(Family Dollar and Dollar Tree)
16,278
Family Dollar: $1.50
Dollar Tree: $1
$50
Kroger Co.
(incl. Kroger, Ralph’s, Fred Meyer, Pick ‘n Save, and other brands)
2,722
Harris Teeter brand:
75 cents for ≤ $100; $3.00 for >$100
Other brands:
50 cents for ≤$100, $3.50 for >$100
Harris Teeter brand: $200
Other brands: $300
Albertsons Brand
2,271
No
$200
Walmart
5,214
No
$100
Target
1,956
No
$40
Walgreens
8,600
No
$20
CVS
7,500
No
$60
Source : CFPB analysis of the retail cash-back market. See Table and Figure Notes for methodology .
Beyond these national chains, there are other providers offering cash back as a free service to their customers. Through its market monitoring activities, the CFPB observed that many local independent grocers offer the service, but do not charge a fee. They do not charge a fee even though they are likely to have thinner profit margins and less bargaining power than national chains to negotiate on pricing on costs they incur from wholesalers or fees for payment processors. The U.S. Postal Service also offers cash back on debit transactions, in increments of $10 up to a $50 maximum, free of charge. 16
Among the merchants sampled, Dollar General and Dollar Tree Inc. charge the highest fees for withdrawal amounts under $50. These fees combined with the constrained withdrawal amount may mean that the fee takes up a hefty percentage relative to the amount of cash withdrawn, and people may be less able to limit the impact of the fee by taking out more cash.
Additionally, the geographic distribution of dollar store chains and their primary consumer base raises concerns that these fees may be borne by economically vulnerable populations and those with limited banking access. Dollar stores are prevalent in rural communities, low-income communities, and communities of color – the same communities who may also face challenges in accessing banking services. 17 For example, Dollar General noted that in 2023 “approximately 80% of [its] stores are located in towns of 20,000 or fewer people,” 18 while Dollar Tree Inc. operated at least 810 dual-brand combination stores (Family Dollar and Dollar Tree in a single building) designed specifically “for small towns and rural communities…with populations of 3,000 to 4,000 residents.” 19
Though they are open to and serve consumers of all income levels, dollar stores report that they locate stores specifically to serve their core customers: lower-income consumers. 20 In urban communities, one study shows, “proximity to dollar stores is highly associated with neighborhoods of color even when controlling for other factors.” 21 These same communities may also face challenges in accessing banking services. Low-income communities and communities of color often face barriers to access to banking services, and rural communities are 10 times more likely to meet the definition of a banking desert than urban areas. 22
Though the dollar store concept existed as far back as the 1950s, it has experienced significant expansion and consolidation since the 2000s. 23 Dollar Tree Inc. acquired Family Dollar in 2015. 24 From 2018 to 2021, nearly half of all retail locations opened in the U.S. were dollar stores. 25 In research examining the impact of dollar store expansion, studies indicate that the opening of a dollar store is associated with the closure of nearby local grocery retailers. 26
In its scan of current market practices, the CFPB found variations in fee charges among store locations and brands owned by the same company. For example, as reflected in Table 2, Dollar Tree charges consumers $1 for cash back at Dollar Tree branded stores, but $1.50 in its Family Dollar stores. Similarly, Kroger Co. has two different fee tiers for its brands. In 2019, Kroger Co. rolled out a $0.50 cash-back fee for amounts of $100 or less, and $3.50 for amounts between $100 and $300. This took effect at brands such as Kroger, Fred Meyers, Ralph’s, QFC, Pick ‘N Save, and others. At the time of the rollout, the company noted two exceptions: Electronic benefits transfer (EBT) card users would not be charged a fee, and customers using their Kroger Plus card would not be charged for amounts under $100 but would be charged $0.50 for larger amounts. Kroger Co. acquired the southern grocery chain Harris Teeter in 2014, but it did not begin charging a cash-back fee at those stores until January 2024, at $0.75 for amounts of $100 or less, and $3 for larger amounts. 27
In its engagement with stakeholders, the CFPB learned that Dollar General’s fees appeared to vary in different locations. To better understand this potential variation, in December 2022, the CFPB mystery shopped at nine locations in one state, across a mix of rural, suburban, and urban communities. The CFPB acknowledges this is a small sample and is not intended to be representative. The data collected is based on the knowledge of the store associates at the time of each interaction.
