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PhD programs

Take a deep dive into the topic you love with a phd, at the university of ottawa, you can:.

• Join a select community of researchers and work in state-of-the-art labs – uOttawa is ranked among the top 10 research universities in Canada.
• Study in the heart of the nation’s capital, a bilingual and multicultural setting where networks of senior stakeholders take action on major issues and influence decisions.
• Receive considerable financial support.

“One of the reasons I chose the University of Ottawa is for its multidisciplinary or multi-university thesis committees available to students in their first year of doctoral studies.”

Valérie Costanzo, LL.B., LL.M., lawyer, PhD candidate

Explore ways to finance your doctoral studies

The University of Ottawa has many scholarships or financial support options available to you. As a doctoral candidate, there is also the option to earn money while gaining valuable experience through teaching and research assistantships.

“Supervising doctoral students is a privilege: it allows for the discovery of new research challenges and for the development of sustainable relationships.”

Emmanuelle Bernheim, LL.D., PhD, Full professor, Faculty of Law, Civil Law Section

Take the next step

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Apply for admission

PhD Public Health Sciences

Creating a healthier future at the university of waterloo.

As part of the School of Public Health Sciences, you will be immersed in leading research, and gain the skills to tackle some of the biggest health concerns of today.

Besides our leading researchers, you will learn how to integrate perspectives from multiple disciplines as well as discover how to use research to design, implement, and evaluate health programs, policies and services.

Program overview 

• Transdisciplinary approach to addressing public and population health challenges in Canada and around the world
• You'll learn how to use research to improve the management and accountability of health promotion programs, and health or healthcare systems.
• PhD students in the School of Public Health Sciences can pursue a designated field to exemplify an area of expertise within their broader program. Fields include  epidemiology and biostatistics, health evaluation, health informatics, health and environment, global health, aging and health and work and health . 
• The University of Waterloo's unique Intellectual Property (IP) Rights Policy #73 grants ownership to the inventor.
• The Faculty of Health is committed to providing guaranteed funding over four years to support new domestic doctoral students as part of its PhD funding initiative. Students may also be eligible for additional scholarship and funding opportunities.
• Our alumni lead careers in research (industry, government and academia), health promotion, health planning, policy and health information analysis, research management, healthcare coordination, epidemiology, program evaluation, and other professions.
• Research-based, on campus
• 12 terms | 4 years (Full-time from Master's level)
• 24 terms | 8 years (Part-time from Master's level)
• Doctoral thesis
• Collaborative water specialization also available

Faculty research and expertise

Our research investigates and aims to solve significant local, provincial/state, national and international challenges in various areas of public health and health systems.

Learn more about our experts and their research areas →

Finding a supervisor

• A supervisor must be secured before an applicant is eligible to receive an offer of admission. Students are strongly advised to secure a confirmed supervisor before applying. Please review the  profiles of faculty members  in your areas of interest.
• Indicate your confirmed supervisor in the "requested supervisor" section of your application.
• If you do not have a confirmed supervisor, then use the "requested supervisor" section to name a supervisor with whom you would like to work.
• Before approaching a potential supervisor, check their profile and see if they are accepting new students to supervise.   Review other key topics for discussion with potential supervisors .
• Please avoid sending generic inquiries to supervisors. Students are more likely to successfully match with supervisors who share similar research interests and experiences.

Water specialization

Full- or part-time | On campus | Thesis based

Global water issues are becoming increasingly complex and often require a collaborative approach across the breadth of disciplines. The MSc Public Health and Health Systems offers a water specialization.

Facilitated by the University of Waterloo's   Water Institute , this collaborative approach provides access to more than 140 faculty members involved in water research across Waterloo's campus. The program allows you to develop   specialist expertise in public health and health systems, while matching the knowledge and skills required to communicate across disciplines and within interdisciplinary teams in the water sector. 

Find out more about graduate studies in the Collaborative Water Program →

Degree requirements →

Admission requirements

How to apply

Tuition costs

Living costs

Application deadline: feb 1.

For admission in September 

Apply today.

Our research graduate programs are highly competitive and receive far more applicants than we can accommodate. As such, we are not able to consider late or incomplete applications. For an application to be considered complete, all required documents, including academic references, must be submitted on or before the date above. You must also indicate an interested supervisor in the "requested supervisor" section of your application. We strongly recommend submitting your application no later than January 1 to allow time for document uploads and for references to be submitted by the January 15 deadline.

Considerations for international students before submitting an application:

• While the Faculty of Health at the University of Waterloo values international students in our graduate programs, we can only accept a small proportion of these students. 
• Guaranteed funding packages may not be able to cover all tuition and living expenses incurred during a graduate program and students are encouraged to understand more about the cost of completing their graduate program before applying.
• Your requested supervisor may also be required to fund your studies for your application to be successful.

Graduate student resources

• Graduate Student Handbook
• Policies and procedures
• Funding and awards
• Study and living costs
• Centre for Teaching Excellence
• Research Groups/Labs
• Graduate Students' Association
• Graduate student housing

Student stories

As part of her doctoral research,   Lesley Johnston  is investigating ways in which community well-being in Mongolia and Zambia are affected by Canadian-sponsored mining operations.

Learn more about Lesley and other students in the School of Public Health Sciences on our graduate student profile page . 

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PhD Courses in Canada

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PhD Degrees in Canada

A PhD is the highest degree awarded at global universities. Study is based on a substantial research project in an area of academic interest, typically up to 100,000 words in length, written as a thesis which must be defended in an oral examination at the end of the program. All PhD students are assigned a supervisor, and the duration of a PhD is typically three years full-time and six years part-time.

Very few research degrees feature taught modules, and as such a student is expected to take more responsibility for their work and schedule. Universities in Canada are known for their academic excellence and state-of-the-art research infrastructure, along with their support for enterprise partnerships.  

PhD Entry Requirements

Canadian institutions are free to admit anyone to a PhD program, with admission generally conditional on the prospective student having completed an undergraduate degree with at least upper second-class honours, as well as a master's degree . English language ability proof is a must, and a minimum IELTS score of 6.5 is generally required. There is usually a first-year assessment to remain in study and the thesis is submitted at the end of the completed program.

Once you have decided on an area of research and have looked into how you will fund your study, there are a number of documents required when submitting your application. They include:

• Academic transcripts
• Academic references
• Personal statement
• Research proposal

- PhD Research Proposal

A research proposal is required by all students when applying to study for a PhD. The proposal should address the research you wish to undertake, how you will do it, and why it is important. A panel of experts must accept the proposal before your program can begin.

How much does a PhD cost in Canada?

Funding and researching a PhD can be expensive. Candidates can cost between $5,000-$20,000 per year, although this is still considerably cheaper than US or UK equivalents. Dedicated scholarships can help support your PhD, and it is rare for a PhD student not to be supported by some form of bursary, grant or scholarship .

Study a PhD in Canada

If you are interested in studying a research degree in Canada, arrange a free consultation with SI-Canada today.

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How to apply for a PhD in Canada

If you are an international student planning to apply to a canadian university to study a phd, this guide will answer all the questions you might have, jens locher, .css-76pyzs{margin-right:0.25rem;} ,, shane moore, julian dierkes.

Once you’ve decided to apply for a postgraduate programme, starting the application process can often be the hardest part. If you’re planning to pursue your PhD in Canada, this guide will help you understand the application process and how to write a research proposal. 

While this guide covers the main questions that students might have around applying for a PhD in Canada, it is important to check the requirements for your university and ask the admissions team if you have any questions about the process. 

How do I apply to do a PhD in Canada as an international student?

Once you have decided to apply to a PhD programme in Canada, you can use degree databases to find which university offers PhDs in your area of interest, such as  Universities Canada or provincial bodies such as Education Planner BC . Search engines or other global commercial degree directories may also help you identify a suitable programme.

Alternatively, you could search for which faculty members conduct research in your area via publication databases and then look up the universities where they teach.

If you already know which university you are most interested in, you should look at both its departmental/programme web pages and the pages of a central graduate school if applicable.

Unlike at undergraduate level, where you can apply via a central application system, application to graduate programmes is usually targeted to each programme, which can vary across institutions.

What qualifications do I need to apply for a PhD ?

We recommend that applicants check the admissions requirements for their programme of interest.

In terms of qualities admission committees may be looking for, these will vary by subject area – for example graduate programmes in natural sciences may look for different attributes from those in the performing arts. 

Graduate students in Canada are usually expected to work independently and be self-directed. As such, applicants may want to provide evidence of how they have taken initiative and shown self-direction and perseverance. Passion, curiosity, focus, commitment, collegiality and enthusiasm are all qualities that applicants may find mentioned on programme websites.

How do I look for a PhD supervisor?

The first step would be to check with your programme of interest to see if contact with a supervisor is encouraged or required. Processes vary and some programmes assign you supervisors based on interests identified in your application, some require commitment from a supervisor prior to the application, and some may determine supervisors after some initial coursework or rotations.

If a programme requires you to contact potential supervisors, begin by researching faculty members and their research topics. Most universities, including the University of British Columbia  (UBC), have a research supervisor database where prospective students can search faculty. 

Candidates should read recent papers by potential supervisors and look for a good match between their own interests and those of the faculty member. Reading graduate student stories can also help, as applicants will be able to see current research projects students are working on, and get a sense of the faculty or programme they are looking into.

Once you have found a faculty member you would like to work with, you can reach out to them individually. Prospective students should be aware that academics often receive many such requests every week. Plan carefully who to contact and customise each message to the particular faculty member, explaining your research interests and why you are interested in working with them.

Everything you need to know about studying in Canada Everything international students need to know about student visas in Canada

How should I write my research proposal?

Your research proposal is a crucial part of your application. It gives a sense of how prepared you are to conduct research and what directions of research you’re likely to pursue. A specific proposal is more likely to impress than some general ideas.

Your research areas and interests may change once you have entered your programme, so you will not be held to the ideas you’ve proposed. However, it gives prospective supervisors a sense of how your research aligns with theirs and that of the department in general.

Be sure to stay within the word count requested, and of course it’s essential you avoid any spelling or grammatical errors. We always recommend that applicants write several iterations of their research proposal and gain feedback from friends, colleagues and, if possible, professors at each stage. When you approach previous professors for a letter of reference, it’s worth sharing your proposal to get their feedback on it.

When should I start applying?

Applicants need to meet the application deadlines, which are often a year or more in advance of the desired start date (eg apply in December to start the following September). On top of that it is important to allocate enough time to prepare and complete various steps to be able to submit a completed application in time.

International applicants will need to ensure there is enough time to take the required English language tests. Applicants should also check if they have to complete any other courses before applying and that they have enough time to collect the necessary documentation and proofread everything. 

We recommend that prospective students review application timelines for their programme of interest and then plan backwards, ensuring they have time to complete all aspects of the application. All the steps may take longer than expected, so give yourself extra time to compile the strongest possible application.

How long will the application process take?

This will depend on each university, programme and sometimes supervisor. Once you have applied, the process will probably take a further two to three months at least. At UBC, many graduate programmes close applications in December and January, with offers being made February to April as a rough guideline. Depending on subject area, applications can close as late as April or May for a September start though.

What supporting documents do I need as an international student?

In general, required supporting documents won’t be too different from those for a domestic applicant, with the exception being proof of English language ability. Examples of supporting documents could be: 

• Transcripts of all post-secondary courses/degrees previously enrolled in
• Reference letters 
• Statement of interest/research statement
• English language test scores
• Depending on programme, test scores or portfolio

Many institutions allow applicants to apply with scans of their transcripts initially. However, once applicants receive an admission offer they will usually have to submit official copies, which may include translations for international applicants. 

International applicants are encouraged to familiarise themselves with other details, such as study permit procedures, work opportunities and health insurance. While not required for the application itself, these are important considerations for which to plan and budget if the application is successful.

Do I have to pay for my PhD application?

Most universities in Canada will charge an application fee. At UBC, the application fee for international applicants is CAD$168.25. UBC automatically waives these fees for applicants from countries identified among the world’s 50 least developed nations. Other universities in Canada may have similar measures in place, so be sure to check this.

Other than application fees, students should make a financial plan that incorporates tuition and living costs, as well as checking what financial aid you could be eligible for and which scholarships are available for international students. 

What would be your top pieces of advice for an international student applying for a PhD?

Deciding to go to graduate school is a big decision and often a difficult one if you do not have a clear understanding of what it will be like. It is important to go to graduate school for the right reasons, including:

• Being interested in a given field.
• Desiring to be part of an intellectual or professional community.
• Gaining qualifications for career progression.
• Acquiring expertise to change sector or professional area.
• Gaining experience and entry requirements for an academic career.

Also, it is important to think about where you would like to study. Location and lifestyle can make a significant difference. Think about how this will affect your life, and importantly, is it a place where you could live in the future?

Regarding being successful in the process, preparation is key. Most universities provide a lot of information on their websites about the process and how to prepare strong applications. Make use of these resources, take the time to read the advice and treat the application itself as an opportunity to show that you possess key qualities faculty members are looking for, such as paying attention to detail, and writing ability. 

• Shane Moore is marketing and recruitment manager at the University of British Columbia .
• Julian Dierkes is associate dean of funding at graduate and postdoctoral studies, and assistant professor, school of public policy and global affairs at the University of British Columbia .
• Jens Locher is assistant dean, strategic technologies and business initiatives at the University of British Columbia .

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Why Study Ph.D. in Canada?

Overview of ph.d. programs in canada, list of top 5 universities to pursue phd programs in canada, eligibility criteria & admission requirements to study phd in canada, cost of studying phd in canada for international students, top 5 ph.d. scholarships in canada for international students, job opportunities after pursuing ph.d. in canada.

Did you know every year, Canada welcomes over 80,000 international students eager to dive into the world of cutting-edge research and pursue their PhD dreams? With world-renowned universities, groundbreaking innovation, and a supportive research environment, Canada has become a magnet for aspiring academics from around the globe.

But navigating the path to a Ph.D. in Canada can feel like trekking through an unfamiliar forest. Well, breathe easy, future Dr.! This comprehensive guide is your compass, ready to clear the path and lead you on a smooth journey to securing your PhD spot in Canada. Let’s begin!

The journey to a Ph.D. is about pushing boundaries, delving deep into your field, and making a splash in the world of knowledge. But where you choose to start on this exciting quest matters. Let's find out why Canada is your ideal destination for pursuing a PhD program.

• Canada ranks 13th in the Global Innovation Index 2023 , boasting top-notch research facilities and a collaborative environment.
• With 19 universities among the top 200 in QS World University Rankings 2024 , Canada boasts a stellar track record of producing research superstars.
• With over $4 billion invested in health research annually , Canada offers generous funding opportunities for qualified PhD students.
• Completing your PhD grants you valuable Canadian experience and opens doors to permanent residency , making it a strategic investment in your future career.
• With a 12% job growth rate predicted for clinical research professionals, and competitive salaries averaging over $65,000 per year , Canada offers rewarding opportunities to put your expertise to work.

Explore: Is It Worth Moving to Canada from India?

Canada stands as a beacon for pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, offering a diverse range of programs across various disciplines. Here's a comprehensive overview of PhD programs in the Great White North.

Canada is home to world-renowned institutions that offer exceptional Ph.D. programs across diverse disciplines. Here are the top 5 universities known for their excellence in research and academic prowess.

1. University of Toronto

As Canada's leading institution, the University of Toronto consistently ranks among the top global universities. With a robust commitment to research, it provides a conducive environment for pursuing a PhD across a multitude of fields.

2. University of British Columbia (UBC)

The University of British Columbia is acclaimed for its innovative research and academic excellence. Its picturesque Vancouver campus attracts scholars from around the world. UBC offers a wide range of PhD programs with a focus on interdisciplinary research.

3. McGill University

Situated in the vibrant city of Montreal, McGill University is renowned for its research-intensive programs. With a diverse and inclusive academic community, McGill provides an excellent platform for pursuing a PhD with global recognition.

4. McMaster University

McMaster is known for its strong emphasis on research and discovery. Located in Hamilton, Ontario, McMaster offers a collaborative environment for doctoral candidates, fostering innovation and critical thinking.

5. University of Montreal

The University of Montreal, a French-language institution, is a hub for cutting-edge research. With a strong emphasis on interdisciplinary studies, it offers a dynamic platform for pursuing a Ph.D. in a vibrant academic setting.

Pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Canada is a rewarding endeavor, but it requires meeting specific eligibility criteria and fulfilling admission requirements. Here's a breakdown of what aspiring PhD candidates need to consider.

• Educational Qualifications: Candidates must hold a relevant master's degree from a recognized institution. Some programs may accept exceptional candidates with an outstanding bachelor's degree.
• Research Proposal: A well-crafted research proposal outlining your intended area of study is often a crucial part of the application. This should highlight your research goals, methodology, and expected contributions to the field.
• Academic Transcripts: Submit comprehensive academic transcripts from all previous institutions attended. These transcripts should demonstrate a strong academic record, particularly in relevant courses.
• Letters of Recommendation (LOR) : Provide letters of recommendation from professors or professionals who can attest to your academic and research capabilities. These letters should emphasize your potential for successful doctoral research.
• Language Proficiency: Demonstrate proficiency in English or French, depending on the language of instruction at your chosen institution. Most universities accept scores from language proficiency tests such as IELTS or TOEFL. (TOEFL - Overall 107/20, IELTS - Overall 7.5)
• CV/Resume: Submit a detailed curriculum vitae (CV) or resume highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, publications, and any relevant work experience.
• Statement of Purpose (SOP) : Craft a compelling Statement of Purpose detailing your motivation for pursuing a Ph.D., your research interests, and how the program aligns with your career goals.
• Entrance Exams: While not universally required, some programs may mandate standardized entrance exams, such as the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or discipline-specific exams.
• Portfolio of Research Work: If applicable, include a portfolio showcasing your previous research work, publications, or projects. This can strengthen your application and demonstrate your research capabilities.
• Interview: Be prepared for an interview, either in-person or virtually, where you may discuss your research proposal, academic background, and motivation for pursuing a PhD.
• Proof of Financial Support: Some institutions may require proof of financial support to ensure you can cover your tuition and living expenses throughout the duration of your PhD program.

Note: It's crucial to carefully review the specific requirements of the chosen university and PhD program, as these may vary.

Understanding the comprehensive cost of studying for a PhD in Canada enables international students to plan their finances effectively. Here's a breakdown of the financial considerations.

1. Tuition Fees

Tuition fees for Ph.D. programs in Canada vary by institution and program. On average, international students can expect to pay between 8,000 CAD to 16,000 CAD per year. This cost is influenced by factors such as the university's reputation and the field of study.

2. Living Expenses

The cost of living in Canada also varies based on the city and lifestyle. As a general estimate, international students should budget around 15,000 CAD to 20,000 CAD per year for accommodation, food, transportation, and other personal expenses.

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3. Health Insurance

International students are required to have health insurance coverage in Canada. The cost of health insurance varies, and international students should budget approximately 600 CAD to 1,000 CAD per year for this mandatory expense.

4. Books and Supplies

Ph.D. programs often entail additional expenses for books, research materials, and supplies. International students should allocate around 1,000 CAD to 2,000 CAD annually for these academic resources.

5. Miscellaneous Fees

Institutions may charge miscellaneous fees covering services like access to recreational facilities, student unions, and other campus resources. This can range from 500 CAD to 1,000 CAD per year.

Canada offers a plethora of prestigious scholarships for international PhD students. Here are some notable options that can pave the way for your doctoral journey

1. Ontario Trillium Scholarship (Western University)

Administered by Western University, this scholarship provides substantial financial support for international PhD students, covering tuition and living expenses.

