research about agriculture in the philippines

PHILIPPINES: Vibrant Agriculture is Key to Faster Recovery and Poverty Reduction

MANILA, September 9, 2020 — Transforming Philippine agriculture into a dynamic, high-growth sector is essential for the country to speed up recovery, poverty reduction and inclusive growth, according to the latest report released by the World Bank.

Titled “ Transforming Philippine Agriculture During Covid-19 and Beyond ,” the report says that transforming the country’s farming and food systems is even more important during the Covid-19 pandemic to ensure strong food value chains, affordable and nutritious food, and a vibrant rural economy.

"Modernizing the country’s agricultural sector is a very important agenda for the Philippines,” said Ndiame Diop, World Bank Country Director Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. “With the exception of a few small natural resource-rich countries, no country has successfully transitioned from middle- to high-income status without having achieved an effective transformation of their agri-food systems. Transforming agriculture and food systems is always challenging. But the country’s new vision for agriculture, it’s current thrust for diversification and use of modern technologies, and its effective management of food supply during this pandemic clearly indicate that the country is well-equipped to overcome the challenge.”

“Our vision is a food-secure and resilient Philippines with prosperous farmers and fisherfolk,” Agriculture Secretary William Dar said. “Realizing this vision will require dedicated efforts among major agri-fishery industry stakeholders, led by the Department of Agriculture, to continuously empower farmers, fisherfolk, agricultural entrepreneurs, and the private sector to increase agricultural productivity and profitability, taking into account sustainability and resilience.”

The report, which was prepared as part of World Bank support to the Department of Agriculture’s “new thinking” in agricultural development, suggests shifting away from a heavy focus on specific crops towards improving the overall resilience, competitiveness, and sustainability of the rural sector.

In the past, spending has gone mostly toward price supports for selected crops and goods, as well as subsidies on inputs such as fertilizer, planting materials, and machines. Global experience shows that while ensuring the availability of key inputs remain important, reorienting significant public spending toward investments in public goods—including research and development (R&D), infrastructure, innovation systems, market information systems, and biosecurity systems—results in faster poverty reduction and greater productivity gains through an overall modernization of agriculture.

The report says that small farmers have difficulty accessing inputs and markets for their produce, while buyers such as agribusiness enterprises and wholesalers find it difficult to get the quantity and quality of produce that they need for processing on a timely basis. Government support can help overcome this market failure by bringing together buyers and producer organizations and providing support for the preparation and implementation of profitable business plans that benefit both parties.

In situations where farmers need support to help them access markets and improve their livelihood, or when compensation measures are needed for farmers affected by trade policies such as the rice liberalization in the Philippines, direct cash payments or cash transfers can be a better option, as practiced in many countries like Turkey, European Union, and the US, says the report. These direct payments have many advantages, such as giving farmers more choices and encouraging private sector development in upstream (inputs and agricultural services) and downstream (processing, marketing) markets, thereby helping farmers connect to these markets and opportunities.

The report says that interventions like farm consolidation (including cooperative farming schemes for instance), better extension services, e-commerce, and investments in agribusiness start-ups can further advance modernization of Philippine agriculture.

“These paradigm shifts will be crucial to meet the emerging domestic and global market opportunities, while creating jobs, raising farmer incomes and ensuring the food security needs of the country and meeting the new challenges of climate change,” said Dina Umali-Deininger, World Bank Practice Manager for Agriculture and Food for East Asia and the Pacific.

World Bank's support to the Philippines includes long-running programs aiming to raise agricultural productivity and reduce poverty in rural communities.  A current example of this is the Philippine Rural Development Project (PRDP) which aims to help increase rural incomes and enhance farm and fishery productivity.

Several projects are in the pipeline to help raise agricultural productivity, resiliency and access to markets of farmers and fisherfolk in selected ancestral domains in Mindanao and improve management of coastal fishery resources in selected coastal communities.

• FULL REPORT: Transforming Philippine Agriculture during COVID-19
• Opening Remarks by Country Director Nidame Diop

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Agriculture in the Philippines - statistics & facts

Status of agriculture in the philippines, challenges in the agriculture sector, key insights.

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Agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector GVA share Philippines 2023, by industry

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Main agricultural exports Philippines 2023, by FOB value

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• Premium Statistic GVA of the livestock sector Philippines 2016-2023
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Systematic Review

Transforming Philippine Agriculture Through Data-driven Innovation: A Quantitative Landscape Assessment to Prioritize Technological Solutions

Albino Namoc Taer, Erma Catipan Taer

This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal.

https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3943832/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

This systematic review analyzed agricultural innovations in the Philippines over 2018–2023 to provide comprehensive categorization, adoption trend analysis, and recommendations for optimizing research priorities. Methodical literature search, screening, and quantitative analysis facilitated organized investigation across innovation types, contributors, applications, and geographical contexts. Results revealed image analysis followed by the sustainable farming system had the highest segment (26% and 23%, respectively) of the innovation categories displaying cutting-edge techniques as well as environmental stewardship. Rice-centric innovations dominate (33.33%) showcasing the underrepresentation of high-value crops, livestock, and remote farming sectors. However, innovations have skewed geographical representation with 69.23% of studies concentrating only on Luzon regions, chiefly central and northern areas. Agricultural potential also exists across Visayas and Mindanao warranting increased emphasis. Additionally, most research contributors represent less than 5% share each, indicating a fragmentation in efforts lacking cross-institutional partnerships. Findings exposed critical gaps in innovation prioritization and adoption levels directed at sustainable practices, precision technologies, non-cereal commodities, and geographically disadvantaged communities. Significant institutional support is imperative to address disparities through modernization policies and localized capacity-building programs aided by industry-academia partnerships. Unified innovation transfer conduits can accelerate the transition of solutions from proofs-of-concept to farmer-ready tools catering to regional needs.

