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Dissertation acknowledgments [with examples]

What are dissertation acknowledgements?

What to consider when writing your dissertation acknowledgments, who to thank in your dissertation acknowledgments, what (and what not) to write in your dissertation acknowledgments, good examples of dissertation acknowledgments, a final word on writing dissertation acknowledgments: have fun, frequently asked questions about dissertation acknowledgments, related articles.

While you may be the sole author of your dissertation, there are lots of people who help you through the process—from your formal dissertation advisors to the friends who may have cooked meals so that you could finish your last chapter . Dissertation acknowledgments are a chance to thank everyone who had a hand in the completion of your project.

Dissertation acknowledgments are a brief statement of your gratitude to advisors, professors, peers, family, and friends for their help and expertise.

In this guide, we’ll cover:

• the most important things to consider when you’re writing your dissertation acknowledgments
• who to thank in your dissertation acknowledgments
• what (and what not) to write in your dissertation acknowledgments
• short examples of dissertation acknowledgments

Once you’re at the stage where you’re writing your dissertation acknowledgments, you may be tempted to kick back and relax. After all, the hard part of writing the dissertation itself is over and a list of thanks should be simple to churn out.

However, the acknowledgments are an important part of your overall work and are something that most people who read your dissertation, including prospective employers, will look at.

Tip: The best dissertation acknowledgements are concise, sincere, and memorable.

Approach this part of the process, brief as it may be compared to the long haul of writing the dissertation, with the same high level of care and attention to detail. It’s an explicit and permanent statement of who made a real impact on your work and contributed to your academic success.

Plus, the people you thank are often deeply moved by being included—some even go so far as to frame the acknowledgments. Aim to make yours sincere, memorable and something that people will be touched by.

First things first: who should you include in your dissertation acknowledgments? If you’re not sure who to thank, try the brainstorming technique to generate some ideas. Consider these two approaches:

• Make a list of everyone, both professional and personal, who was involved at any point during your work on your dissertation, and then thin down the list from there.
• Make a list of the pivotal aspects of your process and think about who was involved and how they helped.

As you select the people and groups to include in your dissertation acknowledgments, keep in mind that it’s essential to acknowledge your supervisor and anyone else with a visible connection to your work.

It’s an unfortunate reality that not every supervisor goes above and beyond to provide feedback and guidance to the students they are supposed to supervise. However, leaving them out, even if you personally felt disappointed by their involvement or lack thereof, could be seen as a snub.

You should end up with a fairly short list of people to thank. While being mindful of professional etiquette and personal feelings, be choosy about who makes the final cut since your acknowledgments should be limited to no more than a page.

Now that you have your list of people and groups to thank, it’s time to start writing. Before your first pen or keystroke, however, check your university’s guidelines as your institution may have specific rules around what can and cannot be included.

The standard practice is to begin with the formal and then progress to the informal, so the first people to mention would be:

• supervisors
• committee members
• other professional contacts

Use their full names and titles and go into brief detail about how they contributed to your work.

Once those are done, you can move on to the personal thanks, which can include friends, family, even pets. If you are so inclined, it is also considered appropriate to thank God or make mention of spiritual support.

You may also choose to inject a little humor at this point, but don’t get carried away and definitely don’t include sarcasm or critical comments of any kind, including self-critical ones. Remember that the acknowledgments precede your dissertation, so you want to be taken seriously.

A couple more basics that are essential when creating your acknowledgments:

• Position: Acknowledgments should be placed after the title page and before the abstract.
• Perspective: Write from the first-person perspective and speak in your own voice.

A really good way to get a sense of how to write your own dissertation acknowledgments is to read ones written by others. Notice which ones you respond particularly well to and use them as a model upon which to base your own.

Here are some good examples to help you get started:

I couldn’t have reached this goal without the help of many people in my life. I’d like to take this opportunity to thank them for their support.

First, my sincere thanks to my dissertation committee. The value of their guidance cannot be overstated. Dr. Elaine Gooding and Dr. Matthew Hunter provided much wisdom that helped me chart my course. I couldn’t have asked for a better supervisor than Dr. Fiona Moore, whose knowledge and experience guided me every step of the way.

Next, I’d like to thank my partner, Elliott. Your votes of confidence kept me going when my spirits dipped. I couldn’t have done this without you.

Last but not least, I’d like to acknowledge the emotional support provided by my family and friends. We made it to the top of the mountain! I look forward to celebrating with all of you.

This example is shorter, but still contains the key components:

Several people played a decisive role in my success and I would like to take this opportunity to thank them.

My chair, Dr. Ronald Saulk, provided invaluable support and infinite patience and I am truly grateful for all of his wisdom and guidance. I also owe the entire staff of the Wilhelm Library a debt of gratitude. From tracking down books and arranging for interlibrary loans to keeping the coffee maker in the lobby well-stocked and in good working order, they offered the practical help and kind gestures that made all the difference.

I’d also like to thank my family and God, for always being there for me.

One final piece of advice: enjoy this process. Writing a dissertation doesn’t happen every day, and the opportunity to acknowledge the important people in your life in a published format is as rare as it is wonderful.

What’s more, this part of your dissertation is unlike any other. It’s unbounded by the conventions that apply to the formal work. It’s a chance to really flex some creative muscle and let your personality shine through. So make the most of it and have fun!

In your dissertation acknowledgments, you thank everyone who has contributed to your work or supported you along the way. Who you want to thank is a very personal choice, but you should include your supervisors and anyone else with a visible connection to your work. You may also thank friends, family, and partners.

First, you need to come up with a list of people you want to thank in your dissertation acknowledgments. As a next step, begin with the formal and then progress to the informal, so the first people to mention would be supervisors, mentors, committees, and other professional contacts. Then, you can move on to the personal thanks, which can include friends, family, even pets.

Who you acknowledge in your dissertation is ultimately up to you. You should, however, thank your supervisor and anyone else with a visible connection to your work. Leaving them out, even if you personally felt disappointed by their involvement or lack thereof, could be seen as a snub. In addition, you can thank friends, partners or family.

There are many ways so you can acknowledge your dissertation supervisor. Some examples can be found in this article above. If you need more examples, you can find them here .

While acknowledgments are usually more present in academic theses, they can also be a part of research papers. In academic theses, acknowledgments are usually found at the beginning, somewhere between abstract and introduction. In research papers, acknowledgments are usually found at the end of the paper.

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How to Write Acknowledgement in Research Paper

Table of Contents

Writing an acknowledgement in a research paper is an integral part of the process. It is a formal way of expressing gratitude to the individuals and institutions that contributed to the completion of your research.

This section, though not mandatory, holds significant value as it acknowledges the efforts of those who assisted you in the successful completion of your project. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricacies of writing an effective acknowledgement for your research paper.

Introduction

Acknowledgements serve a crucial role in research papers . They not only express gratitude but also provide a sense of credibility to your work. Acknowledging the contributions of others shows that your research is a collective effort, which can enhance the perceived validity of your findings.

Moreover, acknowledgements can also serve as a platform for you to demonstrate your professional courtesy and respect for the individuals and institutions that have supported your research. This can help in fostering positive relationships, which can be beneficial for your future research endeavors.

Who to acknowledge in your research paper ?

Deciding who to acknowledge in your research paper can be a challenging task. It is important to ensure that you do not overlook anyone who has contributed to your research. Here are some categories of individuals and institutions that you might consider acknowledging:

Academic advisors and supervisors:

Your academic advisors and supervisors are likely to be your first point of contact for guidance and support during your research. They provide valuable insights, feedback, and direction, which can significantly influence the outcome of your research.

Therefore, acknowledging them in your research paper is a way of expressing your gratitude for their assistance and guidance. It also shows your respect for their expertise and dedication to your research.

Research participants and collaborators

Research participants and collaborators play a crucial role in the success of your research. They provide the data or information necessary for your research, making their contribution invaluable.

Acknowledging them in your research paper is a way of showing your appreciation for their time and effort. It also symbolizes your respect for their contribution to your research.

Funding bodies and institutions:

Funding bodies and institutions provide the financial support necessary for conducting your research. Without their support, it might be challenging to carry out your research effectively.

Therefore, acknowledging them in your research paper is a way of expressing your gratitude for their financial support. It also shows your appreciation for their trust in your research capabilities.

How to write acknowledgements for your research paper?

Writing acknowledgements for your research paper involves more than simply listing names. It requires a thoughtful and sincere expression of gratitude. Here are some steps to guide you in writing effective acknowledgements:

Start with the most significant contributions:

Begin your acknowledgements by expressing gratitude to those who have made the most significant contributions to your research. This could be your academic advisors, supervisors, or funding bodies. Starting with the most significant contributions helps to set the tone for the rest of your acknowledgements.

Ensure that you express your gratitude sincerely and professionally. Avoid using overly emotional or informal language as this can undermine the professionalism of your acknowledgements.

Acknowledge other contributors:

After acknowledging the most significant contributors, proceed to acknowledge other individuals and institutions that have supported your research. This could include research participants, collaborators, and other supportive individuals or institutions.

When acknowledging these contributors, be sure to express your gratitude sincerely and professionally. Also, ensure that you acknowledge each contributor individually to show your appreciation for their unique contribution.

Use appropriate language and tone:

The language and tone you use in your acknowledgements can significantly influence how they are perceived. Therefore, it is important to use appropriate language and maintain a professional tone throughout your acknowledgements.

Use formal language and avoid using jargon or colloquial expressions. Also, maintain a consistent tone throughout your acknowledgements to ensure that they are coherent and easy to read.

Examples of acknowledgements in research papers

Here are a few examples that demonstrate how to acknowledge different contributors effectively:

"I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Professor ABC, for his invaluable guidance and support throughout this research. His expertise and dedication have been a source of inspiration and motivation."

Research participants and collaborators:

"I am deeply grateful to all the participants who generously shared their time and experiences for this research. Their contributions have been instrumental in the success of this study."

"This research was made possible by the generous funding from ABC Foundation. I am profoundly grateful for their support and trust in my research capabilities."

Writing acknowledgements in a research paper is a thoughtful process that requires careful consideration of who to acknowledge and how to express gratitude. By following the guidelines and examples provided in this article, you can write effective acknowledgements that reflect your appreciation and respect for the contributions of others to your research.

Remember, acknowledgements are more than just a formality. They are an opportunity to express your gratitude and respect for the individuals and institutions that have supported your research journey. So, take the time to write acknowledgements that are sincere, professional, and reflective of your gratitude.

Frequently Asked Questions

In a research paper, the acknowledgment section is where the author shows appreciation to those who helped with the research. It's usually found at the start of the paper, before the main text begins. However, the exact location varies depending on the university guidelines.

Citations are formal ways to acknowledge the sources you used, while acknowledgments are more personal and can serve as a confidential way to thank someone for their help or contribution.

The purpose of including acknowledgement is to express gratitude to everyone who assisted with the research but didn't meet the criteria for being listed as an author.

There is no minimum length for writing an acknowledgement in a research paper but it should not be more than one page.

If you conducted the research entirely by yourself and received no assistance or support from others, it's not necessary to include acknowledgements. However, if you received any form of support or assistance, even if minimal, it's appropriate to acknowledge it.

Yes, it's appropriate to acknowledge funding sources in your research.

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• Acknowledgements for PhD Thesis and Dissertations – Explained
• Doing a PhD

The Purpose of Acknowledgements

The acknowledgement section of a thesis or dissertation is where you recognise and thank those who supported you during your PhD. This can be but is not limited to individuals, institutions or organisations.

Although your acknowledgements will not be used to evaluate your work, it is still an important section of your thesis. This is because it can have a positive (or negative for that matter) influence the perception of your reader before they even reach the main body of your work.

Who Should I Acknowledge?

Acknowledgements for a PhD thesis will typically fall into one of two categories – professional or personal.

Within these categories, who you thank will ultimately be your decision. However, it’s imperative that you pay special attention to the ‘professional’ group. This is because not thanking someone who has played an important role in your studies, whether it be intentional or accidental, will more often than not be seen as a dismissal of their efforts. Not only would this be unfair if they genuinely helped you, but from a certain political aspect, it could also jeopardise any opportunities for future collaborations .