Scholarship Amount: 40,000 CAD/year, renewable for up to 4 years.

2. University of Alberta Graduate Entrance Scholarships

A one-time award for outstanding international PhD candidates entering the University of Alberta. While not renewable, it provides a significant boost to initial finances.

Scholarship Amount: 21,000 CAD, cannot be renewed.

3. Doctoral Scholarship at the University of Montreal

Designed for doctoral candidates at the University of Montreal, this scholarship offers financial assistance for the first year, with the option for renewal for a second year.

Scholarship Amount: 7,000 CAD, renewable once.

Also, read: Best PhD Scholarships for Indian Students Abroad

4. 4-Year Doctoral Fellowship - University of British Columbia

This prestigious fellowship at the University of British Columbia supports international Ph.D. students with a substantial stipend and full coverage of tuition fees throughout the 4-year program.

Scholarship Amount: 18,200 CAD (annual stipend), covers full tuition fees for up to 4 years.

5. Graduate Entrance Scholarship - University of Windsor

Awarded to exceptional international PhD candidates entering the University of Windsor, this scholarship provides financial support for the first year, with the possibility of renewal for three additional years.

Scholarship Amount: 7,500 CAD, renewable for up to 4 years.

Note: Before applying, ensure you thoroughly review the specific eligibility criteria, application requirements, and renewal conditions for each scholarship.

Completing a Ph.D. in Canada not only signifies academic achievement but also opens doors to diverse and rewarding career opportunities. Here are some compelling job prospects for Ph.D. graduates in Canada.

Take off Your Dream Career in Canada with GetGIS

Starting a PhD journey in Canada is a transformative experience, offering academic excellence, diverse research opportunities, and a welcoming environment. Remember that thorough planning and guidance are essential for a successful academic and immigration journey. Navigating visa applications, work permits, and residency options can be complex. That's where GetGIS comes in.

GetGIS stands as a reliable partner in your quest for a seamless transition to Canada. Our dedicated team understands the nuances of the Canadian immigration landscape and is poised to guide you through every step. Don’t wait!

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Frequently Asked Questions

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School of Graduate Studies

Management, phd, program overview.

The Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto is home to Canada’s premier management doctoral program, one of the top-ranked PhD programs in the world. The Rotman PhD program is a growing, vibrant, and intellectually rich environment for those interested in developing new insights in management. This close-knit community of scholars value and celebrate insightful, breakthrough research. ​

The PhD program offers specialization in seven fields:

• Business Economics
• Operations Management
• Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management
• Strategic Management

Quick Facts

“U of T prepared me well for my future career.”

Your PhD in Administration

PhD in Administration

Applications for Fall 2024 will be accepted between August 15 th , 2023 and December 8 th , 2023.

We strongly encourage all those considering applying to the Schulich PhD in Administration or those seeking more information to first watch the helpful ‘Schulich PhD in Administration Program Overview and Application Tips Information Session’  for the Fall 2024 intake.

The Schulich doctorate comprises four tightly linked phases of study: coursework to acquire in-depth knowledge of your field of study; a comprehensive examination to demonstrate your mastery of the subject matter; defense of a formal research proposal; and a dissertation.

From the outset of the PhD program, you are invited to start thinking about the direction of your research. Scholarly development through the presentation and publication of papers with professors and other students is a cornerstone of the program.

Want to learn more?

View all program details, view course offerings, application tips and faqs, meet our students.

“My time at Schulich has truly been one of the best experiences of my life. I have so many fond memories of how vibrant the research culture was and how incredibly generous the professors, fellow students, and staff were - and frankly, still are - with me.” Marie-Agnès Parmentier, PhD 2009 Associate Professor, Marketing, HEC Montreal

Explore our PhD Specializations.

At Schulich, our expertise in various specialized areas of study will help you meet your unique career objectives and give you a competitive career advantage.

• Operations Management & Information Systems
• Organization Studies
• Strategic Management
• Sustainability

Career Opportunities

Prepare for a stimulating career in academic teaching and research. Graduates from this rigorous program of study contribute to the knowledge and global practice of business through tenure stream positions at leading universities in Canada, the U.S. or abroad.

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Phd program details by category, admission requirements, requirement checklist.

• Exceptional candidates with a bachelor’s degree may be considered.
• Masters degrees in Business (MBA’s) from South Asia may require further academic qualifications for consideration.
• A degree certificate will be required if the transcript does not indicate graduation or completion from a program.

• Acceptable scores on all measures of the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) or the Graduate Record Examination taken in the last five years.
• While we do not have a minimum GMAT or GRE cut-off, it is recommended that candidates present a competitive score of 650 and above in the GMAT or 320 and above in the GRE.
• To send your scores for these tests to us please use the following codes: GMAT code Z75-X8-80 or GRE code 5697
• Prior research experience is strongly recommended.
• The online application requires: essays (written), an updated résumé and 3 recommendations. Copies of transcripts, GMAT or GRE scores, and language proficiency test scores (if applicable) may be uploaded to facilitate the initial review process. Note that unofficial documents are sufficient at the application stage.

The PhD program is offered on a full-time basis only. Full-time studies start in September of each year.

The Fall 2024 PhD Application portal will open on August 15 th , 2023.

Fall 2024 Application Deadline: December 8, 2023

Please complete all sections (personal information, education, program of study, payment) of the online application and upload all supporting documentation (e.g. Curriculum Vitae, Scanned Transcripts, Unofficial GMAT or GRE results, and proof of English Proficiency – TOEFL or IELTS (if applicable) by the deadline date. Hard copies of supporting documents are not required at the time of application. Official transcripts and official copies of test scores are only required once an offer of admission is made.

Admissions Decision:  March 2024

For additional admissions information and/or questions about the application process, contact the Schulich PhD Admissions team through our Graduate Enquiry Form. 

View PhD Program Details    Apply Now!

Tuition & Fees

For information on PhD fees, please see York University’s Graduate Student Fees table.

To learn more about the funding offered to PhD students please review PhD Financial Assistance.

Students entering Schulich’s PhD program may expect to receive $30,000 (domestic) and $43,000 (international) each year, up to five years. This funding is guaranteed, provided that students remain in good standing, show satisfactory progress in their work, maintain full-time status and fulfill the expected requirements. If a student defends his/her dissertation proposal before September 15 in his/her fourth year (i.e. start of term 10), he/she is eligible to receive an additional $2000 in year four. Funding in years one through three is tied to a research assistantship. Details are available from the PhD program.

In addition, students will have opportunities to pursue special awards through Schulich and York University and options for working on and off campus. For full details click below.

Financial Aid for PhD Students

Study Options

The PhD must be taken on a full-time basis for the first two years of study. To remain eligible for funding, students must maintain their full-time status.

Available delivery options

• Full-time 48 to 72 months

Location(s)

• Keele Campus Toronto

The requirements to successfully complete the program are outlined below in “Curriculum Overview.”

Curriculum Overview

Candidates for the PhD degree must complete studies in one of the following major fields: Accounting, Organizational Studies, Finance, Marketing, Strategic Management, or Operations Management and Information Systems. They must also complete a series of methodological courses relevant to that major field.

 Learn more about PhD Course Types 

Coursework only accounts for one of four phases in the PhD program. For a more detailed overview of the PhD program’s four broad phases of study, view program requirements (below)

The courses you take are dependent on your particular program of study and research interests. To see which courses are required for your area of interest, view specializations (below) .

To browse all of our course offerings, view current PhD course offerings or visit our Course Catalog .

Coursework is intended to prepare students to carry out leading-edge research in their major field. A student’s coursework plan is developed in consultation with the faculty member from the student’s field who has been assigned as an advisor.

Students entering the PhD program without an MBA degree are required to do a number of Schulich MBA 1 Required Foundations of Management Core Courses.

Students must complete the following course requirements:

• A core of courses designed to support necessary methodology training
• A minimum of four courses in the major field
• A minimum of two electives in topics related to the major field, approved by the PhD program coordinator in the candidate’s major field of study.

These courses will normally be chosen from those offered at the 7000-level at the Schulich School of Business. With permission, some may be chosen from those offered at the graduate level by other graduate programs or at other academic institutions.

Comprehensive Examination

Each student must pass a comprehensive examination before proceeding to formal work on her or his dissertation. Comprehensive examinations are designed to demonstrate competence and knowledge in the field. The examination is set and administered by the faculty within the student’s major field.

The Faculty regards the comprehensive examination as a pivotal point for deciding whether students should be allowed to proceed with their studies or be encouraged to withdraw from the program.

Dissertation Proposal and Oral Defence

Candidates must prepare a written proposal to conduct original dissertation research carried out under the supervision of a supervisory committee and must defend this to the satisfaction of the thesis supervisor and members of the committee.

Dissertation and Oral Examination

Candidates must prepare a dissertation based on original research carried out under the supervision of a supervisory committee and submit the results in appropriate dissertation form. After the formal submission of the dissertation, an oral examination is held. It is expected that all or part of the dissertation will be published following professional or scientific review.

The Schulich School of Business continues to accelerate in its commitment to research excellence across all functional and program areas and through thriving interdisciplinary initiatives within Schulich and beyond. Fundamental to our success in advancing knowledge and understanding in business has been the continued recruitment of researchers of the highest distinction and calibre.

Browse our PhD specializations for faculty profiles by academic area.

Teaching & Learning Online

Program faculty members

Professor of Strategy and International Business; Pierre Lassonde Chair in International Business; Area Coordinator, Strategic Management

Professor of Strategic Management; Executive Director, York Change Leadership (YCL)

Professor of Finance; Bob Finlayson Chair in International Finance

Professor of Marketing; Kraft Foods Canada Chair in Marketing

Professor of Sustainability Accounting; Erivan K. Haub Chair in Business & Sustainability

Professor of Marketing; Director, PhD Program

Professor of Entrepreneurship and Strategic Management

Associate Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems; York Research Chair in Managing AI-Driven Technologies in Health Care

Professor of Finance

Professor of Public Policy and Sustainability; Director, BBA/iBBA Programs

Professor of Accounting

Professor of Strategic Management

Professor of Marketing; Associate Dean, Research; Anne & Max Tanenbaum Chair in Entrepreneurship and Family Enterprise

Professor of Marketing

Associate Professor; Ann Brown Chair in Organization Studies

Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems; Program Director, Master of Supply Chain Management

Professor of Accounting; Associate Dean, Students; Ron Binns Chair in Financial Reporting, Banking and Governance

Associate Professor of Finance

Professor; RBC Chair in Social Innovation & Impact; Area Coordinator, Sustainability

Program Director, MBA in Technology Leadership; Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems; Special Advisor, AI & Business Analytics

Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems; CPA Ontario Chair in International Entrepreneurship; Co-director of Entrepreneurial Studies

Associate Professor; York Research Chair in Stigmatization and Social Identity

Professor of Strategy; Scotiabank Chair in International Business and Entrepreneurship

Professor of Finance; Scotiabank Chair in International Finance

Associate Dean, External Relations; Canada Research Chair (Tier II); Professor of Marketing

Program Director, Master of Marketing; Associate Professor of Marketing

Canada Research Chair in Supply Chain Management (Tier 1); Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems

Associate Professor of Organization Studies; Area Coordinator, Organization Studies

Associate Professor of Organization Studies

Professor of Finance; Area Coordinator, Finance

Professor of Strategic Management; Newmont Endowed Chair in Business Strategy

Associate Professor of Organization Studies; Associate Dean, Academic

FCA, FCPA (Ontario); Professor of Accounting; Area Coordinator, Accounting

Marketing Area Coordinator; Associate Professor of Marketing

Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems; Director, Master of Business Analytics; Director, Master of Management in Artificial Intelligence

Program Director, Master of Management; Associate Professor of Organization Studies

Associate Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems

Assistant Professor of Supply Chain Analytics

Assistant Professor of Operations Management and Information Systems

Assistant Professor of Finance

Student Research

Select a PhD specialization to learn more about recent student research, publication and placement.

Application FAQs and Tips

1. how do i apply.

Start by creating a profile in our online system . Once you submit your profile page, check your email to create a password for your application. It may take up to 15 minutes for the email to arrive. Save that email for reference, as it also contains the permanent link to the application portal. You will then be able to begin your application and upload your documents.

2. How much does it cost to apply?

The application fee is $150CAD payable online with any major credit card.

The PhD program does not offer application fee waiver.

3. Do you offer application fee waivers?

4. when will a decision be issued.

Applications will be reviewed following the application deadline. Decisions will be made in March/April.

5. Do I need to send in official documents?

Official documents are not required at the application stage .

You can apply with unofficial documents that are scanned and uploaded to your application. Please ensure all information on scanned documents is clear and legible. The grading scale or legend must be included with the uploaded transcript for each institution; this information is often found on the back or at the end of the transcript. Unofficial test results must be submitted with your application. Required test results need to be submitted prior to the application deadline to be considered.

Official documents are only required following an admissions decision. If admitted to the program, final official transcripts must be submitted before the term start date (early September). Official transcripts and test results must be mailed or emailed directly from the issuing institution.  If my mail:

Graduate Recruitment & Admissions, Room W263B Seymour Schulich Building Schulich School of Business – York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto, Ontario Canada, M3J 1P3

** If the institutions that you have attended provide Official Transcripts in digital format, you may arrange with your institutions to send the official transcripts directly to us via email to [email protected] . (Note: Only transcripts received directly from the institutions are considered official.)

For questions on admission on conditions, please visit http://futurestudents.yorku.ca/admission-conditions

6. Which part of the application is most important?

We take a holistic approach during the application review process and all components of the application are thoroughly reviewed. There is no particular weight assigned to any of the components in the application.

7. Is there a word limit to the essay questions?

No, there is no word limit for the essays.

Applicants are required to provide a written statement in the “Essays” section of the application. This is the statement where you will describe your motives for pursuing PhD studies. Your statement of intent should include:

1) your specific research interests 2) why you have selected your chosen field 3) your career plans

We suggest to provide responses to the questions that equals 1-2 pages in length.

8. Is the GMAT or GRE a mandatory requirement and can this be waived?

Yes, the GMAT or GRE is mandatory.

GMAT or GRE is a requirement of the program and cannot be waived.

All applicants are required to complete the GMAT or the GRE if they wish to be eligible for admission, regardless of their academic or professional profile.

9. What is minimum competitive GMAT or GRE score?

While we do not have a minimum GMAT or GRE cut-off, however, it is recommended that candidates present a competitive score of 650 and above in the GMAT or 320 and above in the GRE.

10. What are the minimum scores required on the acceptable English language tests?

The following minimum scores are acceptable for admission consideration:

11. Can the English language test requirements be waived?

If you have studied full-time at a university where the language of instruction and examination were English for at least 1 year you will not be required to submit an English proficiency test score.

Please note that your official university transcripts or supporting documentation from the university must state the degree was taught in English .

12. Is a supervisor identified before or after admission? Is admission conditional upon securing a supervisor?

Applicants are not required to secure a supervisor before applying to the PhD program.

Your supervisor is typically identified after admission and admission is not conditional upon securing a supervisor. However, we encourage our applicants to connect with our area representatives (see PhD program specializations) to discuss research interests and learn more about each area.

13. Can I use professional references instead of academic references?

You will enter your information into Step 7 of the application form. Full details can be found within the application. Please choose referees, or recommenders, who are most familiar with your potential as a scholar and researcher.

General guidelines for choosing your referees:

• Referees are typically research professors, or others who are able to comment on your scholarly and educational goals.
• Referees should know you well and be able to attest to your past performance, potential, and qualifications for completing a Ph.D. in business and a scholarly career.
• Referees who have served as a research supervisor or a similar role are most preferred.
• Referees cannot be relatives or friends. Schulich cannot offer advice on the suitability of your referee – only you can decide who will best represent you.
• Referee information should be complete, and references should be submitted on time to meet the program deadline.
• Referees must complete the online reference form, recommendation letters will not be accepted.

14. How much is tuition and what financial aid opportunities are available?

For information on PhD fees, please see York University’s Graduate Student Fees table.

View Graduate Program Fees Structure FAQs

Please visit our PhD Financial Assistance page for more information on financial support and scholarships available to full-time doctoral students.

15. I don’t have my GMAT/GRE score yet. Can I complete and submit my application now and then take the GMAT or GRE and submit the score later?

Yes, but you will need to indicate your scheduled GMAT or GRE test date in the initial stages of your application. Also keep in mind that the PhD application must be submitted by the application deadline (December 8th, 2023 for the Fall 2024 intake) and the GMAT or GRE score must be received no later than December 15th, 2023. If the GMAT/GRE is not received by that date, the application will be eliminated from consideration.

16. I have read the information above but have a question I can’t find the answer to. Who can I contact?

Please connect with the PhD admissions team here: https://schulich.yorku.ca/admissions/connect-with-us/grad-inquiry/

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Canada Graduate Scholarships — Doctoral program

Description

Agency-specific doctoral awards, eligibility, program of study, application procedures, application deadlines, selection process, indigenous student researchers, black student researchers, selection criteria, san francisco declaration on research assessment, notification of results, conditions of the award, official languages, related opportunities.

The objective of the Canada Graduate Scholarships — Doctoral (CGS D) program is to promote continued excellence in Canadian research by rewarding and retaining high-calibre doctoral students at Canadian institutions. By providing support for a high-quality research training experience to awardees, the CGS D program strives to foster impacts within and beyond the research environment.

The Canada Graduate Scholarships — Doctoral (CGS D) program is a federal program of scholarships administered by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). Scholarships are awarded through national competitions by these three granting agencies.

The CGS D program supports and promotes research excellence in a wide variety of disciplines and broad fields of natural sciences and engineering, health and social sciences and humanities, including interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research. This support allows scholars to concentrate on their doctoral studies more fully, to seek out the best research mentors in their chosen fields and to contribute to the Canadian research ecosystem during and beyond the tenure of their awards.

In addition to the CGS D, each agency has its own doctoral awards.

For all three agencies, only one application must be completed and submitted to be considered for both a CGS D award and either an agency-specific doctoral award (for NSERC/SSHRC applications) or any available doctoral Priority Announcements (for CIHR applications). CGS D awards are then offered for the top-ranked eligible applications in each agency’s competition.

CIHR applicants who intend to hold their doctoral award abroad need to apply to the Doctoral Foreign Study Award (DFSA ) program.

Some eligibility requirements for CGS D differ from those of the agency-specific doctoral awards. Refer to the appropriate literature for NSERC , CIHR and SSHRC for further details as well as information on doctoral awards tenable at foreign institutions.

Consult the eligibility flowchart to confirm your eligibility.

To be eligible to apply, you must

• be a Canadian citizen, a permanent resident of Canada or a Protected Person under subsection 95(2) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada) as of the application deadline
• have completed no more than 24 months of full-time study in your doctoral program or the PhD portion of your joint professional undergraduate/PhD program (such as MD/PhD, JD/PhD, DVM/PhD) by December 31 of the calendar year of application if previously enrolled in a graduate program
• direct-entry applicants who are not enrolled in their doctoral program should contact the appropriate agency for further guidance.
• if you have not previously completed or enrolled in another graduate program, you must be enrolled in your joint MD/PhD program at the time of application
• if you fall into this category, you have access to the 36-month window whether or not you were previously enrolled in a master’s program

Note: If you are eligible to apply to the Canada Graduate Scholarships – Master’s (CGS M) program, you may be able to maximize your potential period of funding by applying to the CGS M program for your first year of doctoral funding instead of the CGS D program. You are responsible for choosing the type of award for which you apply. See Other restrictions below for more information.

Number of months

Eligibility for CGS D is based on the number of months of full-time study, including summer months, toward the degree for which you are requesting funding by December 31 of the calendar year of application . Two terms of part-time study count as one term of full-time study.

