h index phd

What Is Good H-Index? H-Index Required For An Academic Position

In the academic world, the h-index score stands as a pivotal metric, gauging the impact and breadth of a researcher’s work. Understanding what constitutes a good h-index is crucial for academics at all stages, from budding PhD students to seasoned professors.

This article looks into the h-index, exploring what scores are considered impressive across various disciplines and career stages.

Academic Position	Typical H-Index Range
PhD Student	1 – 5
Postdoc	5 – 20
Assistant Professor	5 – 20
Associate Professor	20+
Full Professor	30+

• PhD Student: An h-index between 1 and 5 is typical for PhD students nearing the end of their program, reflecting their early stage in academic publishing.
• Postdoc and Assistant Professor: Early career researchers like postdoctoral fellows or assistant professors often find an h-index around 5 to 10 impressive, indicating a solid start in their respective fields.
• Associate Professor: At this more advanced stage, an h-index of 10 or more is generally expected, reflecting a consistent record of impactful research.
• Full Professor: For full professors, an h-index of 15 or higher is often seen, indicating a long and impactful career in research and academia.

How To Calculate Your H-Index Score?

In the academic world, the h-index score is a critical metric, essentially acting like a report card for scholars.

The h-index is a measure of a researcher’s productivity and impact. H-index was designed to assess the number of papers published and the number of citations each paper receives. 

Now that you know what is a h-index score, you may now wonder if you can find out your own. Good thing is that platforms like Google Scholar or Web of Science can come in handy.

They track your number of publications and the number of times those publications are cited, crunching these numbers into your h-index.

This number can vary based on the field and years of research experience. A full professor might be expected to have a higher h-index, reflecting more years of impactful research.

Google Scholar

To find out your h-index score from Google Scholar, you can follow the steps below:

• Create a Google Scholar Profile : If you don’t already have one, go to Google Scholar and create a profile. Fill in your academic details and affiliations.
• Add Publications : Ensure all your research publications are listed in your profile. You can add them manually or import them if they are already available on Google Scholar.
• Verify your Publications : Make sure the publications listed are indeed yours, as sometimes publications from other authors with similar names might appear.
• Check the Citations Section : Once your profile is complete and updated, look for the ‘Citations’ section on your profile page. This is usually located at the top and easy to spot.
• Find Your H-Index : In the Citations section, you will see your h-index listed among other citation metrics like the total number of citations and the i10-index.

Web Of Science

To find out your h-index score from Web Of Science, you can follow the steps below:

• Access Web of Science : Go to the Web of Science website. Access may require an institutional login, depending on your affiliation.
• Search for Your Name : Use the author search function to find your publications. Ensure you search with variations of your name if you’ve published under different names or initials.
• Create a Citation Report : Once your publications are listed, select them and create a citation report. This option is typically found above the list of your publications.
• View Your H-Index : In the citation report, your h-index will be displayed. This number is calculated based on the total number of papers you’ve published and the number of citations each paper has received.

What H-Index Is Considered Good For A PhD Student?

For a PhD student, the world of academic metrics can be daunting, especially when it comes to the h-index, a measure that intertwines the number of publications with their citation impact.

So, what h-index score should you, as a PhD student, aim for?

A “good” h-index can vary based on your field of study and the stage of your PhD program.

Generally, for PhD students, a lower h-index is expected and completely normal. You’re just beginning your journey in academic publishing.

An h-index between 1 and 5 might be typical for students nearing the end of their PhD. This means you have 1 to 5 publications that have been cited at least 1 to 5 times, respectively.

Your h-index can be calculated using tools like Google Scholar or Web of Science. These platforms track your published papers and the number of citations each receives.

As a PhD student, your focus should be on publishing quality research in reputable journals, as this will gradually increase your h-index.

Remember, while a higher h-index is beneficial for future academic positions, it’s not the only metric that matters. Your research’s quality, relevance, and impact in your field are equally important. A single highly influential paper might open more doors than several less impactful ones.

What Are Good H-Index Required For An Academic Position?

your h-index can be as crucial as your research itself. This metric, a blend of productivity and impact, is often scrutinized by hiring committees.

But what number should you aim for? A good h-index varies by field and career stage.

PostDoc, Assistant Professors

For early career researchers, like postdoctoral fellows or assistant professors, an h-index around 5 to 10 is often impressive.

It shows you’ve made a mark in your field, with a number of papers that have been cited at least that many times. 

Associate Professor, Full Professor

In more senior roles, such as a tenured associate professor or full professor, expectations rise.

Here, an h-index of 10 or 15 might be the minimum, with higher numbers not uncommon.

This single number, while important, doesn’t tell the whole story. A young researcher might have a lower h-index simply due to less time in the field. Moreover, some fields tend to have higher citation rates, which can inflate h-index scores.

It’s wise to keep an eye on your h-index, especially if you’re eyeing:

• Competitive academic positions,
• Research funding
• Collaboration opportunities.

Improving your h-index involves not just publishing papers, but ensuring they are of high quality and relevance, increasing the likelihood of citations.

In sum, a good h-index is one that matches your career stage and field, reflecting both the quantity and impact of your work. However, it’s not the sole measure of your worth as a researcher.

The breadth and depth of your contributions, beyond just citation counts, also paint a vivid picture of your academic and scientific impact.

What Metric Influences H-Index Score?

Your h-index score is influenced by several key factors:

• Number of Publications : The more papers you publish, the greater the potential for citations. It’s a numbers game, but quality over quantity should be your mantra. High-caliber papers in respected journals often garner more attention and citations.
• Citations Per Publication : Your h-index heavily relies on how often your papers are cited. Even if you have a plethora of publications, your h-index won’t shine if they’re seldom cited.
• Years of Research Experience : A young researcher might have a lower h-index compared to a full professor, who has had more time to build their citation record.
• Research Field : The h-index varies widely across disciplines. Fields with rapid publication and citation rates like biomedical sciences often see higher h-index scores than, say, humanities. So, a good h-index in one field might be considered low in another.
• Access to Research Collaborations : Collaborations can boost your h-index. Working with other researchers, can increase the visibility and citation potential of your papers. However, too many authors on a single paper might dilute the perceived contribution of each.

Remember, while a high h-index can be indicative of a significant academic impact, it’s not the sole measure of your scientific worth. It’s a good idea to give your h-index some consideration, but also focus on the broader spectrum of your academic contributions.

How To Increase H-Index Score?

Increasing your h-index, a metric reflecting the impact and productivity of your academic work, is a strategic goal for many researchers.

This single number, representing the intersection of the quantity of your publications and their citation impact, can play a pivotal role in securing research grants and academic positions.

To boost your h-index, focus on publishing quality research in well-regarded journals. A paper published in a respected journal is more likely to be cited, and each citation nudges your h-index upwards.

For example, if you’re an assistant professor with an h-index of 5, aiming for journals with high visibility in your field can help you reach a higher h-index, making you more competitive for positions like associate or full professor.

Collaboration is another key strategy. Co-authoring with established researchers can increase the reach and citation potential of your papers.

This, however, comes with a caveat: the more number of authors on a paper, the more diluted your perceived contribution might be. Aim for a balance in co-authorship.

Active engagement in the academic community also matters. Increase citations on your work by:

• Presenting at conferences,
• networking, and
• promoting your work on platforms like Google Scholar or Web of Science.

Remember, the h-index varies by field and career stage. A good h-index for a young researcher might be 10, while more senior academics might aim for higher numbers. Using databases like Google Scholar, you can track your number of cited publications and calculate your h-index.

While a higher h-index can bolster your academic profile, it’s not the sole indicator of your scholarly worth – low h-index score is not a dealbreaker in many cases. It’s wise to consider it alongside other measures of your academic and scientific impact.

Good H-Index Score May Vary

A good h-index score is relative, varying across academic fields and career stages. While it offers a valuable snapshot of a researcher’s impact and productivity, it’s important to view it as one part of a larger picture.