In these findings, the CFPB learned of a range of fee variations across store locations: five of the nine respondents noted that the fee varies depending on the type of card used for the transaction. When probed for the meaning of “type of card,” most noted that it is dependent on the customer’s bank, though it is not exactly clear what fees will be triggered by what card type prior to initiating the transaction. Additionally, reported fees range from $1 to $2.50, with some stores reporting a flat fee structure of $1.50 and others reporting a range that tiered up with larger withdrawal amounts (with a cap of withdrawal amounts at $40). Most stores in this sample had a range of fees between $1.00 and $1.50, although two stores located in small, completely rural counties had a higher range of fees. The store located in the smallest and most isolated county within the sample, with only about 3,600 people, had the highest reported fee amount of $2.50.
One of the market dynamics likely contributing to retailers’ ability to charge these fees is the high fees also charged to consumers for using out-of-network automated teller machines (ATMs). One source estimates that the average out-of-network ATM fee is $4.77, accounting for both the surcharge fee charged by the ATM owner and the foreign fee charged by the consumer’s financial institution. 28 By comparison, a $2 fee for cash back at a retailer may appear cheaper, and usually does not trigger an additional fee by the consumers’ financial institution or prepaid card issuer. Notwithstanding the high ATM fees, there are reasons for focused attention on the consumer risk of cash-back fees charged by retailers, primarily the amount of the fee relative to the value of the cash withdrawal and the distribution of the fee burden across income groups.
In a typical ATM transaction, a consumer has a greater ability to distribute the cost of the fee across a larger amount of cash than with cash back. There may be some exceptions to this for consumers who have only $10 or $20 in their bank account, but as shown in Table 3, low-income consumers and others withdraw greater amounts at ATMs than via cash-back, on average. In cash-back transactions, lower withdrawal limits are in place, and consumers do not have that option to withdraw larger amounts. CFPB analysis of the Diary and Survey of Consumer Payment Choice from 2017 to 2022 show that even among consumers with incomes below $50,000, the amount withdrawn at an ATM is more than double the typical cash-back withdrawal amount. Additionally, for the average and median amounts, across all incomes the ATM withdrawal amounts are larger than cash-back withdrawal amounts. (Table 3).
Income | Average ATM Withdrawal | Average Cash-back Withdrawal | Median ATM Withdrawal | Median Cash-back Withdrawal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Less than $25,000 | $144 | $45 | $65 | $20 |
$25,000 to $49,999 | $113 | $35 | $60 | $25 |
$50,000 to $74,999 | $113 | $29 | $84 | $20 |
$75,000 to $99,000 | $114 | $45 | $100 | $26 |
$100,000 or more | $146 | $33 | $100 | $20 |
|
|
|
|
|
Source: CFPB tabulations of the Diary and Survey of Consumer Payment Choice. See Table and Figure Notes for methodology .
Further, while merchants limit the amount of a single withdrawal, there is no limit on the number of withdrawals. So, if a consumer needs $100 cash at a store which limits a single withdrawal to a maximum amount of $50 with a $2 fee, the consumer would have to make two $50 withdrawals for a $4 fee plus the cost of any otherwise unwanted purchase required to access the cash-back service.
Finally, the burden of cash-back fees may be distributed differently than ATM fee burdens. The share of borrowers who pay ATM fees for cash withdrawals is relatively evenly distributed across income levels, according to a study based on the Diary and Survey of Consumer Payment Choice. 29 The study found little variation in the percentage of consumers who encountered a fee for an ATM cash withdrawal by income quintile, though the study did not look at the amount of the ATM fees paid. Analogous data are not available for cash-back fees, but a similarly even distribution across incomes is unlikely given the demographics of the consumer base served by the largest retailers which charge fees (dollar stores).