Note: The agencies count all studies toward the doctoral degree for which funding is requested, whether or not they were completed in the same program or at the degree-granting institution.

Fast-track and joint programs

Fast-track: If you were registered in a master’s program and subsequently transferred to a doctoral program (fast-track), the months of study completed are calculated starting from the date on which you transferred into the doctoral program.

Joint programs: If you are registered in a joint program and a master’s degree is obtained as part of the program (for example, MA/PhD, MSc/PhD), the months of study are calculated starting from the date on which you officially registered in either portion of the joint program (including the master’s portion of the program).

If you are registered in a joint professional undergraduate/PhD program (such as MD/PhD, JD/PhD, DVM/PhD), only the months of study in the PhD portion will be counted.

Other restrictions

• You can submit a maximum of one scholarship or fellowship application per academic year to either NSERC, CIHR or SSHRC. Should more than one application be submitted, the eligible application submitted first chronologically will be retained. Nominations to the Vanier CGS program and applications to the Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships program do not count toward this limit (other exceptions may apply to CIHR internships)
• You cannot have already received a doctoral-level scholarship from NSERC, CIHR or SSHRC (does not apply to CIHR Fellowships)
• You cannot hold a tenure or tenure-track appointment or be on leave from such an appointment concurrently with your CGS D award

An eligible doctoral program must include a significant research component that leads to the completion of a thesis, major research project, dissertation, scholarly publication, performance, recital and/or exhibit that is merit/expert-reviewed at the institutional level as a requirement for completion of the program.

Joint programs with a professional degree (for example, MD/PhD, DVM/PhD, JD/PhD, MBA/PhD), as well as clinically oriented programs of study , including clinical psychology, are eligible if they have a significant autonomous research component as described above.

For programs that include arrangements with universities abroad (for example, exchanges or cotutelles), your primary institution must be an eligible Canadian institution.

Selecting the appropriate agency

You should complete the agency application that is best aligned with your research subject matter to ensure that it is reviewed by experts in disciplines closest to your field(s) of study. For more information, refer to  Selecting the appropriate federal granting agency . If you are still unsure after consulting this resource, contact the relevant agencies.

To complete the application process, refer to the appropriate agency’s application website and instructions.

NSERC: Online system and instructions CIHR: ResearchNET and instructions SSHRC: Online system and instructions

Your application must be complete to advance in the competition.

Where to submit an application

You must apply either through a Canadian institution or directly to the appropriate agency, depending on your registration status on the application deadline date and/or your registration status during the calendar year of application. Where you intend to hold the award has no impact on the channel through which you must apply. Failure to submit an application through the correct channel will result in your application being rejected .

To determine the correct channel, you must

• determine your registration status for the calendar year of application
• determine if that institution has a  quota  for your selected agency
• refer to the chart and supporting information in the three-page document,  Where should I submit my application?  

If you are unsure of your registration status in the calendar year of application, contact your faculty of graduate studies (or its equivalent).

The term “quota” refers to the maximum number of applications an institution can forward to each agency’s national competition. Institutions receive separate quotas from each agency ( NSERC , CIHR and SSHRC ).

Late applications will not be accepted.

Institution deadlines

If you are applying through an institution, you must submit your application by the deadline set by the institution, which may be well in advance of the agency deadline.

For more information about institutional deadlines, you should contact your faculty of graduate studies (or its equivalent).

Agency deadlines

If you are eligible to apply directly to one of the agencies (consult the three-page document: Where should I submit my application? ), you must submit your application using the appropriate agency application portal before 8:00 p.m. (ET) on October 17. If the deadline falls on a weekend, applications can be submitted the following business day before 8:00 p.m. (ET).

Institutional review

The faculty of graduate studies (or its equivalent) at each Canadian institution is responsible for coordinating the institutional evaluation of CGS D applications. Institutions then submit applications according to their  quotas  to each agency for consideration.

Agency review

Agency review committees evaluate applications (whether sent directly to the agencies or via the institutions).

Institutions may recommend applications from self-identified Indigenous student researchers to the doctoral awards competition beyond their application quota. Self-identified Indigenous student researchers must agree to their personal information being used for this purpose by making the appropriate selection in the application form.

The Government of Canada has deployed additional funds to  increase direct support for Black student researchers . CGS D applicants who self-identify as Black and provide consent to be considered for funds targeted toward specific groups may be selected to receive this funding. Each agency has a limited number of additional CGS D awards reserved for this initiative.

For more information, consult the Frequently asked questions about the new Black scholars funding .

The evaluation of CGS D applications, whether by institutions or the agencies, is based on the following criteria:

In 2019, NSERC, CIHR and SSHRC, along with other Canadian research funding agencies, signed the  San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) . The agencies are committed to meaningful assessment of excellence in research funding and to ensuring that a wide range of research results and outcomes are considered and valued as part of the assessment process. They will continue to work to ensure that their strategies, policies and guidance align with DORA.

You will be notified of the results by April 30 if your application was submitted to the agencies directly or via your institution.

The agencies will publish the names (and other basic award information) of scholarship recipients on their respective websites.

For more information, see the Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act .

Award holders must comply with the policies and guidelines set out in the Tri-agency research training award holder’s guide and in any other documents related to scholarship applications and awards.

The agencies reserve the right to interpret and enforce the policies and guidelines for their funding opportunities set out in their published materials.

Award holders may be eligible to hold their awards part time. Refer to the Tri-agency research training award holder’s guide for further information.

You may submit your application in the official language of your choice; institutions must have mechanisms in place to review both English and French applications. For concerns about the review of applications in the official languages, applicants and institutions may contact the agencies.

CGS D holders may be eligible for:

• Canada Graduate Scholarships—Michael Smith Foreign Study supplements
• Canada Graduate Scholarships to Honour Nelson Mandela
• SSHRC supplements and related initiatives
• NSERC supplements
• CIHR related initiatives

For further information, contact the appropriate agency:

NSERC [email protected]

CIHR contact centre [email protected]

SSHRC [email protected]

Top 10 PhD Scholarships In Canada!

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You're in for an academic journey if you've decided to pursue a PhD and the maple leaf is calling your name. With its stunning scenery and welcoming, multicultural communities, Canada is more than simply a destination to study—it's a place where your research aspirations can come true. We're exploring the world of PhD scholarships in Canada in this blog, which is meant to serve as a resource for all of you intelligent people looking for the ideal chance to establish yourself in Canadian academia. 

Why Study PhD in Canada?

Ever wondered why so many folks choose Canada for their Ph.D. journey? Well, let's spill the tea on that! Here are some cool reasons why students pick the Great White North for their study abroad:

1. Top-Notch Universities : Canada houses some of the coolest universities globally, and many of them rock the charts in the top 100.

2. Work Perks : Now, this is a game-changer! In Canada, PhD students not only get paid during their studies (score!), but they can also hustle up to 10 hours a week. And guess what? After you complete your PhD, you get a shot at staying for up to 3 more years with a post-graduation work permit. Talk about levelling up your game!

3. Budget-Friendly Vibes : Let's be real – PhD adventures in countries like the US or the UK can put a dent in your wallet. But fear not, pursuing a PhD won't break the bank in Canada. Tuition fees range from a sweet CAD 6,000 to 30,000, making it a pocket-friendly option compared to some other academic hotspots. Adding to that, students can find a plater of PhD scholarships in Canada for international and domestic students.

If you’re keen to know more about why you should pursue a PhD, here are some great advantages of getting a PhD in 2024!

PhD Funding in Canada 

Canada, being the second-largest country globally, flaunts its impressive size, including a lake bigger than Denmark, Scotland, and Switzerland. Now, let's connect the dots to PhD scholarships in Canada. Canada's vastness, split into provinces and territories, brings nuances to funding. Student loans, mainly for citizens or residents, play a role. With 10 provinces shaping their educational policies, funding options vary among universities. While international doctoral fees are often higher, some universities opt for fairness, charging the same for everyone. Notably, certain institutions establish a baseline funding standard, ensuring every PhD student receives minimum support. Explore our guide for a deeper dive into PhD scholarships in Canada!

Universities that offer PhD Scholarships in Canada: 

1. university of alberta scholarships.

Award Grant: CA$ 21,000 (an additional CA 10,000 for international students) Offered By: University of Alberta Deadline: March 28, 2024 Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

This is one of Canada's best PhD scholarships. Due to its numerous funding alternatives, the University of Alberta, which was established in 1908, is a well-liked option for international students. PhD candidates can get a large CA$ 21,000 stipend through the Graduate Entrance Scholarship, which is open to master and doctorate candidates.. International applicants will also get an additional CA$ 10,000 to help with tuition. Good news: this year, applicants from a wide range of nations will not need to take the IELTS exam. Be quick—the scholarship deadline differs depending on when you are admitted. Come experience an engaging academic adventure with us at U of A!

Eligibility requirements for this PhD scholarship in Canada:

• You have to be admitted in Jan 2024, May 2024, July 2024 and Sept 2024
• You have to be newly admitted in one of the above-mentioned terms in a doctoral program
• You must have a GPA of 3.7 or higher 
• You have to be a full-time student

2. University of Waterloo Scholarships  

Award Grant: $10,000

Offered By: University of Waterloo Deadline: Depends on your course, check out here Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

This is considered one of the best PhD scholarships in Canada for international students. Ranked 8th as the Best Global University in Canada, the University of Waterloo is a top choice for students worldwide. Offering fully funded PhD scholarships in Canada, including the University of Waterloo Graduate Scholarship worth up to $10,000, the perks extend to the International Master’s Award of Excellence, valued at $2,500 per term for a maximum of 6 terms. Deadlines vary by program, so check for yours and seize the opportunity to make your academic journey exceptional!

• You have to take a full-time program.
• Your cumulative average must be at least 80% or first class in your current program.
• You will be nominated by the department based on your allocation of funds.

3. University of Saskatchewan Scholarships

Award Grant: CA$ 20,000 Offered By:  University of Saskatchewan Deadline: Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full-time

Discover excellence at the University of Saskatchewan, a leader in collaborative research and Canada's top for water research. Deemed among the finest fully funded PhD scholarships in Canada. Recognised as an outstanding PhD scholarship in Canada, you can unlock opportunities with the fully funded University of Saskatchewan Graduate Scholarship, available for all international master's and Ph.D. students. Here's the kicker: PhD candidates can snag up to CA$ 20,000 over 36 months. No extra paperwork – once you're in, your academic achievements and financial needs automatically put you in the running for this fantastic scholarship!

• You must have a cumulative of 80% grade point average 
• You should have completed your masters in a relevant study field form a well known university

Amberscholar September 2024 Edition is Here!

4. mcgill university scholarships in canada.

Award Grant: CA$ 3,000 annually Offered By: McGill University Deadline: Canadian students can apply by  27 Sept, other applicants have to apply by 24th Aug. Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

Join the ranks of excellence at McGill University, placed at #31 globally by QS World University Rankings 2023. Striving for accessibility, McGill provides scholarships for international students across undergraduate, master's, and Ph.D. programs. Specifically for Ph.D. aspirants, there are modest bursaries to ease financial burdens. Act promptly, as scholarship deadlines align with your admission schedule. Make your mark at McGill – where world-class education meets support for your academic journey! This stands out as a leading PhD scholarship in Canada.

• Enrolled full-time at the University
• Apply for and accept maximum government student aid
• Maintain satisfactory academic standing
• Show financial need

5. Montreal University Fully Funded Scholarship

Award Grant: CA$ 21,593.35 annually Offered By: Montreal University Deadline: 1st February 2024 Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

This holds a distinguished position as one of the top fully funded PhD scholarships in Canada. Meet the University of Montreal, the second-largest in Canada with 36,000 students. The UdeM Exemption Scholarship opens doors for global students, ensuring access to a top Canadian research hub. Open to all international students in undergrad, master's, or PhD programs, the Montreal University Scholarships offer up to CA$ 21,593.35 annually. 

• International student (not Canadian citizen or resident)
• Admitted to full-time program at UdeM
• Meet the academic requirements of the university and chosen program

Want to know more about PhD in Canada? Here’s a guide that tells you all! Dive into more university and scholarship options using this guide on PhD In Canada .

Top 5 Scholarships to Study in Canada

1. vanier canada graduate scholarships.

Award Grant: CAD 50,000 Offered By: the Canadian Institutes of Health Research [CIHR], the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council [NSERC] and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council [SSHRC]) Deadline: 1 November 2023 Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

Considered one of the elite PhD scholarships in Canada, the Vanier CGS program wants awesome doctoral students! They're all about helping those with leadership skills and excellent academic achievements in social sciences, humanities, natural sciences, engineering, and health. Here's the cool part: Vanier encourages you to explore beyond where you got your last degree. If you're a smart cookie in social sciences, humanities, natural sciences, engineering, or health, the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships might just be waiting for you! Time to step into the world of research with Vanier!

• Nominated by a Canadian institution with a Vanier CGS quota
• Pursuing first doctoral degree (only eligible for PhD part of combined degree)
• Completed less than 20 months of doctoral studies by May 1, 2024
• Maintained a first-class average in two years of full-time study

2. The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarships

Award Grant: CAD 40,000 per year to cover tuition and reasonable living expenses and CAD 20,000 per year as research and travel allowance Offered By:   Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation  Deadline: December 1, 2023 at 5:00 p.m. EST Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

Many students highly respect this PhD scholarship in Canada, which is considered to be among the best. International students studying in Canada through the University of Waterloo may apply for the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarships. For people now enrolled in two- or three-year PhD studies in social science or the humanities, there is a chance. Your doctoral research ought to be connected to topics such as responsible citizenship, human rights, Canada and the world, or people and their natural environment. The scholarship comes with a pretty sweet package: CAD 20,000 for research and travel, plus CAD 40,000 for tuition and living expenses annually. 

• Enrolled or accepted into a full-time doctoral program, expecting to finish studies in 2027 or later.
• Studying humanities or human sciences relevant to Canada's future.
• Doctoral work linked to Foundation's Themes: Human Rights, Citizenship, Canada in the World, and Natural Environment.
• Canadian citizen or non-Canadian in a Canadian doctoral program.

3. Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships  

Award Grant: CAD 70,000 Offered By: (CIHR, NSERC and SSHRC) Deadline: September 20, 2023 (20:00 EDT) Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

This PhD scholarship in Canada is for both Canadian and international students who are doing amazing research in healthcare, natural science, social science, and economics for their PhD. The deal? Well, the Canadian university is giving out funds to 70 lucky students, and they get a sweet CAD 70,000 each. Keep in mind it's taxable, and you get this support for two years. It's like a boost for your awesome research journey! 

• Non-Canadian citizens must hold Banting Fellowship at a Canadian institution.
• Canadians who earned their degree abroad must have Fellowship in Canada.
• Canadians who earned their degree in Canada can choose Canadian or foreign institution for their Banting Fellowship.

4. Ontario Trillium Scholarship

Award Grant: CAD 40,000  Offered By: Government bodies Deadline: November 24 for the year of 2024-25 Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

The Ontario Trillium Scholarship (OTS) is Ontario's way of helping international Ph.D. students financially. The Ontario Trillium Scholarship is acknowledged as one of the most esteemed PhD scholarships in Canada. Since 2010, this initiative has been supporting scholars with a 2/3 government to 1/3 institution funding setup. Each year, 15 Ontario Trillium Scholarships go to Ph.D. students at the University of Toronto. Eligible universities in Ontario pick candidates based on program criteria and merit. The scholarship lasts four years and gives partial funding for a PhD in any subject at Ontario's top universities. To qualify, you need to be an international student, good in English, not currently in an Ontario school, and have a strong academic record.

• International student with a Canadian student visa.
• Proficient in English during application.
• Intent to join a full-time doctoral program.
• Cannot hold other Canadian scholarships, like QEII-GSST, UW Provost.
• Willing to enroll in an Ontario university's doctoral program.
• Minimum 8.0 average in a full-time master’s degree.
• Not completed a degree in Ontario post-application.
• Not currently a student in Ontario.

5. Ontario Graduate Scholarship

Award Grant: CAD 5,000 per term Offered By: Province of Ontario and the University of Toronto Deadline: January 31 for the year 2024-25 Type of Scholarship: Merit-based Duration/Time Period: Full time

This is acclaimed as a standout PhD scholarship within the Canadian context. The Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) program is all about cheering on awesome graduate students in Ontario's universities. Since 1975, OGS has been giving out merit-based scholarships to the brightest minds across all academic fields. At U of T, this scholarship team-up is powered by both the Province of Ontario and the University of Toronto. The Province shares OGS awards with universities, saying how many each can give their students every year. If you've been to one of Ontario's universities, whether you're from there or from afar, OGS is there to support you in any subject you're passionate about!

• Enrolled in a full-time graduate program in Ontario.
• Academic excellence with at least an A- average.
• Must be in a master's or doctoral program for 2 or 3 years.
• Canadian citizen, permanent resident, or international student with a valid study permit.
• Submit an OGS application by the university's deadline.

To sum it up, fully funded PhD scholarships in Canada open doors to diverse academic journeys. From financial aid to research opportunities, these scholarships not only support your studies but also fuel your passion for exploration and knowledge. Canada welcomes you to a world of educational excellence and promising research endeavours! 

Now that you are looking for Scholarships for PhD in Canada, you should know the best university you can apply to, right? To help you out, here are the 10 best universities in Canada .

Frequently Asked Questions

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PhD in Canada: Guide for International Students in 2024

Pursuing a PhD in Canada can open the door to several academic, professional and personal opportunities. Canada is known for its excellent education system and world-class research facilities, making it an ideal destination for those seeking advanced degrees in their field of choice.

In the first two quarters of 2023, Canada has issued over 96,000 study permits for Indian students. Typically, over 22,000 international studies carry out their doctoral studies in Canada. This number is expected to increase in 2024 as more international students decide to pursue their PhDs in Canada.

Table of Contents

Is PHD in Canada Worth it?

• What is the PhD. Fees in Canada?

What are the general eligibility requirements for PhD programs in Canada?

What are the career opportunities after getting phd from canada, how to apply for phd in canada, what are the best universities in canada for phd, let’s get you into top phd courses in canada.

Pursuing a PhD in Canada gives you the opportunity to be part of an innovative and progressive research environment. Canadian universities typically offer research-based doctoral programmes which last between four to six years. Unlike the American model, which starts with a year or two of taught classes and exams before settling on a thesis topic, Canada’s PhD curriculum is much more grounded in extensive research.

The top seven reasons to pursue this degree in Canada include

1. Access to Top-Notch Research Opportunities:

With its world-class universities and academic institutions, Canada offers a wealth of research opportunities for international students.

2. Cost-Effective Tuition:

Tuition fees for PhD programmes in Canada are generally lower than those of other countries typically ranging from $ CAD 6,000 to 20,000 annually. Universities also offer generous stipends, assistantships and other benefits to PhD students.

3. Quality Education:

Canadian universities provide excellent educational opportunities for international PhD students and offer many diverse fields of study. In contrast to master’s and bachelor’s degree holders, PhD graduates in Canada experience lower levels of unemployment and higher earnings.

4. Supportive Learning Environment:

Canadian universities are known for providing a supportive learning environment for students, making it easy to explore interests and conduct your own research.

5. Professional Career Opportunities:

Pursuing a PhD in Canada can open the door to many potential job opportunities both inside and outside the country. When it comes to career paths outside of academia, PhDs are predominantly finding jobs in private industry – more specifically an estimated 20-25% of recent graduates.

6. Quality of Life:

Canada is a country known for its high quality of life with affordable housing, excellent healthcare, and beautiful outdoors. International PhD students in Canada can take advantage of these benefits while pursuing their studies.

