research paper topics about africa

Research Topics

Faculty, students, researchers and visiting scholars at UC Berkeley engage in a wide range of research on Africa. Politics, public health, conflict, human rights, environment, conservation, climate change, technology, religion and languages are just some of the areas covered. Over time, we will add various ways to explore the research done by UC Berkeley scholars. Currently, you can browse recent Rocca Fellowship Awards , faculty profiles and CAS research activity . Below are links to scholars working in various African countries. We are constantly updating geo-coding.

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100+ Africa-Based Sample Research paper, and Essay Topics

by Antony W

September 22, 2020

100+ Africa-Based Sample Research paper, and Essay Topics

Before going through some of the topics listed below. Please check the criteria of selecting a good research topic here .

Africa research paper topics

Discuss the representation of “Africa Rising” as portrayed by the IMF, UN, and other international agencies vs the situation on the ground.
Foreign aid in Africa: are the people who need it most really benefiting?
Critically evaluate the role of foreign investment in an African economy of your choice.
A united Africa: is it possible for African countries to unite under one flag? What would be the global ramifications?
Critique the history of China in Africa.
Discuss the deepened diplomatic relations between many African countries (e.g. Kenya) and the Western claims of Chinese neocolonialism
Critique the representation of African cities in various media such as film, books, and documentaries. E.g. Louis Theroux’s “Law and Disorder in Lagos.”
Critically assess “A Day on Addis Ababa’s Streets” by Felix Heisel concerning urban informality in Ethiopia.
Unemployment in Africa and the corresponding increase in violence and crime: discuss.
What do Africans think of their own borders in relation to migration, refugees, terrorism, etc.?
With South Africa/Zimbabwe as an example, to what extend is migration an advantage rather than a disadvantage?.
How does at 50 years of independence celebrations in African countries portray a sense of national pride or otherwise in various African countries?

Afro-pessimism

Afro-pessimism and Black Fugitivity - explore the condition of Africans abroad as they try to dissociate from entrenched stereotypes and viewpoints.

Poverty research paper topics

To what extent is the media representation of Africa’s poorest shaped the global view of the continent?
To what extent has informality, poverty, and unemployment fuelled the chronic instability experienced in the African region?
Despite rich natural resources, why does much of Africa remain desperately poor? Discuss.
Poverty in Africa is a perennial problem that requires a paradigm shift in how it is addressed. Discuss.
The ultra-rich in Africa invest in foreign assets and hide their money abroad, denying their own countries a chance at growth. Discuss.
What are the intersections between poverty, homelessness, substance abuse, and other social ills?

Corruption essay topics

To what extent has corruption in Africa stalled or even reversed socio-economic development?
How effectively is Kenya fighting inbred corruption, especially in public governance?
How is media portraying the extent of corruption in African country X?
Has corruption in Africa become acceptable and even expected? Discuss.
To what extent are Africans responsible for their own corrupt governments?
Only a few “big men” in Africa reap the benefits of its natural resources. Discuss.
“Foreign aid is hurting, not helping Sub-Saharan Africa.” Discuss.

Victimhood research paper topics

Africans are often portrayed as victims of their circumstances. Discuss critically.
Discuss generational victimhood in post-apartheid South Africa.
To what extent is preferential treatment of Africans for scholarship programs merited? Discuss.
Should former colonial powers make restitution for evils committed in the past? Discuss.
Many African countries are still reliant on foreign powers for advanced technology such as vaccines, computer technology, etc. which makes them vulnerable. Discuss.

Violence essay topics

How has ethnic violence in (African country) been misrepresented in global media channels?
Africans in foreign countries such as China and the UAE face increased racial discrimination and violence. Critically evaluate this claim and suggest a solution.
To what extent was the Rwandan Genocide a failure of the international community?
To what extinct is global trade responsible for the conflict in Zimbabwe?
Xenophobia in South Africa: discuss the long-term effects on global reputation and cooperation.
How has the media portrayal of ethnic violence in Africa shaped trade and tourism?

Post-colonial perspectives research paper topics

Explore the representation of Africa by foreign media as uneducated, backward, or even barbaric.
Discuss the “modern colonialism” as expressed by popular African writers.
Define and explore the current views of Senegalese over the state of Senegal.
Why do many Africans feel themselves to be still under some form of economic and political colonialism by the West?

Gender essay topics

Discuss the role of the West in changing gender views and roles in African countries.
The outdated curse of female genital mutilation in Kenyan tribal communities: discuss.
Explore the changing gender roles in traditionally patriarchal societies in African communities.
The increasingly important role of the youth in transforming Africa: discuss.
The youth bulge in African country Y and its effect on the economy/society.
Explore the traditional African representation of sexuality and its role in the current homophobia and anti-homosexuality legislation.

Sexuality research paper topics

Discuss the emerging role of African women both locally and abroad.
Critically evaluate the statement: “Homosexuality is un-African.”
Most African countries have very harsh anti-homosexuality laws. Discuss the role of the traditional cultural perspective in this.
Discuss how advances in health and technology have shaped the view of the modern woman in Africa.

Land essay topics

Who owns the land: why is communal land perceived as being under threat from development and privatization in Africa?
Discuss how outdated land tenure systems hinder economic development in country Z?
Evaluate media evaluation of land grabbing in Uganda and the perspective of international media.

Investment research paper topics

The foreign-funded development programs in Kenya and their effect on the economy
Discuss the effects on foreign loans in African economies and their long-term effects.
How did the infrastructure left behind by colonialists improve the economy of Nigeria?
The place of Africa in international commerce: explore and discuss.
The role of foreign agents in driving the economy of country Y.

Africa tourism essay topics

How has targeted branding affected tourism in South Africa?
To what extent is African country Y reliant on international tourism for economic stability and growth?
With increased industrialization and modernization, describe how tourism in Africa is likely to be affected. Is it a boon for Africa to be modernized?

Africa branding research paper topics

How successful has South Africa been in branding itself as a top tourist destination?
The most exotic tourist destinations in Africa remain unknown or inaccessible, thus crippling tourism. Discuss.
Just successful how would self-branding be to improve the global image of African countries?

Representation of Africa in films, books, etc.

