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The Art Of Socratic Questioning
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Critical thinking : what every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world
Available online, at the library.
Law Library (Crown)
| Call number | Note | Status |
|---|---|---|
| BF441 .P38 1993 | Unknown |
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The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts & Tools (Thinker's Guide Library) Seventh Edition
- ISBN-10 0985754400
- ISBN-13 978-0985754402
- Edition Seventh
- Publisher The Foundation for Critical Thinking
- Publication date January 1, 2016
- Language English
- Dimensions 4.7 x 0.08 x 5.53 inches
- Print length 24 pages
- See all details
Editorial Reviews
About the author, product details.
- Publisher : The Foundation for Critical Thinking; Seventh edition (January 1, 2016)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 24 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0985754400
- ISBN-13 : 978-0985754402
- Item Weight : 0.635 ounces
- Dimensions : 4.7 x 0.08 x 5.53 inches
- #472 in Philosophy of Logic & Language
- #1,594 in Psychology (Books)
- #2,626 in Medical General Psychology
About the author
Richard paul.
As Director of Research and Professional Development at the Center for Critical Thinking and Chair of the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, Dr. Paul is an internationally recognized authority on critical thinking, with eight books and over 200 articles on the subject. He has written books for every grade level and has done extensive experimentation with teaching tactics and strategies, and devising, among other things, novel ways to engage students in rigorous self-assessment.
Dr. Paul has received four degrees and has given lectures on critical thinking at many universities in both the United States and abroad, including Harvard, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, and the universities of Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, British Columbia, Toronto, and Amsterdam. He taught beginning and advanced courses in critical thinking at the university level for over 20 years. He has been the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including Distinguished Philosopher (by the Council for Philosophical Studies, 1987), O.C. Tanner Lecturer in Humanities (by Utah State University, 1986), Lansdown Visiting Scholar (by the University of Victoria, 1987), and the Alfred Korsybski Memorial Lecturer (by the Institute for General Semantics, 1987).
His views on critical thinking have been canvassed in the New York Times, Education Week, The Chronicle of Higher Education, American Teacher, Reader’s Digest, Educational Leadership, Newsweek, and U.S. News and World Report. For more information about Dr. Paul and the work of the Center and Foundation for Critical Thinking, go to www.criticalthinking.org
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Ideas to Action (i2a)
- Paul-Elder Critical Thinking Framework
Critical thinking is that mode of thinking – about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. (Paul and Elder, 2001). The Paul-Elder framework has three components:
- The elements of thought (reasoning)
- The intellectual standards that should be applied to the elements of reasoning
- The intellectual traits associated with a cultivated critical thinker that result from the consistent and disciplined application of the intellectual standards to the elements of thought
According to Paul and Elder (1997), there are two essential dimensions of thinking that students need to master in order to learn how to upgrade their thinking. They need to be able to identify the "parts" of their thinking, and they need to be able to assess their use of these parts of thinking.
Elements of Thought (reasoning)
The "parts" or elements of thinking are as follows:
- All reasoning has a purpose
- All reasoning is an attempt to figure something out, to settle some question, to solve some problem
- All reasoning is based on assumptions
- All reasoning is done from some point of view
- All reasoning is based on data, information and evidence
- All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by, concepts and ideas
- All reasoning contains inferences or interpretations by which we draw conclusions and give meaning to data
- All reasoning leads somewhere or has implications and consequences
Universal Intellectual Standards
The intellectual standards that are to these elements are used to determine the quality of reasoning. Good critical thinking requires having a command of these standards. According to Paul and Elder (1997 ,2006), the ultimate goal is for the standards of reasoning to become infused in all thinking so as to become the guide to better and better reasoning. The intellectual standards include:
Intellectual Traits
Consistent application of the standards of thinking to the elements of thinking result in the development of intellectual traits of:
- Intellectual Humility
- Intellectual Courage
- Intellectual Empathy
- Intellectual Autonomy
- Intellectual Integrity
- Intellectual Perseverance
- Confidence in Reason
- Fair-mindedness
Characteristics of a Well-Cultivated Critical Thinker
Habitual utilization of the intellectual traits produce a well-cultivated critical thinker who is able to:
- Raise vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely
- Gather and assess relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively
- Come to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards;
- Think open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; and
- Communicate effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems
Paul, R. and Elder, L. (2010). The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts and Tools. Dillon Beach: Foundation for Critical Thinking Press.
- SACS & QEP
- Planning and Implementation
- What is Critical Thinking?
- Why Focus on Critical Thinking?
- Culminating Undergraduate Experience
- Community Engagement
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What is i2a?