Aspiring for a higher h-index should go hand in hand with maintaining the quality and relevance of research. Ultimately, the h-index is a useful tool, but it’s the depth and innovation of your work that truly define your academic legacy.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Calculate your h-index

What is the h-index, find your h-index, metrics, impact and engagement.

Use metrics  to provide evidence of:

• engagement with your research, and
• the impact of your research.

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Attribute our work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The h-index is a measure of the number of publications published (productivity), as well as how often they are cited .

h-index = the number of publications with a citation number greater than or equal to h.

For example, 15 publications cited 15 times or more, is a h-index of 15.

Read more about the h-index, first proposed by J.E. Hirsch, as An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output .

• Do an author search for yourself in Scopus
• Click on your name to display your number of publications, citations and h-index.

Google Scholar

• Create a Google Scholar Citations Profile
• Make sure your publications are listed.

Web of Science

Create a citation report of your publications that will display your h-index in Web of Science .

Watch Using Web of Science to find your publications and track record metrics 

h-index tips

• Citation patterns vary across disciplines . For example, h-indexes in Medicine are much higher than in Mathematics
• h-indexes are dependent on the coverage and related citations in the database. Always provide the data source and date along with the h-index
• h-indexes do not account for different career stages
• Your h-index changes over time . Recalculate it each time you include it in an application

Provide additional information about your metrics when talking about your h-index.

Example statement

A statement about your h-index could follow this format:

"My h-index, based on papers indexed in Web of Science, is 10. It has been 5 years since I finished my PhD. I have 4 papers (A, B, C, D) with more than 20 citations and 1 paper (E) with 29 citations (Web of Science, 05/08/19). I also have an additional 3 papers not indexed by WoS, with 29 citations based on Scopus data (01/12/20)"

Other indices

• i10 index calculation includes the number of papers with at least 10 citations. Available from Google Scholar Citations Profile. Can also be calculated manually.
• g-index modification of the h-index to give more weight to highly cited papers
• m-Quotient accounts for career length, the h-index divided by the number of years since an author's first publication
• h-index and Variants overview of various indices, including a look at the advantages and disadvantages
• Last Updated: May 31, 2024 11:40 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/for-researchers/h-index

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What is a Good H-index?

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Table of Contents

You have finally overcome the exhausting process of a successful paper publication and are just thinking that it’s time to relax for a while. Maybe you are right to do so, but don’t take very long…you see, just like the research process itself, pursuing a career as an author of published works is also about expecting results. In other words, today there are tools that can tell you if your publication(s) is/are impacting the number of people you believed it would (or not). One of the most common tools researchers use is the H-index score.

Knowing how impactful your publications are among your audience is key to defining your individual performance as a researcher and author. This helps the scientific community compare professionals in the same research field (and career length). Although scoring intellectual activities is often an issue of debate, it also brings its own benefits:

• Inside the scientific community: A standardization of researchers’ performances can be useful for comparison between them, within their field of research. For example, H-index scores are commonly used in the recruitment processes for academic positions and taken into consideration when applying for academic or research grants. At the end of the day, the H-index is used as a sign of self-worth for scholars in almost every field of research.
• In an individual point of view: Knowing the impact of your work among the target audience is especially important in the academic world. With careful analysis and the right amount of reflection, the H-index can give you clues and ideas on how to design and implement future projects. If your paper is not being cited as much as you expected, try to find out what the problem might have been. For example, was the research content irrelevant for the audience? Was the selected journal wrong for your paper? Was the text poorly written? For the latter, consider Elsevier’s text editing and translation services in order to improve your chances of being cited by other authors and improving your H-index.

What is my H-index?

Basically, the H-index score is a standard scholarly metric in which the number of published papers, and the number of times their author is cited, is put into relation. The formula is based on the number of papers (H) that have been cited, and how often, compared to those that have not been cited (or cited as much). See the table below as a practical example:

1	>	79
2	>	71
3	>	45
4	>	36
5	>	10
6	>	7	H-index=6
7	>	6
8	>	3
9	>	1

In this case, the researcher scored an H-index of 6, since he has 6 publications that have been cited at least 6 times. The remaining articles, or those that have not yet reached 6 citations, are left aside.

A good H-index score depends not only on a prolific output but also on a large number of citations by other authors. It is important, therefore, that your research reaches a wide audience, preferably one to whom your topic is particularly interesting or relevant, in a clear, high-quality text. Young researchers and inexperienced scholars often look for articles that offer academic security by leaving no room for doubts or misinterpretations.

What is a good H-Index score journal?

Journals also have their own H-Index scores. Publishing in a high H-index journal maximizes your chances of being cited by other authors and, consequently, may improve your own personal H-index score. Some of the “giants” in the highest H-index scores are journals from top universities, like Oxford University, with the highest score being 146, according to Google Scholar.

Knowing the H-index score of journals of interest is useful when searching for the right one to publish your next paper. Even if you are just starting as an author, and you still don’t have your own H-index score, you may want to start in the right place to skyrocket your self-worth.

See below some of the most commonly used databases that help authors find their H-index values:

• Elsevier’s Scopus : Includes Citation Tracker, a feature that shows how often an author has been cited. To this day, it is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature.
• Clarivate Analytics Web of Science : a digital platform that provides the H-index with its Citation Reports feature
• Google Scholar : a growing database that calculates H-index scores for those who have a profile.

Maximize the impact of your research by publishing high-quality articles. A richly edited text with flawless grammar may be all you need to capture the eye of other authors and researchers in your field. With Elsevier, you have the guarantee of excellent output, no matter the topic or your target journal.

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How to use Web of Science to calculate your h-index

Step 1: Go to the Web of Science search form

Step 2: screen the search results and create a citation report, step 3: assess the web of science h-index, troubleshooting: what to do when there are articles that were wrongly assigned, it's not just authors you can calculate an h-index for on web of science, frequently asked questions about using web of science to calculate your h-index, related articles.

Web of Science is a database with millions of articles and citations. This data can be used to calculate all sorts of bibliographic metrics including the h-index. Unfortunately, Web of Science is not free, but your institution might have a subscription to it. If so, you'll have access to it when you're on the campus network. When you're off campus, take a look at our off-campus access database to see if your institution is listed.

➡️ Learn more:  What is the h-index?

The h-index was designed for evaluating authors, but it can also be used as a guiding metric when researching a new area. Technically, any set of papers can be given a h-index and it is fairly easy to apply it to a set of search results and use the h-index as a guideline for gaining a broad introduction to the major discussions in the field. But first, let's explore the most efficient way to calculate the h-index of an author.

• Go to: https://webofknowledge.com/ .
• Change the drop-down option from Topic to Author . The default search space, the Core Collection, is usually the best option as it includes both journals and conference proceedings.
• Note that the conference proceedings only go back to 1990.
• Changing the search space to a more specific domain database only makes sense if you get too many false positives in your search results and picking the right ones becomes cumbersome.
• If you or the author you are researching has a ResearcherID or ORCID entry then go with this ID and change the drop-down option to Author identifier .

If you are sure that the author's name is the same on all publications, then provide as much information as you can because it will help to get only relevant entries. Let's take for example the well-known physicist Stephen W. Hawking . The problem is that he might go by Stephen Hawking, Stephen W Hawking, or just by SW Hawking. That's something that needs to be explored on an individual basis. In this tutorial, I tried "Hawking SW". Yes, the last name goes first !

The next step is to screen the search results to see if they really list the author we have been looking for. You can use various filters in the left-hand panel to trim down your results. "Web of Science Categories" and "Organizations-Enhanced" are the most useful ones. But don't worry if some false positives are left; we can remove them in the next step.

Once you have filtered the search results accordingly, all you need to do is click on "Create Citation Report".

By now, a new page will have been opened that displays all sorts of bibliographic metrics including the h-index.

At the bottom of the page, you will find a list of all publications that have been included in this analysis. If you need to remove some false positive hits, then simply select the checkbox of the entry and then hit the "Go" button. The h-index calculation will update immediately.