Discuss the representation of the South African middle class in “Pakathi - Soweto’s Middle Class.”
Discuss the representation of the Nigerian civil in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s “Half of a Yellow Sun.”
Critically discuss the portrayal of Africa in popular media such as movies. (Choose one, e.g. Black Panther.)
Discuss how informality, employment, and poverty are framed in debates in the UN, various NGOs, and leading think tanks.

Charitable organizations in Africa essay topics

Discuss how foreign aid to Africa impacts the rest of the world.
“Foreign is just a tool of neo-colonialism.” Discuss.
To what extent do charitable organizations in Africa promote or otherwise hinder indigenous economic growth? Discuss.
Are charitable organizations biased against Africa and present an inaccurate picture of actual conditions?
Are foreign and locally run charitable organizations in African being used to make a few individuals rich while the masses suffer? Discuss in relation to recent documentaries/articles published.

Bias in events reporting about Africa essay topics

Critically analyze event reporting bias in Africa.
“The West’s Lazy Reporting of Africa.” Discuss.
To what extent can international media be trusted to provide impartial and objective coverage of major African events such as elections, civil wars, etc.?
In dictator-run countries such as Uganda, how trustworthy are news as reported by local media vs international media?
To what extent are Coronavirus statistics provided by international media reliable?

Nationalism and independence research paper topics

Discuss nationalism and independence as portrayed in Kenya (or any other African country) @50 celebration?
Critique the representation of nationalism as represented on the media regarding an African country of your choice.
Discuss how a certain African country is promoting nationalism and a positive national image.
Brain drain and patriotism: are educated Africans unhappy with their native land in terms of opportunities, security, and remuneration? Discuss.
Many African students are studying abroad so that they can go back to Africa to help in its economic development. Discuss.

State ideology essay topics

Discuss the state ideology of an African country of your choice.
To what extent is state ideology in country X influenced by colonial values and perspectives?
How well defined are state ideologies in African countries?
Discuss pan Africanism/African socialism/political ethnicity.

Ethnicity research paper topics

Explain what role ethnicity has played in the political environment in Kenya.
Bane or boon: how is Africa’s diversity playing a role in the region’s socio-economic development?
The story of Africa: how tribal leaders played a role in the governance of Africans during colonialism.

Politics essay topics

How has “big man” politics shaped African country X?
Dictators in Africa - why do Africans vote for the same oppressive leaders again and again? Discuss.
Are African countries truly free politically? Discuss in relation to China’s deepened relations with an African country of your choice.
Divisive politics and economic control - explore how divisive politics help to make African easier to rule from an objective standpoint.C

Genocide research paper topics

Are international peacekeeping bodies turning a blind eye to conflicts in Africa due to self-interest?
To what extent would the trial of African leaders accused of crimes against humanity be fair when tried in The Hague vs in their native land?
The international community is more interested in ending terrorism and piracy than civil wars. Discuss.
Would you say that Africa has learned its lesson from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide? How likely is it to happen again? Discuss.
Ethnic and tribal clashes fuelled by the West have caused the death of millions in Africa over the past decade. Discuss.

Need help writing a Research paper, or Essay on any of the above Africa-Based topics, please place your order here

About the author

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

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What’s the Latest Economic Research on Africa? A Round-up of Human Capital Studies from CSAE 2022

This week was the Centre for the Study of African Economies’ annual conference . It included more than a hundred papers on topics ranging from bureaucracy to trade and from political economy to deforestation.

It’s a great collection of novel work from researchers around the world, including many who are based in African countries. Much (but far from all) of the continent was included in the research presented (Figure 1A). Ethiopia was the African country with the most studies (13), Uganda had 9, and Kenya had 7. There are also many studies from non-African countries (especially South Asia, with 14 studies from India, more than any single African country) but with relevance to policy decisions on the continent. If you missed the conference, you can read the papers !

We went through the 43 papers we identified that engaged with the topics we research ourselves: education, health, early childhood development, cash transfers, and gender. These papers represent a smaller share of the continent (Figure 1B).

Figure 1A. Countries in at least one study in the CSAE conference

Figure 1B. Countries in at least one study among human development studies

Notes: This figure does not include studies that cover more than three countries. For example, there are several studies that use data from dozens of countries but do not focus on specific countries. They are included in the summaries below but not in the map. Non-African countries are also not included in the figure.

We provide a micro-summary of each study below. Before you dive in, here are a few notes:

Several of the papers belong in multiple categories: for example, does more education boost health? (In Ghana, according to Aboyadana’s analysis , it does.) Is that an education paper or a health paper? We’ve repeated studies in multiple sections below so if you’re focused on health, you’ll find all the health-related papers in the health section. The second or third time a paper appears, we put an asterisk after the summary so you can skip it if you’re reading straight through.

Our brief summaries can’t capture either the richness of results from many papers or all the caveats that accompany a highlighted result. We’ve linked to all the papers: if you find something interesting, go check out the paper.

Hashtags give information on the research methods used: #RCT = randomized controlled trial, #RD = regression discontinuity, #DID = difference-in-differences, #FE = fixed effects, and #PSM = propensity score matching.

Without further ado, let’s see what the latest research teaches us about human development in Africa and beyond!

Free primary education in Ghana “led to a decrease in the probability of smoking, fertility behaviour,” and sexually transmitted infections, and an increase in “healthy eating, antenatal visits and the risk of obesity.” ( Aboyadana ) #RD

A survey of 900+ senior government officials in 35 low- and middle-income countries finds that policymakers largely prioritize vocational education over foundational skills (like literacy), but they also “dramatically overestimate foundational learning levels in their country.” ( Crawfurd et al. ; summary blog post ) #SurveyExperiment

Does free primary education hurt learning outcomes? In Lesotho, free primary education improved academic performance at the university level by “at least 4 percent.” ( Moshoeshoe ) #DID

Conditional cash transfers to “girls attending secondary schools in Punjab, Pakistan” led to a higher likelihood of completing secondary school (1.3 percent), a lower likelihood of early marriage (3.5percent), and in the next generation, less stunting (1.2 percent) and fewer underweight children (1.7 percent). ( Musaddiq and Said ) #FE #DID