Agricultural Engineering

Agroecology

Agriculture innovation

Digital Agriculture

E-agriculture

Farming technology

Nano-technology

1. INTRODUCTION

Agricultural innovations refer to the range of technologies, techniques, systems, and smart farming practices that harness cutting-edge tools like AI, and IoT (Espineli and Lewis, 2021 ; Tagle et al., 2018 ; Arago et al., 2022 ), advanced sensors (Cruz et al., 2018 ; Bacsa et al., 2019 ), robotics (De Padua et al., 2021 ) and data analytics (Lauguico et al., 2020 : Velasco, 2020 ) to solve various efficiency, sustainability, productivity, and decision-making challenges in agriculture (Dhanaraju et al., 2022 ; Abashidze, 2023 ). These modern innovations aim to transform crop cultivation and livestock production by leveraging evidence-based approaches to customize solutions for localized conditions. They help address major pain points in agriculture like optimal resource utilization, minimizing wastage, enhancing yield, adaptive farming practices, etc. through a data-driven approach. Whether using automation and remote sensing for precision agriculture or applying machine learning for climate-smart advisory services - the focus is on utilizing advanced technologies hand-in-hand with the knowledge of on-ground conditions. This allows the creation of affordable, scalable solutions tailored to improve the cultivation of region-specific crops, enhance produce quality or sustainability of practices, and optimize inputs based on predictive intelligence, thereby supporting higher productivity and profitability for farmers through technologically powered, adaptable innovations that provide the right insights at the right time.

The Philippines is an agricultural country, with the sector accounting for nearly 10% of the national GDP and employing over 25% of the total labor force (FAO, 2022 ). However, outdated techniques, climate change impacts, food security challenges and resource limitations have plagued the industry over past decades (Darwish, 2018 ). In light of this, harnessing innovation becomes imperative to usher in agricultural transformation. Consequently, recent years have focused extensive research efforts on furthering diverse innovations spanning precision agriculture, novel equipment, sustainable practices, imaging techniques, and decision support systems. However, a quantitative review synthesizing these advancements is lacking, especially vis-à-vis analyzing distributions, adoption levels, emerging technologies, geographical differences, active contributors, and critical gaps.

Therefore, this systematic review aims to categorically analyze diverse agricultural innovations in the Philippines implemented over 2018–2023. Quantitative categorization and percentage analyses will facilitate a structured investigation of innovation types, prominent implementers, priority domains, and underserved areas requiring policy attention. The geographical and temporal benchmarking will inform strategic decisions to optimize resource allocation and provide recommendations for steering future agricultural R&D directions in the country. With agriculture a mainstay of the Philippine economy, this timely synthesis will equip key public and private sector stakeholders with data-driven, evidence-based insights to usher in the next wave of agricultural modernization through prioritized funding and research efforts.

This study systematically reviews and analyzes agricultural innovations in the Philippines, categorizing them based on technology/technique, application area, and purpose. The main goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape of agricultural innovations in the country. Specifically, this study categorizes identified agricultural innovations according to the type of technology/technique employed, providing a structured analysis of the interventions. Quantifies the distribution and adoption levels of different agricultural innovation categories over the last 5 years (2018–2023) to assess trends and patterns. Determines the percentage distribution of innovations across major crop varieties and animal types in the Philippines, offering insights into the diversity of applications. Analyzes the geographic spread of implemented innovations across different regions of the Philippines to identify regional variations and hotspots. Identifies key research institutions and implementers driving agricultural innovations in the country, highlighting collaborative efforts and expertise. Highlight priority domains and outlier areas with innovation gaps to inform policy decisions, aiming to address disparities in innovation adoption, and provide data-driven, evidence-based recommendations for directing future research and funding allocation, contributing to informed decision-making in agricultural development.

2.1. Scope and Definitions

The research scope was defined through the application of the PICO framework (Richardson et al., 1995 ) in conjunction with adherence to PRISMA guidelines (Page et al., 2020). The detailed PICO framework is presented in Table  1 .

2.2. Search strategy

A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on agricultural innovations in the Philippines. Six key search terms were used: “Agriculture innovation”, “Digital Agriculture”, “E-agriculture”, “Precision agriculture”, “Nano-technology”, and “Farming technology” in the Philippines. Academic databases like ScienceDirect, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar were leveraged to search for pertinent publications. Boolean operators and truncation were used to expand the search and capture all relevant variant terminology. The search results were further filtered using the database tools to narrow down to articles most appropriate to the research objective. This was done by limiting to a) Articles published in the last 5 years, from 2018 to 2023, to focus on recent innovations; b) English language publications for consistency; c) Research articles and book chapters as the source content type, to ensure academic rigor and d) Open access or open archived articles for full-text accessibility.