Yes, the h-index was originally defined as an author-centric measure, but it can also be used to explore research topics in general. For example, if researching the topic of "ageism" on Web of Science, the h-index can be determined easily by following the steps described before and creating a citation report. For the search term “Machine Learning” the regular way does not work as the search yields more than 10,000 results. You can still calculate a h-index, but it requires some manual work. First change the "Sorted by" dropdown menu to "Times Cited -- highest to lowest", and then scroll to the point at which the times cited is less than the rank.

➡️ Learn more:  How to calculate the h-index manually

➡️ Learn more: How to calculate the h-index using Scopus

➡️ Learn more: How to find your h-index in Google Scholar

An h-index is a rough summary measure of a researcher’s productivity and impact . Productivity is quantified by the number of papers, and impact by the number of citations the researchers' publications have received.

Google Scholar can automatically calculate your h-index, read our guide How to calculate your h-index on Google Scholar for further instructions.

Even though Scopus needs to crunch millions of citations to find the h-index, the look-up is pretty fast. Read our guide How to calculate your h-index using Scopus for further instructions.

The h-index is not something that needs to be calculated on a daily basis, but it's good to know where you are for several reasons. First, climbing the h-index ladder is something worth celebrating. But more importantly, the h-index is one of the measures funding agencies or the university's hiring committee calculate when you apply for a grant or a position. Given the often huge number of applications, the h-index is calculated in order to rank candidates and apply a pre-filter.

Unfortunately, Web of Science is not free, but your institution might have a subscription to it. If so, you'll have access to it when you're on the campus network. When you're off campus, take a look at our off campus access database to see if your institution is listed.

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Quantifying the Impact of My Publications: What is the h index?

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What is the h index?

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The h index was proposed by J.E. Hirsch in 2005 and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . [i]   The h index is a quantitative metric based on analysis of publication data using publications and citations to provide “an estimate of the importance, significance, and broad impact of a scientist’s cumulative research contributions .” [ii]    According to Hirsch, the h index is defined as: “ A scientist has index h if h of his or her Np papers have at least h citations each and the other (Np – h) papers have ≤h citations each .”

As an example, an h index of 10 means that among all publications by one author, 10 of these publications have received at least 10 citations each.  

Hirsch argues that the h index is preferable to other single-number criteria, such as the total number of papers, the total number of citations and citations per paper. However, Hirsch includes several caveats:

• A single number can never give more than a rough approximation to an individual’s multifaceted profile;
• Other factors should be considered in combination in evaluating an individual;
• There will be differences in typical h values in different fields, determined in part by the average number of references in a paper in the field, the average number of papers produced by each scientist in the field, and the size (number of scientists) of the field; and
• For an author with a relatively low h that has a few seminal papers with extraordinarily high citation counts, the h index will not fully reflect that scientist’s accomplishments. [iii]

Since Hirsch introduced the h index in 2005, this measure of academic impact has garnered widespread interest as well as proposals for other indices based on analyses of publication data such as the g index, h (2) index, m quotient, r index, to name a few.

Several commonly used databases, such as Elsevier’s Scopus , Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science , and Google Scholar   provide h index values for authors.

[i] Hirsch JE. An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 November 15; 102(46): 16569–16572. doi:  10.1073/pnas.0507655102

[ii] Ibid. p. 16569.

[iii] Ibid. p. 16571

Resources to Find the h index

• Google Scholar Google Scholar provides the h index for authors who have created a profile.
• Publish or Perish Publish or Perish is a software program that retrieves and analyzes academic citations from Google Scholar and provides the h index among other metrics. Publish or Perish is handy for obtaining the h index for authors who do not have a Google Scholar profile.
• Scopus Scopus provides a Citation Tracker feature that allows for generation of a Citation Overview chart to generate a h index for publications and citations from 1970 to current. The feature also allows for removal of self-citations from the overall citation counts.
• Web of Science Core Collection Web of Science allows for generation of the h index for publications and citations from 1970 to current using the "Create Citation Report" feature.

Understanding the h index

Do You Need an h index Report?

Do you need an h index report.

We provide h index reports (Scopus and/or Web of Science) to members of the Washington University in St. Louis community.

Contact Amy Suiter to request a report.

Strengths and Shortcomings

Strengths of the h index

• The h index is a metric for evaluating the cumulative impact of an author’s scholarly output and performance; measures quantity with quality by comparing publications to citations.
• The h index corrects for the disproportionate weight of highly cited publications or publications that have not yet been cited.
• Several resources automatically calculate the h index as part of citation reports for authors.

Shortcomings of the h index

• The h index is a metric to assess the entire body of scholarly output by an author; not intended for a specific timeframe.
• The h index is insensitive to publications that are rarely cited such as meeting abstracts and to publications that are frequently cited such as reviews.
• Author name variant issues and multiple versions of the same work pose challenges in establishing accurate citation data for a specific author.
• The h index does not provide the context of the citations.
• The h index is not considered a universal metric as it is difficult to compare authors of different seniority or disciplines. Young investigators are at a disadvantage and academic disciplines vary in the average number of publications, references and citations.
• Self-citations or gratuitous citations among colleagues can skew the h index.
• The h index will vary among resources depending on the publication data that is included in the calculation of the index.
• The h index disregards author ranking and co-author characteristics on publications.
• There are instances of “paradoxical situations” for authors who have the same number of publications, with varying citation counts, but have the same h index. As an example, Author A has eight publications which have been cited a total of 338 times and Author B also has eight publications which have been cited a total of 28 times. Author A and Author B have the same h index of 5 but Author A has a higher citation rate than Author B. See Balaban, AT. 2012. Positive and negative aspects of citation indices and journal impact factors. Scientometrics. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-102-0637-5

Is There an Alternative to the h index?: The m value

The m value is a correction of the h index for time (m = h/y). According to Hirsch,  m is an “ indicator of the successfulness of a scientist ” and can be used to compare scientists of different seniority. The m value can be seen as an indicator for “scientific quality” with the advantage (as compared to the h index) that the m value is corrected for career length.

What are the Ranges?

Per Hirsch:

• h index of 20 after 20 years of scientific activity, characterizes a successful scientist
• h index of 40 after 20 years of scientific activity, characterizes outstanding scientists, likely to be found only at the top universities or major research laboratories.
• h index of 60 after 20 years, or 90 after 30 years, characterizes truly unique individuals.
• h index of 15-20, fellowship in the National Physical Society.
• h index of 45 or higher, membership in the National Academy of Sciences.

Other works that discuss the h index in comparison to various medical specialties are noted here .

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What is the H-index, and Does it Matter?

How do you measure how good you are as a scientist? One way is the h-index. Discover what this is, and learn about the pros and cons of using it to assess your scientific career.

Published October 20, 2023

Nick has a PhD from the University Dundee and is the Founder and Director of Bitesize Bio , Science Squared Ltd and The Life Science Marketing Society .

The h-index is a measure of research performance and is calculated as the highest number of manuscripts from an author (h) that all have at least the same number (h) of citations. The h-index is known to penalize early career researchers and does not take into account the number of authors on a paper. Alternative indexes have been created, including the i-10, h-frac, G-index, and M-number.

Listen to one of our scientific editorial team members read this article. Click  here  to access more audio articles or subscribe.

How do you measure how good you are as a scientist? How would you compare the impact of two scientists in a field? What if you had to decide which one would get a grant? One method is the h-index, which we will discuss in more detail below. First, we’ll touch on why this is not a simple task.

Measuring scientific performance is more complicated and more critical than it might first seem. Various methods for measurement and comparison have been proposed, but none of them is perfect.

At first, you might think that the method for measuring scientific performance doesn’t concern you—because all you care about is doing the best research you can. However, you should care because these metrics are increasingly used by funding bodies and employers to allocate grants and jobs. So, your perceived scientific performance score could seriously affect your career.