Professional Acknowledgements

This may include, but is not limited to:

• Funding bodies/sponsorship providers
• Supervisors
• Research group and lab assistants
• Research participants
• Proofreaders

Personal Acknowledgements

• Key family members and friends
• Individuals who inspired you or directly influenced your academic journey
• Anyone else who has provided personal support that you would like to mention

It should be noted that certain universities have policies which state only those who have directly supported your work, such as supervisors and professors, should be included in your acknowledgements. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you read your university guidelines before writing this section of your thesis.

How to Write Acknowledgements for PhD Thesis

When producing this section, your writing style can be more informal compared to the rest of your thesis. This includes writing in first person and using more emotive language. Although in most cases you will have complete freedom in how you write this section of your thesis, it is still highly advisable to keep it professional. As mentioned earlier, this is largely because it will be one of the first things your assessors will read, and so it will help set the tone for the rest of your work.

In terms of its structure, acknowledgements are expected to be ordered in a manner that first recognises the most formal support before moving onto the less formal support. In most cases, this follows the same order that we have outlined in the ‘Who Should I Thank’ section.

When thanking professionals, always write out their full name and provide their title. This is because although you may be on a first-name basis with them, those who read your thesis will not. By providing full names and titles, not only do you help ensure clarity, but it could also indirectly contribute to the credibility of your thesis should the individual you’re thanking be well known within your field.

If you intend to include a list of people from one institution or organisation, it is best to list their names in alphabetical order. The exception to this is when a particular individual has been of significant assistance; here, it would be advisable to list them.

How Long Should My Acknowledgements Be?

Acknowledgements vary considerably in length. Some are a single paragraph whilst some continue for up to three pages. The length of your acknowledgement page will mostly depend on the number of individuals you want to recognise.

As a general rule, try to keep your acknowledgements section to a single page. Although there are no word limits, creating a lengthy acknowledgements section dilutes the gratitude you’re trying to express, especially to those who have supported you the most.

Where Should My Acknowledgements Go?

In the vast majority of cases, your acknowledgements should appear directly after your abstract and before your table of contents.

However, we highly advise you to check your university guidelines as a few universities set out their own specific order which they will expect you to follow.

Phrases to Help You Get Started

We appreciate how difficult it can be to truly show how grateful you are to those who have supported you over the years, especially in words.

To help you get started, we’ve provided you with a few examples of sentences that you can complete or draw ideas from.

• I am deeply grateful to XXX…
• I would like to express my sincere gratitude to XXX…
• I would like to offer my special thanks to XXX…
• I would like to extend my sincere thanks to XXX…
• …for their assistance at every stage of the research project.
• …for their insightful comments and suggestions.
• …for their contribution to XXX.
• …for their unwavering support and belief in me.

Thesis Acknowledgement Examples

Below are three PhD thesis acknowledgment samples from which you can draw inspiration. It should be noted that the following have been extracted from theses which are freely available in the public domain. Irrespective of this, references to any individual, department or university have been removed for the sake of privacy.

First and foremost I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Prof. XXX and Dr. XXX for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my PhD study. Their immense knowledge and plentiful experience have encouraged me in all the time of my academic research and daily life. I would also like to thank Dr. XXX and Dr. XXX for their technical support on my study. I would like to thank all the members in the XXX. It is their kind help and support that have made my study and life in the UK a wonderful time. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, my wife and my children. Without their tremendous understanding and encouragement in the past few years, it would be impossible for me to complete my study.

I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. XXX and Dr. XXX for all their help and advice with this PhD. I would also like to thank my sisters, whom without this would have not been possible. I also appreciate all the support I received from the rest of my family. Lastly, I would like to thank the XXX for the studentship that allowed me to conduct this thesis.

I would like to thank my esteemed supervisor – Dr. XXX for his invaluable supervision, support and tutelage during the course of my PhD degree. My gratitude extends to the Faculty of XXX for the funding opportunity to undertake my studies at the Department of XXX, University of XXX. Additionally, I would like to express gratitude to Dr. XXX for her treasured support which was really influential in shaping my experiment methods and critiquing my results. I also thank Dr. XXX, Dr. XXX, Dr. XXX for their mentorship. I would like to thank my friends, lab mates, colleagues and research team – XXX, XXX, XXX, XXX for a cherished time spent together in the lab, and in social settings. My appreciation also goes out to my family and friends for their encouragement and support all through my studies.

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Acknowledgements Example for an Academic Research Paper

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Sep 1, 2021 | How To Get Published | 0 |

Acknowledgements Example for an Academic or Scientific Research Paper This example of acknowledgements for a research paper is designed to demonstrate how intellectual, financial and other research contributions should be formally acknowledged in academic and scientific writing. As brief acknowledgements for a research paper, the example gathers contributions of different kinds – intellectual assistance, financial support, image credits etc. – into a single Acknowledgements section. Do note, however, that the formats preferred by some scholarly journals require the separation of certain contributions such as financial support of research into their own sections.

Although authors often write acknowledgements hastily, the Acknowledgements section is an important part of a research paper. Acknowledging assistance and contributions establishes your integrity as a researcher as well as your connections and collaborations. It can also help your readers with their own research, affect the influence and impact of the researchers and other professionals you thank, and demonstrate the value and purpose of the agencies that fund your work. The contents of the example I have prepared here are appropriate for a research paper intended for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, but the author, the research project, the manuscript studied, the journal publishing the paper and all those to whom gratitude is extended are entirely fictional. They were created for the purpose of demonstrating the following key concerns when writing the acknowledgements for a formal research paper:

•   Writing in the first person (‘I’ for a single author or ‘we’ for two or more) to offer concise but sincere acknowledgements of specific contributions to your research. •   Maintaining formal language, complete sentences and a professional tone to give specific and thorough information about contributions and convey collegial gratitude. •   Expressing respect and appreciation in an appropriate fashion for each and every contribution and avoiding artificial or excessive flattery. •   Using the complete names and preferred name formats for individuals, funding agencies, libraries, businesses and other organisations. Here, for example, I posit that the library holding the relevant manuscript has indicated that the name of the collection (lengthy though it is) should not be abbreviated. •   Acknowledging contributions to your research and paper in the order that best represents the nature and importance of those contributions. The assistance of the author’s mentor comes first here, for instance, whereas the language editor is acknowledged much further down the list. •   Meeting the requirements for acknowledgements set by the journal or other publisher of the research paper. For the example below, the goal is to record all relevant contributions to the research and paper in a single brief Acknowledgements section of 500 words or less – a set of parameters that would suit the acknowledgement requirements or expectations of many academic and scientific journals and even fit into a footnote or endnote if necessary.

Example Acknowledgements for an Academic Research Paper This paper and the research behind it would not have been possible without the exceptional support of my supervisor, Lawrence Magister. His enthusiasm, knowledge and exacting attention to detail have been an inspiration and kept my work on track from my first encounter with the log books of British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 to the final draft of this paper. Margaret Kempis and Matthew Brown, my colleagues at Western University, have also looked over my transcriptions and answered with unfailing patience numerous questions about the language and hands of British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77. Samantha McKenzie, head librarian of the Southern Region Central Collegiate Library Special Collections and Microfilms Department where British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 currently resides, not only provided colour images of the manuscript overnight, but unexpectedly shared the invaluable information on the book that she has been gathering for almost twenty years. I am also grateful for the insightful comments offered by the anonymous peer reviewers at Books & Texts. The generosity and expertise of one and all have improved this study in innumerable ways and saved me from many errors; those that inevitably remain are entirely my own responsibility.

Studying British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 has proved extremely costly and I am most thankful for the Western University Doctoral Fellowship that has provided financial support for the larger project from which this paper grew. A travel grant from the Literary Society of the Southern Region turned the hope of working in person with British Naval Ships MS VII.2.77 into a reality, and the generous offer of free accommodation from Ms McKay (Samantha McKenzie’s aunt) allowed me to continue my research with the book much longer than I could have hoped. The final design of the complicated transcription tables in Appendices I–III is the creative and technical work of Sam Stone at A+AcaSciTables.com, and the language and format of the paper have benefited enormously from the academic editing services of Veronica Perfect. Finally, it is with true pleasure that I acknowledge the contributions of my amazing partner, Kendric James, who has given up many a Friday evening and Sunday afternoon to read every version of this paper and the responses it has generated with a combination of compassion and criticism that only he could muster for what he fondly calls ‘my odd obsession with books about the sea.’

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Acknowledgements Template

The fastest (and smartest) way to craft an acknowledgements section for your dissertation, thesis or research project.

Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format 4.9 star rating, 5000 + downloads

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What It Covers

This template provides a tried and tested structure for the acknowledgements section of a typical dissertation, thesis or research project.

In line with academic best practice , the acknowledgements are structured from most formal (supervisor, committee, etc.) to least formal (family and friends). Each section has easy to use placeholders that allow you to create your acknowledgements section in just a few minutes. 

The acknowledgements template can be copied to your Google Drive 0r downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), adaptable to LaTeX.

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FAQs: Acknowledgements Template

Dissertation & thesis conclusion faq, what format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The acknowledgements section template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

Is this template for an undergrad, Master or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. As always, be sure to check your university’s requirements and norms in terms of document structure.

What types of dissertations/theses can this be used for?

The acknowledgements section template template follows the standard format for academic research projects, which means it will be suitable for the majority of dissertations, theses and research projects (especially those within the sciences).

Keep in mind that the exact requirements for the conclusion chapter/section will vary between universities and degree programs. So, be sure to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalize your structure.

How long should the acknowledgement section be?

Typically, the acknowledgements section comprises a few paragraphs at most. Keep it short and sweet.

Do you have any examples of real acknowledgements sections?

Yes, we have a few examples here .

Can I share this template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template in its original format (no editing allowed). If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, please reference this page as your source.

Do you have templates for the other chapters?

Yes, we do. We are constantly developing our collection of free resources to help students complete their dissertations and theses. You can view all of our template resources here .

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Acknowledgement for Thesis [Sample and Best Practice]

What is acknowledgement in thesis.

Writing a thesis is a significant milestone in a student’s academic journey. A vital component of a thesis is the acknowledgement section, which is often overlooked but holds immense importance. The acknowledgement section is a heartfelt expression of gratitude and recognition towards the individuals and organizations that have contributed to the completion of the thesis.

What is the purpose of acknowledgment and why it is important for thesis?

The purpose of the acknowledgement section in a thesis is to show appreciation to those who have supported and assisted the student in their research and writing process. This section provides an opportunity for the student to express their gratitude towards their supervisor, committee members, advisors, peers, friends, and family who have played a role in their academic journey. It also allows the student to acknowledge any financial support, resources, or facilities provided by institutions or organizations.

Acknowledgement in a thesis serves as a gesture of respect and gratitude towards those who have contributed to the student’s success. It is a way of recognizing the support and guidance received throughout the research and writing process. By acknowledging the contributions of others, the student acknowledges the collective effort that has gone into the completion of the thesis.

The importance of the acknowledgement section in a thesis cannot be understated. It is a way of paying tribute to the individuals and organizations that have supported and mentored the student, and it also reflects the student’s character and humility.

Additionally, it serves as a record of the student’s network and support system during their academic pursuit, and can also serve as a means of building and maintaining professional relationships in the academic community.

How to write best acknowledgement for thesis?

Here are some tips to write an effective acknowledgement for your thesis:

• Be Genuine and Sincere : Your acknowledgments should reflect genuine gratitude towards those who have contributed to your research journey. Avoid generic or insincere expressions of thanks.
• Personalize Your Thanks : Tailor your acknowledgments to acknowledge each individual’s specific contributions and support. Highlight unique experiences or insights they provided.
• Include Key Contributors : Acknowledge individuals who have directly contributed to your research, such as supervisors, mentors, collaborators, and participants. This could include academic advisors, industry professionals, field experts, or research assistants.
• Specify Contributions : Clearly articulate the contributions of each individual or group you’re acknowledging. Whether it’s providing guidance, sharing expertise, offering logistical support, or participating in discussions, specify how each person has helped you.
• Maintain Professionalism : While acknowledgments can be personal, maintain a professional tone and avoid overly informal language or inside jokes. Remember, this section is part of your academic work.
• Express Gratitude to Institutions : Acknowledge any institutions, organizations, or funding agencies that supported your research, providing grants, scholarships, or access to resources.
• Consider Cultural Sensitivities : Be mindful of cultural norms and sensitivities when expressing gratitude. Tailor your acknowledgments to reflect cultural expectations or customs, as appropriate.
• Proofread Carefully : Ensure your acknowledgments are free of grammatical errors and typos. Take the time to review and edit this section to ensure clarity and coherence.
• Maintain Balance : While it’s important to acknowledge those who have contributed significantly to your research, avoid overwhelming your acknowledgments with a long list of names. Prioritize key contributors and groups while being respectful of space limitations.
• Conclude with a General Expression of Thanks : After acknowledging specific individuals and groups, conclude your acknowledgments with a general expression of gratitude to anyone else who supported you in your academic journey. This could include family, friends, colleagues, or anyone else who provided encouragement or assistance.