7. Cultural Diversity:

Canada is a diverse country and provides international students with an opportunity to learn about different cultures, lifestyles and languages. With access to world-renowned universities, top-notch research facilities, and plentiful funding opportunities, pursuing a PhD in Canada is well worth the investment. Once you’ve been through this article, you may decide on Canada as opposed to say a PhD in the UK .

What is the Ph.D. Fees in Canada?

Canada is a fairly affordable choice for international students. There are various scholarships and funding opportunities available to help offset the costs of tuition, living expenses, and other related expenses. Tuition fees for a PhD in Canada vary depending on several factors including but not limited to: research field, school, programme duration and student status (international versus domestic).

Here’s a quick look at the list of PhD programme fees of the top 10 universities:

For a more detailed view, with rankings, see this table:

Admission requirements for PhD programmes in Canada vary by institution and subject, but there are some general eligibility requirements. Prospective applicants must possess a Master’s degree in the same subject for admission to any doctoral programme. Besides this, the other general eligibility requirements for PhD in Canada are

It’s common to be asked for your Grade Point Average (GPA) when applying to a Canadian doctoral programme while submitting your academic transcripts. To get accepted into one of these programmes, applicants need at least a 3.0 GPA or higher. Students must also show that they have taken advanced courses in their field of study.

Graduate Admissions Tests

Universities and graduate schools use scores from the Graduate Records Examination (GRE) or Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) to assess potential students’ aptitude for higher learning. Requirements can change between universities, so be sure to do your research beforehand.

Language Requirements

Depending on your chosen province of study, a Canadian Doctoral degree can be attained in either English or French. While the majority of universities teach primarily in English, those located within Quebec for example may offer instruction exclusively in French.

If you are a native speaker or have already studied the language at the university level, that should be enough to meet the criteria. Otherwise, you must take and pass a language test before submitting your application as part of its requirements.

Work Experience

Having some experience in the field you are applying to can be beneficial, although it’s not always mandatory. Admissions committees may want to know that students have relevant work experience or volunteer activities in their chosen field prior to applying for a doctoral programme in Canada.

Research Statement

Applicants for PhDs are usually required to show a strong interest in research through their statement of purpose or a research proposal. This is an important part of the application process and should detail why you are applying for the programme, what you hope to gain from it, and your future goals. Having a good research statement can help strengthen your application.

Your resume should include the following information: academic achievements, work experience, extra-curricular activities, and awards. It’s important to provide an accurate and detailed description of your qualifications so that admissions committees can get a better idea of who you are and what you bring to the table.

Canadian universities may conduct a PhD interview as an assessment of your application and capability, or simply to become more acquainted with you. You must be prepared to answer questions about your chosen field and research, experience, interests and career aspirations. It is best to research potential topics of discussion before attending such an interview and practice as best you can.

Admission to a doctoral programme in Canada requires two or three academic references from previous professors or employers, who can be contacted for a reference only after you have received their permission. Ensure that your references are aware of their role in the application process so they can provide the most honest and accurate assessment of your abilities and knowledge.

Reaching Out to Potential Supervisors

Potential PhD students should research possible dissertation supervisors and acquaint themselves with the research areas of their prospective Schools prior to applying. This allows them to understand the type of research they would be expected to undertake and make an informed decision. Finally, make sure that you meet all the deadlines for your application and keep a track of all the documentation you are sending. This will help ensure that you submit a complete and accurate application package.

In Canada, a PhD degree can open the doors to a number of exciting career opportunities. With an advanced research-based degree under your belt, you can expect to find employment opportunities in areas such as teaching and research at universities or research institutes. You may pursue an academic career in the public or private sector, or use your knowledge to launch a successful business venture.

With the right qualifications and experience, you can also find work in areas such as policy analysis, consulting, communication and media, government departments and non-profit organisations. There is also the potential to work abroad, either in academia or for Canadian-based multinational companies.

PhD holders in Canada can expect to earn an average salary of $97,500 per year or $50 per hour. New entrants into the job market could bring home a minimum annual income of $58,032; whereas those with experience may draw up to as much as $128,975 annually.

After completing their doctoral studies at a Canadian designated learning institution , international students may take advantage of the post-graduation work permit (PGWP) or a work visa which grants them the opportunity to stay in Canada for up to three years.

If you would like to work in Canada after acquiring your PhD, make sure to apply within 180 days of earning it. The fee is CAD $255 (USD $200), and the application can be done online through a process that usually takes around 100 days. Students are allowed to obtain gainful employment during this period as long as they hold a valid study permit.

Through the Post-Graduate Work Permit (PGWP) programme, you can gain employability experience that will help you meet the eligibility criteria for Canada’s Experience Class programme and qualify as a permanent resident.

TC Global provides a range of services catering to applicants interested in pursuing a PhD in Canada full-time or part-time.

Our experienced team can help you with:

• 1. Finding the best university and programme that fits your needs, interests, and qualifications
• 2. Preparing and submitting an impressive application package
• 3. Arranging online and face-to-face interviews
• 4. Reviewing documents, such as transcripts and academic records
• 5. Finding financial aid and scholarship options
• 6. Guiding you through the immigration process and securing a student visa
• 7. Offering pre-departure support

TC Global’s team of professionals in the field of higher education, have detailed knowledge of the Canadian admission process to help you get into an accredited Canadian PhD programme of your choice. We provide comprehensive and end-to-end counselling and support services to help you make a successful transition to pursue a PhD in Canada.

Canadian universities offer top-notch doctoral programmes spanning a wide range of disciplines. The best universities in Canada for PhD depend on the individual student’s needs and interests, but some of the most prestigious universities include

1: The University of Toronto

Source: University of Toronto

The University of Toronto (U of T) is a renowned pioneer in both teaching and research, with deep roots entrenched across Canada and the world. In only ten years, its entrepreneurs have secured over $1.5 billion in investments while creating more than 500 prospering start-up businesses. As one of North America’s leading study destinations, U of T draws students from over 170 countries worldwide.

What students say: “U of T encourages students to look at the world as a practical laboratory to apply new ideas and explore different avenues.” Jasmeet Journalist, Activist, Recent Alumna

Why study PhD at this school?

U of T continues to make a global impact with the innovative ideas, contributions and inventions of its diverse community of more than 640,000 graduates. The AUTM (Association of University Technology Managers) recognizes U of T as an esteemed frontrunner for invention licensing, options and research-based startups. PhD students are encouraged to explore opportunities to apply their research in the real world, and U of T’s five campus clusters ensure interdisciplinary collaborations between researchers, innovators and entrepreneurs.

Eligibility

The eligibility requirements to pursue a PhD from the University of Toronto are:

• To be considered, you must possess a Master’s degree from an accredited university in Canada or other recognized universities with an A-level grade or equivalent.
• English language proficiency scores such as IELTS, PTE or TOEFL are mandatory.

Admission process & Fees

Students can apply via the University of Toronto School of Graduate Studies   online admissions application . The application fee is $125, CAD. The fee for PhD students starts at $28,970.

Scholarship options

The university offers a range of scholarships, fellowships and grants for international students. Some of these include

• 6T6 Industrial Engineering 50th Anniversary Award in Healthcare Engineering
• Acres Productive Technologies Inc. – Joseph Yonan Memorial Fellowship
• Al and Hannah Perly Graduate Student Scholarship
• Alan H. Weatherley Graduate Fellowship in Environmental Leadership

2: University of British Columbia

Source: University of British Columbia

The University of British Columbia is a top-tier institution committed to producing exceptional graduates with values rooted in global citizenship. Through their rigorous courses and research, they strive to create an environment that promotes civil progress and sustains the well-being of people not only from BC but across Canada, as well as worldwide.

What students say: “I have been exposed to a world of cutting-edge research, and it has been very rewarding. Boluwatife Awonaike PhD Student, Environmental Science

UBC is consistently acknowledged as one of the top 20 public universities worldwide for its cutting-edge research and teaching. Over $1.5 billion has been invested into UBC’s infrastructure and facilities in recent years from government sources, non-profits and industry partnerships. Researchers at UBC file 250 patents on average annually.

The eligibility requirements to pursue a PhD from UBC are:

• The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Academic version with a minimum overall score of 6.5, and no individual component scoring lower than 6.0. Scores from other English proficiency tests are accepted as well.
• Students will require a credential or degree that is similar to the standard of education required in Canada at the Master’s level. All applicants must exhibit excellent academic performance and research potential as demonstrated by grades, academic awards or publications.

Aspiring PhD students can apply online on the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies website. The tuition fee for a PhD programme at UBC typically costs around CA $19,700 per year.

UBC offers a wide range of scholarships, fellowships and bursaries to help support students during their academic journey. Some of the prominent awards are:

• The Public Scholars Initiative
• Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships
• Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships
• The Killam Postdoctoral Fellow Research Prize

3: McGill University

Source: Wikipedia

As one of the world’s most renowned universities and Canada’s premier institution of higher learning, McGill University is home to over 30% of international students from more than 150 countries. It is famous for its research excellence and strong emphasis on experiential learning.

McGill offers an enriching experience with world-class professors, innovative teaching methods, and exciting research opportunities.

At McGill, the average entering grades are among the highest in Canada. The university’s dedication to excellence has enabled its students to win more awards than those at any other Canadian institution – both nationally and globally. McGill University currently has over 698 postdoctoral scholars pursuing research in various disciplines.

The eligibility criteria for the PhD programme are as follows:

• Master’s degrees with a CGPA of at least 3.0 out of 4.0 at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
• International students must submit an IBT (Internet-Based Test) results with a written score of at least 25; a reading, writing and listening score of not less than 20. Alternatively, they can also submit IELTS (International English Language Testing System) results with a band score of 7.5 or greater (Academic module)

To apply for this course, students fill out the application online and pay a non-refundable PhD programme deposit of $300 which will be credited towards tuition. Students must upload all required supporting documents and ensure they follow the instructions for transcripts and letters of recommendation references . The international student fee for doctoral programmes starts at around $17,000.

International students can explore scholarships such as the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships, Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships and University Research Awards. Additionally, McGill offers a number of scholarships including

• Trudeau Foundation Doctoral Scholarship
• Tomlinson Doctoral Fellowships
• Weston Fellowship
• Arbour Foundation – Scholarship for study in Computer Science, Engineering, and Management

4: McMaster University

Since 1887, McMaster University has been an innovative leader in teaching and research. We are dedicated to inspiring curiosity, inquiry and discovery both inside and outside the classroom. Our revolutionary approaches to learning have recently earned us international recognition when we were presented with the coveted Global Teaching Excellence Award by the Higher Education Academy of the United Kingdom.

McMaster University is not only one of the top universities in Canada but also an international leader – consistently ranking within the world’s Top 100. According to Times Higher Education’s 2024 World University Rankings, it placed 103rd out of over 1,800 institutions.

McMaster University is devoted to providing its students with the highest calibre of education, as well as offering global opportunities for experiential learning through international collaborations and various programmes. With this fulfilling vision in mind, they have set out to guarantee that all individuals within their community receive invaluable hands-on experience

Aspiring PhD candidates need to fulfil the following eligibility requirements:

• A master’s degree with an average rating of B+ or higher (or equivalent)
• For certain subjects, a GMAT score of no less than 600 or an equivalent GRE (Graduate Records Exam) scores with at least 80% in the Quantitative Reasoning section is required.
• To demonstrate your English language proficiency, you must submit a certified TOEFL or IELTS score. These scores will remain valid for two years after the test date.

All students must submit a preliminary application which helps the university determine whether or not they qualify to submit a formal application. Qualifying candidates will receive an application link from the university and would be required to pay a $110 CAD fee. The fee for international PhD students starts at $6,307.20 per year

PhD students can apply for scholarships such as:

• Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS)
• Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
• Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)

5: University of Montreal

Source: University of Montreal

By studying at the renowned University of Montreal (UdeM), you get to discover one of the most acclaimed university cities in the world – Montréal! This bilingual and multicultural city is celebrated for its diversity, merging North American ingenuity with an undeniable European grace. With UdeM, experience an unparalleled academic journey with an emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches.

The University of Montreal is one of Canada’s leading research institutions, attracting over $600 million in funding annually. With this substantial amount of funds, it has become a hub for groundbreaking and innovative discoveries within the university setting.

The University of Montreal is home to several renowned laboratories, including the world-renowned MILA research centre – a leader in deep learning; IRIC, one of the most productive institutions in immunology and cancer research; and CRDP – Canada’s premier public law research centre. These units are at the cutting edge of innovation within their respective fields, pushing boundaries with ground-breaking discoveries.

To be admitted as a doctoral student, candidates must:

• Have a degree that adequately prepares them for their chosen area of study or show proof of equivalent education with a score of 3.2 out of 4.3 or the equivalent.
• Show mastery in French or English (and any additional languages deemed essential to their study) to demonstrate aptitude for research.

 Admission process & Fees

Students can submit one application per admissions cycle and fill out the online application form here . The fee for international students starts at around $19,000 per year.

Some of the scholarship options include:

• Doctoral Scholarships Université de Montréal (UdeM) and the China Scholarship Council
• The fast-track Master’s to PhD programme scholarship

We understand that applying for a PhD is an important career decision and can be a stressful process. With so many universities and PhD programmes in Canada, it can be overwhelming to find the right one for you. You want to make sure that you are getting into a top-ranked programme with generous scholarship options, but don’t have the time or resources to research all of your options.

At TC Global , we simplify international education, learning, and mobility through connecting students, universities, and a global community on a single platform where there are over 1000+ education providers and over 80,000+ courses.

Our platform enables students to study anywhere in the world in just a few steps. From search and discovery and finding the right course fit for you, to applications, visas, and departure – we see you through it all. We can help get you zero in on Canada’s best PhD courses.

To move forward with us, download our app or visit  tcglobal.com  and sign in to create an account on our student platform and onboard with us in quick, easy steps.! 🚀

Then simply set up a visit Calendly.com/tcglobal to pick a Relationships Team closest to you and choose a slot to meet with a Relationship Member.

You May Also Like

• PhD in UK for Indian Students: Guide for 2023
• Top 10 PhD Scholarships in Canada for Indian Students in 2023
• Scholarships in UK For Indian Students: In-Depth Guide for 2023

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• Use a username that is a name that is otherwise offensive, vulgar or obscene or otherwise unlawful.

TC Global reserves the right to refuse registration of, or cancel a User Name at its sole discretion. You are solely responsible and liable for activity that occurs on your account and shall be responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your TC Global password. You shall never use another user's account without such other user's prior express permission. You will immediately notify TC Global in writing of any unauthorized use of your account, or other account related security breach of which you are aware.

You represent and warrant that if you are an individual, you are of legal age to form a binding contract, or that if you are registering on behalf of an entity or a minor, that you are lawfully authorized to enter into, and bind the entity or yourself (as the legal guardian of the minor) to, these Terms of Use and register for the Service. The Service is not available to individuals who are younger than 10 years old. TC Global may, in its sole discretion, refuse to offer the Service to any person or entity and change its eligibility criteria at any time.

You are solely responsible for ensuring that these Terms of Use are in compliance with all laws, rules and regulations applicable to you and the right to access the Service is revoked where these Terms of Use or use of the Service is prohibited and, in such circumstances, you agree not to use or access the Site or Services in any way.

If you use a mobile device, please be aware that your carrier's normal rates and fees, such as text messaging and data charges, will still apply. In the event you change or deactivate your mobile telephone number, you agree that you will update your account information on the Services within 48 hours to ensure that your messages are not sent to the person who acquires your old number.

All Content, whether publicly posted or privately transmitted, is the sole responsibility of the person who originated such Content. TC Global cannot guarantee the authenticity of any Content or data which users may provide about themselves. You acknowledge that all Content accessed by you using the Service is at your own risk and you will be solely responsible and liable for any damage or loss to you or any other party resulting therefrom. For purposes of these Terms of Use, the term "Content" includes, without limitation, any location information, video clips, audio clips, responses, information, data, text, photographs, software, scripts, graphics, and interactive features generated, provided, or otherwise made accessible by TC Global on or through the Service. Content added, created, uploaded, submitted, distributed, posted or otherwise obtained through the Service by users, including Content that is added to the Service in connection with users linking their accounts to third party websites and services, is collectively referred to as, "User Submissions" .

TC Global Content

The Service contains Content specifically provided by TC Global or its partners and such Content is protected by copyrights, trademarks, service marks, patents, trade secrets or other proprietary rights and laws, as applicable. You shall abide by and maintain all copyright notices, information, and restrictions contained in any Content accessed through the Service.

Subject to these Terms of Use, TC Global grants each user of the Site and/or Service a worldwide, non-exclusive, non-sub licensable and non-transferable license to use, modify and reproduce the Content, solely for personal, non-commercial use. Use, reproduction, modification, distribution or storage of any Content for other than personal, non-commercial use is expressly prohibited without prior written permission from TC Global, or from the copyright holder identified in such Content's copyright notice, as applicable. You shall not sell, license, rent, or otherwise use or exploit any Content for commercial (whether or not for profit) use or in any way that violates any third party right.

User Submissions

We may use your User Submissions in a number of different ways in connection with the Site, Service and TC Global's business as TC Global may determine in its sole discretion, including but not limited to, publicly displaying it, reformatting it, incorporating it into marketing materials, advertisements and other works, creating derivative works from it, promoting it, distributing it, and allowing other users to do the same in connection with their own websites, media platforms, and applications ("Third Party Media") . By submitting User Submissions on the Site or otherwise through the Service, you hereby do and shall grant TC Global a worldwide, non- exclusive, royalty-free, fully paid, sub licensable and transferable license to use, copy, edit, modify, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display, perform, and otherwise fully exploit the User Submissions in connection with the Site, the Service and TC Global's (and its successors and assigns') business, including without limitation for promoting and redistributing part or all of the Site (and derivative works thereof) or the Service in any media formats and through any media channels (including, without limitation, third party websites and feeds). You also hereby do and shall grant each user of the Site and/or the Service, including Third Party Media, a non-exclusive license to access your User Submissions through the Site and the Service, and to use, edit, modify, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works of, display and perform such User Submissions in connection with their use of the Site, Service and Third Party Media. For clarity, the foregoing license grant to TC Global does not affect your other ownership or license rights in your User Submission(s), including the right to grant additional licenses to the material in your User Submission(s), unless otherwise agreed in writing with TC Global.

You represent and warrant that you have all rights to grant such license to us without infringement or violation of any third party rights, including without limitation, any privacy rights, publicity rights, copyrights, contract rights, or any other intellectual property or proprietary rights.

You understand that all information publicly posted or privately transmitted through the Site is the sole responsibility of the person from whom such Content originated; that TC Global will not be liable for any errors or omissions in any Content; and that TC Global cannot guarantee the identity of any other users with whom you may interact in the course of using the Service.

You should be aware that the opinions expressed in the Content in User Submissions are theirs alone and do not reflect the opinions of TC Global. TC Global is not responsible for the accuracy of any of the information supplied in User Submissions or in relation to any comments that are posted.

You should bear in mind that circumstances change and that information that may have been accurate at the time of posting will not necessarily remain so.

When you delete your User Submissions, they will be removed from the Service. However, you understand that any removed User Submissions may persist in backup copies for a reasonable period of time (but following removal will not be shared with others) or may remain with users who have previously accessed or downloaded your User Submissions.

Rules and Conduct

As a condition of use, you promise not to use the Service for any purpose that is prohibited by these Terms of Use. You are responsible for all of your activity in connection with the Service.

Additionally, you shall abide by all applicable local, state, national and international laws and regulations and, if you represent a business, any advertising, marketing, privacy, or other self-regulatory code(s) applicable to your industry.