Metrics for Measuring Scientific Performance

What are the metrics involved in measuring scientific performance? The methods that might first spring to mind are:

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• Recommendations from peers. At first glance, this is a good idea in principle. However, it is subject to human nature, so personal relationships will inevitably affect perceived performance. Also, if a lesser-known scientist publishes a ground-breaking paper, they would likely get less recognition than if a more eminent colleague published the same paper.
• The number of articles published. A long publication list looks good on your CV, but the number of articles published does not indicate their impact on the field. Having a few publications well-heeded by colleagues in the field (i.e., they are cited often) is better than having a long list of publications cited poorly or not at all.
• The average number of citations per article published. So, if it’s citations we’re interested in, then surely the average number of citations per paper is a better number to look at. Well, not really. The average could be skewed dramatically by one highly cited article, so it does not allow a good comparison of overall performance.

The H-Index

In 2005, Jorge E. Hirsch of UCSD published a paper in PNAS in which he put forward the h-index as a metric for measuring and comparing the overall scientific productivity of individual scientists. [1]

The h-index has been quickly adopted as the metric of choice for many committees and bodies.

How to Calculate An Author’s H-Index

The h-index calculation is pretty simple. You plot the number of papers versus the number of citations you (or someone else) have received, and the h-index is the number of papers at which the 45-degree line (citations=papers, orange) intercepts the curve, as shown in Figure 1 . That is, h equals the number of papers that have received at least h citations. For example, do you have one publication that has been cited at least once? If the answer is yes, then you can go on to your next publication. Have your two publications each been cited at least twice? If yes, then your h-index is at least 2. You can keep going until you get to a “no.”

So, if you have an h-index of 20, you have 20 papers with at least 20 citations. It also means that you are doing pretty well with your science!

What is a Good H-Index?

Hirsch reckons that after 20 years of research, an h-index of 20 is good, 40 is outstanding, and 60 is truly exceptional.

In his paper, Hirsch shows that successful scientists do, indeed, have high h-indices: 84% of Nobel Prize winners in physics, for example, had an h-index of at least 30. Table 1 lists some eminent scientists and their respective h-indexes.

Table 1: H-index scores of some Nobel Laureates (data from Google Scholar collected on September 27, 2023).

Advantages of the H-Index

The advantage of the h-index is that it combines productivity (i.e., number of papers produced) and impact (number of citations) in a single number. So, both productivity and impact are required for a high h-index; neither a few highly cited papers nor a long list of papers with only a handful of (or no!) citations will yield a high h-index.

Limitations of the H-Index

Although having a single number that measures scientific performance is attractive, the h-index is only a rough indicator of scientific performance and should only be considered as such.

Limitations of the h-index include the following:

• It does not take into account the number of authors on a paper. A scientist who is the sole author of a paper with 100 citations should get more credit than one on a similarly cited paper with 10 co-authors.
• It penalizes early-career scientists. Outstanding scientists with only a few publications cannot have a high h-index, even if all of those publications are ground-breaking and highly cited. For example, Albert Einstein would have had an h-index of only 4 or 5 if he had died in early 1906 despite being widely known as an influential physicist at the time.
• Review articles have a greater impact on the h-index than original papers since they are generally cited more often.
• The use of the h-index has now broadened beyond science. However, it’s difficult to compare fields and scientific disciplines directly, so, really, a ‘good’ h-index is impossible to define.

Calculating the H-Index

There are several online resources and h-index calculators for obtaining a scientist’s h-index. The most established are ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus, both of which require a subscription (probably via your institution), but there are free options too, one of which is Publish or Perish .

You might get a different value if you check your own (or someone else’s) h-index with each of these resources. Each uses a different database to count the total publications and citations. ISI and Scopus use their own databases, and Publish or Perish uses Google Scholar. Each database has different coverage and will provide varying h-index values. For example, ISI has good coverage of journal publications but poor coverage of conferences, while Scopus covers conferences better but needs better journal coverage pre-1992. [2]

Is the H-index Still Effective?

A paper published in PLoS One in 2021 concluded that while a scientist’s h-index previously correlated well with the number of scientific awards, this is no longer the case. This lack of correlation is partly because of the change in authorship patterns, with the average number of authors per paper increasing. [3]

Are Alternatives to the H-Index Better?

Let’s take a look at some of the alternative measures available.

The H-Frac Index

The authors of the PLoS One paper suggest fractional analogs of the h-index are better suited for the job. [3] Here, the number of authors on a paper is also considered. One such measure is the h-frac, where citation counts are divided by the number of authors. However, this solution could also be manipulated to the detriment of more junior researchers, as minimizing the number of authors on a paper would maximize your h-frac score. This could mean more junior researchers are left off papers where they did contribute, harming their careers. 

The G-Index

This measure looks at the most highly cited articles of an author and is defined as “the largest number n of highly cited articles for which the average number of citations is at least n .” [4] This measure allows highly cited papers to bolster lower cited papers of an author. 

The i-10 Index

Developed by Google Scholar, this index is the number of articles published by an author that have received at least 10 citations. This measure, along with the h-index, is available on Google Scholar.

The m-value was developed to try to balance the scales for early career researchers. It corrects the h-index for time, allowing for easier comparison of researchers with different seniority and career lengths. It is calculated as the h-index divided by the number of years.

The Problem with Measuring Performance

While these numbers can be helpful to give a flavor of a scientist’s performance, they are all flawed. Many are biased towards researchers who publish often and are further into their careers. Many of these indexes can also be manipulated, such as adding extra authors to papers who didn’t contribute.

In reality, it isn’t possible to distill a researcher’s contributions to a single number. They may not have published many papers, but those papers they have published made vital contributions. Or their skills are in training the next round of researchers. When looking at these numbers, we should remember they are just a reflection of one small part of a researcher’s contributions and values and are not the be-all and end-all.

The H-Index Summed Up

The h-index provides a useful metric for scientific performance, but only when viewed in the context of other factors. While other measures are available, including the i-10 index, the G-index, and the h-frac index, these also have limitations. Therefore, when making decisions that are important to you (funding, job, finding a PI), be sure to read through publication lists, talk to other scientists (and students) and peers, and take account of career stage. So, remember that an h-index is only one consideration among many—and you should definitely know your h-index—but it doesn’t define you (or anyone else) as a scientist.

• Hirsch JE. (2005) An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output . PNAS 102(46):16569–72
• Meho LI, Yang K. (2007) Impact of data sources on citation counts and rankings of LIS faculty: Web of science versus scopus and google scholar . JASIST 58(13):2105–25
• Koltun V, Hafner D. (2021) The h-index is no longer an effective correlate of scientific reputation . PLoS One . 16(6):e0253397
• Wikipedia. g-index . Accessed 25 September 2023

Originally published April 2, 2009. Reviewed and updated October 2023.

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What Is a Good H-Index Required for an Academic Position?

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Sep 3, 2021 | Career Advice for Academics , How To Get Published | 0 |

What Is a Good H-Index Required for an Academic Position? Metrics are important. Even scholars who may not entirely agree with the ways in which academic and scientific impact is currently measured and used cannot deny that metrics play a significant role in determining who receives research grants, employment offers and desirable promotions. The h-index is only one among various kinds of metrics now applied to the research-based writing of professional scholars, but it is an increasingly significant one. Introduced by the physicist Jorge Hirsch in a paper published in 2005, the h-index was designed to assess the quantity and quality of a scientist’s contributions and predict his or her productivity and influence in the coming years. However, its use and importance have quickly expanded beyond physics and the sciences into a wide variety of disciplines and fields of study. If you are applying for a scientific or academic position, hoping for a promotion or in need of research funding, it will therefore be wise to give your h-index score some consideration, but within reason. In some fields, the h-index and other forms of metrics play a very small part if any in hiring and funding, and there are still many other means used by hiring and funding committees to assess scholarly contributions.