Similar Guide: Writing acknowledgement best practice

Best Acknowledgement for Thesis

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Maya Singh, Professor, and Chair of the Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology for granting me the opportunity to pursue this research endeavor.

I am indebted to my mentors, Professor Dr. Arjun Sharma from the Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, for his unwavering guidance, invaluable advice, and relentless support throughout the course of this study.

Special thanks are due to Dr. Priya Patel, CEO of Environmental Solutions Ltd., for her generous provision of logistical support and invaluable insights, which greatly facilitated the successful execution of my research.

I express my deepest appreciation to Mr. Rajiv Gupta, Environmental Scientist at Environmental Solutions Ltd., Mr. Ankit Joshi, Environmental Engineer at Environmental Solutions Ltd., Ms. Priyanka Sharma, and Mr. Kevin Chen, Research Assistant at Stanford University, for their continuous assistance and support. Without their dedication and cooperation, this study would not have been possible.

I am also grateful to the entire team at Environmental Solutions Ltd. for their cooperation and assistance during the data collection process.

Special thanks go to Dr. Rahul Verma, Associate Professor at Delhi University, and Ms. Neha Kapoor, Environmental Consultant at Green Earth Solutions, for their encouragement and guidance throughout this project.

I would also like to extend my appreciation to my classmates from the Environmental Science program, as well as my friends, Rahul Singh, Ananya Mishra, and Deepak Sharma, for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this journey.

Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family, especially my elder brother Rohit, for his unwavering support and encouragement throughout my academic pursuits. His love and encouragement have been my greatest source of strength.

Acknowledgements for Thesis Example

I am profoundly grateful to the generous collaboration of numerous individuals whose collective efforts, wisdom, and warmth have imbued this thesis with depth and significance. Each person has left an indelible mark on this journey, contributing their unique perspectives and unwavering support. With deep gratitude, I extend my heartfelt acknowledgments, hopeful that this thesis may serve the cause of sustainable rural development in Madhya Pradesh.

First and foremost, I extend my sincere appreciation to the resilient farmers of Madhya Pradesh, whose resilience, patience, and hospitality have been the bedrock of this study. Their insights and experiences have been invaluable, shaping the very essence and direction of my research.

I owe a debt of gratitude to Mohan Patel for his pivotal suggestion to connect with Dr. Anjali Deshmukh and pursue an internship at the Madhya Pradesh Rural Development Institute (MPRDI). I am immensely thankful to Dr. Anjali Deshmukh, my mentor, whose guidance and mentorship have illuminated my path in rural development, offering invaluable advice and enlightening discussions.

Special thanks are extended to Rajesh Singh for his friendship, hospitality, and profound conversations, as well as for providing me with the opportunity to present my findings at MPRDI. I also extend my gratitude to Prakash Gupta for his expertise, passion, and invaluable guidance, and to Rani Devi for her companionship in the field and insightful discussions.

I express my heartfelt appreciation to Om Prakash, Mukesh Kumar, Sunita Devi, Ramesh Patel, and Kamla Bai for generously sharing their knowledge, engaging in insightful discussions, and offering invaluable advice. My gratitude also goes to Raju Verma, Rameshwar Singh, Vijay Kumar, Deepak Yadav, and Babita Devi for their kindness, sharing their invaluable field experiences, and the cherished moments we spent together.

Special thanks are due to Rajesh Sharma, Rajni Devi, Nirmala Bai, and Ravi Kumar for their assistance, which significantly enriched my understanding of local practices and challenges. I also extend my gratitude to Shanti Devi and Santosh Kumar for their unwavering support and guidance throughout my fieldwork in MPRDI.

Heartfelt thanks are extended to Vikas, Sunil, and Anil for their companionship during our travels across rural communities, driven by their passion for positive change. I also express my gratitude to Kamlesh Devi for our enriching discussions, camaraderie, and friendship.

Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to all participants of the seminars in Bhopal, whose generosity in allowing me to share my findings and providing invaluable feedback has been invaluable. I am particularly grateful to everyone who facilitated the dialogue between MPRDI and local stakeholders regarding the results presented in this thesis.

Note: All names and institutions mentioned here are fictional and used for sample purposes only.

Related: 

• Acknowledgement for Dissertation
• Acknowledgement in Research Paper

Best Practice

In addition to listing contributions, briefly mention how each person’s support or expertise impacted your research or personal growth. This adds depth to your acknowledgments and shows genuine appreciation for their role in your academic journey. For example, you could mention specific insights gained from discussions, how their guidance shaped your methodology, or how their support bolstered your confidence during challenging times. This not only highlights the significance of their contributions but also reinforces the depth of your gratitude.

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How to Write an Acknowledgement for a Research Paper

Hey guys, Phill Collins here! Today, I will teach you how to write an acknowledgment section in a research paper. Let’s do this!

Acknowledging contributions is a crucial aspect of creating a thorough research paper. It provides an opportunity to convey appreciation and acknowledge the support from individuals and institutions throughout your work. This piece will explore the intricacies of crafting acknowledgments for papers, offering valuable insights, practical advice, and sample acknowledgments. It aims to assist you in expressing gratitude to those who have played a substantial role in your research journey. As usual, I recommend those of you who struggle with your writings to pay for a research paper to save time and have a stress-free evening.

What Is Acknowledgement in a Research Paper

Acknowledgment in a research paper is a section dedicated to expressing gratitude and recognizing the individuals, institutions, or resources that have contributed to the completion of the research. This section is an opportunity for the author to appreciate the support, guidance, or assistance received during the research process. Acknowledgments go beyond the academic content of the paper and serve as a personal and professional gesture of recognition for those who played a significant role in the research endeavor.

In this section, researchers typically acknowledge the contributions of mentors, advisors, colleagues, or peers who provided valuable insights, feedback, or assistance in shaping the research project. Additionally, institutions, funding agencies, or organizations that supported the research financially or through resources may be acknowledged. The acknowledgment section reflects the collaborative and communal nature of academic work, highlighting the interconnected web of individuals and entities that contribute to the scholarly pursuit.

While there is no strict format for writing acknowledgments, it is important to balance professionalism and sincerity. Authors can use this space to express genuine gratitude, share personal reflections on the collaborative process, and convey the impact of the support received. The acknowledgment section adds a human touch to the paper, recognizing the collective effort that goes into the creation of academic knowledge.

The Role of an Acknowledgment in a Research Papers

The acknowledgment section in a paper plays a vital role in recognizing and appreciating the various contributors and influences that have shaped the research journey. Beyond the academic rigor captured in the main body of the paper, acknowledgments offer a space to express gratitude for the support and guidance received during the research process. This section often serves as a heartfelt acknowledgment of the collaborative effort to bring a research project to fruition.

Essentials of an Acknowledgement in Research Paper

An essential component of a complex paper, the acknowledgment section serves as a heartfelt expression of gratitude towards individuals and entities who have contributed significantly to the research process. In this section, authors typically recognize mentors, advisors, colleagues, and peers who provided valuable insights, guidance, or support. Additionally, institutions, funding sources, or organizations that played a role in the research project are acknowledged. The acknowledgment is a personal touch within the scholarly document, acknowledging the collaborative nature of academic work and underscoring the importance of communal support in the research journey. It adds a human element to the paper, recognizing the interconnected network of individuals and resources that contribute to the scholarly endeavor.

How to Write an Acknowledgement for Research Paper Using 8 Simple Tips

Keep in mind that acknowledgments offer a chance to express gratitude and acknowledge the valuable contributions of those who assisted you. Dedicate time to creating a genuine and thoughtful acknowledgment section that mirrors the collaborative and supportive nature of your research endeavor.

Sincerity and Authenticity

Write your acknowledgments with heartfelt gratitude, conveying genuine appreciation for the support and contributions you received throughout your research journey.

Specific Individuals and Institutions

Identify key figures and entities that played a substantial role in your research, including mentors, advisors, collaborators, and funding agencies. Acknowledge institutions that provided resources or facilities.

Conciseness and Focus

Keep your acknowledgments brief and to the point. Concentrate on highlighting the pivotal individuals and organizations that significantly influenced your research.

Formal Tone

Maintain a professional and formal tone throughout your acknowledgments. Remember that this section serves as a formal recognition of support, not a casual conversation.

Ethical Considerations

Adhere to ethical guidelines and norms when acknowledging individuals and organizations. Respect the privacy and confidentiality of those who may prefer not to be mentioned.

Personal Touches

If appropriate, include personal anecdotes or specific instances where individuals or organizations made a noteworthy impact on your research.

Tailor to Research Context

Consider the nature of your research and customize your acknowledgments accordingly. For instance, if your research is interdisciplinary, recognize experts from various fields who provide valuable insights.

Appreciation Beyond Formal Requirements

While an acknowledgement in research paper has to list individuals and institutions, extend your appreciation to others who indirectly supported you. This may include family, friends, or colleagues who provided emotional support during your research journey.

Example of Acknowledgement in Research Paper

An Additional Example of Acknowledgement in Research Paper

Final Words

In my opinion, acknowledgements in a research paper provide an avenue to convey appreciation and recognize the indispensable contributions of individuals and institutions that have bolstered your work. In this article, I did my best to offer tips and a sample acknowledgment to assist you in authentically expressing your gratitude. Keep in mind that acknowledgments are a chance to genuinely convey appreciation and attribute credit where it is rightfully due.

How to write acknowledgement in research paper?

Begin your acknowledgment section with a formal salutation, expressing gratitude to those who contributed to your research. Use a sincere and appreciative tone, mentioning specific individuals and institutions, and keep it concise.

What is the purpose of the acknowledgement section in a research paper?

The acknowledgment section serves to express gratitude and recognize the contributions of individuals and institutions who supported the research. It reflects the researcher's appreciation for guidance, resources, and collaboration during the project.

What should the acknowledgement section of a research paper include?

An acknowledgement for research paper includes thanks to advisors, committee members, funding agencies, collaborators, institutions providing resources, and anyone who significantly contributed. Maintain a formal tone, adhere to ethical considerations, and, if appropriate, add a personal touch or anecdotes.

How to acknowledge someone in a research paper?

Acknowledge individuals by mentioning their names, roles, and specific contributions. Follow a formal and respectful tone, adhering to ethical guidelines. If applicable, express personal appreciation and consider tailoring acknowledgments to the nature of the research and relationships involved.

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Acknowledgement for Thesis

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Definition
• 3 Sample Acknowledgement for Thesis
• 4 Writing an Acknowledgement
• 5 Do’s and Don`ts
• 6 In a Nutshell

The acknowledgement for thesis is the section where you thank all people, institutions, and companies that helped you complete the project successfully. It is similar to a dedication, except for the fact that it is formal. Also, you don’t need to mention every single person who helped you with the research- just those who were most important to your research. For example, you don’t need to thank your boyfriend for making you dinner as you worked on the project.

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What is an acknowledgement for thesis/for research?

In a research paper, an acknowledgement refers to the section at the beginning of your thesis formatting where you show your appreciation for the people who contributed to your project. It is up to you to determine who you are most grateful to for helping you with the research.

How do you write the thesis/dissertation acknowledgements?

Unlike acknowledgements in a book, a thesis or dissertation acknowledgement has to be formal. You should avoid showing strong emotions in the acknowledgement for thesis and should simply show your appreciation for their input.

Helpful: If you’re having trouble with phrasing your acknowledgement for thesis, transition words will help to enhance the flow of your writing.

Where do you put acknowledgements in a thesis?

The acknowledgement for thesis section is included right at the beginning in your thesis formatting . It is placed immediately after the table of contents, before the body of the thesis. The acknowledgement for thesis section is relatively brief.