While the use of digital payment methods is on the rise, cash accessibility remains a critical component of a resilient financial infrastructure and dynamic economy. Bank mergers, branch closures, and bank fee creep have reduced the supply of free cash access points for consumers. In this void, people may be more reliant on retailers for certain financial services historically provided by banks and credit unions, such as cash access. In this context, we observe that some retailers provide cash back as a helpful service to their customers, while other retailers may be exploiting these conditions by charging fees to their consumers for accessing their cash.
This spotlight examines the presence of retailer cash-back fees and impact to consumers. Cash-back fees are being levied by just a small handful of large retail conglomerates (Dollar General, Dollar Tree Inc., and Kroger Co.) amidst a backdrop of consolidation in these segments. Meanwhile, other larger retailers continue to offer cash-back services free. The CFPB estimates cash-back fees cost consumers about $90 million a year.
The CFPB is concerned that reduced access to cash undermines the resilience of the financial system and deprives consumers of a free, reliable, and private means of engaging in day-to-day transactions. The CFPB will continue to monitor developments related to the fees consumers pay for accessing cash, and work with agencies across the federal government to ensure people have fair and meaningful access to the money that underpins our economy.
Notes for figure 1.
The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s annual Diary and Survey of Consumer Payment Choice (Survey) tracks consumers’ self-reported payment habits over a three-day period in October using a nationally representative sample. The survey includes a question about whether and how consumers access cash, such as where they made the withdrawal, the source of the cash, and the amount of the withdrawal. Figure 1 provides a percentage of all cash-back withdrawal transactions from a bank account, checking account, or prepaid card reported between 2017 and 2022, by location (ATM, Retail point-of-sale, Bank teller, and Other). The number of observations during this time is 192 transactions. It does not include cash-back transactions made using a credit card cash advance feature or other form of credit.
This model assumes that 80 percent of the merchant transaction cost is due to interchange fees, 15 percent due to network fees, and 5 percent due to payment acquirer fees. It also includes a $0.01 fee for fraud protection. For regulated transactions, the interchange fees are $0.22 + 0.05% of the transaction amount. Regulated transactions are those where the debit card used is issued by a bank with more than $10 billion in assets, and subject to 15 U.S.C. § 1693o-2. Exempt transactions are those not subject to this statutory cap on interchange fees. While Mastercard does not publish its fees for exempt transactions, Visa does. This model uses Visa’s published fees as of October 2023 for card-present transactions: for the National Discount Chain, the fees for Exempt Retail Debit ($0.15 + 0.80%), and for the National Grocery Chain, Exempt Supermarket Debit ($0.30 flat fee). An October 2023 Federal Reserve report on interchange fee revenue found that in 2021, the most recent data available, 56.21 percent of debit transactions were regulated and 43.79 percent were exempt. This composition is reflected in the table.
The storefront counts for each of the retailers come from their websites, last visited on March 28, 2024, or their most recent reports to investors. Fee information was gathered either through publicly available information such as the merchant’s website, and/or verified through the CFPB’s market monitoring activities.
Dollar Tree Inc. announced on March 13, 2024 that it will close 1,000 of its Family Dollar and Dollar Tree brands stores over the course of the year. If those closures occur, Dollar Tree, Inc. will still have over 15,000 storefronts across the country.
In October 2022, Kroger Co. and Albertsons Companies announced their proposal to merge, though on February 26, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission and nine state attorneys general sued to block this proposal, alleging that the deal is anti-competitive. On April 22, 2024, Kroger Co. and Albertsons Companies announced a revised plan in which, if the merger is approved, the combined entity would divest 579 stores to C&S Wholesalers. If the divestiture occurs, the combined entity will still have over 4,400 stores across the country.
See above notes for Figure 1 about the Diary and Survey of Consumer Payment Choice (Survey). Table 3 provides mean and median amounts of ATM and Retail point-of-sale cash withdrawal transactions by income. In the Survey, participants were asked to report the total combined income of all family members over age 15 living in the household during the past 12 months. From these responses, we constructed five income brackets – four of $25,000 each plus a fifth bin for any respondents reporting more than $100,000 in annual household income for each respondent in each year.