2.3. Initial review

After the expansive literature search, the search results were imported in MS Excel format. The initial review was done on the retrieved publications to further filter and tailor to the most relevant articles. Three refinement techniques were employed - duplicate removal across the search databases using manual cross-verification of titles, authors, and abstracts. Followed by peer-reviewed status confirmation, wherein publications were checked for clear evidence of a peer-review process or association with a peer-reviewed journal or source. Lastly, undergraduate theses, master's theses, and doctoral dissertations were eliminated irrespective of their topic relevance or academic contribution. The detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria are shown in Table  2 and the selection flowchart is in Fig.  1 .

2.4. Article Filtering, Data Extraction and Quantitative Analysis

Identified articles were managed using reference manager software to facilitate systematic organization. Further screening based on titles and abstracts was conducted to identify articles aligned with the inclusion criteria. The full text of the papers was subsequently downloaded to ascertain the final inclusion of selected articles. Relevant data extracted from these articles were methodically synthesized and analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and critical insights regarding agricultural innovation categories, crops/animal types, geographical distributions, and research institutions in the Philippines. To analyze the collated data, pivot tables, and percentage contribution calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel tools. The extracted information parameters were tabulated and the percentage frequency of different categories and sub-categories was computed using the Excel percentage contribution formulas.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. articles reviewed.

In this research, a total of 39 articles were retrieved out of the 423 articles searched using the keywords (Table  3 ). A comprehensive article categorization strategy was employed to systematically organize a diverse set of studies focused on agricultural innovations. The categorization strategy was structured based on three key dimensions: the type of technology/technique utilized the agricultural application area, and the purpose of innovation. Under the dimension of technology/technique, articles were grouped as "Precision agriculture," encompassing innovations related to advanced farming methodologies and studies leveraging technologies and platforms. The agricultural application area dimension facilitated the grouping of articles into categories like "Sustainable farming practices," highlighting innovations contributing to environmentally conscious and sustainable farming methods, "Novel materials/equipment," about studies introducing new materials or equipment in agriculture, and "Image analysis," focusing on innovations utilizing image processing techniques. Lastly, the purpose of the innovation dimension featured the "Decision support systems" category, specifically targeting innovations geared towards enhancing analytics, monitoring, and decision-making processes in farming.

3.2. Distribution of agricultural innovation categories in reviewed articles

The reviewed articles (n = 39) regarding agricultural innovations in the Philippines were categorized into five broad domains - precision technology, sustainable farming practices, novel materials/equipment, image analysis, and decision support systems (Fig.  2 ). Image analysis represented the largest share with 26.00% of articles, encompassing innovations utilizing imaging techniques and analytics for applications like crop monitoring and disease detection. This highlights advanced cameras, sensors, and AI-enabled image recognition as key emerging technologies suited for Philippine agriculture. Sustainable farming practices had the next highest share at 23.00%, pointing to the prominence of techniques like conservation agriculture and integrated pest management for improving environmental sustainability. Sustainable farming is indeed a significant focus of agricultural innovation. Together, technology-driven analytical innovations and sustainable agricultural practices comprise almost half of the identified innovations, indicating these as high-potential areas for the future of Philippine agriculture based on the discourse in the reviewed literature. The remaining half includes decision support systems (21.00%), precision technology (15.00% of articles), and novel materials/equipment (15.00%). The distribution shows emphases on cutting-edge technological innovations utilizing imagery, sensors, and computing as well as sustainable practices for reduced environmental impact. This highlights the twin goals of increasing efficiency and productivity alongside ecological agricultural stewardship. As all categories claim a reasonable share of attention, it suggests agricultural innovation efforts in the Philippines span a diverse range of complementary approaches. Image analysis is one of the significant A.I. tools used in agriculture innovation (Susheel et al., 2023 ). For instance, image processing, machine learning, and deep learning are used for disease identification in crops (Haq et al., 2023 ). Weed detection in wheat crops is also done using image analysis and artificial intelligence. Additionally, hyperspectral image analysis is used in crop yield and biomass estimation (Li et al., 2022 ). Additionally, research has shown that sustainable agricultural innovation is essential for enhancing the sustainable agricultural value chain and promoting systematic overhaul in the agriculture sector (Singh & Srivastava, 2021 ). Furthermore, agricultural innovation is also regarded as an important aspect of the shift to more sustainable and robust farming systems globally (Grovermann et al., 2018 ). There are several initiatives including responsible agricultural mechanization innovation and the development of gender-specific programming (Devkota et al., 2020 ; Benítez et al., 2020 ).

3.3. Distribution of agricultural innovation across crop and animal types

Figure 3 shows the distribution of agricultural innovations across different crop and animal types reviewed in the articles. Rice takes the lead, with innovations targeting lowland, upland, and traditional rice farming constituting 33.33% of the total. This huge focus on rice is unsurprising given it is a staple crop and the top agricultural product of the Philippines. The need for yield improvements amid land constraints and climate threats is driving research interest in rice. Next are vegetables at 17.94%, as their rising demand makes horticultural efficiency critical. Innovations for other key crops like banana, coffee, and mango have very low shares, indicating research gaps for these crops. Livestock innovations make up 7.69%, despite the growth potential of the meat industry. This signals the need for more studies on the sizable fisheries and poultry sectors. Though most Filipinos derive livelihood from farms, only 7.69% of innovations target upland sectors, showcasing imbalanced representation across commodities.

20.51% of studies did not specify any crop, making geographical extrapolation difficult. The pieces of information display a disproportionate focus on rice compared to other equally important agricultural commodities of the Philippines. This calls for diversification of research efforts, with more innovations directed at high-value crops, livestock/poultry, coconut, and upland farmers for balanced and inclusive growth.