Who should you thank in the acknowledgement for thesis section?

You should thank anyone who helped you with the project. Some people who are commonly included in the acknowledgement for thesis include your primary supervisor, other academic staff in your department, anyone who financed the research, and family and friends. Perhaps they helped you with your research proposal right at the beginning, or maybe they helped with editing your thesis. Regardless, you can recognise them in your acknowledgement for thesis. Although the first person is not used in academic research projects, you can use it in the acknowledgement for thesis section.

Can you use the first person in the acknowledgement?

Although the first person is not used in academic research projects, or most academic writing , you can use it in the acknowledgement for thesis section. The acknowledgement for thesis section is informal compared to the rest of your paper. However, you should still refrain from including strong emotional words in your acknowledgements.

Sample Acknowledgement for Thesis

The acknowledgement for thesis should be brief and should not include personal details. Here are some good sample thesis acknowledgements:

• I would like to express my gratitude to my primary supervisor, Michael Brown, who guided me throughout this project. I would also like to thank my friends and family who supported me and offered deep insight into the study.
• I wish to acknowledge the help provided by the technical and support staff in the Economics department of the University of London. I would also like to show my deep appreciation to my supervisors who helped me finalize my project.

Some common phrases you can use in the acknowledgement section of your project include:

• I wish to show my appreciation
• I would like to thank
• The assistance provided by Mr X was greatly appreciated
• I wish to extend my special thanks to
• I would like to thank the following people for helping me finalize the project
• Mr. X offered valuable data and statistics which I used in my project

Writing an Acknowledgement

The acknowledgement for thesis is typically written in the first person, singular or plural. You will have to avoid getting too personal as this section is not meant to be a dedication.You will typically start with the person who was most important in your study. This could be your professor, your supervisor, the staff, or even your family and friends. The last people you should acknowledge are those who played a smaller role in your research.

Acknowledgements don’t have a standard length. It could be just a few paragraphs, or it could run for a few pages. The length will primarily depend on the number of people you want to thank and acknowledge. It is advisable to keep the length of your acknowledgement for thesis as short as possible. If it gets very long, it could easily become meaningless. You can limit longer acknowledgements to the few people who had a significant impact on the study.

In the acknowledgement for thesis, you should try to be very specific. Mention the names of the people you are acknowledging, and not just their titles. Some people have trouble remembering the names of people and how they helped them with the research projects. If you have such tendencies, you can consider writing down the names of the people as they offer their help with the research. You should not miss out any party that played a major role in the study.

Do’s and Don`ts

• State the full names of the people you are acknowledging
• Use the first person singular or plural
• Write in formal language
• Identify the role played by each of the acknowledged parties
• List the funding organizations along with the parts of the projects that they funded

• Use personal or informal language
• Acknowledge every single person who had even the smallest impact on your research. For example, you don’t need to acknowledge the waitress at the restaurant where you used to relax after working on the project.
• Include people who qualified for authorship in the research project. A person will qualify for authorship if they make a substantial contribution to the project, if they draft and revise the work for intellectual content, and if they agree to be accountable for the content of the work.

In a Nutshell

• The acknowledgement for thesis section shows all the people who played an important role in the creation of the final paper, except for those who qualified for authorship.
• You should use the first person to show gratitude to the people who contributed to the project.
• You should show the specific role played by each person and party in the research project.
• The thesis acknowledgement should first show the people who contributed the most to the research and should end with the people who contributed the least.
• The thesis acknowledgement should be added after the table of contents in your research paper.

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Academia Bees

Acknowledgement for Thesis (10 Samples and Writing Tips)

October 22, 2023

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By Mohsin Khurshid

Acknowledging those who contributed to your thesis is a gracious gesture, reflecting your appreciation for their support, both moral and material. This article delves into the art of crafting a meaningful acknowledgment in your thesis, highlighting its importance, and offering valuable samples.

Table of Contents

• 1 Tips on Writing Acknowledgement for Thesis
• 2.1 Acknowledgement Sample for Thesis
• 2.2 Acknowledgement for Thesis Submission
• 2.3 Acknowledgement for Thesis Report
• 2.4 Beautiful Thesis Acknowledgement
• 2.5 Acknowledging God in Thesis
• 2.6 Funny Thesis Acknowledgement
• 2.7 Acknowledgement in Thesis Writing
• 2.8 Thesis Acknowledgement Sample
• 2.9 Example of Acknowledgement in Thesis
• 2.10 Sample Acknowledgement Letter for Thesis
• 4 Conclusion

Tips on Writing Acknowledgement for Thesis

• Sincerity is Key: Ensure your acknowledgment reflects genuine gratitude.
• Be Specific: Mention names and their roles clearly.
• Professional Tone: Maintain a formal but heartfelt tone.
• Brevity Matters: Keep it concise, focusing on key contributors.

Best Acknowledgement for Thesis Samples

In this article, you’ll find ten meticulously crafted thesis acknowledgment examples, showcasing diverse styles and sentiments to help inspire your own. Whether it’s mentors, family, or colleagues, you’ll discover the perfect way to convey your gratitude.

Acknowledgement Sample for Thesis

I extend my sincere appreciation to everyone who played a role in guiding and supporting me throughout this thesis journey. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. [Supervisor’s Name], whose invaluable insights and guidance were instrumental in shaping this work. Their unwavering dedication to academic excellence was a constant source of motivation.

I must also express my heartfelt thanks to my family and friends who provided me with unwavering emotional support during the ups and downs of this project. Your unwavering belief in me, along with constructive feedback, was essential in navigating the challenges that arose throughout the process.

Acknowledgement for Thesis Submission

As I submit this thesis, it’s only fitting to express my heartfelt gratitude to those who contributed to its realization. My deepest thanks to my thesis advisor, [Advisor’s Name], whose expert guidance and unwavering support made this journey possible. Their dedication to nurturing academic excellence inspired me throughout.

I’m also indebted to my family and friends for the unwavering encouragement and emotional support they provided during this academic endeavor. Their steadfast belief in my abilities carried me through challenging times, and I am deeply appreciative of their contributions to my success.

Acknowledgement for Thesis Report

The completion of this thesis report is a significant milestone, and it wouldn’t have been attainable without the contributions of many. I am profoundly grateful to my thesis supervisor, Dr. [Supervisor’s Name], whose expertise and guidance were critical in the development of this work. Their unwavering commitment to scholarly excellence served as a constant source of inspiration.

I also wish to convey my appreciation to my family and friends for their enduring support and encouragement throughout this journey. Their belief in me provided the motivation to persevere during challenging periods, and I am truly thankful for their unwavering support.

Beautiful Thesis Acknowledgement

In this moment of achievement, it’s essential to express my gratitude to those who made this thesis journey beautiful. I extend my deepest appreciation to my thesis mentor, [Mentor’s Name], whose profound wisdom and continuous support have transformed my academic path. Their unwavering dedication to academic excellence was a shining example.

My heartfelt thanks go out to my family, friends, and loved ones, who have been a source of motivation and joy throughout this thesis project. Your unwavering belief in me, combined with your uplifting presence, painted this journey with beautiful colors and made it truly remarkable.

Acknowledging God in Thesis

As I complete this thesis, I wish to acknowledge the divine presence that guided me throughout this scholarly endeavor. My sincerest gratitude to the Almighty for granting me the strength, wisdom, and determination to bring this work to fruition. I acknowledge the blessings that have enabled me to pursue knowledge and produce this thesis.

Funny Thesis Acknowledgement

Completing this thesis was no easy feat, and I’d like to offer a lighthearted acknowledgment to those who contributed to the humor in this journey. My gratitude goes to my witty friends, who provided comic relief during stressful times, and my family, who managed to lighten the mood when needed. Laughter truly was the best medicine!

Acknowledgement in Thesis Writing

Acknowledging the completion of this thesis is a momentous task, and I want to express my appreciation for everyone who played a role. To begin, I’d like to thank my thesis advisor, [Advisor’s Name], whose expert guidance and patience were invaluable. Their wisdom and insights greatly contributed to the quality of this thesis.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my colleagues and friends who offered support and encouragement. Their discussions and shared experiences enriched my work, and I’m grateful for their camaraderie.

Thesis Acknowledgement Sample

In writing this thesis, I’ve learned that acknowledgment is a fundamental part of scholarly work. With this sample, I aim to express my thanks to those who influenced and supported me. Firstly, I’m deeply indebted to my thesis supervisor, [Supervisor’s Name], whose unwavering commitment to research excellence has been a guiding light.

Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my peers and the resources offered by the university. Their combined efforts have molded this thesis into what it is today.

Example of Acknowledgement in Thesis

For your reference, here’s an example of how acknowledgments can be included in a thesis. I am profoundly thankful to my thesis advisor, [Advisor’s Name], for their invaluable support and mentorship throughout this research journey. Their guidance was instrumental in shaping the research’s direction.

I also appreciate the guidance from my colleagues and the research resources that this institution provided. The synergy of all these factors, including my hard work and dedication, culminated in the completion of this thesis.

Sample Acknowledgement Letter for Thesis

Dear [Advisor’s Name],

I wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude for your unwavering support and guidance throughout the completion of my thesis. Your expertise, patience, and commitment to academic excellence have been a cornerstone of my research journey. Your thoughtful feedback and constant encouragement have not only honed my skills but also enriched the quality of this thesis.

I’d also like to acknowledge the contributions of my fellow researchers and the resources provided by our institution. Their collaborative efforts and the wealth of research materials and opportunities available have significantly influenced the outcome of this thesis.

This acknowledgement extends to my family and friends, whose belief in my abilities and encouragement have provided the emotional sustenance needed to complete this challenging task. Their unwavering support has been my motivation.

With gratitude,

[Your Name]

How to Write Acknowledgement for Thesis?

Writing an acknowledgement for your thesis involves expressing gratitude to the individuals and institutions that supported your research. Start by acknowledging your primary thesis advisor, followed by other mentors, colleagues, and family. Keep it concise and heartfelt, focusing on the contributions and support they provided. Remember to include any funding sources or institutions that aided your research.

What to Put in Acknowledgement Section of Thesis?

In the acknowledgement section of your thesis, you should express gratitude to the people and organizations who contributed to your research. This includes your thesis advisor, mentors, colleagues, and family. Be sure to mention any funding sources, grants, or institutions that supported your work. Keep the acknowledgements concise and focus on the assistance, guidance, and encouragement you received during your research.

What Are Some Thesis Acknowledgement Quotes?

“I can no other answer make but thanks, and thanks, and ever thanks.” – William Shakespeare

“Gratitude is the fairest blossom which springs from the soul.” – Henry Ward Beecher

“Acknowledging the good that you already have in your life is the foundation for all abundance.” – Eckhart Tolle

“Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it.” – William Arthur Ward

“In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.” – Martin Luther King Jr.

“Acknowledgment is the first step of paying it forward.” – Robert Bach

An acknowledgement of thesis is more than just a formality; it embodies your gratitude and appreciation. As you explore the samples and gather inspiration from the tips provided, remember that thanking those who’ve played a part in your academic journey is not only courteous but also profoundly meaningful.

Acknowledgement to God for Project and Thesis (5 Samples)

Acknowledgement sample for undergraduate thesis (5 samples), leave a comment cancel reply.

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15+ Samples of Acknowledgement for Thesis and Dissertation

Here, in this blog post, you can find some of the samples of acknoweldgement for thesis written by students all over the world on different topics. These acknowledgement examples are to inspire you and to show how the thesis is written.

These thesis are written for different subjects by different students from different countries. The examples vary in length, style, and substance depending upon the writer.

Acknowledgement Examples for School/College Projects

Most popular Acknowledgement For School/College Projects [7 Examples] Acknowledgement for English Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Project Class 11 and 12 Acknowledgement for Project of Class 8, 9 and 10 By subjects Acknowledgement for Accounting Project [3 Examples] Acknowledgement for Business Studies Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Chemistry Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Computer Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Economics Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for English Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Geography Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for History Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Maths Project for Students [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Physics Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Social Science Project [5 Examples] Others Acknowledgement for Group Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Graduation Project [5 Examples] Acknowledgement for Disaster Management Project [3 Examples] Acknowledgement for Yoga Project [3 Samples]

You can get some idea of how you can write your own acknowledgement with these samples. All of these are samples are one of the best acknowledgement for thesis for masters and PHDs .

