrative 11.2 (2003): 199-212.

Trussler, Michael. "Spectral Witnesses: The Doubled Voice in Martin Amis's Time's Arrow , Toni Morrison's Beloved and Wim Wenders' Wings of Desire ." Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 14.1 (2003): 28-50.

Valkeakari, Tuire. "Beyond the Riverside: War in Toni Morrison's Fiction." Atlantic Literary Review 4.1-2 (2003): 133-64.

---. "Kohti Dialogisen Avoimuuden Rauhaa: Sota Historiallisena Aiheena Ja Vertauskuvana Toni Morrisonin Romaaneissa." Kirjallisuudentutkijain Seuran Vuosikirja 54 (2001): 82-116.

---. "Toni Morrison Writes B(l)ack: Beloved and Slavery's Dehumanizing Discourse of Animality." Atlantic Literary Review 3.2 (2002): 165-87.

Vega-González, Susana. "A Comparative Study of Danticat's The Farming of Bones and Morrison's Beloved ." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 13 (2005): 139-53.

---. "Memory and the Quest for Family History in One Hundred Years of Solitude and Song of Solomon ." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal 3.1 (2001): 13 pars.

---. "Toni Morrison's Water World: Watertime Writing in Love ." Grove: Working Papers on English Studies 11 (2004): 209-20.

Wall, Cheryl A. "Extending the Line: From Sula to Mama Day ." Callaloo: A Journal of African-American and African Arts and Letters 23.4 (2000): 1449-63.

Wang, Chih-ming. "The X-Barred Subject: Afro-American Subjectivity in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon ." Studies in Language and Literature 9 (2000): 269-88.

Wardi, Anissa J. "Inscriptions in the Dust: A Gathering of Old Men and Beloved as Ancestral Requiems." African American Review 36.1 (2002): 35-53.

---. "A Laying on of Hands: Toni Morrison and the Materiality of Love ." MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 30.3 (2005): 201-18.

Washington, Teresa N. "The Mother-Daughter Àjé Relationship in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." African American Review 39 (2005): 171-88.

---. "Re-Embodiment of Mother-Daughter Àjé Relationship in Beloved ." Literary Griot: International Journal of Black Expressive Cultural Studies 13.1-2 (2001): 100-19.

Watson, Reginald. "The Power of the 'Milk' and Motherhood: Images of Deconstruction in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Alice Walker's the Third Life of Grange Copeland ." CLA Journal 48.2 (2004): 156-82.

Weathers, Glenda B. "Biblical Trees, Biblical Deliverance: Literary Landscapes of Zora Hurston and Toni Morrison." African American Review 39 (2005): 201-12.

Webster, William S. "Toni Morrison's Sula as a Case of Delirium." Tennessee Philological Bulletin: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Tennessee Philological Association 38 (2001): 49-58.

Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew. "Ten Minutes for Seven Letters: Reading Beloved's Epitaph." Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory 61.3 (2005): 129-53.

White, Jonathan. "'Restoration of our Shattered Histories': Derek Walcott, The Middle Passage and Massacres of Native Americans." Agenda 39.1-3 (2002): 295-318.

Widdowson, Peter. "The American Dream Refashioned: History, Politics and Gender in Toni Morrison's Paradise ." Journal of American Studies 35.2 (2001): 313-35.

Wolfe, Joanna. "'Ten Minutes for Seven Letters': Song as Key to Narrative Revision in Toni Morrison's Beloved ." Narrative 12.3 (2004): 263-80.

Wu, Yung-Hsing. "Doing Things with Ethics: Beloved , Sula , and the Reading of Judgment." MFS: Modern Fiction Studies 49.4 (2003): 780-805.

Yancy, George. "The Black Self within a Semiotic Space of Whiteness: Reflections on the Racial Deformation of Pecola Breedlove in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye ." CLA Journal 43.3 (2000): 299-319.

Yoo, JaeEun. "'Talking to You and Hearing You Answer—That's the Kick': History and Dialogue in Toni Morrison's Jazz ." Exit 9: The Rutgers Journal of Comparative Literature 7 (2005): 87-101.

Young, John. "Toni Morrison, Oprah Winfrey, and Postmodern Popular Audiences." African American Review 35.2 (2001): 181-204.