3.4. Geographic representation of agricultural innovation in the Philippines

The geographical representation of agricultural innovations reviewed in the articles is presented in Fig.  4 . An overwhelming majority of 69.23% of innovations target Luzon, especially central and northern areas. This skew is unsurprising as Luzon is the country's rice bowl and economic center. Luzon, particularly the northern part, is known for its fertile land and suitable climate, which make it an ideal region for rice cultivation (Quimba & 2021 ). This region is home to a significant portion of the Philippines' rice production, and the agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the local economy.

However, very few studies focus on the central and southern islands of Visayas (2.56%) and Mindanao (10.25%), which are also major agricultural hubs renowned for exports of tropical fruits, vegetables, and seafood (Estigoy et al., 2022 ). For 17.94% of articles, the geographical context is unspecified, hampering the localization of findings. This showcases a heavy fragmentation in research efforts, with a lack of emphasis on key farming regions beyond Luzon. As the Philippines strives towards food security and agricultural competitiveness, growth opportunities abound in the fertile lands and coasts of Visayas and Mindanao as well. More balanced representation covering their unique challenges, traditional practices, terrain suitability, and local farmer needs is imperative. It will ensure comprehensive development of the sector across crops, technologies, and geographies - especially tapping the potential of smallholder tribal communities dependent on agri-livelihoods in remote southern areas. Unified nationwide strategies for innovation transfer and capacity building should also accompany studies for wider impact.

3.5. Key implementers

Table  4 highlights the key contributors to agricultural innovations in the reviewed articles. The University of the Philippines Los Baños leads with a 12.8% share, underlining the critical role of academic research in advancing the sector. Multiple universities across Luzon are actively innovating for regional farming needs as well, though most are based in and around Metro Manila. Research institutes like IRRI and the Philippine Rice Research Institute focus specifically on rice sector issues. However, very few studies originate from universities in Visayas and Mindanao, echoing the geographical fragmentation observed earlier. Moreover, individual shares of contributors are small, with most at 2.5-5% only. This showcases the disjointed efforts plaguing the agricultural innovation landscape - with insufficient cross-institutional partnerships, fragmented solutions, and lack of coordination impeding large-scale development or adoption after initial pilots.

For true sectoral impact, the unification of innovation ecosystems is critical via Industry-Academia partnerships, technology transfer conduits, and nationwide farming extension services. Applied research answering grassroots-level needs should be prioritized over theoretical studies. Most importantly, capacity building of end beneficiaries i.e. small and marginal farmers through financial, infrastructure, and skill development is crucial for them to utilize innovative solutions, as currently sparse adoption levels indicate unpreparedness. Hence consolidated, farmer-centric strategies are vital to shaping agricultural innovations into truly meaningful and widespread change agents.

3.6. Precision agriculture

Precision agriculture refers to farming management concepts that utilize technological tools to enhance agricultural productivity and efficiency (Cruz et al., 2018 ). Emerging technologies such as sensors, robots, drones, satellite imagery, and information technology allow farmers to improve decision-making in crop production (Santos et al., 2019 ). Precision agriculture can involve practices like variable rate technology, automated equipment guidance systems, remote sensing, and specialized information management tools (Bacsa et al., 2019 ). When effectively implemented, precision agriculture enables farmers to use inputs more efficiently, reduce environmental impact, increase productivity, and boost profitability (Nguyen-Van-Hung et al., 2022). Recent literature on precision agriculture technologies and practices in the Philippines highlights innovative applications across a range of crop production systems. For example, Plata et al. ( 2022 ) developed a drone-based mapping system using geospatial data analysis to detect cassava diseases. Cruz et al. ( 2018 ) designed a wireless sensor network that monitors soil moisture content to aid water management. Bacsa et al. ( 2019 ) utilized multispectral data from drones to assess crop nutrient status and guide fertilizer application. These studies demonstrate the potential of emerging technologies to enhance agricultural sustainability through more targeted and efficient input management based on real-time monitoring of crop growth conditions. However, barriers such as high upfront costs, lack of technical knowledge, challenges in data analysis, and absence of policy incentives can hinder the wide-scale adoption of precision agriculture (Agurob et al., 2023 ). More research and field testing is needed to validate benefits and support integration into existing production systems across diverse contexts in the Philippines (Nguyen-Van-Hung et al., 2022). As precision agriculture solutions become more accessible and tailored to local conditions, they can play a vital role in improving the productivity and resilience of Philippine agriculture amidst climate change impacts and resource constraints.