For Acknowledgement for your school/college project you can check out out other posts.

All of these samples of acknowledgement is taken from publicly available documents. Some of these samples are from award winning thesis writings. Here are some beautiful thesis acknowledgement from different writers.

Saying thank you with style

How to write an acknowledgement: the complete guide for students, thesis acknowledgement – sample 1.

This sample of acknowledgement is presented by University of Illinois Graduate College. You can check the full thesis sample here.

University: University of Illinois Graduate College Author: Sample Full Thesis Sample: https://grad.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/samplethesispages.pdf

Acknowledgement For Thesis – Sample 2

This short acknowledgement is written by Christopher Sipola from University of Edinburgh for his thesis. You can check the full thesis sample here.

University: University of Edinburgh Author: Christopher Sipola Full Thesis Sample: https://project-archive.inf.ed.ac.uk/msc/20172438/msc_proj.pdf

Example of Acknowledgement For Thesis – Sample 3

This short acknowledgement is written by Matthew Brillinger from University of Ottawa for his thesis. You can check the full thesis sample here.

University:   University of Ottawa Author: Matthew Brillinger Full Thesis Sample: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/35312/1/Brillinger_Matthew_2016_Thesis.pdf

Acknowledgement Sample For Thesis – Sample 4

University:   Columbia University Author: Julien Saint Reiman Full Thesis Sample: https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2016/06/Reiman-Julien-Thesis.pdf

Acknowledgement Example For Thesis – Sample 5

University:   University of Ottawa Author: Heather Martin Full Thesis Sample: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/32518/3/Martin_Heather_2015_thesis.pdf

Thesis Acknowledgement Example – Sample 6

University: University of Ottawa Author: Guillaume Thekkadath Full Thesis Sample: https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/36669/3/Thekkadath_Guillaume_2017_thesis.pdf

Thesis Acknowledgement – Sample 7

Example of thesis acknowledgement – sample 8.

University: Sample Thesis Author: Full Thesis Sample: https://www.cs.siu.edu/files/thesis.pdf

Acknowledgement for Thesis – Sample 9

Sample acknowledgement for thesis – sample 10.

University: The University of Toledo Author: Sample Thesis Full Thesis Sample: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=toledo1333741245&disposition=attachment

Sample Acknowledgement for Thesis – Sample 11

University: IOWA STATE University Author: Varsha Ravichandra Mouli Full Thesis Sample: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_etd/

Acknowledgement for Thesis – Sample 12

Acknowledgement samples for thesis – sample 13, acknowledgement for thesis – sample 14.

University: Nottingham University Author: Jean D. M. Underwood. Full Thesis Sample: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11711/1/325961.pdf

Acknowledgement Samples – Sample 15

Acknowledgement samples for thesis – sample 16, thesis acknowledgement samples – sample 17.

University: Brunel Business School Brunel University Author: Kinana Ahmad Jammoul Full Thesis Sample: http://107.170.122.150:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/95/Shristi%20Karmacharya%20Thesis%209881.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

You can take inspiration from these acknowledgement samples to write your own acknowledgement for your project. All these acknowledgement samples are taken from publicly available documents and you can use these as a sample to take inspiration for your project acknowledgement.

More on thesis statements

Jump into these quick guides to write a strong thesis statement in no time. We have included tons of good (and bad) examples to show you how to do it right. A simple formula is included in each article to help you create your strong thesis statement with suggested wordings.

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6 thoughts on “15+ Samples of Acknowledgement for Thesis and Dissertation”

A profpund geatitude for your sample research acknowledfement! It is of great help in the success of my thesis study. God bless!

Acknowledgement Examples

Examples of Acknowledgement for Project, Thesis and Assignments

Acknowledgement Samples

Acknowledgement is a vital part of our lives. It’s how we show appreciation for the things people do for us, and let them know that we noticed and appreciated their efforts.

But sometimes, it can be hard to know how to properly acknowledge someone. You may not know what words to use, or you may not be sure how to act.

In this blog post, I’ll be discussing six different ways to acknowledge someone. I’ll provide examples of each one, and I’ll also explain when and how to use them. So if you’re looking for some guidance on how to write acknowledgement samples, then this blog post is for you!

Writing Tips For Acknowledgement Samples

When it comes to writing an acknowledgement, it is important to be clear, concise and to the point. The following are some tips that will help you write acknowledgement samples that will properly thank those who have helped you along the way:

• Make sure to list everyone who has helped you. This includes anyone who has given you a hand, whether it be big or small.
• Thank those who have helped you in a timely manner. The sooner you send out your acknowledgements, the sooner those who have helped you will know that their assistance was appreciated.
• Keep your acknowledgements short and sweet. Nobody wants to read a long, drawn-out paragraph thanking everyone who has helped you.
• Be sure to personalize your acknowledgements. Thanking someone for their help is much more meaningful when you take the time to mention how their assistance specifically made a difference.
• Proofread your acknowledgements before sending them out. This is important, as it ensures that your acknowledgements are free of errors and look professional.

Other Acknowledgement Article: 

• Acknowledgement for Science Project
• Acknowledgement For Commerce Project
• Acknowledgement For Biology Project

Overall, acknowledgement samples serve as a useful tool for expressing gratitude and recognizing the contributions of others. Whether it’s for a research paper, thesis, or project, these samples provide a clear and concise way to acknowledge the support and guidance of those who have helped along the way. Whether it’s a mentor, colleague, or family member, an acknowledgement is a simple yet powerful way to show appreciation and acknowledge the role others have played in your success.

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• Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples

Thesis & Dissertation Acknowledgements | Tips & Examples

Published on 4 May 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on 4 November 2022.

The acknowledgements section is your opportunity to thank those who have helped and supported you personally and professionally during your thesis or dissertation process.

Thesis or dissertation acknowledgements appear between your title page and abstract  and should be no longer than one page.

In your acknowledgements, it’s okay to use a more informal style than is usually permitted in academic writing , as well as first-person pronouns . Acknowledgements are not considered part of the academic work itself, but rather your chance to write something more personal.

To get started, download our step-by-step template in the format of your choice below. We’ve also included sample sentence starters to help you construct your acknowledgments section from scratch.

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Table of contents

Who to thank in your acknowledgements, how to write acknowledgements, acknowledgements section example, acknowledgements dos and don’ts, frequently asked questions.

Generally, there are two main categories of acknowledgements: professional and personal .

A good first step is to check your university’s guidelines, as they may have rules or preferences about the order, phrasing, or layout of acknowledgements. Some institutions prefer that you keep your acknowledgements strictly professional.

Regardless, it’s usually a good idea to place professional acknowledgements first, followed by any personal ones. You can then proceed by ranking who you’d like to thank from most formal to least.

• Chairs, supervisors, or defence committees
• Funding bodies
• Other academics (e.g., colleagues or cohort members)
• Editors or proofreaders
• Librarians, research/laboratory assistants, or study participants
• Family, friends, or pets

Typically, it’s only necessary to mention people who directly supported you during your thesis or dissertation. However, if you feel that someone like a secondary school physics teacher was a great inspiration on the path to your current research, feel free to include them as well.

Professional acknowledgements

It is crucial to avoid overlooking anyone who helped you professionally as you completed your thesis or dissertation. As a rule of thumb, anyone who directly contributed to your research should be mentioned.

A few things to keep in mind include:

• Even if you feel your chair didn’t help you very much, you should still thank them first to avoid looking like you’re snubbing them.
• Be sure to follow academic conventions, using full names with titles where appropriate.
• If several members of a group or organisation assisted you, mention the collective name only.
• Remember the ethical considerations around anonymised data. If you wish to protect someone’s privacy, use only their first name or a generic identifier (such as ‘the interviewees’).

Personal acknowledgements

There is no need to mention every member of your family or friend group. However, if someone was particularly inspiring or supportive, you may wish to mention them specifically. Many people choose to thank parents, partners, children, friends, and even pets, but you can mention anyone who offered moral support or encouragement, or helped you in a tangible or intangible way.

Some students may wish to dedicate their dissertation to a deceased influential person in their personal life. In this case, it’s okay to mention them first, before any professional acknowledgements.

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After you’ve compiled a list of who you’d like to thank, you can then sort your list into rank order. Separate everyone you listed into ‘major thanks’, ‘big thanks’, and ‘minor thanks’ categories.

• ‘Major thanks’ are given to people who your project would be impossible without. These are often predominantly professional acknowledgements, such as your advisor , chair, and committee, as well as any funders.
• ‘Big thanks’ are an in-between, for those who helped you along the way or helped you grow intellectually, such as classmates, peers, or librarians.
• ‘Minor thanks’ can be a catch-all for everyone else, especially those who offered moral support or encouragement. This can include personal acknowledgements, such as parents, partners, children, friends, or even pets.

How to phrase your acknowledgements

To avoid acknowledgements that sound repetitive or dull, consider changing up your phrasing. Here are some examples of common sentence starters you can use for each category.

Note that you do not need to write any sort of conclusion or summary at the end. You can simply end the acknowledgements with your last thank-you.

Here’s an example of how you can combine the different sentences to write your acknowledgements.

A simple construction consists of a sentence starter (in purple highlight ), followed by the person or entity mentioned (in green highlight ), followed by what you’re thanking them for (in yellow highlight .)

Acknowledgements

Words cannot express my gratitude to my professor and chair of my committee for her invaluable patience and feedback. I also could not have undertaken this journey without my defense committee, who generously provided knowledge and expertise. Additionally, this endeavor would not have been possible without the generous support from the MacArthur Foundation, who financed my research .

I am also grateful to my classmates and cohort members, especially my office mates, for their editing help, late-night feedback sessions, and moral support. Thanks should also go to the librarians, research assistants, and study participants from the university, who impacted and inspired me.

Lastly, I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, especially my parents, spouse, and children. Their belief in me has kept my spirits and motivation high during this process. I would also like to thank my cat for all the entertainment and emotional support.

• Write in first-person, professional language
• Thank your professional contacts first
• Include full names, titles, and roles of professional acknowledgements
• Include personal or intangible supporters, like friends, family, or even pets
• Mention funding bodies and what they funded
• Appropriately anonymise or group research participants or non-individual acknowledgments

Don’t:

• Use informal language or slang
• Go over one page in length
• Mention people who had only a peripheral or minor impact on your work

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You may acknowledge God in your thesis or dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the relevant members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.

Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .

Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you still should acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.

In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.

Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.

The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis or dissertation, directly after the title page and before the abstract .

In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.

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• Open access
• Published: 28 August 2024

A new multi-analytical procedure for radiocarbon dating of historical mortars

• Sara Calandra 1 ,
• Emma Cantisani 2 ,
• Claudia Conti 3 ,
• Barbara Salvadori 2 ,
• Serena Barone 4 , 5 ,
• Lucia Liccioli 4 ,
• Mariaelena Fedi 4 ,
• Teresa Salvatici 1 ,
• Andrea Arrighetti 6 ,
• Fabio Fratini 2 &
• Carlo Alberto Garzonio 1  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  19979 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

The overarching challenge of this research is setting up a procedure to select the most appropriate fraction from complex, heterogeneous materials such as historic mortars in case of radiocarbon dating. At present, in the international community, there is not a unique and fully accepted way of mortar sample preparation to systematically obtain accurate results. With this contribution, we propose a strategy for selecting suitable mortar samples for radiocarbon dating of anthropogenic calcite in binder or lump. A four-step procedure is proposed: (I) good sampling strategies along with architectural and historical surveys; (II) mineralogical, petrographic, and chemical characterization of mortars to evaluate the feasibility of sample dating; (III) a non-destructive multi-analytical characterization of binder-rich portions to avoid geogenic calcite contamination; (IV) carbonate micro-sample preparation and accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements. The most innovative feature of the overall procedure relies on the fact that, in case of positive validation in step III, exactly the same material is treated and measured in step IV. The paper aims to apply this procedure to the ancient mortar of the Florentine historical building (Trebbio Castle), selecting micro-samples suitable for dating in natural hydraulic mortars. The discussion of the mortar dating results with the historical-archaeological hypotheses provided significant insights into the construction history of the building.

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Introduction.