By way of example, and not as a limitation, you shall not (and shall not permit any third party to) either (a)take any action or (b)upload, download, post, submit or otherwise distribute or facilitate distribution of any Content on or through the Service, including without limitation any User Submission, that:

• belongs to another person and to which the user does not have any right;
• is defamatory, obscene, pornographic, pedophilic, invasive of another's privacy, including bodily privacy, insulting or harassing on the basis of gender, libelous, racially or ethnically objectionable, relating or encouraging money laundering or gambling, or otherwise inconsistent with or contrary to the laws in force;
• is harmful to a minor;
• infringes any patent, trademark, copyright or other proprietary rights;
• violates any law for the time being in force;
• deceives or misleads the addressee about the origin of the message or knowingly and intentionally communicates any information which is patently false or misleading in nature but may reasonably be perceived as a fact;
• impersonates another person;
• threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states, or public order, or causes incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence or prevents investigation of any offence or is insulting other nation;
• contains software virus or any other computer code, file or program designed to interrupt, destroy or limit the functionality of any computer resource;
• is patently false and untrue, and is written or published in any form, with the intent to mislead or harass a person, entity or agency for financial gain or to cause any injury to any person.

Additionally, you agree not to:

• contact anyone who has asked not to be contacted, or makes unsolicited contact with anyone for any commercial purpose, specifically, contact any user to post an advertisement on a third party website or post any advertisement on behalf of such user; or to "stalk" or otherwise harass anyone;
• make any libelous or defamatory comments or postings to or against anyone;
• collect personal data about other users or entities for commercial or unlawful purposes;
• use automated means, including spiders, robots, crawlers, data mining tools, or the like to download or scrape data from the Site, except for internet search engines (eg. Google) and non-commercial public archives (e.g. archive.org) that comply with our robots.txt file;
• post Content that is outside the local area or not relevant to the local area, repeatedly post the same or similar Content, or otherwise impose unreasonable or disproportionately large loads on our servers and other infrastructure;
• attempt to gain unauthorized access to computer systems owned or controlled by TC Global or engage in any activity that disrupts, diminishes the quality of, interferes with the performance of, or impairs the functionality of, the Service or the Site.
• use any automated device or software that enables the submission of automatic postings on TC Global without human intervention or authorship (an "automated posting device" ), including without limitation, the use of any such automated posting device in connection with bulk postings, or for automatic submission of postings at certain times or intervals; or
• Any Content uploaded by you shall be subject to relevant laws and may disabled, or and may be subject to investigation under appropriate laws. Furthermore, if you are found to be in non-compliance with the laws and regulations, these terms, or the privacy policy of the Site, we may terminate your account/block your access to the Site and we reserve the right to remove any non-compliant Content uploaded by you.

TC Global does not guarantee that any Content or User Submissions (as defined above) will be made available on the Site or through the Service. TC Global has no obligation to monitor the Site, Service, Content, or User Submissions. However, TC Global reserves the right to (i) remove, suspend, edit or modify any Content in its sole discretion, including without limitation any User Submissions at any time, without notice to you and for any reason (including, but not limited to, upon receipt of claims or allegations from third parties or authorities relating to such Content or if TC Global is concerned that you may have violated these Terms of Use), or for no reason at all and (ii) to remove, suspend or block any User Submissions from the Service. TC Global also reserves the right to access, read, preserve, and disclose any information as TC Global reasonably believes is necessary to (i) satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or governmental request, (ii) enforce these Terms of Use, including investigation of potential violations hereof, (iii) detect, prevent, or otherwise address fraud, security or technical issues, (iv) respond to user support requests, or (v) protect the rights, property or safety of TC Global, its users and the public.

Technical Failures

It is possible that you may face disruptions, including, but not limited to errors, disconnections or interferences in communication in the internet services, software or hardware that you have used to avail our Service. TC Global is not responsible for such factors in the disruption or interruption in the Service and you take full responsibility with complete knowledge for any risk of loss or damages caused due to interruption of services for any such reasons.

Advertisements, Third Party Sites and Services

Some of the TC Global Services are supported by advertising revenue and may display advertisements, promotions, and links to third-party websites. You hereby agree that TC Global may place such advertising and promotions on the TC Global Services or on, about, or in conjunction with your Content. The manner, mode and extent of such advertising and promotions are subject to change without specific notice to you.

The Service may permit you to link to other websites, services or resources on the Internet, and other websites, services or resources may contain links to the Site. When you access third party websites, you do so at your own risk. These other websites are not under TC Global's control, and you acknowledge that TC Global is not responsible or liable for the content, functions, accuracy, legality, appropriateness or any other aspect of such websites or resources. The inclusion of any such link does not imply endorsement by TC Global or any association with its operators. You further acknowledge and agree that TC Global shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such Content, goods or services available on or through any such website or resource.

Termination

TC Global may terminate your access to all or any part of the Service at any time, with or without cause, with or without notice, effective immediately, which may result in the forfeiture and destruction of all information associated with your membership. If you wish to terminate your account, you may do so by contacting us at [email protected] till we develop the procedure on the website and apps. Any fees paid hereunder are non-refundable. All provisions of these Terms of Use which by their nature should survive termination shall survive termination, including, without limitation, ownership provisions, warranty disclaimers, indemnity and limitations of liability.

Warranty Disclaimer

Save to the extent required by law, TC Global has no special relationship with or fiduciary duty to you. You acknowledge that TC Global has no control over, and no duty to take any action regarding: which users gain access to the Service; what Content you access via the Service; what effects the Content may have on you; how you may interpret or use the Content; or what actions you may take as a result of having been exposed to the Content.

You release TC Global from all liability for you having acquired or not acquired Content through the Service. The Service may contain, or direct you to websites containing, information that some people may find offensive or inappropriate. TC Global makes no representations concerning any Content contained in or accessed through the Service, and TC Global will not be responsible or liable for the accuracy, copyright compliance, legality or decency of material contained in or accessed through the Service and cannot be held liable for any third-party claims, losses or damages.

You release us from all liability relating to your connections and relationships with other users. You understand that we do not, in any way, screen users, nor do we inquire into the backgrounds of users or attempt to verify their backgrounds or statements. We make no representations or warranties as to the conduct of users or the veracity of any information users provide. In no event shall we be liable for any damages whatsoever, whether direct, indirect, general, special, compensatory, consequential, and/or incidental, arising out of or relating to the conduct of you or anyone else in connection with the Services, including, without limitation, bodily injury, emotional distress, and any damages resulting in any way from communications or meetings with users or persons you may otherwise meet through the Services. As such, you agree to take reasonable precautions and exercise the utmost personal care in all interactions with any individual you come into contact with through the Service, particularly if you decide to meet such individuals in person. For example, you should not, under any circumstances, provide your financial information (e.g., credit card or bank account numbers) to other individuals.

THE SITE, SERVICE AND CONTENT ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", "AS AVAILABLE" AND ARE PROVIDED WITHOUT ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES IMPLIED BY ANY COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE, ALL OF WHICH ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED, SAVE TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY LAW.

TC GLOBAL, AND ITS AFFILIATES, TEAM, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, SUPPLIERS, PARTNERS AND CONTENT PROVIDERS DO NOT WARRANT THAT: (A) THE SERVICE WILL BE SECURE OR AVAILABLE AT ANY PARTICULAR TIME OR LOCATION; (B) ANY DEFECTS OR ERRORS WILL BE CORRECTED; (C) ANY CONTENT OR SOFTWARE AVAILABLE AT OR THROUGH THE SERVICE IS FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS; OR (D) THE RESULTS OF USING THE SERVICE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS. YOUR USE OF THE WEBSITE, SERVICE AND CONTENT IS SOLELY AT YOUR OWN RISK. SOME STATES / COUNTRIES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

Indemnification

You shall defend, indemnify, and hold harmless TC Global, its affiliates and each of its and its affiliates' employees, contractors, directors, suppliers and representatives from all losses, costs, actions, claims, damages, expenses (including reasonable legal costs) or liabilities, that arise from or relate to your use or misuse of, or access to, the Site, Service, Content or otherwise from your User Submissions, violation of these Terms of Use, or infringement by you, or any third party using the your account, of any intellectual property or other right of any person or entity (save to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction holds that such claim arose due to an act or omission of TC Global). TC Global reserves the right to assume the exclusive defense and control of any matter otherwise subject to indemnification by you, in which event you will assist and cooperate with TC Global in asserting any available defenses.

Limitation of Liability

ALL LIABILITY OF TC GLOBAL, ITS AFFILIATES, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS HOWSOEVER ARISING FOR ANY LOSS SUFFERED AS A RESULT OF YOUR USE OF THE SITE, SERVICE, CONTENT OR USER SUBMISSIONS IS EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, SAVE THAT, IF A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION DETERMINES THAT LIABILITY OF TC GLOBAL, ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS (AS APPLICABLE) HAS ARISEN, THE TOTAL OF SUCH LIABILITY SHALL BE LIMITED IN AGGREGATE TO THE VALUE OF TC GLOBAL'S SERVICES AVAILED BY THE USER FOR 12 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE INITIATION OF A CLAIM.

TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL TC GLOBAL, NOR ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS, BE LIABLE UNDER CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, NEGLIGENCE OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY OR OTHERWISE (AND WHETHER OR NOT TC GLOBAL, ITS DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AGENTS, REPRESENTATIVES, PARTNERS, SUPPLIERS OR CONTENT PROVIDERS HAD PRIOR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES GIVING RISE TO SUCH LOSS OR DAMAGE) WITH RESPECT TO THE SITE, SERVICE, CONTENT OR USER SUBMISSIONS FOR:

• INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSSES OR DAMAGES;
• LOSS OF ACTUAL OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS;
• LOSS OF REVENUE;
• LOSS OF GOODWILL;
• LOSS OF DATA;
• LOSS OF ANTICIPATED SAVINGS;
• WASTED EXPENDITURE; OR
• COST OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUE GOODS OR SERVICES.

NOTHING IN THESE TERMS OF USE SHALL BE DEEMED TO EXCLUDE OR LIMIT YOUR LIABILITY IN RESPECT OF ANY INDEMNITY GIVEN BY YOU UNDER THESE TERMS OF USE. APPLICABLE LAW MAY NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN SUCH CASES, TC GLOBAL'S LIABILITY WILL BE LIMITED TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.

Governing Law

A printed version of these Terms of Use and of any notice given in electronic form shall be admissible in judicial or administrative proceedings based upon or relating to these Terms of Use to the same extent and subject to the same conditions as other business documents and records originally generated and maintained in printed form. You and TC Global agree that any cause of action arising out of or related to the Service must commence within one (1) year after the cause of action arose; otherwise, such cause of action is permanently barred.

Terms of Use and all other policies available on this Service shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of India. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with these Terms of Use and/ or other policies available on this App, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC") in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC Rules") for the time being in force, which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference in this clause. The Tribunal shall consist of 3 arbitrators. The seat and venue of Arbitration shall be Singapore and the language of proceedings shall be English. Subject to the foregoing, the Courts of Singapore shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any disputes relating to the subject matter, herein.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a dispute arises with respect to the validity, scope, enforceability, inventorship, ownership, infringement, breach or unauthorised use of any patent, trademark, copyright or other intellectual property right or any non-proprietary data owned and/or controlled by TC Global, whether or not arising from the Terms of Use, such dispute (at the option of TC Global) shall not be submitted to arbitration and instead, TC Global shall be free to initiate litigation, including but not limited to a claim for interim injunctive relief, in a court of competent jurisdiction, in any country or other jurisdiction in which such rights apply.

Integration and Severability

These Terms of Use are the entire agreement between you and TC Global with respect to the Service and use of the Site, Service, Content or User Submissions, and supersede all prior or contemporaneous communications and proposals (whether oral, written or electronic) between you and TC Global with respect to the Site. If any provision of these Terms of Use is found to be unenforceable or invalid, that provision will be limited or eliminated to the minimum extent necessary so that these Terms of Use will otherwise remain in full force and effect and enforceable. The failure of either party to exercise in any respect any right provided for herein shall not be deemed a waiver of any further rights hereunder. Waiver of compliance in any particular instance does not mean that we will waive compliance in the future. In order for any waiver of compliance with these Terms of Use to be binding, TC Global must provide you with written notice of such waiver through one of its authorized representatives.

Modification of Terms of Use

TC Global reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to modify or replace any of these Terms of Use, or change, suspend, or discontinue the Service (including without limitation, the availability of any feature, database, or content) at any time by posting a notice on the Site or by sending you notice through the Service or via email. TC Global may also impose limits on certain features and services or restrict your access to parts or all of the Service without notice or liability. It is your responsibility to check these Terms of Use periodically for changes. Your continued use of the Service following the posting of any changes to these Terms of Use constitutes acceptance of those changes. You shall also be notified of any modifications to these Terms of Use as and when effected or at least once a year.

Other Provisions

Claims of Copyright or Trademark Infringement

Claims of copyright or trademark infringement should be sent to TC Global's designated agent. If you believe that someone is infringing your copyright or trademark rights on the Site, you can report it to us by contacting our designated agent at [email protected] with a report containing the following information:

• your complete contact information (name, mailing address and phone number),
• a detailed description of the Content that you claim infringes your copyright or trademark along with details on how it infringes upon your copyright or trademark,
• the web address (URL) of the infringing content,
• a declaration that you are filing this report in good faith and that all the information provided is accurate and that you are the owner of the copyright and/or trademark in question.

Please attach your digital signature or physical signature to the report.

Within 36 hours of receiving this notice with the above mentioned details, we will take down the allegedly infringing material from public view while we assess the issues identified in your notice.

On completion of the take-down procedure above:

• If the complainant is successful in obtaining an order of injunction from a court of competent jurisdiction within 21 days from filing the complaint, the material will be permanently removed from TC Global's Site and database upon TC Global being provided with a copy of such order;
• If the complainant is not successful in obtaining an order of injunction from a court of competent jurisdiction within 21 days from receiving notice from the complainant, the material will be made available for public view once again.

Before you submit a report of infringement, you may want to send a message to the person who posted the Content. You may be able to resolve the issue without contacting TC Global. Please remember, only the copyright/trademark owner or their authorized representative may file a report of infringement. If you believe something on the Site infringes someone else's copyright/trademark, you may want to let the rights owner know.

TC Global may give notice by means of a general notice on the Site / Service, notification within the mobile application on your account, electronic mail to your email address in your account, or by written communication sent to your address as set forth in your account. You may give notice to TC Global by written communication to TC Global's email address at [email protected] or physical address at No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore, 068805 .

You may not assign or transfer these Terms of Use in whole or in part without TC Global's prior written approval. You hereby give your approval to TC Global for it to assign or transfer these Terms in whole or in part, including to: (i) a subsidiary or affiliate; (ii) an acquirer of TC Global's equity, business or assets; or (iii) a successor by merger. No joint venture, partnership, employment or agency relationship exists between you, TC Global or any Third Party Provider as a result of the contract between you and TC Global or use of the Services.

If any provision of these Terms is held to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, under any law, such provision or part thereof shall to that extent be deemed not to form part of these Terms but the legality, validity and enforceability of the other provisions in these Terms shall not be affected. In that event, the parties shall replace the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision or part thereof with a provision or part thereof that is legal, valid and enforceable and that has, to the greatest extent possible, a similar effect as the illegal, invalid or unenforceable provision or part thereof, given the contents and purpose of these Terms. These Terms constitute the entire agreement and understanding of the parties with respect to its subject matter and replaces and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements or undertakings regarding such subject matter. In these Terms, the words "including" and "include" mean "including, but not limited to."

Miscellaneous

TC Global shall not be liable for any failure to perform its obligations hereunder where such failure results from any cause beyond TC Global's reasonable control, including, without limitation, mechanical, electronic or communications failure or degradation (including "line-noise" interference). These Terms of Use are personal to you, and are not assignable, transferable or sublicensable by you except with TC Global's prior written consent. TC Global may assign, transfer or delegate any of its rights and obligations hereunder without consent. No agency, partnership, joint venture, or employment relationship is created as a result of these Terms of Use and neither party has any authority of any kind to bind the other in any respect.

Unless otherwise specified in these Term of Use, all notices under these Terms of Use will be in writing and will be deemed to have been duly given when received, if personally delivered or sent by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested; when receipt is electronically confirmed, if transmitted by facsimile or e-mail; or the day after it is sent, if sent for next day delivery by recognized overnight delivery service.

You may contact us at the following address:

The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore, 068805 Our grievance / nodal officer may be contacted at: Zishan Siddiqui Grievance Officer The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd No. 3 Shenton Way #10-05/06, Shenton House Singapore, 068805 Email: [email protected]

• Privacy Policy

Privacy Policy | September 6, 2021

• The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd. is an entity registered in Singapore. We are engaged in the business of providing a global education, learning, and investment services Site which caters to students, professionals, universities, corporates and governments. We are committed to ensuring that privacy of our clients, visitors, and other users of the website https://tcglobal.com , its subdomains, the web applications and mobile applications (" Site ") is always respected. This Privacy Policy (" Policy ") is to serve as a testament to our sincere efforts to uphold privacy laws. In this Policy, " TC Global ", " we ", or " us " refers to The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd. and its affiliates and " you " refers to a user who has provided any information including Personal Information ( as defined below ) and using any features therein.
• The protection and security of your Personal Information and Usage Information ( as defined below ) is one of our top priorities. This Privacy Policy discloses and explains how we collect, use, share and protect Personal Information, Usage Information or any other information about you. We also provide information regarding how you can access and update your Personal Information and make certain choices about how your Personal Information is used by us. This Privacy Policy does not apply to information we collect by other means (including offline) or from other sources.
• This Privacy Policy explains what information of yours will be collected by TC Global when you access the Site, how the information will be used, and how you can control the collection, correction and/or deletion of information. We will not use or share your information with anyone except as described in this Privacy Policy. The use of information collected through our Site shall be limited to the purposes under this Privacy Policy.

TC Global controls, collects, owns and directs the use of the Personal Information and Usage Information on its Site and TC Global is the data controller and data processor as regards the Personal Information and Usage Information collected on its Site. For any queries regarding this Privacy Policy and the collection and use of data collected or processed under this Privacy Policy, TC Global can be contacted by mail at The Chopras Global Holdings PTE Ltd, No. 3, Shenton Way, #10-05/06, Shenton House, Singapore 068805 ; by phone at +65 9825 6174 or by e-mail at [email protected] .

The legal basis for collection and processing of any information collected and processed by TC Global including the Personal Information is (i) your consent at the time of providing the Personal Information; (ii) where it is in our legitimate interests to do so and not overridden by your rights (for example, in some cases for direct marketing, fraud prevention, network and information systems security, responding to your communications, the operation of networks of groups by the network administrators, and improving our Site). In some cases, we may also have a legal obligation to collect information about you or may otherwise need the information to protect your vital interests or those of another person. We may also process information to comply with a legal requirement or to perform a contract.

TC Global may ask you to provide certain categories of information such as personal information, which is information that coold reasonably be used to identify you personally, such as your name, gender, family details, address, e-mail address, nationality, details of your passport and other government ID, financial information, academic record / education history, date of birth, mobile number, travel history and medical records (" Personal Information "), when you access the Site, in order to provide you with the services requested. Additionally, we may collect this information through various forms and in various places through the Site, including when you first register with us, when you create a transaction, when you contact us, when you update your information or from time to time or when you otherwise interact with us. TC Global may include registration, surveys, and other online forums where users will need to provide Personal Information.

First party cookies are the cookies served by the owner of the domain. In our case, that's TC Global. Any cookie we place ourselves is a "first-party cookie."