Providing SMS messages with practice problems and phone calls to parents boosted learning among children in Botswana while schools were closed for COVID-19. ( Angrist, Bergman, and Matsheng ) #RCT

Providing better toilet facilities and menstrual health education in Bangladesh reduced both girls’ absenteeism and their dropout rates, both by 5 percentage points. Coupling it with a parental education program further reduced absenteeism (but not dropout). ( Sol, Nillesen, and Smeets ) #RCT

Giving a certificate to head teachers in Pakistan who did well in their training didn’t boost their performance. But putting them on a list that qualifies them for future career opportunities did. ( Mansoor ) #RCT

A nationwide program in Peru that provided training sessions and monitoring tools to school heads improved reporting of incidence of school violence by 37 percentage points. Students also switched schools less. ( Smarrelli ) #RD

School reopenings in Kenya boosted the hours parents worked in a week by 21 percent. The effect is there for both women and men. ( Biscaye, Egger, and Pape ) #DID

Providing sexual harassment awareness training for undergraduate women in Delhi, India, made them “less likely to accept job offers to work in male majority teams.” ( Sharma ) #RCT

Showing “a video of successful relatable female role models” to female undergraduate students at public colleges in Pakistan increased their likelihood of working by 4 to 6 percentage points 18 months after graduating. ( Ahmed et al. ) #RCT

“Can governments leverage existing service-delivery platforms to scale early childhood development programs?” Integrating a home visiting intervention into Bangladesh’s national nutrition program led to improvement in both children’s cognitive development and their nutrition. ( Bos et al .) #RCT

In the face of high COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Papua New Guinea, “a message that emphasized the relative safety of the vaccine by highlighting that severe side effects are rare, while also emphasizing the dangers of COVID-19, increased intention to get vaccinated by around 50 percent.” (Hoy, Wood, and Moscoe ) #SurveyExperiment

In rural Bangladesh, providing information by phone and an unconditional cash transfer reduced “the number of reported deaths by about 50 percent” in participating villages. ( Chowdhury et al. ) #RCT

In urban Pakistan, expanding the scope of services covered by health insurance and offering telehealth services (virtual doctor’s appointments) was associated with better self-reported health and more (and earlier) doctor consultations. ( Ahmad, Hussain, and Nazif ) #Matching

Providing “pregnant and immediate postpartum women with improved access to family planning through counseling, free transport to a clinic, and financial reimbursement for family planning services over a two-year period” reduced stunting among children in Malawi. ( Maggio, Kara, and Canning ) #RCT

When food aid in a large refugee camp in Uganda was cut by 50 percent, refugees experienced "a 56 percent reduction in weekly caloric intake.” (Vintar and Sterck ) #RD

In India, women call the shots on toilet finance: "Households where the woman perceives the benefit of the toilet to be similar or higher than the man are around four times more likely to take" a loan to build a toilet. ( Augsburg et al .) #RCT

In Côte d'Ivoire, there is no inequality between foster children and biological children ages 6-10 in terms of how much they consume. For older kids, "parents are less likely to forgo some of their consumption of adult goods for foster boys." ( Olié ) #FE

In Nigeria, “burning off the gas coming out of oil wells” (called “gas flaring”) is associated with more respiratory diseases and fevers among kids under five years old. ( Alimi and Gibson ) #FE

Drawing on data from 36 African countries, “being born in a village located downstream an opened mine increases the mortality rates under 2 years old by 7.9 percentage points.” ( Gittard and Hu ) #DID

Drawing on data from 25 African countries, “a 10 percentage point increase in mobile network coverage is associated with a 0.45 percentage point reduction in infant mortality.” ( Mensah, Tafere, and Abay ) #IV

In Ethiopia, health workers diverge in their motivations: some are motivated principally by salary and others are motivated by seeing good health outcomes. Understanding this can help health systems to structure jobs to keep workers motivated. ( Arora et al. ) #SurveyExperiment

Are health workers more motivated by the nature of the work they’re doing or because they value their organization’s mission? Among medical students in Burkina Faso, being engaged in interesting tasks drives motivation much more than a charitable mission. ( Banuri, Keefer, and de Walque ) #LabInField

Early Childhood Development

In Burkina Faso, a quarter of women offered use of community childcare centers enrolled their children, showing high unmet demand for childcare. Women’s employment, financial outcomes, and self-reported well-being all improved. So did child development. (Ajayi, Dao, and Koussoubé ) #RCT

Cash Transfers

Providing cash grants and financial training to 1,000 poor women in Tunisia increased income-generating activities by 3.4 percentage points. Inviting the husbands in the training session actually reduced the effect. ( Gazeud et al .) #RCT

Providing a cash grant and psychosocial support to women in Niger produced large impacts on economic welfare and well-being six months later. Providing only the psychosocial support (life skills training and a community discussion about values) initially produced smaller effects than providing only the cash grant, but effects were similarly large by 18 months. ( Bossuroy et al .) #RCT

It's common to try and target social programs to people who are most “deprived” (e.g., they have the least wealth or the least food). But do the poorest of the poor gain the most from the programs? In a cash transfer program in Kenya, they often don’t, so whether or not targeting the poorest makes sense will depend on whether the program focus is principally on having the biggest impact or on redistributing to the poorest. ( Haushofer et al. ) #MachineLearning

How do business grants perform relative to unconditional cash transfers in Somalia? It's like the story of Goldilocks: the effects of small grants didn't persist, big grants weren't cost effective, but medium-sized grants were just right. ( Abdullahi et al .) #RCT

An unconditional cash transfer program to farmers in Malawi led to 75 percent higher harvests after one year. The additional cash allowed them to work more on their own farms (by 27 percent) instead of providing labor to other farms for cash. (Sirma ) #RCT

Providing grants to households with children in Zambia increased the likelihood that a household would have a non-farm business (by 17 percent) and increased the proportion of women with savings by 25 percent. ( Viberti et al .) #RCT

In a lab-in-the-field experiment in Nigeria, most women deferred "decision-making to their spouse." If women were receiving cash transfers, they still deferred, unless they knew their husbands wouldn't find out about it. ( Bakhtiar et al .) #LabInField