The h-index is considered preferable to metrics that measure only a researcher’s number of publications or the number of times those publications have been cited. This is because it combines the two, considering both publications and citations to arrive at a particular value. A scholar who has five publications that have been cited at least five times has an h-index of 5, whereas a scholar with ten publications that have been cited ten times has an h-index of 10. Publication and citation patterns differ markedly across disciplines and fields of study, and the expectations of hiring and funding bodies vary depending on the level and type of position and the kind and size of research project, so it is impossible to say exactly what might be considered an acceptable or competitive h-index in a given situation. H-index scores between 3 and 5 seem common for new assistant professors, scores between 8 and 12 fairly standard for promotion to the position of tenured associate professor, and scores between 15 and 20 about right for becoming a full professor. Be aware, however, that these are gross generalisations and actual figures vary enormously among disciplines and fields: there are, for instance, many full professors, deans and chancellors with very low h-index scores, and an exceptional young researcher with an h-index of 10 or 15 might conceivably still be working on a post doctorate.

As a general rule in many fields, an h-index that matches the number of years a scholar has been working in the field is a respectable score. Hirsch in fact suggested that the h-index be used in conjunction with a scholar’s active research time to arrive at what is known as Hirsch’s individual m. It is calculated by dividing a scientist’s h-index by the number of years that have passed since the first publication, with a score of 1 being very good indeed, 2 being outstanding and 3 truly exceptional. This means that if you have published at least one well-cited document each year since your first publication – a decent textual output by any measure – you are among a successful group of scholars, and if you have published two or three times that number of well-cited documents over the same period of time, you are among the intellectual superstars of your discipline and probably of your time. To put this into perspective, from what I can find online it looks like Stephen Hawking has a score of about 1.6 by this calculation. If you can approach a hiring committee or funding body with anything close to that, you are certainly going to be a serious contender in the competition.

The h-index as a measure of both the quantity and quality of scholarly achievement is considered quite reliable and robust, so it has proved incredibly popular and is now applied not only to individual researchers, but also to research groups and projects, to scholarly journals and publishers, to academic and scientific departments, to entire universities and even to entire countries. As with all metrics, however, the h-index is subject to a number of biases and limitations, so there are significant problems associated with relying solely on h-index scores when making important research and career decisions. The h-index does not, for example, account for publications with citation numbers far above a researcher’s h-index or distinguish any difference between publications with a single author or many. Older publications are counted exactly as more recent ones are and older scholars benefit, whether they have published anything new in years or not. Neither the length of a publication nor the nature of each citation (positive or negative) is considered, so those measures of quantity and quality are not part of the picture. Early career researchers who take the time to delve deeply into an important problem and eventually produce an excellent article and scholars at any stage in their careers who dedicate time to teaching or practical applications of research will have lower scores than those who crank out mediocre articles based on uninteresting research that is nonetheless cited by their colleagues. Finally, the databases from which the h-index and other metrics are determined vary in the types of documents they consider and the fields of study they include, so the same scholar will not receive the same h value across all of them, and accurate comparison across fields and disciplines is impossible.

These and other problems have generated a number of adjustments that are rather similar to Hirsch’s individual m, which, as discussed above, considers a scholar’s active research time in relation to his or her h-index. The g-index gives greater weight to publications whose citation counts exceed a researcher’s h value; the hi index corrects for the number of authors; the hc index corrects for the age of publications, with recent citations earning more counts; and the c-index considers collaboration distance between the author of a publication and the authors citing it. Solutions for comparison between disciplines and fields have included dividing the h-index scores of scholars by the h-index averages in their respective fields to arrive at results that can be compared, but defining fields can be tricky, and larger fields of study with more researchers naturally generate more citations. The databases used for scholarly metrics are constantly upgrading and broadening their inclusiveness to render metrics like the h-index more truly representative of a researcher’s actual productivity and impact, so the accuracy and consistency of these tools are likely to continue improving. However, no new numbers or calculations can add what all of these metrics lack, and that is research content – the valuable and unique content that makes the publication of research a worthy task in the first place.

Committees gathered to hire or promote faculty or to select the recipients of research grants rarely rely solely on metrics when making their decisions. If they are doing their jobs properly, they combine what they can gather from metrics with other information about candidates and their scholarly impact. They do not just notice how many times the papers of candidates have been cited; they read those papers and consider their content, and they pay attention to the other activities of the scholars they are considering. This wider perspective is appropriate for an applicant as well, so if you are polishing your CV, putting together a grant application or preparing for a job interview, look over your own unique achievements with a kindly yet critical eye and consider them in direct relation to what the job posting or grant regulations indicate is wanted. If you happen to have a wonderful h-index score or any other impressive metrics, by all means flaunt them, and if you fear that a low h value will compromise your career aspirations, do what you can to have your publications with lower citation counts read and used more often, update your profiles on the relevant databases, and publish the type of document sure to garner citations in your field, such as a review article.

Do keep in mind, however, that hiring and funding committees are often looking for far more than large numbers of highly cited publications. Admittedly, they rarely balk at them, but universities are also seeking excellent teachers, advisors and administrators, so play up those skills and any related experience you have, and remember that financial supporters of research may be keen to fund scholars who can successfully manage and complete projects, even and perhaps especially if part of the training they offer younger researchers means that their students tend to publish most of the results. Finally, an active online presence in your field established through sharing your research via blogs, professional platforms and social media might not garner the same respect as formal publications, but it can count for a great deal when many universities are working to increase their online activities and funding bodies working to democratise the publication of the research they support. Generally speaking, committees considering applications will be even more likely to google the names of candidates and applicants than to look up the metrics associated with them, so assume that both will be done and ensure that what can be found shares excellent research content and leaves a desirable professional impression of you and your work.

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What Is a Good H-Index Required for an Academic Position? The h-index is used along with applicants research & skills to measure their impact

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Using the h-index to compare researchers from different fields

We are all aware that the h-index of a researcher is the metric for evaluating the cumulative impact of his/her research publications. I am asking the question regarding a doubt that arises when we compare researchers based on the h-index.

I come from a background of theoretical physics where we come across two types of researchers: (1) those who works on theory and (2) those who works on data analysis (mostly within a collaboration). For example, consider the following two researchers:

One is a senior professor who works on quantum field theory and string theory and has produced several outstanding papers over 25 years. His total citations = 7311, h-index = 40, i-10 index = 57 .

The second has obtained his PhD in gravitational wave astronomy about 3 years ago and is presently a postdoc at Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. Most of his papers involve doing data analysis as part of the gravitational waves collaboration. His total citations = 31121, h-index = 46, i-10 index = 75 .

So, in my opinion, it wouldn't be a wise idea to compare them based on their citations and h-index since the more experienced researcher has a much lower h-index even though he has produced several outstanding papers in his area of expertise.

My Question:

In view of the above example:

How do you compare the quality of two researchers when they are in different fields of research? Are there any other means to evaluate the quality of research?

How do you evaluate researchers where most of their citations come from papers where they are one of a large number of co-authors and their non-collaborative works are cited much less often?

• publications
• collaboration
• mega-collaborations

• 15 Do not try to compare the quality of researchers using metrics such as h-index. It cannot work. –  Anonymous Physicist Commented Oct 20, 2020 at 11:06
• 7 Following @AnonymousPhysicist, it cannot work especially over different fields. Differences are completely meaningless. Elementary school math should tell you that. –  Buffy Commented Oct 20, 2020 at 11:17
• 2 ... especially meaningless when one person is part of a large group of collaborators. –  ZeroTheHero Commented Oct 20, 2020 at 13:41
• 2 You could look at their actual research instead of some number. See also What is a fair metric for assessing the citation impact of journals across disciplines? , and How to measure achievement in a field where large collaborations are normal? –  Anyon Commented Oct 20, 2020 at 14:24
• 2 See also academia.stackexchange.com/questions/105632/… . One answer claims that in some areas it is common to have a 40+ h-index on PhD graduation. –  kfx Commented Oct 21, 2020 at 12:50

2 Answers 2

Reliance on any single index has many confounds. And these flaws are amplified when you attempt to compare academics across disciplines.