See e.g., Jay Lindsay, A Fatal Cash Crash? Conditions Were Ripe for It After the Pandemic Hit, but It Didn’t Happen , Fed. Rsrv. Bank of Boston (Nov. 2, 2023), https://www.bostonfed.org/news-and-events/news/2023/11/cash-crash-pandemic-increasing-credit-card-use-diary-of-consumer-payment-choice.aspx
Kevin Foster, Claire Greene, & Joanna Stavins, The 2023 Survey and Diary of Consumer Payment Choice , Fed. Rsrv Bank of Atlanta (June 2024), https://doi.org/10.29338/rdr2024-01
See e.g., Hilary Allen, Payments Failure, Boston College Law Review, Forthcoming, American University, WCL Research Paper No. 2021- 11, (Feb. 21, 2020) available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3539797
See e.g., Scarlett Heinbuch, Cash Is Critical in Times of Crisis , Fed. Rsrv. Bank of Atlanta (Mar. 7, 2022), https://www.atlantafed.org/blogs/take-on-payments/2022/03/07/cash-in-crisis
See e.g., Carly Page, Square Says It Has Resolved Daylong Outage , TechCrunch, (Sept. 8, 2023), https://techcrunch.com/2023/09/08/square-day-long-outage-resolved/ . See also Caroline Haskins, The Global CrowdStrike Outage Triggered a Surprise Return to Cash , Wired, (July 19, 2024), https://www.wired.com/story/microsoft-crowdstrike-outage-cash/ .
See Berhan Bayeh, Emily Cubides and Shaun O’Brien, 2024 Findings from the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice , Fed. Rsrv. (May 13, 2024), https://www.frbservices.org/binaries/content/assets/crsocms/news/research/2024-diary-of-consumer-payment-choice.pdf (findings related to low-income consumers and older Americans use of cash); Emily Cubides and Shaun O’Brian, 2023 Findings from the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice , Fed. Rsrv., (May 19, 2024), https://www.frbsf.org/cash/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2023-Findings-from-the-Diary-of-Consumer-Payment-Choice.pdf (findings related to unbanked households use of cash), and Michelle Faviero, , More Americans are Joining the ‘Cashless’ Economy ,” Pew Rsch. Ctr, (Oct. 5, 2022), https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/10/05/more-americans-are-joining-the-cashless-economy/ (findings related to use of cash by race and other demographics).
Similarly, the average cash-back withdrawal amount was $33 in 2012, the most recent data available from the Federal Reserve Payments Study. The study was based on self-reported information from financial institutions surveyed by the Federal Reserve. Of the reported transactions, 73 percent were debit cards with an average amount of $33 and 27 percent on general purpose prepaid cards with an average withdrawal amount of $19. 2013 Federal Reserve Payments Study: Recent and Long-Term Payment Trends in the United States: 2003 – 2012 , Fed. Rsrv. Bd. (July 2014), https://www.frbservices.org/binaries/content/assets/crsocms/news/research/2013-fed-res-paymt-study-summary-rpt.pdf
The amounts in the Survey are lower than the average ATM withdrawal amounts reported in 2022 Federal Reserve Payments study, which utilizes data from surveying financial institutions. Per this study, in 2021, the average ATM withdrawal was $198. The Federal Reserve Payments Study: 2022 Triennial Initial Data Release , Fed. Rsrv. Bd. (Apr. 21, 2023), https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/fr-payments-study.htm
Claire Green and Oz Shy, How Consumers Get Cash: Evidence from a Diary Survey , Fed. Rsrv. Bank of Atlanta, (Apr. 2019), at 5, https://www.atlantafed.org/-/media/documents/banking/consumer-payments/research-data-reports/2019/05/08/how-consumers-get-cash-evidence-from-a-diary-survey/rdr1901.pdf (finding, “For the largest amounts of cash, respondents mostly turned to employers, with an average dollar value of cash received of $227. At bank tellers and ATMs, consumers also received average dollar values greater than the overall average: $159 and $137, respectively. Consumers received smaller amounts from family or friends ($93) and, notably, cash back at a retail store ($34). All these dollar amounts are weighted. The amount of cash received at a retail store is constrained by the store’s limits, so the amount of cash received in this way is not necessarily at the discretion of the consumer.”)