COVID-19 increased the poverty in Zambia from 56 to 58 percent over the course of a year, driven by the pandemic's impact on urban areas. Simulations show a social cash transfer program could reduce poverty by up to 6 percentage points. ( Paul et al .) #Simulation

When food aid in a large refugee camp in Uganda was cut by 50 percent, refugees experienced "a 56 percent reduction in weekly caloric intake.” ( Vintar and Sterck ) #RD*

Promoting women garment workers to supervisory positions in Bangladesh increased remittances (often to other family members taking care of their children) from 6 percent of household income to 9.5 percent. ( Uckat ) #RD #Matching

The economic shock caused by extensive flooding in Bangladesh in 2017 "led women to engage more in market activities, to decrease their time spent in domestic work, and to be more empowered." Men, on the other hand, "decreased their time spent at work and they engaged more in housework substituting for women’s domestic work." ( Vitellozi ) #DID

Based on data from 30 countries across Africa, women who have their first child born before they get married tend to put off marriage longer if the child is a girl. But women who have their first child after marriage are more likely to divorce if the child is a girl. ( Genicot and Hernandez-de-Benito ) #IV

"Female-led firms were, on average, 4 percentage points more likely to close their business than male-led firms in 2020" based on a survey across 50 middle- and high-income countries, partly driven by school closures and increased domestic work burden on women. ( Goldstein et al. ) #Matching

Women entrepreneurs in urban Bangladesh who attended counseling on goal setting, time management, and problem-solving strategies are "11 percentage points less likely to be depressed and 23 percent less likely to lose an hour of work to solve problems at home." ( Lopez-Pena ) #RCT

Across matchmaking websites in India, "women who signal wanting to work after marriage receive up to 22 percent less interest from men than those of women who have never worked." ( Dhar ) #RCT

Women’s employment has been disproportionately affected by the COVID crisis. A commonly proposed reason for this is that women had to take on even more work of caring for people at home during the crisis, but among young women in Peru and Vietnam, that only explains 11 percent of the increased employment gap. In India, it explains even less. ( Scott et al. ) #FE

Street safety in urban Indonesia and India is associated with more women working: women in very safe neighborhoods are 8.5 percentage points more likely to be in the labor force relative to women in unsafe neighborhoods. ( Cahill ) #PSM

During COVID, companies in Ethiopia lost a lot of business and so had to lay off lots of workers. But even after companies recovered, many of those laid off—mostly women and migrants from rural areas—remained unemployed. ( Hardy et al. ) #DID

Across Ethiopia, Malawi, and Tanzania, women are less likely to have full rights to sell, rent, or bequeath their land and more likely to need permission or consent from someone else to exercise those rights than men. ( Hasanbasri et al. ) #MachineLearning

Providing sexual harassment awareness training for undergraduate women in Delhi, India, made them “less likely to accept job offers to work in male majority teams.” (Sharma ) #RCT*

CGD blog posts reflect the views of the authors, drawing on prior research and experience in their areas of expertise. CGD is a nonpartisan, independent organization and does not take institutional positions.

View the discussion thread.

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African Studies Databases

AfricaBib Index to articles dealing with all aspects of African studies

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Africa Index Medicus Index to health related articles
African Studies Abstracts Online Index to articles & chapters on African Studies coverage ends with 2017. After identifying items you want, use UW Libraries Search to find a copy
Connecting-Africa Gateway to African research information and materials produced worldwide

African Journal Collections

African Journal Archive Digitized access to more than 150 retrospective journals published in Africa; some, mostly early issues, full-text
African Journals Online Access to African-published research and scholarship covering a full range of issues and subjects, some full-text
African e-Journals Project Digitized collection of 11 older (prior to 2003) journals

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Arts & literature, business & economics, history, politics & society.

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Research Papers

Shifting Borders: Africa’s Displacement Crisis and Its Security Implications

Wendy Williams Africa Center Research Paper No. 8 October 17, 2019

Assessing Attitudes of the Next Generation of African Security Sector Professionals

Kwesi Aning and Joseph Siegle Africa Center Research Paper No. 7 May 1, 2019

Advancing Military Professionalism in Africa

Emile Ouédraogo Africa Center Research Paper No. 6 July 31, 2014

Africa’s Information Revolution: Implications for Crime, Policing, and Citizen Security

Steven Livingston Africa Center Research Paper No. 5 November 30, 2013

Fragility and State-Society Relations in South Sudan

Kate Almquist Knopf Africa Center Research Paper No. 4 September 30, 2013

Stress-Testing South Africa: The Tenuous Foundations of One of Africa’s Stable States

Assis Malaquias Africa Center Research Paper No. 3 July 31, 2011

Africa’s Evolving Infosystems: A Pathway to Security and Stability

Steven Livingston Africa Center Research Paper No. 2 March 31, 2011

Enhancing Civilian Protection in Peace Operations: Insights from Africa

Paul Williams Africa Center Research Paper No. 1 September 20, 2010

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Africana Studies: Choosing a Topic

Course Guides
Reference Resources
General Resources
Slave Trade
Africana Studies Journals
Apartheid in South Africa
African Civ. to 1850
African American Foodways

Developing a Topic Worksheet

Focusing a Research Topic
Creating a Literature Review

Tools for Developing a Topic

Choosing a topic and developing a research question can be challenging. The resources below contain infomation about issues related to Africana Studies that can be useful in refining the scope of your project.

Oxford African American Studies Center (AASC) This link opens in a new window
Encyclopedia of American Studies This link opens in a new window Explore general articles on American history and culture. This encyclopedia addresses topics such as literature, art, photography, film, popular culture, architecture, consumer culture, urban studies, ethnicity, gender, race, economics, labor, social movements, politics, and global America. (This encyclopedia is also part of Credo Reference .) Coverage: pre-colonial times to present. Full text.
Credo Reference This link opens in a new window Access encyclopedic titles in all disciplines taught at Dickinson, including various language dictionaries, the Marquis Who's Who series and numerous other biographical sources, economics and business encyclopedias, food and agriculture sources, publishing sources, atlases, and many encyclopedias covering the arts, history, literature, science, technology, religion, philosophy, politics, psychology, geography, country studies, and more. Coverage: varies. Full text.