That said, there are more thoughtful ways to make use of metrics.

Here are some of the main things that should temper your use of h-index:

• Proportion of first-author or lead-author papers (e.g., 1st, 2nd, last author) : All else being equal, the esteem attributable to an author in publishing an academic paper is increased when the author leads the work.
• Number of authors per paper : All else being equal, fewer authors per paper suggests that the author of interest is contributing more to each paper.
• Average time since publication : Papers accumulate citations over time. So, an academic with many recent publications may have many papers that will ultimately contribute to their h-index after a period of time has elapsed for those citations to accrue the requisite number of citations.
• Discipline-specific citation practices : Disciplines vary in their referencing practices. The two big differences are (1) number of references per paper, and (2) citation half-life, which is to say the time it takes an article to receive half of all the citations it will ever receive. People who are in fields with more references per paper, get more citations and as a result, a higher h-index. People in fields with shorter citation half-lives see a more rapid rise of their h-index, although eventually (10 to 15 years after publication), differences in citation half-life will generally matter much less. In addition, citation databases vary in coverage of different fields (e.g., web of science probably makes biomedical researchers look much better than computer scientist compared to Google Scholar).

What are you trying to measure? Here are some fairly orthogonal elements from which you can conceptually derive other indicators:

• Annual Output : Their contribution in partnership with others to Annual Academic Output, where output corresponds to overall value: some kind of product of both quantity and quality (or impact).
• Personal Contribution : The proportion of their contribution to that output.
• Career length: The number of years that they have been making this impact.

So, from this perspective, h-index is mostly a function of annual output, career length, and the vagaries of discipline-specific citation practices.

Personal Contribution Indicators: If you are interested more in personal contribution, you might get some of the following indicators:

• Number of first-author and lead-author papers. This could be broken down based on the quality of the output as indexed by things like discipline specific journal ranking (e.g., Q1 on Scimago) or annual or total citation counts.
• Fractionated paper or citation counts. E.g., sum of papers where the value of each paper is one over the number of authors. This would mean than one sole-author paper equals 10 10-author papers. Other weightings are possible to incorporate the value assigned to first-authorship or incorporate the assumption that actually having 10 10-author papers is more valuable than 1 sole-author paper.

Productivity indicators:** If you are comparing researchers at different career stages, it can be important to control for the fact that people with longer careers have had more time to publish and more time for those publications to get cited.

If you are more interested in research productivity, then you probably want to focus on indicators of either average annual academic output or output over some recent time period (e.g., last 3 years, last 5 years, etc.).

A few indicators include the following:

• H-index divided by years since first publication. Variants include the annual rate of increase of h-index over the last five years. Note that this does not control for variation in personal contribution or discipline citation practices.
• Number of first or lead author papers per year. This could be adapted to focus on number of such papers in journals of a certain quality.
• Average annual increase in annual citation counts over the last x years.

Summary : All citation-based metrics have issues. That said, if you are aware of the limitations of the different metrics and draw on a complementary set of indicators, you are more likely to make a considered assessment of an academic's research impact.

In general, it makes most sense to compare researcher metrics to discipline-specific norms. It's important to characterise their publication style: quality versus quantity, degree of involvement in each paper, small number of authors per paper versus many authors per paper, etc. And it's also important to be clear on whether you are interested in recent productivity versus total career output versus total career impact.

More importantly, metrics are heuristics. Where important decisions are being made, they shouldn't replace reading the person's actual work or seeking out assessments by knowledgable experts.

• Thanks for the detailed answer. Are all these factors considered during postdoc selection process and faulty recruitment process? –  Richard Commented Oct 21, 2020 at 5:51
• Comparisons are often difficult even within a single discipline due to varying practices. For example, I publish in algorithms and bioinformatics. Algorithms papers tend to have equal authors, while author order matters in bioinformatics. Bioinformatics papers tend to have more authors and get more citations. Metrics get weird if you regularly publish algorithms papers that people in bioinformatics find relevant. –  Jouni Sirén Commented Oct 21, 2020 at 6:56

Seems like relatively easy problems to solve.

Compare to the median in their field. For example, search up the metrics of ~10-20 researchers in the first field and calculate their median h-index. You can also calculate the standard deviation. Then you can place the researcher into a percentile, and compare that.

You can exclude outliers by removing them from your sample before calculating the h-index.

By the way, there's a relevant section in the Wikipedia article on h-index you might be interested in.

• Thanks for the Wikipedia link –  Richard Commented Oct 21, 2020 at 5:48

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Maximizing your research identity and impact

• Researcher Profiles
• h-index for resesarchers-definition

h-index for journals

H-index for institutions, computing your own h-index, ways to increase your h-index, limitations of the h-index, variations of the h-index.

• Using Scopus to find a researcher's h-index
• Additional resources for finding a researcher's h-index
• Journal Impact Factor & other journal rankings
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• Methods for increasing researcher impact & visibility

h-index for researchers-definition

• The h-index is a measure used to indicate the impact and productivity of a researcher based on how often his/her publications have been cited.
• The physicist, Jorge E. Hirsch, provides the following definition for the h-index:  A scientist has index h if  h of his/her N p  papers have at least h citations each, and the other (N p  − h) papers have no more than h citations each. (Hirsch, JE (15 November 2005) PNAS 102 (46) 16569-16572)
• The h -index is based on the highest number of papers written by the author that have had at least the same number of citations.
• A researcher with an h-index of 6 has published six papers that have been cited at least six times by other scholars.  This researcher may have published more than six papers, but only six of them have been cited six or more times. 

Whether or not a h-index is considered strong, weak or average depends on the researcher's field of study and how long they have been active.  The h-index of an individual should be considered in the context of the h-indices of equivalent researchers in the same field of study.

Definition :  The h-index of a publication is the largest number h such that at least h articles in that publication were cited at least h times each. For example, a journal with a h-index of 20 has published 20 articles that have been cited 20 or more times.

Available from:

• SJR (Scimago Journal & Country Rank)

Whether or not a h-index is considered strong, weak or average depends on the discipline the journal covers and how long it has published. The h-index of a journal should be considered in the context of the h-indices of other journals in similar disciplines.

Definition :  The h-index of an institution is the largest number h such that at least h articles published by researchers at the institution were cited at least h times each. For example, if an institution has a h-index of 200 it's researchers have published 200 articles that have been cited 200 or more times.

Available from: exaly

In a spreadsheet, list the number of times each of your publications has been cited by other scholars. 

Sort the spreadsheet in descending order by the number of  times each publication is cited.  Then start counting down until the article number is equal to or not greater than the times cited.

Article                   Times Cited

1                              50          

2                              15          

3                              12

4                              10

5                              8

6                              7              == =>h index is 6

7                              5             

8                              1

How to successfully boost your h-index (enago academy, 2019)

Glänzel, Wolfgang On the Opportunities and Limitations of the H-index. , 2006

• h -index based upon data from the last 5 years
•  i-10 index is the number of articles by an author that have at least ten citations. 
•  i-10 index was created by Google Scholar .
• Used to compare researchers with different lengths of publication history
• m-index =   ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ h-index _______________                      # of years since author’s 1 st publication

Using Scopus to find an researcher's h-index

Additional resources for finding a researcher's h-index.

Web of Science Core Collection or Web of Science All Databases

• Perform an author search
• Create a citation report for that author.
• The h-index will be listed in the report.

Set up your author profile in the following three resources.  Each resource will compute your h-index.  Your h-index may vary since each of these sites collects data from different resources.

• Google Scholar Citations Computes h-index based on publications and cited references in Google Scholar .
• Researcher ID
• Computes h-index based on publications and cited references in the last 20 years of Web of Science .
• << Previous: Researcher Profiles
• Next: Journal Impact Factor & other journal rankings >>
• Last Updated: Jul 8, 2024 3:20 PM
• URL: https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/researchidentity

Research guidance, Research Journals, Top Universities

Explaining H-index, i10-index, G-index & other research metrics

This blog post aims to explain various  research metrics like the h-index, i-10 index, and g-index . Moreover, we will also be explaining how you can increase these research metrics .