Third-party cookies are cookies placed on our domains by trusted partners that we've allowed to do so. These can be social media partners, advertising partners, security providers, and more. And they can be either "session cookies" or "permanent cookies":

Session cookies only exist until you close your browser, ending what's called your "session." Then they're deleted.

Permanent cookies have a range of lifespans and stay on your device after the browser is closed. On the Site, we try to only serve permanent cookies (or allow permanent cookies to be served by third parties) that have a limited lifespan. However, for security reasons or in other exceptional circumstances, sometimes we may need to give a cookie a longer lifespan.

Web browser cookies may store info such as your IP address or other identifiers, your browser type, and info about the content you view and interact with on digital services. By storing this info, web browser cookies can remember your preferences and settings for online services and analyze how you use them.

Along with cookies, we also use tracking technologies that are very similar. Our Site may contain small transparent image files or lines of code that record how you interact with them. These include "web beacons," "scripts," "tracking URLs," or "software development kits" (known as SDKs):

Web beacons have a lot of different names. They might also be known as web bugs, tracking bugs, tags, web tags, page tags, tracking pixels, pixel tags, 1x1 GIFs, or clear GIFs. In short, these beacons are a tiny graphic image of just one pixel that can be delivered to your device as part of a web page request, in an app, an advertisement, or an HTML email message. They can be used to retrieve info from your device, such as your device type, operating system, IP address, and the time of your visit. They are also used to serve and read cookies in your browser or to trigger the placement of a cookie.

Scripts are small computer programs embedded within our web pages that give those pages a wide variety of extra functionality. Scripts make it possible for the website to function properly. For example, scripts power certain security features and enable basic interactive features on our website. Scripts can also be used for analytical or advertising purposes. For example, a script can collect info about how you use our website, such as which pages you visit or what you search for.

Tracking URLs are links with a unique identifier in them. These are used to track which website brought you to the Site. An example woold be if you clicked from a social media page, search engine, or one of our affiliate partners' websites.

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The Differences Between PhD Studies in the U.S. and Canada

Wednesday | February 14, 2018 | by StudyPortals

North America is often seen as the epicenter of education, research, and innovation. This lures many prospective PhD students from all around the world. In fact, international student enrollment in Canada increased 11 percent in the last year, mainly as a result of the 2016 elections in the U.S. But despite the sociopolitical climate in the U.S., universities in the U.S. are still attracting international students. This is evidenced by the 2016-2017 data from the 2017 Open Doors Report , which revealed a total of almost 291,000 international students in the U.S.

According to the report, most international students chose the same top two areas of study, regardless of whether they studied in Canada or the U.S. The top subject areas were business and engineering.

Which country should you choose for your PhD? The best way to make a decision is to analyze the pros and cons of each country. In this blog post, we will help you arrive at a decision by describing the major differences between PhD studies in the U.S. and Canada.

Requirements for Admission to a PhD Program in the U.S. Versus Canada

The general admission requirements for a PhD in the U.S. and Canada are similar. Both countries usually require the following:

• High score on a graduate admissions tests, such as the GMAT or GRE
• Language certificates (English for the U.S., and English or French for Canada)
• Statement of purpose
• Research proposal
• Letters of recommendation
• Writing sample

Although most differences between pursuing a PhD in Canada or the U.S. will be visible during the program itself, there are two key differences that might make you favor one country over the other:

• To apply for a doctoral degree in the U.S. , a master’s degree is not necessary, whereas in Canada it is. U.S. universities accept students who have only a bachelor’s degree because the structure of PhD programs is typically longer and is designed to include part of the curriculum from master’s programs. Whereas in Canada, it is rare that students without a master’s degree can pursue a PhD. The main exception is when you enroll in a Master of Science degree program, you can switch to a PhD after the first year.
• Although the research proposal is an important admissions component in the U.S., PhD students are expected to develop their theses and research during their second or third year. In contrast, in Canada, PhD students are expected to begin working on their theses as soon as they start their PhD program.

What to Expect as a PhD Student in Canada

In Canadian PhD programs, you will be expected to participate in small group seminars and you will likely spend about 20 hours per week reading. Additionally, you will be required to do research on your thesis from the start, publish several peer-reviewed articles, and proactively apply for fellowships and scholarships to further fund your research.

Moreover, it is likely you will also participate in Teaching Assistantships (TAs) and Research Assistantships (RAs), which might take up to 20 hours per week of your time. Although 40 hours per week is the average time you are expected to invest in your doctoral studies, depending on the program, you might find yourself working even more.

Although PhD programs in Canada are typically designed to last about four years, it is more realistic to expect that you will finish your doctorate in five or more years. This is important to remember because some programs do not allow for extended funding, so you might have to pay tuition for the extra years you take to complete your studies.

What to Expect as a PhD Student in the U.S.

Things are a bit different in U.S. PhD programs. In the U.S., there is no time pressure to complete your PhD program. The timeline to complete a PhD is typically five to six years. If it takes you longer, it is not a problem because you can keep your funding until you complete your program. The system is so flexible that some students finish their program in three years with extensive amounts of research, while others can take up to eight or even 10 years.

As in Canada, the PhD curriculum in the U.S. includes seminars, but more of them, and naturally, a lot of reading and research. Additionally, you will be asked to publish peer-reviewed articles, but they do not count as much in the U.S. as in Canada.

Although the average 40 hours’ work per week is also the norm in the U.S., the main difference with Canada is that teaching and grading responsibilities often take more of students’ time. This is tricky because it might mean that you do not have as much time as you would like to invest in your own research thesis.

The Financial Costs of a PhD in Canada Versus the U.S.

The financial aspects of doctoral programs are one of the most important issues students face, whether they are an international, U.S., or Canadian student. The average cost of a PhD program is a lot cheaper in Canada than in the U.S. However, if you are an international student, you should expect higher fees in both countries. Below are the average tuition rates that international students pay for PhD studies in each country:

• Average tuition in the U.S.: $28,000 – $40,000 USD per year
• Average tuition in Canada: $8,000 – $20,000 CAD per year

The advantage the U.S. has over Canada in this respect is that you are more likely to find a fully funded doctorate in the U.S. than in Canada. Plus, in the U.S., by securing a TA or RA position, you automatically receive a tuition waiver.

In Canada, students typically have to apply for scholarships based on academic merit. These scholarships can cover tuition fees, cost of research, and occasionally living costs. Sometimes TAs and RAs can further cover the cost of studies, either partially or totally.

Living costs vary in both countries, but on average, living in Canada is still cheaper than living in the U.S. To get an idea about what to expect in terms of living costs, below are some median figures:

• Average student living costs in the U.S.: $1,200 – $2,500 USD per month
• Average student living costs in the Canada: $1,000 – $1,500 CAD per month

Employment Options After a PhD in Canada Versus the U.S.

If you are looking to obtain a PhD, you probably know that a doctoral program is more about passion for research and teaching than anything else. Numerous reports show that most industries are just as happy with employees that hold only a bachelor’s or a master’s degree. Furthermore, many statistics show that PhD graduates do not earn more immediately after their studies and that the financial benefits of doing doctoral studies are more visible in the long run.

That being said, in our comparison, PhD studies in the U.S. have more favorable outcomes than in Canada. Recent data shows that the demand for employees with a doctoral degree in Canada is lower than the number of doctoral graduates. But this should not necessarily discourage you. It simply means that you will have to make a name for yourself in a more competitive market, given that most jobs in Canada for PhD graduates are available in the academic and research sectors.

The U.S. business sector is more educated about the added value a PhD graduate can bring to a company, and consequently, there are more jobs (outside of the academic and research sectors) available for holders of a doctoral degree.

Common Ground Between Canada and the U.S.

In both the U.S. and Canada, you will be required to put in a lot of hard work in your PhD program. If you imagine a PhD is going to be like a bachelor’s or master’s degree, you may be in for a lot of surprises (and challenges). Fortunately, both the U.S. and Canada have strong international student organizations and associations that can help you better integrate with your PhD program, adjust to life as a PhD student, and make connections. In fact, in both countries, you are actively encouraged to join such networks and partake in their activities.

Another aspect in common is that your professional success or work-life balance—basically, your overall satisfaction with the PhD program—will depend on the following factors:

• Field of study
• Supervising professor

These three factors make a world of difference in your level of satisfaction with your PhD program because:

• Your field of study influences your workload and can have a negative impact on your results if you are not 100 percent motivated to research the topic you choose.
• Your department influences your finances and your social relations. It is with people in your department that you will spend the most time. Furthermore, the relationship the department has with the university influences a lot of the administrative issues related to your studies, including the stipends, grants, and scholarships that you are likely to receive. Additionally, the relationships your department has with the industry can influence your career prospects.
• Your  supervising professor is the scholar with whom you will work most closely. It is essential to have someone you can communicate with, who is genuinely interested in your project, and whose knowledge and experience are relevant for your research.

Now all you have to do is decide which country and program are right for you. The PhD Portal is a great resource for finding and comparing PhD programs in Canada and the U.S.

Best of luck in pursuing your PhD studies!

StudyPortals is the global education search platform enabling students worldwide to search for English-taught degree programs anywhere in the world . Through our various portals, students can find comprehensive information about international education, allowing them to find the education opportunities that are best for them.

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of World Education Services (WES).

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Jennifer Smith, PhD

March 25, 2024 - St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

Growing up in Newfoundland, Dr. Jennifer Smith's love for the ocean may have come naturally. Today, Jennifer is a postdoctoral fellow in the Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Research Centre, working with graduate students on human-centred training and technology.

After receiving a Bachelor of Applied Science from Acadia University and a Bachelor of Engineering – Biological Discipline from Dalhousie University, Jennifer went to work as a researcher developing marine training simulators at Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN). While at MUN, she pursued master's (2015) and PhD (2020) degrees in Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering.

She later went on to work as an instructor and researcher in the Fisheries and Marine Institute of MUN for 2 years, where she taught courses in the Institute's new graduate program, "Safety: the Human Element," before bringing her expertise in maritime human factors to the NRC for a 2-year postdoctoral fellowship.

"Essentially, I conduct studies with people and training simulators to understand, design and evaluate human-technology prototypes," Jennifer explains.

"My aim is to advance simulation training and validate decision-support technologies to help seafarers manage the ongoing transformation of the maritime workplace in response to automation, digitalization and artificial intelligence."

The NRC's human-centred safety postdoctoral fellowship focuses on the integration of humans with maritime autonomous surface ships, or MASS. Much of Jennifer's work to date has been on early-stage prototype development and evaluation, "working to demonstrate these concepts as a pathway to developing MASS," she says.

Some of her students are looking at how to use technology to train people or to support decision-making in the context of ice operations, in a simulated environment.

Jennifer enjoys being part of a multidisciplinary research team and feels she has benefitted from the NRC's extensive expertise in developing and evaluating innovative technologies, and from learning about how others conduct research.

Colleagues are very welcoming, she says, with a wide spectrum of domain expertise. "I'm motivated by other people's passion and work ethic for their research," Jennifer adds; "I would highly recommend this program to others!"

Find out more about the NRC's Postdoctoral Fellowship program and Ocean, Coastal and River Engineering Research Centre .

From: National Research Council Canada

Statement from the NRC – continued support for clients and collaborators during COVID-19

Statement from the National Research Council of Canada – continued support for clients and collaborators during COVID-19

April 9, 2020 – Ottawa, Ontario – As Canada and the world continue to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Research Council's (NRC) top priority is to protect the health and safety of our employees, colleagues, and stakeholders while supporting clients and collaborators.  The NRC is committed to helping Canada and stakeholders during this time of need. We are prioritizing our pandemic response, mandated by the Prime Minister, to address urgent COVID-19 challenges and support Canadian businesses who are developing solutions. Please visit our website for more information and to contact us should you require our services.

In an effort to limit the spread of the virus, 90 percent of NRC staff have transitioned to teleworking. Employees who remain onsite are working on COVID-related programs, and performing critical tasks such as ensuring our buildings are secure, monitoring equipment and facilities, keeping systems running safely, and receiving essential shipments at loading docks on reduced hours.  The NRC remains committed to all of our clients and collaborators, therefore we will continue to carefully consider which facilities need to remain open and which projects are critical to support Canada and Canadians during this difficult time.

NRC representatives will be reaching out to clients and collaborators directly, to understand their challenges and how we can best support them. We also continue to be available to discuss future projects.

For questions about payment terms, clients and collaborators are invited to contact the NRC's account receivable team at 1-866-545-1195 or [email protected] .

Media Relations National Research Council of Canada 613-991-1431 1-855-282-1637 [email protected]

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Dalhousie University

Halifax is home to leading tech research

Design of High-Performance Quantum Thermoelectrics using Experimental and Computational Techniques

Phd research project.

PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.

Funded PhD Project (Students Worldwide)

This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Development of Quantum Materials

Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence code generation tools in facilitating student learning in introductory programming, learning-based resource management for internet of vehicles, intelligent internet of things for healthcare, detection, prediction, and prevention of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure, security for healthcare internet of things, cyber security and resilience, open radio access networks for beyond 5g, enabling massive wireless connectivity for the internet of things, software quality measurement, evidence standards for software engineering and computer science, hybrid teams and the future of work, sustainable software engineering, next generation software quality analysis and refactoring.

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• Foundations of Collaboration & Teamwork
• NCLEX-RN exam
• Undergrad travel grant
• Manal Alzghoul, RN, MSc, PhD
• Tanya Bell, RN
• Joanne Crawford RN, PhD, CON (C)
• Danielle Dunwoody, PhD
• Kathryn Halverson, RN, PhD
• Kate Hannigan, RN, MA, BScN, BScEd
• Rebecca LaRocca, RN, MScN
• Farhana Madhani, RN, PhD
• Lynn McCleary, RN, PhD
• Tori McDowall, RN, BScN
• Sheila O’Keefe McCarthy, RN, PhD, CCNC(C)
• Elizabeth Orr, RN, PhD

Dawn Prentice, RN, PhD

• Zaida Rahaman, RN, PhD
• Lynn Rempel, RN, PhD
• Katie Roebuck BN, IBCLC
• Jenn Salfi RN, PhD
• Connie Schumacher RN, PhD
• Kerry Shoalts BScN, MEd
• Amina Silva, PhD
• Vanessa Silva e Silva, RN, MScN, PhD
• Salima Sulaiman, RN, MScN, PhD
• Karyn Taplay, RN, PhD
• Shelley Wills BScN, RN
• Research centres
• Alumni Insider

Brock’s concurrent BN/MN accelerated program enables graduates of a 4-year bachelor’s degree in a variety of fields to receive a combined b achelor ’ s and m aster’s degree within a unique, continuous, five-term, intensive curriculum configuration.  

The only program of its kind in Canada, the BN/MN program works to educate students in five areas of competency:   

• professional responsibility and accountability,   
• knowledge-based practice,   
• ethical practice,   
• service to the public, and   
• self-regulation.    

Graduates of the concurrent BN/MN program are eligible to write the NCLEX-RN registration exam.   

Upcoming Online BN/MN Information Sessions

Thursday August 22, 2024 at 5 pm

Friday September 20, 2024 at 12 pm

Register here: https://brocku.ca/graduate-studies/program-info-sessions/

Message from the Graduate Program Director

We are thrilled to launch the concurrent Bachelor of Nursing/Master of Nursing degree at Brock University. This program has been years in the making, and could not have come at a better time to help fight the critical shortage of nurses in Ontario.

With this program, the only of its kind in Canada, students will earn both their bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Nursing in just 20 continuous months. Students will learn to apply theory to practice from the onset of the program through simulation laboratories and will finish with three concentrated clinical experiences.

At the conclusion of the program, students will be prepared to write the NCLEX-RN exam and will be able to provide the exceptional care that is required of new nursing graduates.

Students will also learn master’s leve l skills in leadership and relationship building through two mentored experiences in the final term of the program, helping to prepare you for nursing roles in education and administration, among other areas.  

As you consider your options for Nursing education, I encourage you to reach out to me with any questions you may have. While this program will be intensive, you will be well supported at every step of your journey. In under two years, you will be ready to start an exciting career that puts helping people at the forefront.

I look forward to being a part of your academic experience at Brock!

360° Lab Tours: Nursing Simulation Lab

About the BN/MN Program

Program description.

The concurrent BN/MN program provides students who desire careers in education and other nursing roles that require graduate education with a more direct pathway to master’s preparation, and beyond.    

S tudents accepted to the program already come with developed undergraduate skills in research and scholarship, as well as baseline knowledge in natural, behavioural, and social sciences that provides a foundation for acquisition of nursing specific knowledge and for development of graduate level research knowledge and skills.     

Further, the program recognizes the prior learning of students by building upon basic research and other knowledge bases acquired through their earlier bachelor’s level courses.  

Through the consolidation of learning and building of confidence and organizational skills, as well as of stronger connections with clinical settings it is anticipated that our graduates will be prepared to enter practice with a solid knowledge base and clinically integrated inquiry skills and relational skills.   

Our graduates will be able to provide care that is strong in technical and clinical decision skills at the entry level competency expected of all new registered nursing graduates.  

The BN/MN is a full-time, 20-month (five-term) program that comprises:  

• A 20-month program that begins annually in May (instead of September).  
• The use of 16-week terms (instead of the traditional 12) accelerates learning and enables students to achieve program learning outcomes within a compressed time frame.
• T he innovative approach to the program structure provides students with a balance of clinical and theoretical experience.
•   Students will immediately apply theory to practice and engage in a variety of learning opportunities before entering into a concentrated clinical experience.  

The graduate calendar may be viewed here .

Undergraduate Courses  

• Nursing Foundations: Care of Adults and Older Adults (theory, clinical practicum)
• Nursing Foundations: Assessment of Adults and Older Adults  
• Pathophysiology and Therapeutics: Common Health Disorders  
• Relational Care and Leadership: Basic Relational Skills  
• Critical Analysis of Evidence for Nursing Practice  
• Nursing Foundations: Care of Families and Communities (theory, clinical practicum)  
• Pathophysiology and Therapeutics: Health Concerns of Families and Communities  
• Relational Care and Leadership: Promoting Change and Health  
• Epidemiology in Nursing and Health Care  
• Nursing Foundations: Care of Persons with Chronic Health Concerns (theory, clinical practicum)  
• Pathophysiology and Therapeutics: Mental Health Disorders  
• Relational Care and Leadership: Working with and Leading Groups
• Qualitative Inquiry and Analysis  

Graduate Courses  

• Advancing Nursing Practice: Care of Patients Experiencing Emergent and Critical Illnesses (theory, clinical practicum)
• Relational Care and Leadership: Understanding the Context
• Applied Research
• Basis of Nursing Practice and Inquiry  
• Practice of Relational Leadership and Management (theory, clinical practicum)  
• Translating Research into Practice  
• Preparation for Graduate Practice (clinical practicum)  

Degree Highlights

• The program is unique (in Canada) in that graduates will receive both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in nursing upon successful completion of the program. 
• Research and scholarship skills and knowledge are taught and learned from the first term of the program and culminate in graduate level research courses that emphasize aspects of research such as knowledge translation.
• The program focuses on integration of research skills and knowledge from the first term into clinical practice, so that students are encouraged to see research as part of clinical practice, as opposed to a peripheral activity of nursing. 
• Two mentored/preceptored experiences in the fifth term of the program will enable students to hone and gain insights, knowledge and experience with leadership and relationships.
• The program is distinguished by its focus on the integration of evidence into the clinical setting, which begins in term one and continues to term five through specific courses that emphasize research methods, methodology, and other components of the research process in each term, as well as in clinical and other courses where evidence is a clear foundation for everyday practice and for influencing nursing practice.

Licensing as a registered nurse in Ontario

The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) requires the achievement of the bachelor’s degree for graduates to be considered for licensing as registered nurses in Ontario.  