Access essays that present multiple sides of controversial issues, along with a series of questions and additional information to generate further thought. This collection also includes supporting articles from the world's top political and societal publications. It is useful as a guide to debate, developing arguments, writing position papers, and for development of critical thinking skills. Coverage: varies. Full text.

CQ Researcher This link opens in a new window Access a weekly analysis on one of many broad-ranging topics from the news. Each report focuses on a single issue and is written by a seasoned journalist. Coverage: 1991 to present. Full text.
African Studies Thesaurus
Britannica Academic This link opens in a new window Explore the Encyclopedia Britannica, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, magazines, periodicals, and more. This collection contains multimedia encyclopedia articles, country statistics and comparisons, timelines, bibliographies, and links to journal articles and websites. Coverage: historical and current. Full text.

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African Politics and Society

After gaining independence in the mid-20th century, many African countries experienced a wave of military coups and authoritarian rule. These regimes often restricted political freedoms, suppressed dissent, and violated human rights. However, in the last few decades, there has been a growing push towards democratic governance in many African countries. This has led to the emergence of more stable and accountable governments, as well as greater protection of civil liberties and human rights.

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Democratization in Africa: successes and challenges
The role of the African Union in regional integration
The effects of political corruption on African economies and governance
Political violence in Africa: causes and consequences
The impact of international human rights organizations on African politics and society
The role of civil society in promoting democratic governance in Africa
The effects of political polarization on African democracies
The impact of foreign aid on African political systems
The role of the media in African political campaigns and elections
The effects of ethnic politics on African democracies
The impact of gender quotas on women’s representation in African politics
The role of traditional leadership in African governance
The effects of constitutional design on African democracies
The impact of multiparty systems on African politics
The role of social movements in African political change
The effects of external intervention in African conflicts
The impact of human security on African politics and society
The role of civil-military relations in African politics
The effects of globalization on African political systems
The impact of resource nationalism on African economies and politics
The role of international law in promoting democracy in Africa
The effects of political instability on African economies
The impact of political violence on African societies
The role of international organizations in promoting peace in Africa
The effects of electoral violence on African democracies
The impact of colonial legacies on African political systems
The role of regional economic communities in promoting economic development in Africa
The effects of social media on African political participation
The impact of political patronage on African political systems
The role of youth in African political change
The effects of terrorism on African political systems
The impact of human development on African political systems
The role of traditional justice systems in African societies
The effects of electoral reforms on African democracies
The impact of religious movements on African politics and society
The role of foreign direct investment in African political systems
The effects of populism on African democracies
The impact of informal economies on African politics and society
The role of regional security organizations in African conflicts
The effects of state-building on African political systems
The impact of civil society mobilization on African politics and society
The role of non-state actors in African conflict resolution
The effects of judicial reforms on African democracies
The impact of human rights abuses on African societies
The role of political parties in African political systems
The effects of political polarization on African economic development
The impact of decentralization on African political systems
The role of the diaspora in African political change
The effects of authoritarianism on African political systems
The impact of international sanctions on African economies and governance.

Despite these positive developments, many challenges remain in African politics. For example, corruption remains a major problem in many African countries, and is often cited as a key obstacle to economic development and good governance. In addition, ethnic and religious tensions, and the resulting conflicts, are a persistent challenge in many parts of Africa. These conflicts can be sparked by competition for resources, political power, or identity.

African society is also diverse and complex. The continent is home to over 3,000 ethnic groups and more than 2,000 languages. Traditional cultures and practices continue to play an important role in many African societies, such as communal land ownership, traditional medicine, and storytelling. However, many African societies are also increasingly influenced by global trends, such as urbanization, mass media, and migration.

African societies have faced many social and economic challenges, such as poverty, inequality, and disease. In many parts of Africa, access to basic services such as health care, education, and clean water is limited. However, African societies have also demonstrated resilience and innovation in finding solutions to these problems. For example, community-based health programs, microfinance schemes, and grassroots development initiatives have emerged in many parts of the continent, offering new models for development.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in African politics and society among scholars, policymakers, and the general public. The rise of China as a major player in Africa, as well as the growing threat of terrorism on the continent, have brought attention to the region’s importance in global affairs. In addition, the African diaspora, which includes over 35 million people worldwide, has played an increasingly influential role in shaping perceptions of Africa and promoting African cultures and issues.

In conclusion, African politics and society are dynamic and diverse, and have been shaped by a complex history of colonialism, independence struggles, authoritarian rule, and democratic transitions. While many challenges remain, including corruption, conflict, and poverty, African societies have also demonstrated resilience and innovation in responding to these challenges. The growing interest in Africa’s importance in global affairs, as well as the influence of the African diaspora, is likely to bring new opportunities and challenges for the continent in the years to come.

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58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best african diaspora topic ideas & essay examples, ✅ good essay topics on african diaspora, 📝 most interesting african diaspora topics to write about.