Page Contents

Measuring your research impact

Researchers use different metrics to measure the quality of published papers in journals . It basically gives an idea of the impact of any research paper . These metrics can be applied to any publication on any subject across the world. Through research metrics, one can monitor and quantify published articles. These citation metrics ultimately help in getting a university’s ranking .

Research metrics are one of the most established ways to measure the quality of research work. It tells the importance of particular research. Nowadays, H-index, impact factor , G-index, i-10 index are commonly used research metrics. These metrics help in measuring how much a researcher’s article is cited by the co-researchers. It helps in increasing the impact of the research work.  Researchers can use these metrics for availing various fellowships and scholarships, and gaining job opportunities across the world. 

Also, read the following articles:

Difference between SCI, SCIE, and ESCI journals

Difference between Scopus and Web of Science (WoS)

What is the h-index?

It is commonly known as the Hirsch number or Hirsch index. It was developed by American physicist Jorge E. Hirsch in 2005. h-index can be defined as for a given value of h, the researchers should h number of published articles that are cited at least by h-times. Suppose the author has an h-index of 25, which means that each of his published articles is cited at least 25 times by other researchers. It mainly gives an idea of the quality of the research papers. Generally, the higher the h-index, the greater the impact of a research paper will be. Thus, the h-index can be used to measure the quality and quantity of the research paper simultaneously. The h-index for any author can be determined manually with the help of any citation database. Using Scopus or Web of Science data, the h-index can also be calculated.

What is the i-10 index?

It is another commonly used research metric by the authors/researchers. i-10 index is provided by Google Scholar . It can define as a measure of having publications with at least 10 citations. For example, if an author/researcher’s i-10 index is 6, it indicates that six of his/her publications are cited 10 times. i-10 index also helps in increasing the weightage of any student profile. The main advantage of the i-10 index is that it can be calculated very easily. Google Scholar provides easy and free access to find out these metrics. 

Charles Robert Darwin, a renowned scientist, has the highest number of citations to date. This scientist has 156678 citations with an h-index of 106 and an i-10 index of 526. This means this researcher has received at least 10 citations for each of the 526 published articles. An h-index of 106 means that, out of his total publications, his 106 articles have been cited at least 106 times by different researchers.

What is G-index?

It is another level of measuring research metrics. It was suggested by Leo Egge in 2006. In general, the h-index does include a citation count of highly cites papers. But g-index helps in boosting the profile of a researcher by giving preference to highly cited papers. G-index is basically an advanced version of the h-index.  G-index measures the citation performance for a set of articles. A g-index of 20 indicates that the top 20 publications in a researcher/author profile are cited by 400 times (20 2 ). Similarly, a g-index of 10 indicates that the top 10 publications in a researcher profile are cited by 100 times (10 2) . 

How to increase the h-index? 

In the present scenario, the quality of any published article is measured by the number of citations he/she received, research metrics like the impact factor of the journal he/she has published, and the h-index of any author profile. Generally, during the entire research career, if the researcher receives of h-index of 25 or more, it is considered to be an excellent researcher’s profile. However, on average most of the researchers have an h-index between 10-15.

• In order to increase the h-index, one must publish papers of high quality. The researcher should ensure that he/she has not published any article in predatory/fake journals . The researcher should publish more and more original research articles . Although, sometimes publishing more review articles receives a greater number of citations , that ultimately increases the h-index in a profile.  
• Secondly, another way of increasing the h-index is through proper communication of the published article. He/she can advertise through various social media platforms such as Twitter , and ResearchGate, and continuously update the Google scholar profile. This will mainly help in increasing the visibility of published articles. 
• Thirdly, the researchers while writing the manuscript , he/she should ensure that the title of the paper is simple, clear, short, and concise. He/she should use a maximum of 5-6 appropriate keywords in the abstract. The abstract should be written in a very informative manner. It should briefly describe the research study. The research paper should always explain the novelty/newness of his/her article. Usually, the first sentence of the article appears in the all-search engines. So, it should be written in a very attractive manner. The abstract should be written in a such way it gives an overall summary of the research findings. 
• Fourthly, if it is possible, the researcher should publish in open-access journals . OA journals also undergo a peer-review process. Generally, these journals are available on online platforms which are easy to access and free of charge. Through open-access journals, readers can get full-text access to published articles easily. It will ultimately draw the attention of more audiences, which will ultimately help in gaining citations, thus increasing the h-index. 

What is considered to be a good i-10 index? 

Similar to the h-index, if the author/researcher has an i-10 index of 25 or more, it is considered an excellent research profile. An i-10 index of 25 means that, out of total publications, the researcher has received at least 10 citations for every 25 published articles. The i-10 index differs from researcher to researcher. It mainly depends on the subject area and sub-section of the research area. Generally, publishing more articles related to solving practical problems receives a greater number of citations. Professors with arts and humanities backgrounds may not have a higher i-index as compared to professors with science backgrounds. However, the i-10 index is the second-well-recognized research metric after the h-index.

I Hope, this blog post will help you to understand various research metrics used in research.

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Romanian Review of Eurasian Studies, Year XX, No. 1-2/2024

Romanian Review of Eurasian Studies, Year XX, No. 1-2 / 2024,  invites professors, researchers, and Ph.D. students to submit their research articles and reviews for publication until November 15,  2024.

Our journal is indexed in ERIH PLUS, ProQuest, EBSCO, CEEOL, and Index Copernicus databases.

Manuscripts should be submitted by one of the authors of the manuscript at the e-mail addresses [email protected] and [email protected] under the condition that all authors have seen and approved the submitted manuscript. Articles will be written in Microsoft Word. There is no page limit. Only online submissions are accepted to facilitate rapid publication. Submissions by anyone other than one of the authors will not be accepted. The articles must be written in English, French, or German (with an abstract in English). The articles must have keywords, authors' affiliation, and e-mail addresses of the authors.

Note. Authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of dates contained in the articles, the authenticity, and originality, and the opinions expressed. These opinions do not involve the editorial board of this journal. However, if the sent articles contain libelous or unlawful statements and contain materials or instructions which might cause injury or harm, will be rejected.

Submitted articles or reviews will be included in a peer review process which takes maximum 3 weeks.

We accept papers in all periods of history and its related fields: archaeology, cultural studies, international relations, political science, European studies, and security studies in Eurasian space.

No publication fee.

We are looking forward to receiving your articles and reviews.

Contact Information

Editorial Team of R.R.S.E.

"Ovidius" University of Constanta,

Faculty of History and Political Science

Aleea Universitatii nr. 1, Corp A, cam 112,

Constanta, 900470, Romania

tel/fax: 0241671448

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MSI Katana 17 Gaming Laptop: 13th Gen Intel Core i7, GeForce RTX 4060, 17.3" 144Hz FHD Display, 32GB DDR5, 1TB NVMe SSD, USB-Type C, Cooler Boost 5, Win11 Home: Black B13VFK-835US

13th Gen i7

15.6" FHD

15.6" QHD+

17" QHD+

Brand	MSI
Model Name	Katana 17 B13VFK-835US
Screen Size	17.3 Inches
Color	Black
Hard Disk Size	1 TB
CPU Model	Core i7
Ram Memory Installed Size	32 GB
Operating System	Windows 11 Home
Graphics Card Description	RTX 4060
Graphics Coprocessor	NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060

About this item

• Supercharged Process: The 13th Gen. Intel Core i7 processor delivers the ultimate immersive experience in gameplay, multi-task work and productivity.
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Standing screen display size	‎17.3 Inches
Screen Resolution	‎1920 x 1080 pixels
Max Screen Resolution	‎1920 x 1080 pixels
Processor	‎2.4 GHz core_i7
RAM	‎32 GB DDR5
Memory Speed	‎4800 MHz
Hard Drive	‎1 TB SSD
Graphics Coprocessor	‎NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060
Chipset Brand	‎NVIDIA
Card Description	‎RTX 4060
Graphics Card Ram Size	‎8 GB
Wireless Type	‎802.11ad
Number of USB 2.0 Ports	‎1
Number of USB 3.0 Ports	‎3