Copyright © 2012 - University of Louisville , Delphi Center
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Richard W. Paul is a leading scholar in critical thinking. Since the early 1980's Paul has worked to advance the concept of fair-minded critical thinking through is work at the Center and Foundation for Critical Thinking, both of which he founded. Dr. Paul has received four degrees and has given lectures on critical thinking at many
Dr. Richard Paul. Dr. Richard Paul was Director of Research and Professional Development at the Center for Critical Thinking, and was Chair of the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking. His body of work, including eight books and over 200 articles, established him as an internationally-recognized authority on critical thinking.
the Foundation for Critical Thinking is widely used in education, at all levels of instruction, where critical thinking is to be found. It is also advanced in the current Army Field Manual for all military leadership education in critical thinking. Due largely to Paul's work and the theoretical foundations of critical thinking he developed over
critical thinking owe to his amazing scholarly and organizational skills, e.g., the 36 years of the Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform, his in-service work for hundreds of faculties, his distribution of over one million "Thinkers Guides," and his successful efforts to make critical thinking the core concept in education.
provided fuller discussions of the Paul-Elder approach to critical thinking. The model is described in several full-length books, as well as scores of booklets which they call Thinkers' Guides (e.g. Paul & Elder, 2006). Hence I will only briefly summarize their approach,
tic ques-tioning. We distinguish three general categories of Socratic questioning: spontaneous, explora. ory, and focused. Each of these modes of question-ing represents orientations one can adopt in cultivating. student thinking. All three require ski. l in questioning. All three require the instructor to pick from among a wide variety of i.
The late Richard Paul was arguably the most well-known and influential person in the history of the critical thinking movement. This reflection on and tribute to his work focuses on Paul's genius in applying his knowledge of important works in the history of philosophy to the development of a robust conception of critical thinking, one that has wide appeal, not only to philosophers, but to ...
Richard Paul changed the face and the practice of critical thinking for hundreds of thousands of educators, professionals, and reflective persons across the world. In this paper I describe Paul's goals and, briefly, some of his achievements in articulating his robust approach to critical thinking. I focus primarily on its direct orientation to practicality; its comprehensiveness, its ...
Abstract. The momentum and intensity of calls for educational reform are directly related to issues of creativity and critical thinking. The author's works on critical thinking have been written almost exclusively in terms of teaching for the "critical" rather than the "creative" dimension of thinking. This article holds the creative ...
As Director of Research and Professional Development at the Center for Critical Thinking and Chair of the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, Dr. Paul is an internationally recognized authority on critical thinking, with eight books and over 200 articles on the subject.
ABSTRACT. In this chapter I lay the foundation for a philosophy-based, in contrast to a psychology-based, approach to teaching critical thinking across the curriculum. I both lay out the general theory and provide some examples of how the theory could be used to transform classroom instruction and activities. Nevertheless, I want to underscore ...
Richard Paul, Linda Elder. Rowman & Littlefield, Jun 1, 2019 - Education - 96 pages. The Thinker's Guide to the Art of Socratic Questioning introduces readers to powerful methods of inquiry that pinpoint underlying beliefs and systems of logic. Bringing together the principles of critical thinking, Richard Paul and Linda Elder illuminate the ...
stioning and critical thinking.As you begin to ask questions in the spirit of Socrates—to dig deeply into what people believe and why they believe it—you will begin to experience greater command of your own thinking as. ell as the thinking of others. Be patient with. urself and with your students. Proficiency in Socratic questioning takes tim.
Bringing together the principles of critical thinking, Richard Paul and Linda Elder illuminate the practicality and accessibility of Socratic questioning for revealing and solving problems in thought. Teachers, students and professionals will find in this book essential questioning strategies for reasoning within any field of study or endeavor.
Responsibility Richard W. Paul ; edited by Jane Willsen and A.J.A. Binker. Edition Rev. 3rd ed. Imprint Santa Rosa, CA : Foundation for Critical Thinking, 1993.
International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform. He was just then beginning to articulate his conception of critical thinking. Later, he invited me to join him for a year in 1991-1992 as Assistant Director of the Center for Critical Thinking. During that time, we worked together on conceptualizing and articulating the central
Richard Paul is director of the Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. ... Richard Paul is director of the Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. Search for more papers by this author. First published: Spring 1992. https ...
Critical thinking (CT), or the ability to engage in purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, is widely recognized as an important, even essential, skill. ... Paul RW. Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world 1990 Santa Rosa, CA Foundation for Critical Thinking.
A Reflective Conversation with Richard Paul: Issues in Critical Thinking. December 2010. Gifted Education International 27 (2) DOI: 10.1177/026142941002700209. Authors: Michael F. Shaughnessy ...
She has developed an original theory of the stages of critical thinking development. Elder has coauthored four books on critical thinking, as well as all 23 titles found in the Thinker's Guide Library. Dr. Richard Paul was a leading proponent of critical thinking and through his work and legacy remains an international authority in the field.
Paul's work on critical thinking has been widely disseminated and features three inter-related components called the elements of reasoning, intellectual standards, and intellectual traits. Each component appears highly relevant to health education. Paul's approach is also based on natural rather than technical language which improves its ...
The Paul-Elder framework has three components: According to Paul and Elder (1997), there are two essential dimensions of thinking that students need to master in order to learn how to upgrade their thinking. They need to be able to identify the "parts" of their thinking, and they need to be able to assess their use of these parts of thinking.
Richard Paul is director of the Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. ... Richard Paul is director of the Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. Search for more papers by this author. First published: Spring 1992. https ...