Unfinished Migrations: African Diaspora Notion Discussions among intellectuals and scholars in the Diaspora field of study the definition of Diaspora is the mainly referred to the manifestation of dispersion.
Contemporary Views on the African Diaspora This essay examines the influence of the Diaspora in the global political, social and economic spheres and the concept of Pan-Africanism and its future prognosis.
Cinema of the African Diaspora The vast majority of African diaspora descended from people who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade and the largest population are said to be in Brazil.
Dance in the African Diaspora: History and Effects The dances the slaves performed were distinct in that they were against the culture of the slave owners and yet they were blended in with the culture of the slave owners.
African Diaspora and the Black Church When we attempt to analyze the nature of spirituality in the African Diaspora, it is highly important to remember that the Black Church appeared as a response to slavery.
Men and Women Equality in the African Diaspora Although the historic and social events and changes in the USA typical for the period of the 1960s-1980s contribute to the stating the ideals of civil rights and gender and racial equality, black women in […]
African Diaspora and Globalization The concepts of colonialism and imperialism as the base of the progress of the racial capitalism traditionally depend on the racial discrimination toward the Africans moved to America as slaves and toward the developed Africans’ […]
Globalization and Race: The Black Other and African Diaspora Some writers have tried to explore the contents of the book and why the “black other” is central in explaining the experiences of the African diaspora.
Globalization, Survival, and Empowerment in the African Diaspora The objective of the essay is to show how colonialism and racial capitalism shaped the African Diasporic culture while, at the same time, transforming the Western culture.
African Diaspora in the Modern World The explanation concerning African Diaspora as a process describes a continuous trend related to the formation of African Diaspora through migration where the Diasporas and Africa continue to maintain linkages. The African race as a […]
The Significance of the ‘Black Other’ Concept for Explaining the Experiences of the African Diaspora Although the ‘black other’ concept can be operated in explaining the peculiarities of different African diasporas, the approaches to the discussion are various, and it is important to analyze the notion from the point of […]
The Black Other and African Diaspora Experiences As a result, the immigration of blacks and the inter-play of influencing facets has resulted to complications of notions of race, identities and desire which are assumed and presumed in the revealing faces of experiences […]
Globalization, Struggle, and Empowerment in the African Diaspora The tertiary migration of the African Diaspora was characterized by the movement of the people of African descent to urban areas.
Globalization and Empowerment in the African Diaspora Black identity in the Liverpool area was the opposite of the English and British identity. This refers to the return of black seafarers and black women to Liverpool.
African Diaspora as a Concept in Unfinished Migrations Thus, in their article “Unfinished Migrations: Reflections on the African Diaspora and the Making of the Modern World”, Patterson and Kelley provide the investigation of the African diaspora scholarship basing on the mentioned concepts, and […]
African Diaspora as a Process and Condition According to Patterson and Kelley 2000, perception of diaspora in the African context is complex and plays out as both a process and a condition.
African Diaspora: Gender Hierarchies and Global Race It is a process since it is constantly in the creation, and as a condition, it is located within the universal sexual category and hierarchies.
The Relations of African Authors and the African Diaspora
The Link Between African Diaspora and National Belonging
Major American Authors of the African Diaspora
African Men and Women Within the Realm of the African Diaspora
Culture and Intraracial Wage Inequality Among America’s African Diaspora
The Correlation Between America’s African Diaspora and Labor Market Outcomes
Dread History: The African Diaspora, Ethiopianism, and Rastafari
African Diaspora Evolution: From Slaves to Modern Immersion of African Culture
Gates’ And Wilson’s Theories on African Diaspora Musics
Globally Spread African Diaspora Beyond Stereotypes
How the African Diaspora Was Affected by the Slave Trade
The Relationships Between Humanities and African Diaspora
The Problem of Human Rights in the African Diaspora
The Importance of Identity in the African Diaspora
The Power of Self Definition in Feminism of the African Diaspora
Colonialism and Oppression in the African Diaspora
Race in Christopher Dunn’s “The African Diaspora”
Overview of the Advantages of African Liberation
Neo-Romanticism in Kevin Gaines’s “American Africans in Ghana”
Brent Hayes Edward’s “The Use of Diaspora and African Diaspora” Analysis
Conceptualizing the African Diaspora: Complications With Time, Space, Class, and Gender
Marcus Garvey and Booker T. Washington’s Influences on the African Diaspora
The African Diaspora and Its Effect on Afro-Latinx Community in the Reggaeton Music
The Status of African Diaspora in the United States
The Problems of the Women in the African Diaspora
Who and Who Isn’t Home in the African Diaspora
Stressing African American Importance Through Poetry
The African Diaspora and The Eastern Andes: Adaptation
Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora by Joseph Murphy
Environmental Influence of African American Diaspora
Essential Differences in Terms of Black and African American
Colonial Rule in the Life of Africans and Its Diaspora Advantages and Disadvantages
Pan-Africanism and Communism: The Communist International, Africa, and the Diaspora
Diaspora Consciousness in Manju Kapur’s “The Immigrant”
The Search for Equality: Africana Womanism
African-American Women: Understanding the Problems of Gender and Race
How Did African American Culture Influence the Imperialism of Black Hair
Image of African American Women in Modern Culture
The Importance of African American Studies in Today’s World
The Impact of World War I on African Americans
Harlem Renaissance Essay Titles
Martin Luther King Titles
Oppression Research Topics
Racial Profiling Essay Topics
Slavery Ideas
Cultural Identity Research Topics
Race Essay Ideas
Acquisition Essay Ideas
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IvyPanda. (2023, January 19). 58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/african-diaspora-essay-topics/

"58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 19 Jan. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/african-diaspora-essay-topics/.

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IvyPanda . 2023. "58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." January 19, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/african-diaspora-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." January 19, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/african-diaspora-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." January 19, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/african-diaspora-essay-topics/.

Africana / Black Studies

Introduction
Books & E-Books
Films/Video
Primary Sources
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Open Web Resources
Research Topic ideas
Evaluating Sources

Research Topics

Africana and black studies research topics.

Below are just a sampling of possible topics of research but you should not just be limited to these. If you have an idea for another topic, contact a librarian for further assistance on access resources for that topic.

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Last Updated: Aug 25, 2023 1:25 PM
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Credit: Yaorusheng/Moment/Getty

Green Energy Research: Collaboration and Tools for a Sustainable Future

Science Article | Green Energy | 6 Sep 2024

The Urgency of Green Energy Innovation

The recent Climate Change 2023 synthesis report emphasizes the consequences of delayed emission reductions: fewer effective adaptation options for a warming planet 2 . Geopolitical factors like the Russia-Ukraine conflict further underscore the need for a green energy transition, with Europe’s energy security concerns highlighting the reliance on imported fossil fuels.

The Green Energy Research Landscape

Against this backdrop, green energy development has become a critical area of research, reflected in a more than 10-fold increase in related publications from 2010 (1,105) to 2023 (11,346), according to Digital Science’s Dimensions database. Researchers around the world are striving to improve green energy technology and society’s ability to harness renewable energy sources more efficiently.

According to data analysed by Nature Navigator , which uses artificial intelligence to generate comprehensive summaries of research topics, ‘renewable energy systems and technologies’ is the field’s most frequently mentioned subtopic (Fig.1). At a research concept level, wind power generation, grid optimization and resource management all feature as common underlying themes.