3.7. Sustainable farming practices

The reviewed studies highlight several sustainable farming practices that can enhance crop productivity while preserving environmental resources. Integrated rice-duck farming (IRDF) allows ducks to feed on pests and weeds in rice paddies while fertilizing plants, increasing rice productivity (Baldo & Laureta, 2022 ). Contour farming, planting hedgerows, and implementing the sustainable corn production in sloping areas (SCoPSA) framework reduced soil erosion by 63% and increased corn yield by 70% (Sabado et al., 2021 ). Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) technology for rice cultivation improved soil properties and plant growth compared to continuous flooding (Magahud et al., 2019 ). The studies also demonstrate the potential of agricultural waste products. Rice husk biochar increases soil nutrients and plant biomass in degraded upland soil (Sarong et al., 2020 ). Vertical hydroponic farming of onions using rice husk substrates resulted in significantly higher bulb growth compared to field cultivation (Pascual et al., 2018 ). Nanosilica and mushroom compost derived from rice husks and other crop residues offer additional income streams for farmers (Sarong et al., 2020 ; Sabado et al., 2021 ). Several studies emphasize the role of technology in promoting sustainable agriculture through precision monitoring and control of growing environments (Elenzano et al., 2021; Batoon et al., 2023 ) and optimizing productivity and costs (Borlas et al., 2021 ). However, scaling out these innovations requires technical support and initial investment subsidies, indicating a role for governments and organizations in facilitating adoption by smallholder farmers (Pascual et al., 2018 ; Baldo & Laureta, 2022 ). The reviewed literature demonstrates that sustainable intensification of smallholder farming is indeed achievable through integrated pest management approaches, efficient water and nutrient cycling practices, waste valorization techniques, and precision agriculture technologies. Further research should focus on adapting these farming solutions to local biophysical and socioeconomic contexts across diverse agricultural systems and agroecological regions.

3.8. Novel materials/equipment

Recent agricultural innovations in the Philippines have focused on developing novel materials and equipment to improve crop management practices. These include Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled systems, infrared thermography technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless sensor networks, nano fertilizers, and water level sensors. Several studies have utilized IoT systems connected to sensors to monitor microclimate conditions and predict frost events (Mendez & Dasig, 2020 ), drought conditions (Lorilla & Cabaluna et al., 2023), and automate irrigation scheduling (Augustus & Domingo, 2023 ). For example, Mendez and Dasig ( 2020 ) developed an IoT-based highland crop management system using multiple regression models to forecast frost risk. The system transmitted real-time sensor data on temperature, humidity, and precipitation to a web platform and provided SMS alerts to farmers on predicted frost events. Infrared thermography technologies are also emerging for agricultural applications such as non-destructive evaluation of crop quality. Bejarin and Fajardo ( 2023 ) demonstrated the use of infrared thermography for detecting moisture content and impurities in rough rice samples. The technique was over 87% accurate for moisture detection and 95% accurate for impurity detection compared to standard methods. The non-contact nature of infrared thermography allows rapid inspection without damaging harvest samples. Several studies have also evaluated the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to improve the efficiency of routine agricultural tasks. De Padua et al. ( 2021 ) developed an automated hexacopter UAV with remote controls and autopilot capabilities for aerial pesticide application over rice paddies. The UAV had a tank capacity of 1 L and could cover 750 m^2 in 10 minutes at an application rate of 3.2 L per 1000 m^2. Further optimization of battery life and durability is required before large-scale adoption. Nonetheless, the unit cost was favorable compared to commercial UAV sprayers. Wireless sensor networks coupled with IoT connectivity have also emerged as an important tool for real-time monitoring of soil conditions and irrigation management. Lorilla and Cabaluna et al. (2023) designed a smart irrigation system using long-range wireless sensors to transmit soil moisture and temperature data to a central device. The system used neural network algorithms for the data-driven triggering of solenoid valves controlling water flow to the field. A mobile app also allowed remote monitoring of sensor data for early disease detection and preventative irrigation scheduling. Several studies also evaluated nano fertilizers' effect on crop growth and yield. Augustus and Domingo ( 2023 ) tested a nano nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer called FertiGroTM on banana plants over 12 weeks. They found that soil application of the nano fertilizer led to significantly better plant growth and development compared to foliar spray application. The slow-release property of the nano fertilizer makes it suitable for direct soil application to improve nutrient absorption. The technology shows good potential to reduce fertilizer use and nutrient loss in Philippine banana plantations. Finally, Pereira et al. ( 2022 ) developed and tested submersible water level sensors for measuring flood height in lowland rice fields under alternate wetting and drying irrigation regimes. They found that sensor accuracy was significantly affected by water turbidity. However, calibration equations could account for turbidity levels up to 4300 FAU with an overall variance explanation > 99%. The improved sensor can help better regulate water usage in water-scarce regions to improve irrigation efficiency.

3.9. Image analysis

Recent agricultural innovations in the Philippines have increasingly incorporated image analysis techniques to enable real-time and accurate monitoring and assessment of crops. Specifically, machine vision and computer vision methods have been applied for various precision agriculture goals including growth tracking, disease detection, yield forecasting, and selective treatment. Sanchez and Zhang ( 2023 ) developed a deep learning-based machine vision system to estimate the velocity of a precision sprayer system by tracking the relative motion of crops. This velocity estimate successfully guided variable time delay queuing and dynamic filtering to achieve precise spraying without needing additional velocity measurement instrumentation. In another pest management application, Rocha and Lagarteja ( 2020 ) designed a computer application that employed convolutional neural networks (CNN) for automated identification and classification of mango pests using smartphone images. The CNN model demonstrated a high accuracy of 88.75% on the test dataset of images. Beyond pest and disease detection, image analysis has also shown promise for tracking crop growth parameters. Garcia et al. ( 2019 ) applied support vector machines on RGB images to classify tomato ripeness into six graded categories with 83.39% accuracy. Such capability can better inform harvest timing and reduce crop spoilage due to premature or delayed picking. For monitoring plantation health, de Ocampo and Dadios ( 2021 ) used aerial images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles to detect weeds and estimate pest damage in eggplant farms. Their sub-image classification methodology achieved a 97.73% F1 score in isolating crops from the background. Concepcion et al. ( 2023 ) introduced a novel greenness index computed from common smartphone images to estimate various lettuce crop parameters including weight, height, leaf count, and growth stage. Strong linear correlations were demonstrated between the index and ground truth measurements of these parameters. The innovation and success of these image analysis techniques underline the potential of computer vision and machine learning methods to enable automated, rapid, non-invasive assessment of crop status. Precision agriculture stands to benefit immensely from such capabilities through data-driven decision-making for diverse tasks like yield forecasting, growth monitoring, and selective treatment. As Arago et al. ( 2022 ) demonstrated in their smart dairy farming system, combining image analysis with IoT technology can also enable intelligent remote monitoring solutions. Further testing across more crop types, agricultural environments, and farm sizes would be beneficial to assess wider adoption. Additionally, exploring more advanced neural networks and image processing algorithms as well as fusing multiple data sources could further optimize accuracy and expand practical applications.