Importantly, the CNO makes it clear in its registration requirements that a baccalaureate degree in an approved nursing program is required for entry-to-practice and registration as a Registered Nurse in Ontario. This program satisfies these requirements.  

Read more >>    

Career Opportunities

Projected labour workforce trends strongly suggest a shortage of registered nurses (RNs), with one estimate suggesting there may be need for more than 11,000 additional RNs in Ontario by 2024 (Department of Institutional Analysis, Brock University Institutional Analysis and Planning, 2017).   

  The Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO) also suggested that there is a shortage of 19,000 nurses in Ontario even at the present time (2018) and a looming, critical shortage of RNs with advanced degrees to take on educational and advanced practice roles has been reported (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2015; Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing [CASN], 2016) in Canada and the United States.  

  Factoring in the aging of the population, new models of care and optimization of professional skills into current and projected RN workforce requirements, Brock’s concurrent BN/MN program enables a nimble response to potential and current shortages of RNs at the point of care.  

As a registered nurse you may work in :

• Acute care hospitals   
• Public health 
• Research    
• Administration   
• Policy Development   

Admission Requirements

Before you Apply

Review of the following is recommended before you apply:

1.  Review the Requisite Skills and Abilities for nursing practice document provided by the College of Nurses of Ontario.

2.  If you are unsure of your vaccination status, you may want to check it now to ensure you have enough time to complete any required vaccinations prior to beginning the program, should you receive an offer of admission.

Note that clinical placement requirements are subject to change.

Current vaccination requirements include: Proof of immunization for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (chicken pox), hepatitis B, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis, tuberculosis, COVID-19.

Students are responsible for ensuring that they are aware of all requirements for clinical practica prior to clinical experiences to avoid start delays or possible de-registration in courses that include lab and clinical components. https://brocku.ca/webcal/current/graduate/nurs.html

1. Applicants must have completed a four year (non-nursing) bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, or equivalent, with a minimum average of 75% over the final two years of study.

2. Applicants must also have completed the following university credit courses with a B grade or higher to be considered:   

• Introductory psychology (full course equivalent)   
• Developmental psychology [infant to adolescent or infant to older adult] (half course equivalent)   
• Human Anatomy (half course equivalent)
• Human Physiology (half course equivalent)   
• Microbiology (half course equivalent)   
• Statistics course (half course equivalent)
• Research methods course (half course equivalent )   

3. You will need to submit   your transcripts as well as the following program-specific materials:   

• Two   academic references
• You can access a copy of the form here
• Proof of English language proficiency if required  (IELTS overall score of 7 with no band below 6.5)

Entry point: May   Duration: 5 terms (20 months)

Application Deadline: October 20 (for entry the following May)

How to Apply

Complete the   online application   and submit the non-refundable application fee. 

Admission Frequently Asked Questions

When can I apply?

The program begins once per year in May.

Applications open in mid-June each year to start the program the following May.

Application deadline is October 20.

Note: Applications are not reviewed/adjudicated until all required documents are received.

Can I improve my admission average by taking additional courses?

Admission average is based on courses completed within your bachelor’s degree. Courses taken after completing your bachelor’s degree are not included in the admission average calculation.

Can I apply if I already have a Nursing degree?

If you have a diploma in nursing , you may apply if you have also completed a four-year bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, with a minimum average of 75% over the final two years of study.

If you already have a bachelor’s degree in nursing , you are not eligible for this program. You may want to look into the Master of Arts, Nursing program. More information here: https://brocku.ca/programs/graduate/ma-msc-fahs/

If I am currently in a BScN program and have already completed another four-year bachelor’s degree, can I apply to the BN/MN?

Yes, you may apply.

Note that you must complete each course in the program. You will not get credit for courses already taken.

Can I apply if still completing my four-year bachelor’s degree?

Your four-year bachelor’s degree must be successfully completed before beginning the BN/MN program.

Can I get credit for courses I have already taken?

You must complete each course in the program.

Can I apply if still completing prerequisite courses?

Prerequisite courses must be successfully completed before starting the BN/MN program.

If I am taking prerequisite courses when I apply, how do I show this on my application?

Include in the Applicant Background/Education section of your application the school(s) where you are taking prerequisites. You will be required to upload a transcript to show your registration. Make sure you register for the course(s) before requesting a transcript. If offered admission, you will be required to provide another transcript later showing the grade for the course(s).

When do prerequisite courses need to be completed?

Prerequisites courses must be successfully completed before starting the BN/MN program.

Can I take prerequisite courses at Brock University?

Brock University offers the possibility of registering in non-degree courses. Note that some courses may fill up with degree students and not be available to non-degree students. Some courses may also have other Brock University courses as prerequisites.

If you are not a current or former Brock student, it is recommended that you correspond with the BN/MN program ( [email protected] ) before pursuing registering for Brock courses.

To request a list of Brock course numbers that meet prerequisites for course content, please email [email protected]

To find out when a course will be offered or if you will be allowed to register as a non-degree student, you must contact the department offering the course.  https://brocku.ca/directory/

After consulting with the BN/MN program ( [email protected] ) , if you decide to pursue registering in Brock courses as a non-degree student, email [email protected] to find out about the admissions process.

Can I take prerequisite courses at a college?

Note that many college courses do not qualify to meet the program prerequisites. Prerequisite courses must be part of a 4-year bachelor’s degree.  If the college offers a 4-year bachelor’s degree and the course is part of that program, it can be used to fulfill a prerequisite.

How do I know if a course I have taken fulfills a prerequisite?

If unsure if a course will meet our prerequisite for course content, you are welcome to send a syllabus to [email protected] for review.

As per admission requirements, a minimum grade of B is required for all prerequisite courses.

Program Frequently Asked Questions

Where are clinical placements?  

Depending upon the course, various agencies in the Niagara Region as well as out of the Niagara Region are used.  Hospital placements are primarily through Niagara Health and Hotel Dieu Shaver Rehabilitation.  However, there may be placements outside the Region.  Brock is also partnered with a variety of community agencies dedicated to furthering nursing education.  

How do I get to my placement?  

Travel is the responsibility of the student.    

What documentation do I need to provide for my clinical placement?   

Proof of immunizations is listed in the undergraduate/graduate calendar .   Other documentation required is listed in the course description note in the undergraduate/graduate calendar under the applicable course.  

Students are responsible for ensuring that they are aware of all requirements for clinical practica prior to clinical experiences to avoid start delays or possible de-registration in courses that include lab and clinical components.  https://brocku.ca/webcal/current/graduate/nurs.html

What are the certification and immunization requirements for this program?  

• CPR (level C or BCLS) certification is valid throughout the program. Note that re-certification is required annually.  
• N-95 mask fit testing. Note that mask fit testing is valid for two years and must be renewed as necessary.
• Proof of immunization for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (chicken pox), hepatitis B, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis, tuberculosis, COVID-19. Annual TB skin testing is also required. If TB skin testing occurs, students will require chest x rays every two years.  
• CPR certification, N-95 mask fit testing certification records, and immunization records are to be submitted to Synergy Gateway Inc. at least two months prior to the commencement of Term 1.  

What is Synergy Gateway Verified Inc.?  

Synergy Gateway Verified Inc. is a third party company that provides the university with student clearance for clinical placement.  All required documents must be uploaded by the BN/MN student to the Synergy Gateway Verified Inc. platform for review and approval/clearance prior to starting clinical placement.  

Do I require a vulnerable sector check?  

A vulnerable sector clearance may be required for certain courses and the cost is the responsibility of the student.    The University and Synergy Gateway Inc. do not keep vulnerable sector clearances on file.  Students are required to keep their vulnerable sector clearance with them and provide it to the agency upon request.  

What is the dress code and equipment required for lab and clinical?  

Navy blue Nursing Department scrubs are worn at hospital clinical placements and in labs.  Mostly all white or black shoes can be worn.  A watch with a second hand is required (lapel or wrist). You will also need t o purchase your own stethoscope.  The Campus Bookstore has stethoscopes and Nursing Department scrubs available for purchase.  

Why does this program have a May start date?  

Students enter the program in May when there is more lab availability and clinical practicum opportunities. The benefit is BN/MN students will gain clinical/lab experiences when other nursing students are not usually in these areas/spaces.  

What is the benefit of an accelerated learning model?  

This approach enables students to achieve program learning outcomes within a compressed time frame. In addition, it reduces the length and cost of accommodation required.    

Can I keep working full or part-time during this program? 

This is a full-time, concentrated, and continuous program. Clinical practicums may be scheduled evenings as well as weekends. Vacations or break times are comparable to that of a full-time work environment. Additional employment beyond the program may be difficult and may compromise a student’s success in the program.  

Contact Information

Kimberly Anderson Graduate Program Coordinator Concurrent Bachelor of Nursing/Master of Nursing Phone: 905 688-5550 x6721 [email protected]

Concurrent BN/MN Calendar

Learn more about degree requirements and course information in the current program calendar  

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Graduate Student Balances Research, Service and Mentoring

Tiny autonomous drones designed to mimic and support bee populations. Larger drones that can navigate difficult terrain with the agility of a hummingbird. Robots that learn to cook by watching YouTube videos.

These projects, and many more, were conceived, developed and tested by the University of Maryland’s Perception and Robotics Group , co-led by Yiannis Aloimonos , a professor of computer science, and Cornelia Fermüller , a research scientist in the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS).

A common thread in much of the group’s work is the ability to build computational systems that can mimic human or insect behavior with stunning accuracy.

Another thread is the vibrant cluster of graduate students populating the lab, currently numbering 25, with one of the senior students often serving as a lab manager responsible for supporting the group’s day-to-day-activities.

The latest student to take the mantle as lab manager is Levi Burner , a sixth-year doctoral candidate in electrical and computer engineering.

Burner, who is co-advised by Aloimonos and Fermüller, says his role is threefold: helping coordinate and manage activities in the lab, providing mentorship to new students, and conducting his own research that combines expertise in computer vision with novel algorithms that can mirror human cognitive behavior.

Aloimonos, who also has an appointment in UMIACS, says his personal preference is to never formally appoint a lab manager. Instead, he and Fermüller like to have one of their graduate students take the initiative and work their way into the role.

“At big universities, things happen, and people step in,” Aloimonos explains. “That’s exactly what happened with Levi. He joined the lab and was bringing skills and capabilities other students did not have.”

Burner’s research is currently focused on what he and his lab mates refer to as “embodied visuomotor representation.” It mimics how a person may not know the exact distance an object is from their body when reaching for it, but they can comfortably grab it because they’re aware of how far they can reach.

Click  HERE  to read the full article

The Department welcomes comments, suggestions and corrections.  Send email to editor [-at-] cs [dot] umd [dot] edu .

Speaking of Psychology: Why our attention spans are shrinking, with Gloria Mark, PhD

Episode 225.

These days, most of us live our lives tethered to our computers and smartphones, which are unending sources of distraction. Research has shown that over the past couple of decades people’s attention spans have shrunk in measurable ways. Gloria Mark, PhD, of the University of California Irvine, talks about how the internet and digital devices have affected our ability to focus, why multitasking is so stressful, and how understanding the science of attention can help us to regain our focus when we need it.

About the expert: Gloria Mark, PhD

Kim Mills : When was the last time that you had an entire day completely free from digital distractions? No text messages, no email notifications, no social media and no aimless internet browsing. It might be hard to think of the last time you even had a tech free hour. These days, most of us live our lives tethered to our computers and our smartphones, which are unending sources of distraction. Sometimes it can feel impossible to concentrate deeply on anything for any significant length of time.

And indeed researchers have found evidence that over the past couple of decades, people's attention spans have shrunk considerably. So how has the rise of the internet and digital devices affected our ability to focus and pay attention? What does it mean to pay attention to something anyway? When you're being bombarded by different tasks, notifications, and emails, is it possible to multitask and deal with them all effectively? Or is productive multitasking a myth? How can understanding the science of attention help us to regain our focus when we need it to improve both our productivity and our happiness?

Welcome to Speaking of Psychology , the flagship podcast of the American Psychological Association that examines the links between psychological science and everyday life. I'm Kim Mills.

My guest today is Dr. Gloria Mark, a psychologist and the chancellor's professor of informatics at the University of California Irvine. Dr. Mark studies how people interact with technology in their everyday lives and how technology affects our attention, multitasking, mood, and stress level. She studies people's behavior in real world settings and she's found that our attention spans have been shrinking over the past two decades. Her new book, published in January, is called Attention Span: A Groundbreaking Way to Restore Balance, Happiness, and Productivity . 

Dr. Mark, thank you for joining me today.

Gloria Mark, PhD : Thank you so much for having me.

Mills : Most of us probably think that we know what it means when we say we pay attention to something, but you wrote in your book that there are different kinds of attention. Can you talk about that? What are the different kinds of attentions that we experience in our everyday life?

Mark : Let me actually start out by talking about what William James, the father of psychology, says about attention. So back in the 19th century, he said “Everyone knows what attention is. It's the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form of one out of what seems several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.” Of course, everyone knows what attention is. We all believe we know what attention is, but it's a lot more complicated than that.

So when I was studying attention, it occurred to me that you can be very engaged in something and you can put in a lot of mental effort. If I'm reading an article, it be challenging for me. On the other hand, there's a lot of things we do that are not at all challenging, but we're very engaged in. So when we're playing solitaire or playing simple games online, or if a person is gardening, they might be very engaged and not at all challenged. So we set out to study different kinds of attention when people use their devices. And what we did was we probed people throughout the day and we asked them at this point in time, want you to respond very quickly and tell us how engaged were you in what you just did, and how challenged were you in what you just did?

We find that when people are engaged and challenged, there seems to be rhythms in the day when this happens. And people seem to have peaks of times when they do this. We call this focused attention, tends to be late morning and again mid to late afternoon, about two to three. And when people are very engaged in something and not at all challenged, we call that rote activity.

Lots of things that people do are rote activity when they're online. It could be simple games, it could be even reading the news or doing social media. They tend to do that relatively uniformly throughout the day. But we do find that focused attention occurs in rhythms and it seems to correspond to the ebb and flow of our mental resources that we have available.

Mills : Well, I mentioned in the introduction that you have found evidence that our attention spans have shrunk in recent years, at least as measured by how long people spend on tasks and screens at work. Can you talk about that? How much have our attention spans shrunk?

Mark : So we started measuring this back in 2004, and at the time the measures that we used were stopwatches because that was the most precise thing we had at the time. We would shadow people with stopwatches for every single activity they did. We would record the start time and the stop time. So you're on a screen where you're working in a Word doc, as soon as you get to that screen, we clicked start time, soon as they turned away and checked email, we clicked stop time for the Word document, start time for the email. But fortunately, sophisticated computer logging methods were developed, and so of course we switched to those. So back in 2004, we found the average attention span on any screen to be two and a half minutes on average. Throughout the years it became shorter. So around 2012 we found it to be 75 seconds.

This is with logging techniques. This is an average. And then in the last five, six years, we found it to average about 47 seconds, and others have replicated this result within a few seconds. So it seems to be quite robust. Now, another way to think about this result is the median. The median means the midpoint of observations. The median is 40 seconds. And what this means is that half of all the measurements that we found were 40 seconds or less of people's attention spans. Now obviously because we're talking about averages and medians, sometimes people do spend longer, but quite a good bit of the time, their attention spans are much shorter and with an average coming to 47 seconds.

Mills : So why is this a problem? Since it seems to be happening almost universally at this point, is this just the new normal?

Mark : It seems to be the new normal because we seem to have reached a steady state over the last five or six years where these are the measures that we're seeing. Is this a good thing? I would argue it's not a good thing for the following reasons. First of all, we find in our research a correlation between frequency of attention switching and stress. So the faster the attention switching occurs, stress is measured by people wearing heart rate monitors. We show that stress goes up. We know from decades of research in the laboratory that when people multitask, they experience stress, blood pressure rises. There's a physiological marker in the body that indicates people are stressed. And in our studies, we've also simply asked people with well valid instruments to report their stress, their perceived stress, and it's reported to be higher the faster that we measure attention shifting.

So all of these measures seem to be consistent. I'll also measure that when people shift their attention so fast, and this is multitasking, when you keep switching your attention among different activities, people make more errors. And that's been shown in studies in the real world with physicians, nurses, pilots. We also know that performance slows. Why? Because there's something called a switch cost. So every time you switch your attention, you have to reorient to that new activity, that new thing you're paying attention to, and it takes a little bit of time.

So imagine if you're writing, let's say, say you're writing a chapter and you suddenly stop what you're doing and you switch and do something else, and then you come back to it, it's going to take you some time to reconstruct, what was I writing? What was the topic I was thinking about? What were the words I was using? That takes a bit of time. And so we incur these switch costs throughout the day as we're switching our attention, and this creates more effort. It uses more of our very precious mental resources on top of the work that we actually need to do.

Mills : You've also found that some switching is good. It's normal during the course of a day so that you might really concentrate on something for a length of time, and then you take a break and maybe you go online or maybe if you're working from home, you put in a load of laundry or you take a walk. Isn't that something that we actually need to do?

Mark : Absolutely. It's so important that we take breaks because if you work until you get exhausted, then of course you can get burnout. It's so important to take breaks and replenish. And by taking breaks, we have more energy, we have more attentional capacity, and we can actually do more. We can be more productive. The problem is that in our current world, many work environments, people neglect to take meaningful breaks, and we get ourselves into position where our performance suffers as a result.

Now, if you're going to take a break, it's really important to take a break at a point in the task that's called a break point. And a break point is a natural stopping point in a task. So going back to the writing example, if I'm writing something, a breakpoint would be at the end of a section or even at the end of a paragraph, but at a point where when I come back to it, then there's not going to be a lot of effort for me to have to reconstruct what I was doing. I've already finished that part. If you interrupt yourself in the middle of doing something as opposed to a natural stopping point, you use up a lot more mental resources and it's also more stressful.

Mills : Well, for people who want to schedule breaks, who really want to intentionally make the changes that you're talking about, what do you think about programs such as internet blockers that prevent people from going online during certain hours of the day so that you can force yourself to be more focused? Do you think that those are effective?

Mark : We've done a study with internet blockers, and it turns out it very much depends on an individual's personality. So people who have poor self-regulation skills can benefit from these kinds of blockers. Essentially what you're doing is you're offloading the work of self-regulation onto the software, and the software becomes a proxy agent for you. It's doing the work. It turns out people who have good self-regulation skills, so people who score low in impulsivity as a trait, people who score high in conscientious these are people who are actually harmed by these blockers.

Why? Because these are people who are very good at taking breaks and coming right back to work. They can take a break, they can go to social media, they can go to a news site and they can take a break, relax themselves, then they can come back to work. In this study, we took away their opportunity to take a quick online break, and they got burnt out. They worked straight through. They didn't take breaks. On the whole, I prefer that people develop their own agency, their own self-efficacy in controlling their attention. These software blockers can be good at times, but I think it's far more important that people learn to develop their own skills to control their attention.

Mills : A lot has been written about the Pomodoro technique, which is basically you set a timer for every 25 minutes and then you agree you're going to work straight through for 25 minutes, a timer goes off and you get a five minute break. What about that as sort of a low tech blocker?

Mark : Well, that's fine, but there are individual differences and some people would be able to work longer than what the Pomodoro technique dictates. Some people would work less. I think it's much more important that people become self-aware of their own level of energy and the amount of attentional resources they have available and take breaks according to what their own levels are.