Figure 1: Topic anatomy of green energy research First-level nodes denote the research subtopic (highest prevalence themes emerging from green energy research). Second-level nodes denote the research concepts associated with these research subtopics. Note: only the research concepts mentioned in the highest count of outputs within each subtopic are presented here. Credit: Nature Research Intelligence

Of the primary green energy research subtopics presented by Nature Navigator , it is telling that ‘materials for energy storage and conversion’ is the fastest-growing, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.2% over the last five years. This may reflect a growing consensus among researchers and industry that a lack of options to efficiently store electricity generated by intermittent renewable sources for later use is a key bottleneck preventing the greater penetration of these sources into the grid.

Real-World Example: Accelerating Heat Pump Innovation

Changmo Sung, a prominent green energy researcher at Korea University, leveraged Nature Navigator to identify trends, key areas, and potential breakthroughs in heat pump technology. This facilitated a collaborative project with LG Electronics, accelerating their research efforts.

“It also enabled the rapid discovery of researchers and institutions outside Korea working on similar or complementary projects related to heat pumps” Sung says.

International Energy Agency, Global Energy Review 2021 (2021).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2023 (2023).

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Digital marketing’s effect on middle east and north africa (mena) banks’ success: unleashing the economic potential of the internet.

1. Introduction

2. literature review, 2.1. theoretical background, 2.1.1. resource-based view (rbv), 2.1.2. innovation diffusion theory, 2.2. previous studies and hypothesis development, 3. methodology, 3.1. sample used, 3.2. model development, 3.3. empirical variables, 3.3.1. dependent variable: return on assets and market share, 3.3.2. independent variable: digital marketing presence index (dmpi), 3.3.3. control variables, 3.4. empirical model.

ROA is the return on assets and is measured by dividing the net income by the total assets.
MS is the market share and is measured by the total assets of a bank divided by the total assets of all banks in the banking industry.
DMPI is the digital marketing presence index which is measured by a weighted score of banks’ digital marketing availability.
ESG is environmental, social, and governance which is measured by a score ranging from 0 to 100.
Size is the bank size and is measured by the natural logarithm of total assets.
CAD is the capital adequacy and is measured by the value of total net capital sources, calculated in accordance with the Basel accords or local capital risk regulations.
Liq is bank liquidity and is measured by a percentile rank that reflects only the liquidity factors of the smart ratios with a range from 0 to 100.
CEFF is the bank cost efficiency, which is measured by the overhead expenses as a percentage of revenues.
GDP is the growth in the gross domestic product provided by the World Bank.
Inf is inflation as measured by the World Bank.
ε is the error term.

4. Results and Analysis

Robustness of results, 5. practical implications, 6. limitations and directions of future research, 7. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Variable	Expected Impact	Theory	References
Digital Marketing Index	Positive	Resource-Based View Theory and Innovation Diffusion Theory	[ , , ]

Sampling Procedure	Description	Total Population	Sample Size
1	All listed financial companies in the MENA region	120	-
2	Data availability consideration	-	78
3	Selection of companies with data	-	78
4	Period covered	-	2010–2023

Bahrain	8	5
Kuwait	10	7
Oman	7	4
Qatar	9	5
Saudi Arabia	11	8
UAE	17	13
Jordan	15	9
Turkey	11	8
Egypt	13	7
Tunisia	12	7
Morocco	7	5

Variables	Abbreviation	Measurement	Data Source	References

Market Share	MS	Bank assets divided by total assets of all banks.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]
Return on Assets	ROA	Net income divided by total assets.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]

Digital Marketing Presence Index	DMPI	A weighted score of banks digital marketing availability.	Annual Reports and Banks’ Websites	[ , ]

ESG	ESG Score	Score range from 0 to 100.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]

Capital Adequacy	CAD	The value of total net capital sources, calculated in accordance with Basel accords or local capital risk regulations.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]
Liquidity	Liq	A percentile rank that reflects only the liquidity factors of the smart ratios. Range from 0 to 100.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]
Size	Size	Natural logarithm of total assets.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]
Cost Efficiency	CEFF	Overhead expenses as a percentage of revenues.	Refinitiv Eikon	[ , ]

GDP	GDP	Annual percentage in growth rate of GDP.	World Bank Data Base	[ , ]
Inflation	INF	Annual percentage of consumer price index.	World Bank Data Base	[ , ]

ROA	MS	DMPI	ESG	Size	CAD	Liq	CEFF	GDP	Inf
0.049	0.052	40.961	45.296	19.628	0.089	35.285	0.251	0.024	0.021
1.927	1.996	2.963	10.958	3.714	0.082	0.467	1.920	2.108	2.337
0.018	0.015	10.93	5.849	15.964	0.045	10.496	0.107	−0.059	−0.048
0.092	0.184	90.822	96.182	28.49	0.127	50.460	0.406	0.092	0.087
1092	1092	1092	1092	1092	1092	1092	1092	1092	1092

ROA	DMPI	ESG	SIZE	CAD	Liq	CEFF	GDP	Inf
1
0.049 ***	1
0.076 **	0.026 ***	1
0.134 ***	0.016 ***	0.017 ***	1
0.060	0.031 **	0.003 ***	0.194 ***	1
0.103 ***	0.047 **	0.179 ***	0.046 ***	0.162 ***	1
−0.066	−0.326 ***	−0.260	0.084 **	−0.114	0.052 ***	1
0.136 *	−0.023 *	−0055 **	−0.063 *	−0.036 ***	−0.048 ***	−0.056 **	1
0.108	0.070	0.108	0.145	0.071	0.094	−0.074	0.046	1
1.625	1.952	2.156	1.758	1.623	1.589	1.996	1.474	1.540

	ROA		MS
Variables	Coefficient	Sig	Coefficient	Sig
DMPI	0.062	0.000	0.079	0.000
ESG	0.179	0.000	0.132	0.000
Size	0.093	0.000	0.076	0.000
CAD	0.058	0.056	0.042	0.049
Liq	−0.031	0.000	−0.057	0.010
CEFF	−0.076	0.000	−0.060	0.000
GDP	0.032	0.050	0.043	0.042
Inf	0.116	0.053	0.123	0.039
Intercept	1.463	0.336	1.265	0.449
Log Likelihood	−1965.263		−1862.265
Pseudo R	0.498		0.524