3.10. Decision support systems

Decision support systems (DSS) refer to integrated computer-based platforms that collect, analyze, and interpret data to aid users in making well-informed decisions across various domains (Hayashi et al., 2021 ; Velasco, 2020 ). In the context of agriculture, a DSS typically consists of components such as sensors, IoT modules, satellite systems, analytical engines, crop simulation models, and user interfaces (Tiglao et al., 2020 ; Tagle et al., 2018 ). These systems draw on multiple data sources related to weather, soil conditions, water availability, and crop growth stages (Santos et al., 2019 ; Gutierrez et al., 2019 ). Through algorithms, predictive models, and data visualization, agricultural DSS provides actionable advisories to farmers on ideal planting dates, real-time irrigation requirements, fertilizer needs, and other farming activities tailored to the specific crop variety, geography, soil health and climatic factors (Painagan & Ella, 2022 ). Various studies have explored the development and application of decision support systems to enhance agricultural productivity and efficiency in the Philippines. For instance, Hayashi et al. ( 2021 ) evaluated the Weather-Rice-Nutrient Integrated Decision Support System (WeRise) which integrates seasonal climate prediction and crop models to provide advisories on optimal sowing dates and varieties for rainfed rice farmers. Field testing showed higher grain yields when using the WeRise system compared to farmers’ traditional practices. Additionally, Gutierrez et al. ( 2019 ) utilized multi-temporal SAR imagery and rule-based models to map rice areas and determine optimal planting windows based on water levels and vegetation growth cycles. Their model strongly correlated with actual farmer-reported planting dates. Other sensor-based decision support systems include the automated hydroponics monitoring tool developed by Tagle et al. ( 2018 ) and the smart irrigation prototype by Tiglao et al. ( 2020 ) which used wireless sensors in a mesh network to monitor moisture and automate watering. These systems increased efficiency in resource use and crop yields. Velasco ( 2020 ) also prototyped a solar-powered smart irrigation system using IoT technology and showed its potential for improving agricultural productivity through precise monitoring and control of irrigation. Furthermore, Santos et al. ( 2019 ) developed a cloud-based decision support dashboard to provide real-time analytics on crop production suitability based on weather, soil conditions, and location. By integrating wireless sensor data and GPS mapping, their system enabled evidence-based planning for enhanced productivity and yield. Overall, these studies demonstrate that advanced decision support systems, especially those incorporating ICT and precision agriculture techniques, can play a vital role in improving agricultural practices, optimizing resource utilization, increasing farmer incomes, and contributing to food security in the Philippines. Further verification across diverse contexts and integration with emerging technologies can help strengthen these solutions.

4. CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review provided a comprehensive categorization and quantitative analysis of agricultural innovations implemented in the Philippines from 2018–2023. The categorization of innovations highlights precision agriculture, sustainable farming, novel equipment, image analysis, and decision support systems as key focus areas as image analysis has the largest share. The analysis reveals a predominant focus on rice, with 33.33% of innovations targeting improved rice cultivation. This signals the need to diversify efforts to other crops like coffee, banana, and coconut given their economic significance.

Additionally, a disproportionate 69.23% of studies center around Luzon, especially Central and Northern farming regions. However, agricultural potential abounds in Visayas and Mindanao as well which demands increased research emphasis. More studies rooted in the unique terroir and traditional practices of these areas can unlock localized solutions at scale.

The study also spotlights a fragmentation in research, with most contributors representing less than 5% share each. While academic institutes like UPLB lead innovation, strategic public-private partnerships can accelerate technology development and last-mile reach. Capacity building of marginal farmers is equally critical for innovation adoption.

In general, the review suggests the need for consolidated efforts tailored to region-specific needs, balanced crop representation, and unified innovation ecosystems with farmer-centric solutions at its core. Using data-backed recommendations, resources can be channeled into localized research answering on-ground demands for wider and equitable growth. This will steer innovation priorities to transform Philippine agriculture in a strategic, inclusive, and climate-smart manner.

RECOMMENDATIONS

More studies should target innovation opportunities around other staple crops like coconut, banana, mango, coffee, etc. which significantly contribute to Philippine agric-exports. Their unique challenges, terrain suitability, and input optimization using precision techniques can raise productivity.

Increased efforts must emphasize innovations suited to the unique climate, traditional practices, soil nutrition, and water availability in the fertile farming regions of the Visayas and Mindanao islands. This can unlock localized solutions for crop maximization.

Unified innovation ecosystems should be built via public-private partnerships between agricultural institutes and agri-enterprises. This facilitates technology transfer, capacity building, and last-mile delivery to aid adoption.