Neil Mitchell and Ann Ramage, The Second Participant in the Consumer to Business Payments Study , Fed. Rsrv. Bank of Richmond (Sept. 15, 2014), https://www.richmondfed.org/~/media/richmondfedorg/banking/payments_services/understanding_payments/pdf/psg_ck_20141118.pdf
Id. at 8, Figures 7 and 8.
See e.g., Stan Sienkiewicz, The Evolution of EFT Networks from ATMs to New On-Line Debit Payment Products , Discussion Paper, Payment Cards Ctr. of the Fed. Rsrv. Bank of Philadelphia (Apr. 2002), https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/consumer-finance/discussion-papers/eftnetworks_042002.pdf?la=en&hash=88302801FC98A898AB167AC2F9131CE1 (“The cash back option became popular with supermarket retailers, since store owners recognized savings as a result of less cash to count at the end of the day, a chore that represented a carrying cost to the establishment.”).
These market segments and retailers for purposes of markets analysis are similar to those used in other academic literature related to dollar store locations in the context of food access or impact on other market dynamics, such as on local grocers. See e.g., El Hadi Caoui, Brett Hollenbeck, and Matthew Osbourne, The Impact of Dollar Store Expansion on Local Market Structure and Food Access ,” (June 22, 2022), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4163102 (finding "In 2021, there were more of these stores operating than all the Walmarts, CVS, Walgreens, and Targets combined by a large margin.”) and Yue Cao, The Welfare Impact of Dollar Stores ,” available at https://yuecao.dev/assets/pdf/YueCaoDollarStore.pdf (last visited Aug. 23, 2024) (using the categories of dollar stores, groceries, and mass merchandise (such as Walmart) for comparisons across retail segments and noting that dollar stores regard these other segments as competitors).
Estimate based on information voluntarily provided in the CFPB's market monitoring activities.
What Forms of Payment are Accepted? U.S. Postal Serv., https://faq.usps.com/s/article/What-Forms-of-Payment-are-Accepted (last visited Aug. 23, 2024).
See generally, Stacy Mitchell, Kennedy Smith, and Susan Holmberg , The Dollar Store Invasion , Inst. for Local Self Reliance (Mar. 2023), https://cdn.ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ILSR-Report-The-Dollar-Store-Invasion-2023.pdf . There is also extensive research on dollar store locations in other contexts such as food access and impact on consumer spending habits. El Hadi Caoui, Brett Hollenbeck, and Matthew Osbourne, The Impact of Dollar Store Expansion on Local Market Structure and Food Access ,” at 5, (June 22, 2022), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4163102
Dollar General Annual Report (Form10-K) at 7 (Mar. 25. 2024), https://investor.dollargeneral.com/websites/dollargeneral/English/310010/us-sec-filing.html?format=convpdf&secFilingId=003b8c70-dfa4-4f21-bfe7-40e6d8b26f63&shortDesc=Annual%20Report .
Dollar Tree, Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) at 7 (Mar. 20. 2024), https://corporate.dollartree.com/investors/sec-filings/content/0000935703-23-000016/0000935703-23-000016.pdf
See e.g., Dollar General Annual Report (Form10-K) at 7 (Mar. 25. 2024) (“We generally locate our stores and plan our merchandise selections to best serve the needs of our core customers, the low and fixed income households often underserved by other retailers, and we are focused on helping them make the most of their spending dollar.” And, Dollar Tree, Inc. Annual Report (Form 10-K) at 6 (Mar. 20. 2024), (“Family Dollar primarily serves a lower than average income customer in urban and rural locations, offering great values on everyday items.”)
Dr. Jerry Shannon, Dollar Stores, Retailer Redlining, and the Metropolitan Geographies of Precarious Consumption , Ann. of the Am. Assoc. of Geographers, Vol. 111, No. 4, 1200-1218 (2021), (analyzing over 29,000 storefront locations of Dollar General, Dollar Tree, and Family Dollar locations across the three largest MSA in each of the nine U.S. Census Bureau-defined divisions.)