Brand	‎MSI
Series	‎Katana 17 B13VFK-835US
Item model number	‎KATANA1713835
Operating System	‎Windows 11 Home
Item Weight	‎9.38 pounds
Product Dimensions	‎15.67 x 10.75 x 0.99 inches
Item Dimensions LxWxH	‎15.67 x 10.75 x 0.99 inches
Color	‎Black
Processor Brand	‎Intel
Number of Processors	‎10
Computer Memory Type	‎DDR5 SDRAM
Flash Memory Size	‎32 GB
Hard Drive Interface	‎SATA 3 GB/s
Batteries	‎1 Lithium Polymer batteries required. (included)

Additional Information

ASIN	B0CG7NVGQ2
Customer Reviews	4.4 out of 5 stars
Best Sellers Rank	#538 in Computers & Accessories ( ) #67 in
Date First Available	September 14, 2023

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Product Description

MSI Katana 17 Gaming Laptop: 13th Gen Intel Core i7, GeForce RTX 4060, 17.3" 144Hz FHD Display, 32GB DDR5, 1TB NVMe SSD, USB-Type C, Cooler Boost 5, Win11 Home: Black B13VFK-835US

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Customers like the value, build quality, and graphics of the laptop. They say it's well built and does not crash or hang up. Customers also appreciate the graphics, performance, and speed. However, some customers have reported issues with the battery life, strength, and heating. They mention that it overheats and prone to freezing when loading too many tabs.

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Customers are satisfied with the graphics of the laptop. They mention that it has excellent graphics, the keyboard looks cool, and the picture quality is beautiful. Some love the computer and the keyboard layout.

"... Keyboard looks really cool and feels amazing to use. It is a very good build quality and not very heavy...." Read more

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"...I think it responds very fast to editing but the battery life is not that great, haven’t figure out how to last more than 3 hours, but I think for..." Read more

"...it for both games and work, and the gaming is pretty good with not too much lagging even for higher end games." Read more

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Customers appreciate the value of the notebook computer. They say it has an amazing value.

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" Good computer for its price range " Read more

Customers are satisfied with the build quality of the laptop. They mention that it's well-built, solid without being overly heavy, and runs really well. Some appreciate the MSI Center.

"...Keyboard looks really cool and feels amazing to use. It is a very good build quality and not very heavy...." Read more

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"This is a well built machine . However, if you plan on upgrading the SSD or adding another one, just know that it can't be done out of the box...." Read more

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Customers are dissatisfied with the strength of the laptop. They mention that it's weak, frail, and unstable. The screen failed on the third day, and the memory is low quality. The laptop also chugging when it comes to 100 tabs.

"...2. The keyboard feels a little on the cheap side . The keyboard on this laptop feels slightly worse than the keyboard on my $800 acer laptop...." Read more

"...- absolutely chugging when it comes to, say, 100 tabs (don't look at me like that, there are people like me out there)..." Read more

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"Wanted to love this as much as my previous Raider. The screen failed on the third day and I use this for work...." Read more

Customers are dissatisfied with the battery life of the notebook computer. They mention that the performance is not satisfactory.

"...1. Poor, poor battery life . Expect maybe 2 hours of use when running on battery life even for casual browsing and whatnot...." Read more

"...I think it responds very fast to editing but the battery life is not that great , haven’t figure out how to last more than 3 hours, but I think for..." Read more

"...Lastly, the battery isn't great , but not horrible." Read more

"...to run multiple virtual machines simultaneously and the performance is not satisfactory ...." Read more

Customers are dissatisfied with the heating of the notebook computer. They mention that it overheats for everything, heats up their room very quickly, and is prone to freezing.

"...One thing I would recommend though is a cooling pad as gaming laptops tend to run hot ." Read more

"...It does heat up your room very quickly and can be quite loud, but I didn't notice it that often...." Read more

"...And when you play said game it just freezes ...like I have to hold the start button in to switch it off and then restart it again...." Read more

"...the only thing it cut was my wallet.Also prone to freezing when simply alt tabbing from games to work, and freezing when loading too..." Read more

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Spectrum of esophageal manometry and 24-h pH impedance findings in non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease and response to phenotype-based treatment—A prospective observational study

• Original Article
• Published: 21 August 2024

Cite this article

• Sandeep Kumar Prajapati 1 ,
• Kuppusamy Senthamizhselvan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-4052 1 ,
• Rajeswari Murugesan 2 &
• Pazhanivel Mohan 1  

Background and Aims

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is classified into erosive reflux disease (ERD) and non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). NERD includes three phenotypes: true NERD, functional heartburn (FH) and reflux hypersensitivity (RH). The management of these NERD phenotypes differs. We aimed at studying the spectrum of high-resolution manometry (HRM) and 24-hour impedance-pH findings in Indian patients with NERD, classifying the phenotypes and assessing the response to phenotype-based treatment.

We prospectively studied the clinical characteristics, endoscopy, HRM, 24-hour impedance-pH findings, symptom association and response to phenotype-specific treatment in patients with NERD.

Of 53 patients with NERD, the following phenotypes were diagnosed namely: 35 (66%) true NERD, 12 (22.7%) RH and six (11.3%) FH. The esophagogastric junction-contractile integral (EGJ-CI) was low in 60.4% and ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) was present in 53% of patients. The respective median values for true NERD, RH and FH groups were as follows: proximal mean nocturnal baseline impedance (P-MNBI) 2250Ω, 2241Ω, 2550Ω, ( p  = 0.592), distal (D-MNBI) 1431Ω, 2887.5Ω, 2516Ω ( p  < 0.001), post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index (PSPWI) 11.1%, 16%, 18.7% ( p  = 0.127). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses showed that D-MNBI and PSPWI discriminated FH and RH from true NERD, respectively, with a cut-off of 2376.5Ω (area under curve [AUC]:0.919, p  < 0.001), 22.6% (AUC:0.671, p  = 0.184) and 2318Ω (AUC:0.919, p  =  < 0.001), 16.2% (AUC:0.671, p  = 0.079). The median P-MNBI was lower in patients with GERD-associated cough than other symptoms 1325 (1250, -). Fifty (94.3%) patients showed significant improvement in symptom severity scores ( p  < 0.001) following phenotype-specific treatment.

Conclusions

In NERD patients, EGJ-CI and IEM were low. D-MNBI and PSPWI could effectively discriminate true NERD from FH and RH, whereas P-MNBI could help diagnose GERD-associated cough. The phenotype-specific treatment provides better symptom relief for patients.

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Acknowledgements

A part of this study was presented at the Asia Pacific Digestive Disease Week (APDW), Bangkok, Thailand, December 2023.

Intramural research Grant received from Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.

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Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India

Sandeep Kumar Prajapati, Kuppusamy Senthamizhselvan & Pazhanivel Mohan

Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri 522 503, India

Rajeswari Murugesan

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Contributions

SKP contributed to data collection and writing original draft; KS contributed to conceptualization, validation, supervision and writing review and editing; RM contributing to formal analysis; PM contributed to supervision, validation and editing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kuppusamy Senthamizhselvan .

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Institute ethics committee approval obtained. Approval Number JIP/IEC/2021/209.

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The study was performed conforming to the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 and 2008 concerning human and animal rights, and the authors followed the policy concerning informed consent as shown on Springer.com.

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Prajapati, S.K., Senthamizhselvan, K., Murugesan, R. et al. Spectrum of esophageal manometry and 24-h pH impedance findings in non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease and response to phenotype-based treatment—A prospective observational study. Indian J Gastroenterol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-024-01659-2

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Published : 21 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-024-01659-2

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Statement by Vice Chairman Travis Hill on the Proposal to Implement Revisions to Section 19 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act

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