Innovations tailored to equip tribal communities in remote hilly areas with modern, climate-smart techniques can raise their incomes and uplift livelihoods.

A coherent agricultural extension system providing farmer outreach services for technology assistance, troubleshooting, best practices dissemination, etc. can accelerate and streamline innovation adoption.

Higher budgetary allocation and incentives for research answering ground-level demands can fast-track farmer-centric innovation tailored to local needs.

DECLARATIONS

FUNDING This research did not receive any specific funding or grant from agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The literature review and article analysis conducted did not have any external financial support or sponsorship.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this literature review and analysis

ETHICS APPROVAL/DECLARATIONS N/A

CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE N/A

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION N/A

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL The data analyzed during the literature review are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. As this review analyzed published literature sources, the cited articles and materials are accessible through publicly available scientific databases or sources.

CODE AVAILABILITY N/A

AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS Author 1, Concept, literature search, and data gathering. Author 2, data analysis, article preparation, and correspondence.

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Additional Declarations

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Philippine Agricultural Research and Development: Issues and Policy Implications

• C. C. David
• Published 1995
• Agricultural and Food Sciences, Economics

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Rice bund management by filipino farmers and willingness to adopt ecological engineering for pest suppression.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. demonstration plots, 2.2. open field days, 2.3. farmer surveys, 2.4. data analysis, 3.1. farmer profiles, 3.2. farmers’ current management of bunds, 3.2.1. bund dimensions and herbicide use, 3.2.2. growing vegetables on rice bunds, 3.2.3. growing flowers on rice bunds, 3.2.4. allowing weeds and wild flowers to grow on rice bunds, 3.3. farmers’ opinions about ecological engineering after the open field days, 3.4. farmers’ willingness to grow vegetation on bunds before and after the ofds, 4. discussion, 4.1. farmers’ preferences for growing vegetatables on rice bunds, 4.2. avoiding pesticides on bund-grown vegetation, 4.3. farmers’ appreciation of hdvps and other interventions, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Horgan, F.G.; Ramal, A.F.; Villegas, J.M.; Jamoralin, A.; Pasang, J.M.V.; Hadi, B.A.R.; Mundaca, E.A.; Crisol-Martínez, E. Rice Bund Management by Filipino Farmers and Willingness to Adopt Ecological Engineering for Pest Suppression. Agriculture 2024 , 14 , 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081329

Horgan FG, Ramal AF, Villegas JM, Jamoralin A, Pasang JMV, Hadi BAR, Mundaca EA, Crisol-Martínez E. Rice Bund Management by Filipino Farmers and Willingness to Adopt Ecological Engineering for Pest Suppression. Agriculture . 2024; 14(8):1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081329

Horgan, Finbarr G., Angelee F. Ramal, James M. Villegas, Alexandra Jamoralin, John Michael V. Pasang, Buyung A. R. Hadi, Enrique A. Mundaca, and Eduardo Crisol-Martínez. 2024. "Rice Bund Management by Filipino Farmers and Willingness to Adopt Ecological Engineering for Pest Suppression" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081329

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Agriculture in The Philippines – an overview

• By admin in Reports

Agriculture in the Philippines

• The Philippines is primarily an agricultural country despite the plan to make it a industrialised country in 2000. The country’s agricultural sector is divided into: farming, fisheries, livestock, and forestry making up 20 % of the country’s gross domestic product.

Market overview

Agriculture is a main driver of the Philippine economy and for 2012, the government increased the agriculture and agrarian reform budgets by over 50% to boost food production. The government has also allocated funding for irrigation, farm-to-market roads, and related infrastructure; and has included these in the administration’s PPP project offering.

Key opportunities

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernisation Act of the Philippines encourages private sector to invest in new technologies for livestock raising, aquaculture, food processing & packaging, quality assurance, bio-security, logistics and agri-waste management. The growing compulsion to raise the productivity and competitiveness of farm operators offers a mix of opportunities for UK exporters in the following areas:

Another opportunity in agri-biotech is the development and propagation of high-yielding crop varieties, pest-resistant, as well as flood & drought- resistant grains and vegetables.

Aquaculture – UK exporters are yet to tap opportunities in genetic improvement & biotech applications to fisheries & aquaculture sectors, in terms of better breeds, feeds and propagation methods.

Quality Assurance & Traceability Systems – Farmers & food processors now realise the urgency to install quality control, as well as traceability systems in their operations as required by both local and export buyers. This is an opportunity for UK consultants and service providers on HACCP, logistics, and bio-security.

Agriculture Waste Management & Waste-to-Energy Conversion -The recent strict implementation of environmental regulations and increasing need for renewable energy resources are forcing farm operators to install waste management systems and waste-to-energy facilities; e.g. for biogas.

Find out about the latest business opportunities by using UKTI’s opportunity search facility on these links.

Latest export opportunities – Agriculture

Latest export opportunities – Philippines

Getting into the market

• Doing business in the Philippines is highly relational. A formal and personal introduction or partnerships with an established local firm are preferred ways to enter the market.
• Appointments are required and should be made at least two weeks in advance.
• English is the language of business.
• The Philippine government encourages inbound foreign investment and a wide range of incentives are readily available.

UKTI has produced a very helpful guide to doing business in the Philippines , including an overview of the Philippines’ economy, business culture, potential opportunities and an introduction to other relevant issues.

Market intelligence is critical when doing business overseas, and UKTI can provide bespoke market research and support during overseas visits though our chargeable Overseas Market Introduction Service (OMIS).