Kristen Broady, Mac McComas, and Amine Ouazad, An Analysis of Financial Institutions in Black-Majority Communities: Black Borrowers and Depositors Face Considerable Challenges in Accessing Banking Services ,” Brookings Inst., (Nov. 2, 2021), https://www.brookings.edu/articles/an-analysis-of-financial-institutions-in-black-majority-communities-black-borrowers-and-depositors-face-considerable-challenges-in-accessing-banking-services/ and Drew Dahl and Michelle Franke, Banking Deserts Become a Concern as Branches Dry Up , Fed. Rsrv. Bank of St. Louis, https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/second-quarter-2017/banking-deserts-become-a-concern-as-branches-dry-up (July 25, 2017).
El Hadi Caoui, Brett Hollenbeck, and Matthew Osbourne, The Impact of Dollar Store Expansion on Local Market Structure and Food Access ,” (June 22, 2022), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4163102 .
Dollar Tree Completes Acquisition of Family Dollar , Dollar Tree Inc., (July 6, 2015), available at https://corporate.dollartree.com/news-media/press-releases/detail/120/dollar-tree-completes-acquisition-of-family-dollar
El Hadi Caoui, Brett Hollenbeck, and Matthew Osbourne, The Impact of Dollar Store Expansion on Local Market Structure and Food Access ,” (June 22, 2022), available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=4163102 and Yue Cao, The Welfare Impact of Dollar Stores, https://yuecao.dev/assets/pdf/YueCaoDollarStore.pdf (last visited Aug. 23. 2024).
Evan Moore, Harris Teeter Introduces New Fees that Have Customers Upset. What To Know Before You’re Charged , Charlotte Observer, (Mar. 14, 2024), https://amp.charlotteobserver.com/news/business/article286627340.html
Karen Bennett and Matthew Goldberg, Survey: ATM fees Reach 26-year High While Overdraft Fees Inch Back Up , Bankrate.com (Aug. 21, 2024), https://www.bankrate.com/banking/checking/checking-account-survey/
Oz Shy and Joanna Stavins, Who Is Paying All These Fees? An Empirical Analysis of Bank Account and Credit Card Fees , Fed. Rsrv. Bank of Boston, Working Paper No. 22-18, at Table 2, (Aug. 2022), https://www.bostonfed.org/publications/research-department-working-paper/2022/who-is-paying-all-these-fees-an-empirical-analysis-of-bank-account-and-credit-card-fees .
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By Juleanna Glover
Juleanna Glover is the chief executive of Ridgely Walsh, a corporate consultancy, and a former adviser to many Republican officials.
We long ago blew past any meaningful controls on political giving in American elections. Now we should focus on the rules governing political spending, which are in equally terrible shape. For that we can blame the Trump campaign and the federal government’s feeble enforcement efforts.
Anyone who has spent time reviewing Donald Trump’s campaign spending reports would quickly conclude they’re a governance nightmare. There is so little disclosure about what happened to the billions raised in 2020 and 2024 that donors (and maybe even the former president himself) can’t possibly know how it was spent.
Federal Election Commission campaign disclosure reports from 2020 show that much of the money donated to the Trump campaign went into a legal and financial black hole reportedly controlled by Trump family members and close associates. This year’s campaign disclosures are shaping up to be the same. Donors big and small give their hard-earned dollars to candidates with the expectation they will be spent on direct efforts to win votes. They deserve better.
During the 2020 election, almost $516 million of the over $780 million spent by the Trump campaign was directed to American Made Media Consultants, a Delaware-based private company created in 2018 that masked the identities of who ultimately received donor dollars, according to a complaint filed with the F.E.C. by the nonpartisan Campaign Legal Center . How A.M.M.C. spent the money was a mystery even to Mr. Trump’s campaign team , according to news reports shortly after the election.
All but 18 of the 150 largest expenditures on a Trump campaign’s 2020 F.E.C. report went to A.M.M.C. None of the expenses were itemized or otherwise explained aside from anodyne descriptions including “placed media,” “SMS advertising” and “online advertising.” F.E.C. rules require candidates to fully and accurately disclose the final recipients of their campaign disbursements, which is usually understood to include when payments are made through a vendor such as A.M.M.C. This disclosure is intended to assure donors their contributions are used for campaign expenses. Currently, neither voters nor law enforcement can know whether any laws were broken.