Radiocarbon dating is one of the most widely used dating techniques in the field of archaeology and Cultural Heritage 1 . This technique is used to typically date organic finds (such as charcoal, wood, bone, or textiles) but also inorganic materials 2 , such as carbonate compounds, i.e., lead white 3 , 4 . Mortar is an artificial product which has been prepared and used by humans since ancient times, mainly consisting of a binder, some aggregates and possible additives.

In mortar and plaster samples, plant remains, such as charcoal, vegetal, and straw fragments, are the most dated fraction with radiocarbon method ( 14 C), as reported in literature 5 , 6 , 7 . Other approach concerns the dating with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) of quartz and feldspar aggregates 8 , 9 , 10 .

In addition, among possible applications to inorganic carbon-based materials, the use of 14 C method for dating ancient mortars was proposed as early as in the 1960s, applying the method to the inorganic binder 11 , 12 , 13 . In mortars, the inorganic radiocarbon-datable component is calcite, which is formed by the reaction of calcium hydroxide with atmospheric CO 2 during the setting of the material (the so-called anthropogenic calcite). Air-hardening mortars are the most suitable for dating because they set and harden incorporating atmospheric CO 2 . However, since mortars are heterogeneous materials, other sources of C, which may contaminate the 14 C concentration, can be present in the mortar samples.

Contaminations can be due to the presence of:

unburned carbonate of stone used for the production of lime and carbonate aggregate present in the mixture (geogenic calcite). These two sources make the sample older than expected;

(re)crystallized secondary calcium carbonates and products of delayed hardening (so-called secondary calcite). Secondary calcite forms after the initial hardening of the mortar, thus, causing an apparent rejuvenation of the sample.

Moreover, the type of binder of the mortar sample may not be quite ideal, as there are historical mortars with not totally air lime binder.

Selection of the datable fraction and elimination of potential contamination is a challenge for the international radiocarbon community 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . Despite numerous efforts as evidenced by the extensive literature in the field carried out by the scientific community, an analytical workflow for characterization and dating of inorganic fraction of mortars has not been established.

This paper aims at discussing our sample selection procedure for radiocarbon dating of historic mortars, from the preliminary comprehensive characterization of the material to the sample preparation for the 14 C-AMS measurement. Archaeological and historical survey coupling with accurate sampling, and then in-depth minero-petrographic and chemical characterization of the mortars are the first two steps (Step I and II), respectively. Separation of binder from the aggregate coupled with characterization of the separated carbonate fractions is mandatory (Step III). Proactive identification of the origin of calcite allows for the reduction of the possible contamination risk, thus obtaining accurate 14 C measurement by AMS (Step IV).

As far as Step II is concerned, a multi-analytical characterization procedure of the mortar fragments, i.e. optical and electron microscopy (OM, SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction on powders (XRPD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was designed.

In Step III, a non-destructive, original approach capable of identifying the origin of calcite (geogenic and anthropogenic calcite) was explored using XRPD, OM-cathodoluminescence (OM-CL), ATR-FTIR, micro-Raman. A new experimental set-up for the collection of CO 2 evolving from the selected calcite was installed, by integrating an acidification reactor into our so-called Lilliput graphitization reactors, which are optimized for microgram-sized samples 18 , 19 . The graphitization line is used to obtain graphite samples whose residual 14 C abundance is measured by AMS.

The procedure was validated in architectural contexts, such as the Tuscany historical building (Trebbio Castle in Florentine surroundings).

Analytical procedure

Step i: sampling and the issue of chronology questions.

Accurate dating of mortar in masonry requires a comprehensive approach involving collaboration between experts in mortar analysis, archaeologists and architects who understand wall stratigraphy 20 , 21 . Precise sampling is crucial and begins with well-defined research questions related to chronology, along with documentation and historical research and analysis of the masonry 22 (Fig.  1 , step I). For example, if the aim is to determine the age of construction, it is important to avoid areas of repair or renovation. However, if the focus is on determining the period in which the building was in use, these repaired or renovated areas may be of greater importance. Mortar between stone blocks is likely to be original if the stone block overlies the mortar; on the other hand, if the mortar protrudes beyond the stone block, this indicates a later intervention. Care should be taken when selecting samples from the ground, i.e. from collapsed ruins, as these may have been transported or weathered, thus being their association with the event to be dated not accurate.

Graphical representation of the new multi-analytical procedure for radiocarbon dating of historical mortars.

Mismatches in the dating results can arise due to different factors, such as mortar constituents (the type of binder and aggregate) or environmental factors (the state of preservation, which may be due to e.g. recrystallization and delayed hardening).

For instance, bedding mortars or core mortars are generally less altered over time than plaster and are less exposed to the external environmental parameters 23 .

To minimize secondary carbon sources, sampling sites should be carefully selected, favoring areas that are less exposed to weathering over exterior surfaces 20 , 21 . Analyzing samples from greater depths and intermediate heights helps to mitigate the influence of ambient water, which can introduce younger samples through rainfall or surface water or obvious aging effects from dissolved geological carbonates in groundwater and soil moisture.

As the slaked lime (Ca(OH) 2 ) absorbs CO 2 from the atmosphere, the setting and hardening process starts from the surface and progresses inwards. Delayed hardening in the inner parts of thick walls can lead to inaccuracies in dating results 24 . Optimal samples should be taken at a depth close to the wall surface, deep enough to avoid problems with the surface, but not too deep to have problems with delayed hardening. If carbonate aggregates are present, careful sampling is essential to limit dispersion.

In summary, careful sampling and consideration of various factors are crucial for successful 14 C dating results in mortar. These considerations and methods contribute to the robustness and reliability of mortar dating in archaeological investigations.

The evaluation of the degree of carbonation of the mortar with the phenolphthalein test is the first mandatory characterization step. Phenolphthalein indicates the presence of calcium hydroxide in the mortar. A sample that is not fully carbonated must be excluded for 14 C dating. The test can be carried out in situ on the masonry or in the laboratory on a sample.

Step II: analytical procedure to characterize mortars for dating

To characterize mortars and select those materials that can be suitable for dating purposes, it is essential to determine the composition of all the constituents of the mixture, their relative amounts (binder/aggregate ratio—B/A), the nature of binder and aggregates, the constituents within the binder, as well as the degree of carbonation. In fact, the information we can get from different analytical techniques can give us hints about the manufacturing process of the materials. In particular, it can suggest us whether the basic conditions for applying radiocarbon dating are respected and can support us to choose the best approach to select the most appropriate fraction to be dated. For example, the aforementioned B/A ratio allows us to understand how much material we have to sample to get enough mass at the end of the selection procedure.

For a comprehensive characterization, several investigations must be performed, each useful in reconstructing the overall picture and providing key information to select or exclude material for dating (Fig.  1 , step II). The complementarity of multiple investigations is crucial for an accurate and full understanding of the material. Indeed, the investigations make it possible to determine the relative chronology of different construction phases within a building or site 25 , 26 . Here following the summarized description of the analytical techniques proposed for characterization.

Thin-section observation of mortar under an OM in transmitted light provides essential insights into the nature of binder, aggregate and lumps 19 , 27 .

For the binder, OM provides information on the texture (micritic, microsparitic, sparitic), the mineralogical composition, the birefringence colors, the structure and the interactions with the aggregate. Moreover, OM allows us to classify the binder as: air lime, natural hydraulic lime, air lime with addition of pozzolanic materials (i.e. cocciopesto , volcanic ash and clay minerals) and modern hydraulic binder 28 , 29 .

The description of the aggregate is crucial for the evaluation of contamination sources, taking into account mineralogical composition, particle size distribution, amount of binder with respect to aggregate (B/A) ratio, macroporosity and alteration products.

Petrography is also beneficial for the identification of lumps and organic fragments in the mortar. OM observation make it possible to recognize the type of lumps and distinguish between residues of stones used to make binders and binder residues.

The observation of lumps with OM allows us to recognize their types and origins, achieving information on the rock used to produce lime as well as suggestions on production technologies 27 .

Petrographic observation contributes to assess the uniformity of the binder and to identify zones of different crystallinity due to partial recrystallization by circulating water. Sources of contamination, such as recrystallization of calcite and carbonate aggregates, can lead to exclude samples from 14 C dating 21 .

Modern binders should be eliminated from dating, since the dating principle is not applicable to these types of binders. Particular attention should be paid to magnesium binders 30 . The 14 C dating outcomes may be affected by the presence of much younger 14 C, due to the properties of minerals produced upon carbonation (such as magnesite and nesquehonite).

XRPD analysis of bulk samples includes the mineralogical composition of both the binder and the aggregate, which can be integrated with the identified phases in thin sections. Single lumps and binder-rich portions can be also analyzed. All these data yield crucial information, revealing whether the mortar is non-carbonated (portlandite), if the sample contains magnesium lime (brucite, hydromagnesite, magnesite), or if the binder exhibits hydraulic properties 31 (tobermorite, hydrogarnet), or if secondary reactions occurred which lead to the formation of new phases (gypsum, hydrotalcite, hydrocalumite). The presence of these latter two phases in mortar binders strongly influences the radiocarbon dating of lime mortars, because of their high (CO 3 ) 2– anion capture capability 32 , 33 . The presence of gypsum indicates that the binder has altered, suggesting an open system and therefore a context subject to contamination from the external environment 34 .

Observations under the optical microscope can be further enhanced and supplemented by SEM–EDS which combines microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy to obtain detailed information on the morphology and elemental composition of mortar constituents. Semi-quantitative elemental analysis is useful for: (1) estimating the provenance of raw material through the analysis of residues of stones used for lime production; (2) obtaining information on the hydraulic index (HI) 35 and the overall composition of the binder, including the possible presence of Ca and Mg based binder, and of silico-aluminates ferriferous phases; (3) evaluating changes in elemental composition within reaction rims areas; (4) characterizing lumps, especially if they have a heterogeneous texture; (5) achieving micro-chemical information about the aggregate and providing hypothesis on its provenance.

TGA is used in the analysis of historical mortars for evaluating hydraulic behavior; it involves subjecting a sample to controlled temperature changes while measuring its mass as a function of temperature. TGA serves for characterization of binder materials (air binder, hydraulic binder, gypsum, etc.) 36 , 37 . Moreover, the TGA results can be integrated with the HI value calculated from punctual micro-chemical analyses carried out with SEM-EDS 38 .

Step III: Selection and characterization of the powder for the screening of CaCO 3 origin

Upon assessing that the sample exhibits datable characteristics, as a consequence of all the analyses performed in Step II, the following process involves the selection and further characterization of the carbonate fraction. The binder calcite has the same chemical composition as burned carbonate rocks or carbonate aggregates, but different textural, isotopic signatures and mechanical properties.

A mechanical separation of binder-rich bulk and lump was performed, starting from a selection under stereomicroscope. For bulk samples, a portion enriched with binder and lumps is separated, then sieved to 63 µm and lightly crushed.

Our approach aims at finding non-destructive techniques able to determine the origin of the calcite in the powder samples selected for dating (Fig.  1 , step III). Non-destructive techniques allow the preservation of the sample mass so that the same sample can be subjected to several analytical procedures and treated for 14 C analysis (Fig.  1 , step IV).

The different origin of carbonates (geogenic and anthropogenic) can be detected by the different distortions in the lattice structure within small crystallites. In principle, different types of calcite interact with electromagnetic radiation in a way that depends on the atomic arrangement. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies can be used to identify short-range order at the molecular level. In addition, CL analysis, which is conventionally used to assess the origin of calcite, in our approach is combined with ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman.

The most important advantage in this non-destructive approach is that the exactly same powder is analyzed in OM-CL, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman; and if the sample is mainly constituted by anthropogenic calcite, it is used for step IV.

CL is a petrographic technique which represents an additional way of examining thin sections or powder samples of carbonate specimens 39 . The phenomenon of CL of mortars has been discussed since 1997 and has been used in numerous studies to evaluate the origin of carbonates 13 , 40 , 41 . Different densities and distribution of atomic defects in the calcite crystal structure serve as markers to identify the origin of calcite. Considering this principle, geogenic calcite and anthropogenic calcite may have different luminescence intensities due to the different formation process.