To commission research or for general advice about the market, get in touch with our specialists in country – or contact your local international trade team.

Joyce Guzon-Tolentino, British Embassy Manila.

Martyn Skinner ,PBBC,Co-chairman, Agribusiness

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SABRAO and CSSP magho-host ng crop science at breeding mega conference

• 10 August 2024
• Source/s: Tuklasin Natin

Ang Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) at ang Crop Science Society of the Philippines (CSSP) ay magkatuwang na titipunin ang mga nangungunang agricultural minds sa isang internasyonal kapulungan na may temang "Emerging Paradigms in Crop Science and Breeding: Cultivating Sustainable Solutions and Partnerships for a Resilient Future." na gagawin sa Crimson Hotel sa Alabang, Muntinlupa City sa Agosto 12-15, 2024.

Katuwang na inorganisa ng Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) at Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) ng Department of Science and Technology (DOST). ang kaganapan ay magpapakita ng makabagong pananaliksik, mga makabagong kasanayan sa pagsasaka, at matatag na pakikipagtulungan upang matugunan ang mga mahigpit na hamon sa seguridad sa pagkain.

Ayon kay SEARCA Center Director at SABRAO President Dr. Glenn Gregorio na itong packed-agenda ng joint CSSP-SABRAO conference ay nangangako na maging isang mala-gintong pagmina ng kaalaman para sa sinumang namuhunan sa hinaharap ng agrikultura.

Nakatakdang maghatid ng keynote address sa pambungad na seremonya ang tanyag na sayentista at isang academician ng National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST PHL) na si Dr. Eufemio Rasco Jr. sa Agosto 13.

Ang unang araw ay nakalinya ang mga batikang eksperto sa buong mundo sa larangan ng agrikultura. Si Dr. Ajay Kohli, Deputy Director General para sa Pananaliksik ng International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), ay magtatakda ng yugto sa pagtalakay sa mga nagbabagong paradigms sa crop science at breeding.

Maglalatag ng mga umuusbong na solusyon mula sa mga lokal na pananaw sina DOST-PCAARRD Technical Consultant Ramon Rivera at Dr. John De Leon, Executive Director ng Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), hanggang sa IRRI Senior Scientist Dr. kasama si Mallikarjuna Swamy para sa pandaigdigang pananaw.

Ang kinabukasan ng pagsasaka ay magiging sentro sa sesyon ng plenaryo sa pagbabago ng mga pagbabago sa pananim tungo sa regenerative agriculture kasama si Ms. Jean Somera, Asia Breeding Corn Product Unit Lead ng East Asia & Pakistan Cluster, Research and Development ng Bayer Crop Science.

Ang AI at digital agriculture ay tututukan din sa isang panel discussion kasama ang pinuno ng industriya ng Philippine FarmFix Solutions, Inc. President at CEO na si Joel Laserna na nagbabahagi ng kanyang pananaw kasama si Engr. Stephen Klassen, Senior Scientist ng IRRI; Dr. Yubin Yang, Senior Biosystems Analyst ng Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center; at Binhi Inc. CEO Rodel Anunciado.

Ang nutrisyon at pagpapanatili ay bubuo sa agenda ng araw. Tatalakayin ni Dr. Howarth Earle Bouis, Emeritus Fellow ng International Food Policy Research Institute at 2016 World Food Prize Laureate, ang mga pananim para sa hinaharap na ligtas sa nutrisyon.

Ang mahuhusay na panel ay tatalakay sa mga kumplikado ng pagbuo ng napapanatiling pakikipagsosyo sa crop science at breeding na sina Dr. Manuel Logroño, Maize Life & Farming (MLFARMS) President at Founder; Reynaldo Ebora, DOST-PCAARRD Executive Director; Dr. Eureka Teresa Ocampo, University of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Crop Science Director; Direktor ng Asia & Pacific Seed Association na si Francine Sayoc; at Dr. Ramakrishnan M. Nair, World Vegetable Center (South at Central Asia) Global Plant Breeder.

Ang ika-2 araw ay tungkol sa napakagandang pananaliksik, kung saan ipinakita ng mga siyentipiko ang kanilang pinakabagong mga natuklasan sa mga sesyon ng talastasan at poster. Ang mga paksa ay mula sa pagpapalakas ng mga ani ng pananim hanggang sa pagbuo ng mga bagong produkto ng pagkain. Nakatuon ang mga entry na ito sa produksyon at pamamahala ng crop, crop physiology at biochemistry, postharvest handling, processing at utilization, kalusugan at nutrisyon, pagpapaunlad at komersyalisasyon ng teknolohiya, extension ng teknolohiya, dissemination at edukasyon (TEDE), at socioeconomics.

Ang kumperensya ay nagtatapos sa Araw 3 na may mga workshop na pinangunahan ng eksperto sa paggawa ng mga nanalong research paper. Si Dr. Annalissa Aquino, Managing Editor ng Philippine Journal of Crop Science, ay tatalakay sa teknikal na pagsulat para sa mga siyentipikong journal, habang si Dr. Naqib Ullah Khan, SABRAO Editor-in-Chief, ay mangunguna sa seminar sa pagsusumite ng mga artikulo sa mga internasyonal na journal.

Ang pinakamahusay at pinakamatalino ay kikilalanin sa pamamagitan ng mga parangal, at ang mga bagong miyembro at tagapangasiwa ay manunumpa ng SABRAO at CSSP.

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