So I've learned to do this. I've learned to become more aware of what my own capacity is, and when I start feeling tired, that's the point when I take a break. If I know I've got a really hard task to do, I might schedule a break before I start doing that task so I can replenish myself and then right after so that I can build back up the resources that I expended. The worst thing you can do, the worst thing is to schedule back to back Zoom meetings without breaks that it just gets us exhausted. There's no transition between these meetings. So we need to schedule in transitions between these kinds of hard tasks.

Mills : And when we're talking about attention and attention spans, there's something a little bit different but related, which is the concept of flow. Can you explain what that is? Because that is a kind of attention and it's very, very different from what we've just been talking about.

Mark : That's right. So flow is a type of attention that the psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi discovered, and it's what he calls the optimal state of attention. It's when people are so immersed in something that time just doesn't seem to matter. And so it's when we are at our peak creativity, we're using the optimal amount of challenge of our skills. So if we're not challenged enough in whatever your skill happens to be, you won't go into flow. If you're challenged too much in your skill, you won't go into flow. It'll be too hard. So there's that sweet spot that you have to hit to go into flow. So before I went into psychology, I actually had studied fine arts and used to be an artist, and I would get into flow regularly, and it's the nature of the work of being an artist and being creative that I could regularly get into flow.

Now, as a scientist, I rarely get into flow because of the nature of my work where I have to be very analytical and I have to use very careful thought. Is that a bad thing? No, not at all. It's very rewarding. It's just I realize that the nature of my work and the nature of a lot of knowledge work is such that it may not be conducive to flow, but sometimes I get into flow. If I'm in say a brainstorming session with other people, we might get into a kind of group flow where everyone is feeding off of each other's ideas. But in my typical day-to-day life, now, I generally don't get into flow, and it's not a bad thing.

Mills : Let's talk for a minute about the effect of the internet and devices on children's attention span. Most of your research has been with adults, but kids are spending a lot of time on devices as well. Are they going to have even more trouble with attention than those of us who first experience this level of distraction as adults?

Mark : This is something that I think we should be very concerned about as a society. So it turns out children that are as young as two to four years old, they already average two and a half hours of screen time a day. And when they get to be between five and eight, they average about three hours of screen time a day. Now, most of that screen time, it's TV and YouTube viewing, but children also do a lot of gaming. So we know from a lot of laboratory studies that when children are very young, they're a lot more susceptible to distraction than older children. And when they're distracted, it takes them longer to get back and focus again on that thing that they were distracted from. So I worry that when young children are spending so much time on the screen, it acculturates them to think that this is normal behavior to be on a screen.

The problem is that when children are very young, there are certain parts of their brain that are not yet mature. So their ability to self-control and a part of the brain called executive function and executive function, you can think of it as the governor of the mind. So it manages things like decision-making, and setting priorities of what we should be paying attention to. It helps manage interference of peripheral stimuli in the environment, and executive function is not yet well developed and children are sitting in front of screens and they're exposed to all kinds of potential distractions.

So I think this is not a good idea. Children need self-control for learning, and more and more we're seeing schools having a lot of online learning available for kids, and kids need self-control as a skill to be able to search for information, to do math problems online, to read and write without being distracted. I find it problematic that we're putting children into a digital world before some very critical mental functions are fully developed. I don't think kids are really ready for that.

Mills : Can focus be taught? I mean, you seem to be implying that we need to be doing something particularly with children so that they aren't constantly distracted. But how do you teach somebody to focus on something?

Mark : Well, for children, I think the best thing children can do is to do activity off-screen. And I think they would learn to focus, whether it's playing outside, reading books is an excellent way to get children to focus. If we're talking about adults, I think that one of the best things that adults can do is to make sure that your internal tank of mental resources is kept at high capacity. So when you have a full tank of resources, you can focus much better than when you're just spent, when your resources have just drained because you're doing hard work all day, you're switching your attention a lot. It's going to be very, very hard to focus, and there are things we can do to build up those resources. So one of the best things you can do is to get a really good night's sleep. Everyone says, of course we know you should get a good night's sleep, but let me tell you what happens when you don't. When people accumulate what's called sleep debt and sleep debt is the accumulation of loss of sleep.

If you need eight hours of sleep a night—and I need eight hours of sleep a night—but if you're only getting six hours a night, that difference is called a sleep debt. And if you're consistently getting six hours of sleep a night, you're accumulating sleep debt. And we know that the greater the sleep debt, the shorter the attention spans. And what do people do when they have a lot of sleep debt? We found that they tend to do more lightweight activities like social media. They just don't have the resources to be able to focus and do hard work, so they do what's easy based on the amount of resources that they have available.

Mills : Let's switch topics for a minute to something else that you talk about in your book, which is how TV and movies have changed in the past few decades. You're right that the pace of television and movies has sped up and things like the length of each camera shot, they're getting shorter. Why is that? And are those changes affecting our attention or is this happening because the people who are creating these things already know that we have no attention anymore?

Mark : So I was very surprised to learn that TV and film shot lengths have decreased over the years. They started out much longer. They now average about four seconds a shot length. That's on average. If you watch MTV music videos, they're much shorter. They're only a couple of seconds. So we've become accustomed to seeing very fast shot lengths when we look at TV and film. Even commercials have shortened in length. Commercials used to be much longer. Now it's not uncommon to see six-second commercials, even shorter than that. Now it's a chicken and egg question. We don't know if TV and film have affected our attention spans on computers and phones. We don't know if our attention spans have affected the decision-making of film editors and directors. We don't know exactly if there is any causal connection we see these two parallel trends.

It could be the case that directors and editors are influenced by their own short attention spans when they create these film shots or it could be that they're creating short film shots because they think that's what the viewer wants to see. But this has become quite ubiquitous. In fact, on YouTube, there's a particular YouTube aesthetic which uses jump cuts. So when you're watching a YouTube film, the film becomes very jumpy. The natural pauses that people make when they speak it is removed. So the idea is to pack more content into a shorter amount of time. So we're seeing short lengths of content from all directions. It's not just what we're attending to on computers and phones.

Mills : But I think you found that some of this we're doing to ourselves. I know some people who feel like they're so time crunched that when they want to listen to a podcast, they turn up the speed to 1.5 or 2 and then listen to it. Why are we doing this to ourselves and is this helping?

Mark : I myself have sometimes done that?. Why do we do this? There's a number of reasons. I can't say exactly why we do it. It could be because we want to fit more content into a shorter amount of time because there's so much content available, right? We're talking about access to the world's largest candy store, and we want to sample all the wares that are available. So of course, you might want to speed up the podcast so that you can simply take more in and quickly get to your next favorite podcast. So I don't know exactly why we're doing it on ourselves. It could be also out of habit. We're just used to listening to things faster, but we do have all of this content available to us at our fingertips within milliseconds, and so perhaps we just want to sample as much as we possibly can.

Mills : Now, during the pandemic, many people have switched to remote work, which I'm guessing has meant more emails, more messages on Slack, and Teams, and workers have to deal with all of this. How do you think this is affecting people's attention and focus? Do you even know? Is it too soon to say?

Mark : Yeah, so I've worked on a survey with colleagues. So we have people’s self-reports, they've reported that it's hard to focus. I've done other work where we're looking at team interaction in remote work and have picked up some information from that. People do report having a hard time focusing. It's a different kind of distraction than you would have in a workplace. Of course, you're distracted by the pile of dirty laundry that you're looking at. In a workplace, you might be distracted by ambient noise in the workplace. We do know that it makes a difference whether people have a private workspace at home where it can be quiet or whether they have to share a public working space with others, which is more distracting. Some people might go to a cafe to work, and of course, that creates another type of distraction. So a lot of it very much depends on the environment, where the person is working.

We also know that if you're remote from your colleagues, you can't really signal to them when is a good time to interrupt. If you're in a workplace, and especially if you can see your colleagues, you can see when they just hung up the phone, then you know it might be a nice time to walk over and talk to them or you might stand outside their office and wait, and then you can see when it's good to interrupt. When we're remote, we don't have that visual information, and so we can just be sending electronic communications to our colleagues at all time. There's another study that I did with my postdoc, and she found that a lot of people feel that they want to go above and beyond what they ordinarily do to be able to signal to their colleagues, to their supervisors that they're working hard. And so they jump to answer their email, their Slack messages so that they can demonstrate, hey, I'm working—you don't see me, but I want you to know that I'm here and I'm working hard, and that's why I'm going to jump on these messages.

Mills : Now, we've been talking a lot about what individuals can do regarding better attention spans, but are there changes that organizations should be making or even changes at a societal level that could help all of us with boosting our ability to stay focused on important things?

Mark : There are, and I'm a big advocate for changes on a collective level. And the reason is that if any individual decides to just pull out and completely cut themselves off from technology, they might penalize themselves. If you're a knowledge worker of any kind, you're cutting yourself off from important work communications. You can be cutting yourself off from communications from family, friends, loved ones, from important news in the world. So it's not always beneficial for any individual to cut themselves off, but an organization can do things. They can, for example, control times during the day when electronic communications are sent. They can create a window of time when no communications would be sent, and this would be a quiet time when people can work. In our research, we find that people check email on average 77 times a day. And if you have this quiet time, at least you can curtail that checking.

We might be able to reduce the amount of checking because there's no point to check, there won't be email coming. On a societal level, there's starting to be what's called right to disconnect laws, and there's one in France, it's called the El Khomri law. There's also Ireland and Ontario have policies, so other countries are starting to pick up on this, and it's the idea that no worker can be penalized if they do not answer electronic communications before and after work hours. New York City tried to introduce a right to disconnect law in its city council meeting. That got shut down very quickly. And my favorite, I read the transcripts of the meeting, and my favorite response, my favorite argument against it was from the Bureau of Tourism, which said, we're the greatest tourist city in the world, we're the city that never sleeps.

So if we have right to disconnect laws, it enables people to detach from work, and that has so much psychological benefit for individuals. You truly do need a break from work. We can't be on work 24/7, and that's what's happening. The borders between our personal life and work life have just blurred so that in personal time when people are at home after work, they're dealing with work problems, and work communications. People do need time to really relax, to break away from work. It's such a great psychological benefit, and if they can do that, it enables them to better reattach to work the next day because they're fresh, they're replenished. So I'm a big advocate of right to disconnect policy.

Mills : let me ask you a totally different question, which is what's next for you? What are you working on now? What are the important research questions that you want to see answered?

Mark : Yeah, so I would like to continue looking at our attention. I'm interested in a lot of things. I'm interested in how we can get more value from the internet. We have this incredible resource available to us, and so rather than be upset by it because it distracts us, how can we turn that around and instead find value from it? And how can we utilize our time best and optimize our time best when we use the resources that the internet offers without getting exhausted from it?

And I also have been looking at teamwork, remote teamwork and how that can be optimized because more and more companies are starting to have hybrid work and remote work, and what are the repercussions from that? What are the benefits from that? So I'd like to understand that better.

Mills : Well, that all sounds really interesting. I look forward to seeing your subsequent research. Appreciate your joining me today, Dr. Mark. Thank you very much.

Mark : Thank you so much for having me.

Mills : You can find previous episodes of Speaking of Psychology on our website at speakingofpsychology.org or on Apple, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts. And if you like what you've heard, please subscribe and leave us a review. If you have comments or ideas for future podcasts, you can email us at [email protected] . Speaking of Psychology is produced by Lea Winerman. Our sound editor is Chris Condayan. 

Thank you for listening. For the American Psychological Association, I'm Kim Mills.

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Episode 225: Why our attention spans are shrinking, with Gloria Mark, PhD

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• Gloria Mark, PhD
• Attention Span: A Groundbreaking Way to Restore Balance, Happiness and Productivity

Speaking of Psychology

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Your host: Kim I. Mills

Kim I. Mills is senior director of strategic external communications and public affairs for the American Psychological Association, where she has worked since 2007. Mills led APA’s foray into social media and envisioned and launched APA’s award-winning podcast series Speaking of Psychology  in 2013. A former reporter and editor for The Associated Press, Mills has also written for publications including The Washington Post , Fast Company , American Journalism Review , Dallas Morning News , MSNBC.com and Harvard Business Review .

In her 30+-year career in communications, Mills has extensive media experience, including being interviewed by The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , and other top-tier print media. She has appeared on CNN, Good Morning America , Hannity and Colmes , CSPAN, and the BBC, to name a few of her broadcast engagements. Mills holds a bachelor’s degree in biology from Barnard College and a master’s in journalism from New York University.

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Volume 30, Number 9—September 2024

Research Letter

Powassan virus encephalitis after tick bite, manitoba, canada.

Suggested citation for this article

A case of Powassan encephalitis occurred in Manitoba, Canada, after the bite of a black-legged tick. Awareness of this emerging tickborne illness is needed because the number of vector tick species is growing. No specific treatment options exist, and cases with illness and death are high. Prevention is crucial.

Figure . Black-legged tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) after removal with tweezers from a patient in Manitoba, Canada, who was later diagnosed with Powassan virus.

On October 2, 2022, a 60-year-old male hobbyist outdoor photographer in southern Manitoba, Canada, noticed a black-legged tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) attached to his neck ( Figure ). The patient sought treatment for possible Lyme disease and was prescribed doxycycline.

On October 16, 2 weeks after the tick bite, the patient had complaints of diarrhea, nausea, and malaise. He also had a fever that reached 40°C (104°F), a 10–15-pound weight loss, difficulty concentrating, and a bilateral headache, and he became bedbound from weakness and ataxia. He was admitted to a hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba on November 1. He had a history of hypertension for which he was taking ramipril and right arm thrombosis for which he was taking apixaban.

The patient complained of radicular pain in his arms and legs requiring opioids. He recalled no recent travel, immunizations, or mosquito bites. Physical examination revealed tachycardia, confusion, dysarthria, and difficulty following commands. He did not have fever, rash, or nuchal rigidity. A neurologic examination demonstrated a bilateral intention tremor, twitching, dysmetria, and ataxia.

Laboratory testing of the patient’s blood samples showed mild hypokalemia and leukopenia (4.1 cells/μL). Magnetic resonance imaging of the patient’s brain revealed a punctate T2 hyperintensity in the right frontal lobe white matter. Electroencephalography revealed mild bilateral fronto-temporal cerebral dysfunction. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed 41 nucleated cells/mm 3 (89% lymphocytes) and a protein level of 1.41 g/L (reference range 0.2–0.4 g/L); glucose level was within reference range. Results of laboratory testing of the CSF was negative for West Nile virus IgM, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, and varicella zoster virus; bacterial and viral cultures yielded negative results. PCR testing of the CSF was negative for human herpesvirus 6. Additional serum testing was negative for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, and Lyme disease. PCR testing on a stool sample was negative for enteroviruses.

We ordered Powassan virus (POWV) testing of convalescent serum, and results were positive for IgM. A 90% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT 90 ) resulted in antibody neutralization at a dilution of 1:80 on November 3 and then 1:160 on November 6. On the basis of clinical symptoms, timeline from tick attachment to symptom onset, and confirmatory PRNT 90 , we made a diagnosis of Powassan encephalitis. After 1 week, the patient improved and was discharged. Repeat serologic testing on July 14, 2023, showed that PRNT 90 had decreased to 1:20.

POWV is a flavivirus transmitted by tick species that also act as reservoirs ( 1 ). The most consequential vectors are black-legged ticks, which are known to bite humans and can spread other tickborne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (anaplasmosis), and Babesia microti (babesiosis) ( 2 ). Those pathogens require tick attachment periods > 24 hours ( 2 ), but according to animal studies, the transmission time of POWV from vector to host can occur in 15 minutes ( 2 ), although transmission typically occurs after 3 hours in humans ( 3 ). No human-to-human transmission has been reported.

POWV is found in Canada, the United States, and Russia ( 1 ). In the northeastern United States, > 200 cases have been reported. The highest incidence is in Wisconsin and Minnesota, both bordering Manitoba ( 1 , 4 ). Cases occur predominantly in May–November, when ticks are active ( 4 ). Only 21 cases have been reported in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Quebec ( 1 ), Canada. The true prevalence in Canada is unknown because POWV is not a reportable disease. Serologic surveys from 1968–1969 in British Columbia found antibodies in 0.129% of those tested and higher rates of 12.4% in outdoor workers ( 5 ). Studies in Ontario from the 1970s found antibodies in 0.70% of persons tested ( 1 ). The range of black-legged ticks is expanding up to 46 km annually, so exposure is likely increasing ( 6 ). No data on the prevalence of POWV in black-legged ticks in Manitoba have been published.

The incubation period of POWV is 7–34 days, after which 1–3 days of influenza-like prodrome occurs ( 7 ). Central nervous system infection with encephalitis is common ( 7 ). During 2011–2020, the United States reported 194 cases; 91.75% were neuroinvasive, and 10%–15% resulted in death ( 4 , 7 ). Fevers, weakness, headaches, and altered sensorium are the most common patient complaints reported ( 7 , 8 ). Other complaints include gastrointestinal involvement, focal neurologic signs, seizures, ataxia, twitching, tremors, and radiculitis ( 7 ). Magnetic resonance imaging findings commonly include T2/flair hyperintensities in the brainstem, cortex, and deep gray structures ( 9 ). Electroencephalography slowing has been described ( 8 ). Those findings are corroborated by autopsy results showing high POWV RNA levels in brain tissue ( 10 ). Neurologic sequelae occur in > 50% of survivors. In the case we report, the patient reported persistent ataxia for months. Because no specific antiviral drug is available, disease management consists of supportive measures for airway protection and cerebral edema and analgesia for radiculitis.

A lack of reporting, limited awareness of POWV as a causative agent of encephalitis, expanding tick range, and incomplete knowledge of prevalence has led to a lack of action against this emerging virus. Prevention strategies include avoiding ticks, using insect repellant, treating clothing with 0.5% permethrin in endemic areas, and frequent tick checks.

Dr. Smith is a second-year core internal medicine resident with the Max Rady College of Medicine at the University of Manitoba. Research interests include infectious disease and general internal medicine.

• Corrin  T , Greig  J , Harding  S , Young  I , Mascarenhas  M , Waddell  LA . Powassan virus, a scoping review of the global evidence. Zoonoses Public Health . 2018 ; 65 : 595 – 624 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
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• El Khoury  MY , Camargo  JF , White  JL , Backenson  BP , Dupuis  AP II , Escuyer  KL , et al. Potential role of deer tick virus in Powassan encephalitis cases in Lyme disease-endemic areas of New York, U.S.A. Emerg Infect Dis . 2013 ; 19 : 1926 – 33 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
• Piantadosi  A , Rubin  DB , McQuillen  DP , Hsu  L , Lederer  PA , Ashbaugh  CD , et al. Emerging cases of Powassan virus encephalitis in New England: clinical presentation, imaging, and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis . 2016 ; 62 : 707 – 13 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
• Normandin  E , Solomon  IH , Zamirpour  S , Lemieux  J , Freije  CA , Mukerji  SS , et al. Powassan virus neuropathology and genomic diversity in patients with fatal encephalitis. Open Forum Infect Dis . 2020 ; 7 : ofaa392 . DOI PubMed Google Scholar
• Figure . Black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) after removal with tweezers from a patient in Manitoba, Canada, who was later diagnosed with Powassan virus.

Suggested citation for this article : Smith N, Keynan Y, Wuerz T, Sharma A. Powassan virus encephalitis after tick bite, Manitoba, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 September [ date cited ]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231344

DOI: 10.3201/eid3009.231344

Original Publication Date: August 09, 2024

1 These senior authors contributed equally to this article.

Table of Contents – Volume 30, Number 9—September 2024

Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address:

Nathan Smith, University of Manitoba, 561 Trent Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2K1G2, Canada

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Metric Details

What is the altmetric attention score.

The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. The score is derived from an automated algorithm, and represents a weighted count of the amount of attention Altmetric picked up for a research output.