The phenomenon can be easily observed with petrographic microscopes equipped for CL analysis (OM-CL), this instrumentation is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. For the non-destructive analysis of powders, we used OM-CL. The disadvantage of this technique lies in the resulting color hues, especially when multiple emissions of the same powder result in a composite hue. Typically, a qualitative analysis was performed, just attributing “hues” to the different observed colors (see for example tile red, dull purple, brown, dark brown, grey, dull grey and black). In such a framework, interpretation of data could be influenced by the operator him/herself 20 , 42 , 43 . This problem can be solved by combining several analytical techniques to obtain a validated and unambiguous result.

In the context of mortar dating, spectroscopy has already been used to distinguish the origins of calcite. As demonstrated in previous studies 44 , 45 , 46 conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in transmission mode with KBr pellets can be employed for rapid sample analysis, using the heights of v 2 and v 4 bands.

In order to use non-destructive analysis and preserve the sample for further analysis and dating, ATR-FTIR was tested on samples with known composition and origin to establish whether this mode could lead to the same results as the FTIR technique with KBr pellet 47 .

Since it has been shown that differences in grinding degree affect peak widths and relative heights of carbonate archaeological materials 34 , 48 , samples with same preparation procedures were analyzed to replicate the typical pre-treatment that might be carried out on unknown samples for dating purposes.

The distinct trend lines highlight the systematic differences in v 2 versus v 4 peak heights in ATR-FTIR mode for calcites formed through various processes. Two trend lines were created (geogenic and anthropogenic calcites), which can help to determine the origins of unknown samples, offering preliminary insights into their formation. The ability to discern calcite origins through the ATR technique is particularly advantageous in the field of mortar dating, as powdered samples can be collected and reused for dating if they contain anthropogenic calcite.

• Micro-Raman

Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool for the characterization of mortars, enabling high lateral resolution analysis of the mineral phases of aggregates and binder components 49 , 50 . So far, some studies have demonstrated that micro-Raman spectroscopy can be successfully used to estimate the content of cations (Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ ) in carbonates, as the vibrational frequencies of the translational (T) and librational (L) modes of carbonates are significantly related to their cation composition 51 , 52 . Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate variations in atomic bonding in biogenic calcite crystals and to distinguish the degree of crystallinity of calcium carbonate in biological materials by assessing the frequencies and width of the v 1 and v 4 bands 53 . Raman analysis of CaCO 3 polymorphs in 54 found that the amorphous calcium carbonate exhibits a broad peak in the lattice mode region (below 400 cm −1 ) and that the most prominent band associated with the carbonate ion at around 1085 cm −1 , which appears as broader and significantly less intense than usual, slightly shifts towards lower wavenumbers.

We carried out a study to determine the origin of calcite using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The potential to distinguish between geogenic and anthropogenic calcite using micro-Raman spectroscopy was established for the first time by the authors 55 .

Raman spectroscopy and statistical methods have shown that the anthropogenic calcite samples exhibit a broadening of the L, v 1 and v 4 bands (calculated from FWHMs) compared to geogenic calcite samples.

Structural disorder within the calcite crystals or the presence of low crystalline order is reflected in relatively broad FWHM values and wavenumber shifts. The wider and shifted toward lower wavenumber is the spectral band, the lower the crystallinity within the mineral.

The influencing parameters (including band position, band intensity, the area covered by the bands and the FWHM values of L, v 4 and v 1 ) for distinguishing the origins of calcite were successfully identified and they can be used to determine the origin of calcite in unknown samples intended for dating.

The potential of micro-Raman on distinguishing different calcite domains was also confirmed by Toffolo et al. 56 . In this paper, the micro-Raman analyses were performed on petrographic thin sections in archaeological lime samples.

Step IV: carbonate micro-sample preparation and AMS measurements

The limited sample material due to the high possible level of heterogeneity of the mortars, the sample loss during the characterization step and the highly selective pre-treatment process, motivates us to use the micro-sample 14 C preparation.

In this framework, the so-called Lilliput graphitization line at the LABEC laboratory in Florence, one of the laboratories of CHNet, the INFN network for Cultural Heritage, was integrated with a reaction chamber designed for the extraction of CO 2 from carbonates (Fig.  1 , step IV). The Lilliput line is particularly useful in the case of mortar treatment, because it allows managing samples as small as only 50 µg of carbon, well below the limit of the “traditional” larger samples of about 700 µg 18 , 57 . Such small processed masses provided the possibility to investigate the feasibility of dating even individual lumps of binder in mortar samples.

Typical processing masses for mortar samples are:—approx. 2.5 mg in the case of lump; —approx. 5 mg in the case of bulk mortar.

Acid dissolution and Lilliput graphitization reactors

The extraction of C from the selected inorganic fraction of the mortar is carried out by acid dissolution. The carbonate sample, mechanically separated and previously characterized with non-destructive techniques, is treated with H 3 PO 4 in the acidification line.

For bulk samples, 2 evolving CO 2 fractions are usually collected per sample: the first in a few seconds (0–10/30 s) and the second thereafter (10/30–60 s). The selected shortened reaction time is intended to avoid the risk of geological contamination, at least in the first fraction, as contaminants may still be present despite mechanical separation. In the case of lump samples, a fraction from the first few seconds of the reaction is collected without the risk of contaminants reacting with the acid.

The CO 2 extracted from the acidification line is then cryogenically transferred into the graphitization chamber using liquid nitrogen. The amount of CO 2 collected is monitored by pressure measurements. Typically, about 100 mbar of CO 2 is collected for each sample; this pressure basically corresponds to about 50 µg of graphite at the end of the reaction given the inner volume of the Lilliput reaction chambers. The graphitization reaction occurs on small copper inserts previously prepared with Fe catalyser pressed on them and is triggered at 600 °C in presence of H 2 excess; the reaction produces water, which is trapped within the cold finger. After the graphitization process, the copper inserts with the graphite deposited on them are mounted in specially modified aluminum holders that fit into the ion source of the accelerator to measure the radiocarbon concentration.

Results and discussion

Application of the procedure on historical building: trebbio castle.

The analytical procedure for dating was applied to mortar samples from the walls of the tower of the Trebbio Castle, one of the most important and significant examples of aristocratic villas owned by the Medici in the area around Florence (Mugello) 58 (Fig.  2 ).

Trebbio Castle: building ( a ); sampling on the North side, perspective drawing (by Teresa Salvatici and Sara Calandra) ( b ), and masonry ( c ).

The building was investigated through the building archaeological approach, which identifies the stratigraphic units of the building, and then associated with written or other sources, allowing the formulation of hypotheses about the construction phases of the masonry 59 .

Based on this methodology, four main construction phases from the thirteenth century to the first decades of the seventeenth century, were identified:

Phase 1 (before 14th cent.): the presence of a square tower is documented. The tower was partially rebuilt and its original structure is only visible in the lower part.

Phase 2 (14th cent.): addition of storeys to the pre-existing tower with improved masonry and crenellated walls, characterized by different building construction techniques than the previous phase.

Phase 3 (1420–1433): addition of new storeys to the tower and complete renovation of the upper structure, including corbels and wider walkways, attributed to Michelozzo (as reported written source in 60 ).

Phase 4 (post 1433): modern and contemporary restorations, including mortar sealing, reconstruction and rectification of structural problems to restore a late medieval appearance. Some restoration works were performed following the numerous historical earthquakes that affected the Mugello area 58 .

The chronology of the building phases is the result of a combination of stratigraphic studies, written sources and the chronotypological abacus of Mugello masonries 58 .

The archaeological reading of the masonry and the resulting hypotheses about the construction phases formed the basis for the selection of the mortar sampling points. A total of 27 bedding mortar and plaster samples were collected using a hammer and chisel ( Supplementary Table 1 ).

The comprehensive minero-petrographic characterization was performed on all mortar samples ( Supplementary Table 2 ).

Mineralogical composition analysis of bulk mortars by XRPD revealed the presence of calcite, quartz, feldspar (plagioclase and k-feldspar), lizardite and micas. Calcite can be referred to the binder, lime lumps or fragments of aggregate; quartz, feldspars, lizardite and micas can be related to the aggregate. Gypsum was recorded only in TC19 and 24, probably due to the sulphation phenomena of the binder 34 , Supplementary Fig. 1 .

From the petrographic observation, these mortars are made of natural hydraulic binder, obtained by firing of marly limestone (Alberese limestone, Monte Morello Formation), diffusely employed in Florentine area 61 . The aggregate exhibits a heterogeneous composition, utilizing sandy sediments from local watercourses. Finer sands (< 400 µm) predominantly consist of single crystals of quartz, feldspars, spathic calcite, while coarser fractions contain fragments of arenaceous rocks, serpentinites, and Alberese limestone. Rare fragments of cocciopesto were also found.

Since the raw materials used are the same and the production technologies are similar, no minero-petrographic criteria were identified to differentiate samples belonging to different construction stages. Within the same construction stages, different characteristics are found in the mix-design (i.e., B/A, grain size distribution).

For radiocarbon application we focused on the binder aspect, aggregate composition and the presence of lump. So, the binder in the plaster samples (TC1-11, Supplementary Fig. 2a, b ) has undergone some chemical alteration due to the dissolution and slow recrystallization of calcite by the circulating moisture in the masonry. This process can develop in specific areas of the samples, e.g. in pores and along fractures (referred to as secondary calcite) or change the entire texture of the binder (referred to as partially binder recrystallization). This prevented us from selecting these samples for dating, causing an apparent rejuvenation of the sample 62 .

As for the bedding mortars, the binder is better preserved. Care in the preparation of the mixtures is evident, considering careful selection of aggregates and a consistently high binder content. However, even these samples exhibit characteristics that allow the selection of only certain samples for dating: samples superficially collected, those with non-homogeneous carbonation processes (heterogeneous texture ranges from microsparitic to sparitic in TC12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 24, 25, Supplementary Fig. 2c, d ), or binder recrystallization (as in TC12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25), those showing gypsum in XRPD (as in TC19, 24), and those with almost exclusively carbonate aggregate (TC20, 23; Supplementary Fig. 2e ) have been excluded. Heterogeneous texture can be due to delayed carbonation processes or binder dissolution-recrystallization 63 , in fact, in most samples the two features are combined.

Within bedding mortars, we focused on two samples that could provide key insights into the historical attribution of construction phases and with mineralogical-petrographic characteristics which are more suitable for dating. These samples come from the crenellated masonry, TC26, and the infill masonry, TC27 (see in Fig.  2 c). The samples show complete carbonation through phenolphthalein test. On initial macroscopic examination, sample TC26 appears to have a compact mortar with few fractures and a hazel coloration. Millimetre-sized lumps of varying coloration, from white to yellowish, are visible. The mortar sample TC27 is compact and has a hazel color. Millimetre-sized lumps of yellowish to white hues can also be observed.

The main mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of these two samples are listed in Table 1 .

Petrographic observations of TC26 and TC27 reveal the presence of a binder with homogeneous structure and micritic texture with small dark inclusions. Lumps are present, referring to both unmixed binder and unburned limestone.

The aggregate exhibits a heterogeneous composition and bimodal grain size distribution, consisting of abundant carbonate rock fragments (limestone and calcarenites), sandstone, serpentinite and crystal of quartz, feldspars, and calcite ( Supplementary Fig. 3 ). TC26 and TC27 differ in: the B/A, 1/3 and 1/2, respectively, and for the coarser aggregate grain size in sample TC27 (0.7–1 mm).

SEM–EDS analyses on the binder showed significant variability in SiO 2 and CaO content, along with the presence of different types of lumps, confirming the use of Alberese limestone. A comprehensive study of lumps, combining OM, OM-CL, and SEM–EDS analyses in the same area, revealed that also the texture of lumps is heterogeneous (Fig.  3 ). They exhibit a similar texture to the binder in OM, appearing brick-red in CL, and SEM analysis indicates a CaO and SiO 2  + Al 2 O 3  + Fe 2 O 3 composition comparable to that of the binder. SEM–EDS analysis of the thin sections indicates that only small amounts of Mg are present (less than 1.8%). To gain further insight into the binder composition, SEM–EDS microanalyses were carried out on polished thin sections of both binder and lime lumps. The micro-chemical composition of lime lumps and binder is reported in Table 3 . In addition, the hydraulicity index (HI) was calculated using Boynton's formula 35 (Table 2 ). TC26 exhibits an HI of 0.16 ± 0.05, TC27 shows an HI of 0.20 ± 0.08, classifying as weakly hydraulic.