	ROA		MS
Variables	Coefficient	Sig	Coefficient	Sig
DMPI	0.071	0.000	0.052	0.000
ESG	0.124	0.000	0.164	0.000
Size	0.136	0.000	0.197	0.000
CAD	0.092	0.000	0.026	0.000
Liq	−0.047	0.000	−0.018	0.010
CEFF	−0.019	0.000	−0.072	0.000
GDP	0.027	0.025	0.023	0.010
Inf	0.083	0.042	0.188	0.026
Intercept	1.716	0.469	1.652	0.514
Log Likelihood	−2652.141		−2635.974
Wald Chi2	96.159 (0.000)		98.265 (0.000)

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Gharios, R.; Abu Khalaf, B. Digital Marketing’s Effect on Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Banks’ Success: Unleashing the Economic Potential of the Internet. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187935

Gharios R, Abu Khalaf B. Digital Marketing’s Effect on Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Banks’ Success: Unleashing the Economic Potential of the Internet. Sustainability . 2024; 16(18):7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187935

Gharios, Robert, and Bashar Abu Khalaf. 2024. "Digital Marketing’s Effect on Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Banks’ Success: Unleashing the Economic Potential of the Internet" Sustainability 16, no. 18: 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16187935

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Research: How to Delegate Decision-Making Strategically

Hayley Blunden
Mary Steffel

A recent study examined the negative consequences of handing off responsibilities — and how to avoid them.

Delegating work can help free up managers’ time and energy while empowering their employees to take on meaningful tasks. Yet, previous research has shown that delegating decision-making can cause employees to feel overly burdened. In a new paper, researchers examine the negative impact that handing over choice responsibility can have on delegator-delegate relationships. They offer research-backed solutions for delegating decisions more fairly in order to offset some of delegation’s negative interpersonal consequences.

Effective delegation is critical to managerial success : delegating properly can help empower employees , and those who delegate can increase their earnings . Delegation can also be a way for managers to give employees experience and control, especially when they delegate decision-making responsibilities, which allow employees to exhibit agency over important stakes. Yet, some of our recent research has shown that employees can view delegated decision-making as a burden that they would prefer to avoid.

Hayley Blunden is an assistant professor of management at the Kogod School of Business at American University. Her research focuses on how leaders can make workplace interaction more productive.
MS Mary Steffel is an associate professor of marketing at D’Amore-McKim School of Business, Northeastern University. Her research focuses on examining when we call upon others to help us make decisions, how we navigate making decisions for others, and how we can support others in making better decisions. See her faculty page here .

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This week was the Centre for the Study of African Economies' annual conference. It included more than a hundred papers on topics ranging from bureaucracy to trade and from political economy to deforestation. It's a great collection of novel work from researchers around the world, including many who are based in African countries. We went through the 43 papers we identified that engaged ...
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Elizabeth Nthambi Ndunda, Moses Mutiso Mwanza. Peer Reviewers Fredrick Okumu; Joshua M. Sila and Immaculate Michira. Funder. Royal Society. PUBLISHED 14 Apr 2023. 1-20 of 163 ARTICLES. Previous Next. Browse all open access Open Research Africa articles and accelerate the impact of your research.
(PDF) Introduction: Methodologies for researching Africa
PDF | This article ties the main issues raised in research notes that have been published by African Affairs. Research notes are dedicated to... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ...
African Studies: Articles
Articles on African topics can be found in databases covering various disciplines. Those listed here are some of the major databases for doing research related to business, economics, history, literature, politics and sociology. For other databases see those listed under other Research Guides. For example if you are researching a topic related ...
Africa Research Papers
Enhancing Civilian Protection in Peace Operations: Insights from Africa. Paul Williams. Africa Center Research Paper No. 1. September 20, 2010. The Africa Center's Research Papers provide In-depth background on strategic concerns relevant to African security.
Research Guides: Africana Studies: Choosing a Topic
Choosing a topic and developing a research question can be challenging. The resources below contain infomation about issues related to Africana Studies that can be useful in refining the scope of your project. Oxford African American Studies Center (AASC) Encyclopedia of American Studies. Explore general articles on American history and culture.
African Politics and Society Research Paper Topics
See the list of 50 political science research paper topics related to African politics and society. African politics has been shaped by a complex history of colonialism and the struggle for independence. Many African countries were colonized by European powers, which often imposed their political and economic systems on the continent.
58 African Diaspora Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
Contemporary Views on the African Diaspora. This essay examines the influence of the Diaspora in the global political, social and economic spheres and the concept of Pan-Africanism and its future prognosis. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts. 191 writers online. Learn More.
Africa Research Paper Topics
Africa Research Paper Topics - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The document discusses some of the challenges involved in writing a thesis on Africa, including choosing a topic from the vast array of possibilities, developing a compelling thesis statement, and conducting thorough research across different source materials.
Research Paper Topics
Research Paper Topics final year llb research paper topics dr booley discuss the reliance theory protection as the basis of contractual liability in the law of. Skip to document. University; ... Examining the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on Competition Law in South Africa. 2. An analysis of the implications of the national security provision ...
Research Guides: Africana / Black Studies: Research Topic ideas
Africana and Black Studies Research Topics. Below are just a sampling of possible topics of research but you should not just be limited to these. If you have an idea for another topic, contact a librarian for further assistance on access resources for that topic. Afrofuturism. Apartheid, effects of. Bedouin culture. Black Power movement. Burundi.
Green Energy Research: Collaboration and Tools for a ...
Against this backdrop, green energy development has become a critical area of research, reflected in a more than 10-fold increase in related publications from 2010 (1,105) to 2023 (11,346 ...
Digital Marketing's Effect on Middle East and North Africa ...
One new factor driving the banking industry towards long-term, high-quality growth is digital marketing, which has arisen within the framework of the digital economy. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of digital marketing on the financial results of MENA banks from 2010 to 2023. The research examines the impact of digital marketing techniques on the effectiveness of ...
Research: How to Delegate Decision-Making Strategically
Summary.. Delegating work can help free up managers' time and energy while empowering their employees to take on meaningful tasks. Yet, previous research has shown that delegating decision ...

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100+ Africa-Based Sample Research paper, and Essay Topics

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