Yu, Jeboon. "[A Study on Aesthetics of Fantasy and Mimesis: Identity and Representation of Ethnic Literature in the U. S. A.]." Journal of English Language and Literature/Yongo Yongmunhak 49.3 (2003): 651-69

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Essays in Reader-Oriented Theory, Criticism, and Pedagogy

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Issue Number 10 Fall 1983

Relationships Between Response Theories and Reading Research: A Note from The Editor

Theory and Research in Reading: Insights From Socio-Psycholinguistics Robert F. Carey

The Role of Selection Strategies in Literary-Critical Reading(s) James Sosnoski

Relationships Between Reader-Response and the Research of Kenneth and Yetta Goodman William Powers

Complementarities: Reading Research and Theories of Response Elizabeth A. Flynn

Letters to the Editor: David Bleich Brian G. Caraher

Selected Bibliography

Issue Number 9 Spring 1983

Ideologies of Reader-Oriented Literary Theory: A Note from the Editors

Bleich and Iser on the Reader’s Role Ed Block

Experience, Authority and Theoretical Ideals: A Methodological Critique of Some Recent Reader-Response Criticism and Theory Brian Gregory Caraher

Literature Lost or the Politics of Justification Larysa Mykyta

Reading for an Image of the Reader: A Response to Block, Caraher, and Mykyta Charles Altieri

Issue Number 8 July 1980

Announcements Wendy Deutelbaum

The Woman Reader and The Male Critical Establishment Ann R. Shapiro

“What Right Have I, a Woman,  to Read All These Things that Man has Done?” Virginia Woolf as Reader Brenda R. Silver

Woman Reading: A Phenomenonological Approach Elizabeth A. Flynn

A New Kind of Reader: The Chicana Feminist Margarita Cota-Cardenas

The Spectator and The Viewer Catherine Johnson

A Feminist Reading of Can You Forgive Her and Portrait of a Lady Kossia Orloff

Issue Number 7 January 1980

Reading Reading in Literature William W. Stowe

Teaching Reading William E. Cain

Reading Aloud and the Composing Process Leone Scanlon

Report from Indiana: On Two Courses David Bleich

Fantasy in Fiction: Studying Literature Through Readers Susan M. Eliott

Some Issues Related to Reader-Oriented Teaching Susan M. Eliott

Report from France Vickey Mistacco

Report on the 1979 NEMLA Forum on The Reader of Literature Susan Elliot

Issue Number 6 June 1979

This issue is comprised of responses to David Bleich’s Subjective Criticism

Untitled Robert Crossman

Untitled Susan M. Elliott

Resymbolizing Subjective Criticism James J. Sosnoski

Untitled Jeanne Murray Walker

Authorizing Authority in Subjective Pedagogy Wendy Deutalbaum

David Bleich Replies To: Robert Crossman Susan Elliott James Sosnoski Jeanne Walker Wendy Deutalbaum

Issue Number 5 October 1978

Four Types of Reader Robert Crossman

All Readers Reading Steven Mailloux

An Act of Reciprocity Temma Berg

Reading a Fairy Tale Jennifer Waelti-Walters

Communication Theory and the Real Reader Thomas H. Zynda

The Energies of the Body in Literary Response David Downing

Is There Such a Thing as Reading? P. Cortland

Editor’s Comment Robert Crossman

Issue Number 4 1978

What is Reader-Oriented Criticism? Susan Suleiman

Seminar: The Reader in Modern French Fiction Vicki Mistacco

Teaching Literature Through Readers Susan M. Elliott

Creative Writing and Student Reading Peter Parisi

Teaching Reader Responses Wendy Deutalbaum

Walter J. Slatoff

Issue Number 3 July 1977

Responses to New Literary History (Vol.8, no.1; Autumn 1976) Daniel Laferriere Peter Rabinowitz Don Hendrick

The “Valuing Relation” in Naumann’s “Literary Production and Reception”: Some Theoretical and Practical Conclusions Stan S. Rubin

The Reader as a Person Susan Elliott

More Responses to New Literary History (Vol.8, no.1; Autumn 1976) Robin Miller Robert Crossman

Future Issues

Announcements

Bibliography

Issue Number 2 April 1977

Editor’s Note Robert Crossman

Further Plan’s for 1977 MLA Convention

Other Information

Bibliographic Supplement

Issue Number 1 January 1977

Summary of the Forum on the Reader of Literature, 1976 MLA Convention R. Crossman

Plans for the 1977 MLA Convention R. Crossman

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