OM ( a ), OM-CL ( b ), SEM–EDS ( c , d ) analyses on lime lump. In ( c ), BS image of a detail of the lump. In ( d ), SEM–EDS map layered on the previous area.

HI results are compared with TGA analyses performed on 3 portions of binder-rich mortar per sample.

The hydraulic water (%) originating from the hydraulic components varies between 7.02% and 8.89%, while the CO 2 decomposition from air lime binder is between 27.0% and 31.9%. The results of SEM–EDS are in agreement with those of TGA and show that the mortars have slightly hydraulic behavior ( Supplementary Fig. 4 ).

Being carbonate aggregates abundant, to avoid possible contamination, we decided to focus on lumps for dating. Four lumps were selected for TC26 samples (labelled as TC26L1, L2, L3, and L4), and four for samples TC27 (labelled as TC27L1, L2, L3 and L4) (Fig.  4 a).

Results of non-destructive techniques on powders ( b - d ) and lump selection points ( a ). Plot of ν 2 and ν 4 with typical trend lines of geogenic and anthropogenic calcites obtained by ATR-FTIR and TC lump samples ( b ); OM-CL photomicrographs of lump powders: an anthropogenic sample (TC26L1) and a geogenic sample (TC26L3) ( c ); comparison among individual Raman spectra of carbonate samples: geogenic calcite (in blue, a reference sample) and anthropogenic calcite of TC samples (1: TC26L1; 2: TC26L2; 3: TC26L4; 4: TC27L1) ( d ).

XRPD analyses were conducted on the powdered lump samples after sieving to determine mineralogical composition (Table 3 ); OM-CL, ATR-FTIR and micro-Raman analyses (Fig.  4 b–d) were performed to assess the origin of the calcite.

XRPD analysis on lumps showed that the primary component is calcite, as expected.

TC26L1, TC26L2, TC26L4, TC27L1 and TC27L4 exhibit red-brown luminescence, which is consistent with their position on the anthropogenic calcite trend in ATR-FTIR, classifying them as pyrogenic carbonate. However, TC26L3, TC27L2, and TC27L3 exhibit orange CL and geogenic trends in ATR-FTIR, confirming that these lumps consist of geogenic calcite. ATR-FTIR detected a broad band centered at 1080 cm –1 , attributable to ν as (Si–O–Si) and ascribed to amorphous silicates 64 , likely originating from the calcination of stone rich in silicate components (e.g., clay minerals) ( Supplementary Fig. 4 ).

Micro-Raman analyses, conducted on TC26L1, TC26L2, TC26L4, TC27L1, TC27L4, show a Raman shift of L and v 1 bands toward lower wavenumber, along with their higher FWHM values, which is also observed for the v 4 band (Table 3 ). The micro-Raman results definitively confirm the data collected by other techniques. The observed values are typical of anthropogenic calcite.

Based on the result of the characterization process discussed in the previous sections, lumps TC26L1, TC26L2, TC26L4 and TC27L1 were chosen to be suitable for dating. The reaction times, along with the masses of the graphitized samples, are listed in Table 4 . The reaction time of 30 s was chosen since, having assessed the anthropogenic origin of the calcite, the risk of contaminants reacting with the acid and the sample mass were low. The AMS results are reported in Table 4 .

When samples belonging to the same fragment or construction phase have consistent radiocarbon concentration between each other, a weighted average can be calculated to obtain a more precise result. Indeed, the lumps TC26L1, TC26L2, and TC26L4 from the same mortar portion exhibit consistent radiocarbon concentrations. The results of the weighted average of the three radiocarbon concentrations and the corresponding conventional radiocarbon age are also reported in Table 4 .

The calibrated age for samples TC26L1 + TC26L2 + TC26L4 results from the measured conventional radiocarbon age (Fig.  5 ).

Calibrated age of the TC samples: TC26L1 + TC26L2 + TC26L4 ( a ); TC27L1 ( b ).

Although the calibrated age of the TC26 lump samples spans two of the phases identified in the archaeological analysis of the tower (phases 2 and 3), the characteristics of the masonry where the sample was taken suggest an interpretation of the 14 C results as more likely within the middle of the fourteenth century (phase 2).

The dating results for sample TC27L1 are presented in Table 4 . Given the conventional radiocarbon age measured (Fig.  5 ), sample TC27L1 is considered modern. A discrepancy can be observed between the assumed chronology and the measurement of the radiocarbon concentration. Based on the historical-archaeological hypothesis, it is assumed that the masonry dates from the middle of the fifteenth century (phase 3).

However, this discrepancy could be related to the extensive joint sealing of the upper part of the tower. The combination of the calibrated age and the historical information; allow us to formulate a specific interpretative hypothesis and attribute this operation to the restoration season following the seismic events that affected the Mugello area between the mid-15th and mid-seventeenth centuries 58 . After this intense and destructive earthquake period, intensive restoration and reconstruction activities were carried out on all the Medici properties in the area (e.g. Cafaggiolo, the Fortezza di San Martino, the town of Scarperia). Sample TC27, being associable to the modern phase, could have intercepted one of these activities.

The comparison between the radiocarbon dating and the archaeological results offered two new interpretations. On the one hand, the 14 C dating for sample TC26 yielded a range of dates that included the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, while the chronotypology of the masonry of Mugello allows us to shift the focus to the first one. TC27, on the other hand, it was the 14 C dating that provided new interpretative approaches to the historical-archaeological data and made it possible to identify specific restoration interventions carried out in the modern period on a masonry that in the written source dates to the early fifteenth century 60 .

The proposed multistep procedure is demonstrated to be a successful approach for selecting a suitable mortar sample for radiocarbon dating. Multi-analytical approach (OM, SEM–EDS, XRPD, TGA) has been proven to permit the selection of the most suitable mortar to be dated. Non-destructive analyses (XRPD, OM-CL, ATR-FTIR and Micro-Raman) of selected specific mortar portions, such as binder-rich or lump samples (mechanical separation), enable the characterization of the calcite origin (differentiation between anthropogenic and geogenic calcite) with the perspective of reusing the samples for following analyses and dating.

The acidification line to extract CO 2 was coupled to the so-called Lilliput graphitization line, for dealing with small carbonate samples (2.5 mg lump and 5.0 mg bulk).

Our procedure has been successfully applied to single lumps collected from Florentine natural hydraulic mortars to date Trebbio Castle construction phases.

The new proposed multi-analytical procedure allowed us to discard most of the samples, identifying problems that could affect their correct dating (step II, III). Consequently, the preparation and the following AMS measurements (step IV) focused on just those micro-samples that had been found suitable as the result of characterization in step III, exploiting the same material. The results obtained from the comparison of the mortars with the historical-archaeological hypothesis provided relevant insights into the construction history of the building.

This paper aims at emphasizing that it is only through a well-structured analytical procedure that it is possible to select suitable samples and approach for the dating of traditional historical mortars.

Carbonation test

The phenolphthalein test (standardized by UNI EN 14630, 2007) is carried out using a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in ethyl alcohol. Applied to the surface of the freshly cut sample.

Optical microscope

The Axioscope A.1 Zeiss transmitted light polarizing optical microscope, connected to a digital video camera, allowed for the acquisition of sample images in thin sections, which were processed using AxioVision software. The acquired images were further analyzed to obtain information on the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the samples using the ImageJ program.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD)

The mineralogical composition was analyzed using a Philips X’Pert PRO X-ray powder diffractometer (XRPD) with a Cu anticathode (wavelength λ = 1.54 Å). The instrument operated at a current intensity of 30 mA and a voltage of 40 kV. The 2θ range explored was between 3 and 70° with a step size of 0.02° and a total time per pattern of 16 min 27 s. XRPD analyses were conducted on both powder bulk samples and specific lumps.

Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS)

The ZEISS EVO MA 15 SEM–EDS with a tungsten filament and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analytical system, Oxford Ultimax 40 (with a resolution of 127 eV @5.9 keV and an area of 40 mm 2 ), was utilized for semi-quantitative microchemical and morphological analyses. These analyses were conducted on thin sections (prepared after carbon-metallized pretreatment) taken from both the binder and lumps areas, as well as from powder samples. The operational settings were as follows: an acceleration potential of 15 kV, a beam current of 500 pA, a working distance of 9–8.5 mm, a live time of 20 s to achieve an acquisition rate of at least 600,000 counts using Co standard, a process time of 4 for point analyses, and a pixel dwell time of 500 µs for map acquisition with a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels. The microanalysis employed the Aztec 5.0 SP1 software, implementing the XPP matrix correction scheme. This process utilized purchased standard elements for calculations, enabling “standard-less” quantitative analysis. Constant analytical conditions, such as filament emission, were monitored through numerous analyses of a Co metallic standard.

Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out on historical mortar samples using a Perkin Elmer Pyris 6 system and Netzsch TG 209 F3 Tarsus. Fragments from each sample were mechanically broken down using a porcelain pestle, and the portion passing through a sieve with 63 µm openings (ISO R 565 Series) was selected as a binder-rich specimen. About 5 mg of the sample was used for TGA, and the analysis was conducted within the temperature range of 110–1000 °C. The samples were dried using silica gel as a desiccant at room temperature for a minimum of one week. The TGA experiments were performed in open alumina crucibles, with a heating rate of 10 °C min −1 , and a nitrogen gas flow of 30 mL min −1 .

Cathodoluminescence (OM-CL)

Optical microscope cathodoluminescence (OM-CL) analysis was conducted using the CL8100 MK5 model by Cambridge Image Technology Ltd., coupled with a Leica DM2700P polarization optical microscope. The microscope is equipped with a high-sensitivity 12 MP Leica Flexcam C1 camera and dedicated LAS X software, enabling the acquisition of digital images in various formats.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)

FTIR spectra were collected with a portable Bruker Optics ALPHA FT-IR Spectrometer equipped with SiC Globar source and a DTGS detector. The powdered samples were analyzed using a Platinum ATR single reflection diamond module collecting 24 scans, in the 4000–400 cm −1 spectral range, with a resolution of 4 cm −1 . The spectra were processed using OPUS 7.2 software (Bruker Optics GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) and Spectragryph 1.2.15. Instrument was used in the laboratory of ISPC-CNR (Institute of Heritage Science in Sesto Fiorentino), Italy.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy

A Renishaw InVia Raman spectrometer, characterized by high resolution, was utilized in combination with a Leica DMLM microscope. The experiments involved employing a 785 nm excitation line, a 50 × long working distance objective (NA 0.5), a spectral resolution better than 1 cm −1 , and a theoretical laser spot diameter of 1.9 μm. The laser operated at a power of 80 mW, and each spectrum was acquired over a period of 5 s. Our focus was primarily on the low-to-medium region of the spectral range, specifically collecting data within the range of 100–1400 cm −1 .

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files ].

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Arch. Lucrezia Cuniglio, for the support and the collaboration for the collection of samples. Additionally, appreciation is extended to Laura Chiarantini and Tiziano Catalani for their technical assistance in the SEM-EDS analysis, as well as to Silvia Danise and Elena Pecchioni for facilitating access to OM-CL instrumentation.

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Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, 50121, Florence, Italy

Sara Calandra, Teresa Salvatici & Carlo Alberto Garzonio

Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy

Emma Cantisani, Barbara Salvadori & Fabio Fratini

Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, 20125, Milan, Italy

Claudia Conti

National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Unit of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy

Serena Barone, Lucia Liccioli & Mariaelena Fedi

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy

Serena Barone

Department of Historical Science and Cultural Heritage, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy

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S.C., E.C., C.C., M.F. designed the research; E.C., M.F., C.A.G. supervised the research project; F.F., A.A., T.S. archaeological and architectural research; F.F, E.C. collected and prepared the samples; S.C., E.C. OM, XRPD, SEM–EDS characterizations; S.C., C.C. Micro-Raman measurements; S.C., B.S. FTIR measurements; S.B., L.L., S.C. micro-sample preparation; M.F., S.B., L.L. AMS measurements and data analysis; S.C., E.C., M.F., S.B., L.L., A.A., F.F. archaeometric interpretation of results. All authors collaborated to the writing of the manuscript.

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Calandra, S., Cantisani, E., Conti, C. et al. A new multi-analytical procedure for radiocarbon dating of historical mortars. Sci Rep 14 , 19979 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70763-2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70763-2

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