A.M.M.C.’s first president was reported to be Lara Trump , the wife of Mr. Trump’s son Eric. The New York Times reported that A.M.M.C. had a treasurer who was also the chief financial officer of Mr. Trump’s 2020 presidential campaign. Mr. Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner signed off on the plan to set up A.M.M.C., and one of Eric Trump’s deputies from the Trump Organization was involved in running it.
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Conclusion This Project has provided me with valuable skills in generating cash flow statements and conducting ratio analysis. The knowledge I have gained about financial statements is applicable to daily business and commerce activities. Completing the tasks for this project has not only improved my understanding of the methods, usefulness, and importance of financial statements for evaluating a company’s performance but also equipped me to prepare them in future situations. Based on my experience with this project, I have reached the following conclusion.
There are various purposes for Financial Analysis.
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Judging the Earning Capacity and Managerial Efficiency: The financial analysis allows for the calculation of the business concern’s earning capacity. Furthermore, it enables the forecast of the concern’s future earning capacity. This is of particular interest to external users of accounts, specifically investors and potential investors. Assessing the managerial efficiency is also a crucial aspect.
The financial statement analysis is essential for identifying areas of managerial efficiency and inefficiency. It involves using financial ratios to analyze the relative proportion of production, administrative, and marketing expenses. This allows for the identification of favorable or unfavorable variations and determining the reasons behind them, thereby pinpointing managerial efficiency and deficiency.
In addition, financial analysis assesses both the long-term and short-term solvency of the enterprise. Short-term solvency, also known as liquidity, refers to the company’s ability to meet its short-term liabilities. Creditors and suppliers are particularly interested in this aspect.
Furthermore, debenture holders and lenders use financial analysis to evaluate the company’s ability to repay both the principal amount and interest.
Inter-Firm Comparison Inter-firm comparison is facilitated with the aid of financial analysis, which assists in evaluating both one’s own performance and that of others, particularly in the context of potential merges and acquisitions. Additionally, financial analysis is useful in making forecasts and preparing budgets.
Past financial statement analysis is helpful for evaluating future developments, specifically those expected in the next year. For instance, by examining historical earning capacity, it becomes possible to anticipate the profit for the upcoming year in relation to a particular investment. Consequently, this analysis aids in budget preparation.
Financial analysis assists financial statement users in comprehending complex information in a simplified manner. Utilizing charts and diagrams, it is possible to make various data more visually appealing and easily understood. Financial statements serve the following purposes:
Security Analysis is the process in which an investor determines if a firm is meeting their expectations in terms of dividend payments, capital appreciation, and the safety of their investment. This analysis is conducted by a security analyst who assesses the firm’s cash-generating ability, dividend payout policy, and the behavior of share prices. Credit Analysis.
Debt analysis is valuable when a company is deciding whether to offer credit to a new customer or dealer, as well as when a bank is considering granting loans to the public. The manager of the firm or the bank can use this analysis to determine whether or not to extend credit.
The firm conducts this analysis to determine the borrowing capacity of a potential borrower. It also assists in making decisions about the dividend rate. Management must decide how much of the earnings to distribute and how much to retain, which reflects the firm’s profitability and can impact the behavior of share prices. This analysis also contributes to general business analysis.
Financial analysis is an important tool for assessing a company’s profit drivers, business risks, and profit potential. It also helps in predicting future growth scenarios. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge the constraints of financial statements.
Historical Analysis
Financial statement analysis is a retrospective analysis, assessing past events rather than forecasting the future. Shareholders, investors, and others are primarily concerned with understanding the anticipated future position.
Ignore any changes in the price level.
Price level changes and purchasing power of money have an inverse relationship. The analysis of financial statements from different accounting years becomes invalid due to a change in the price level because accounting records do not consider the change in the value of money.
Qualitative Aspects Ignored
Financial statements focus exclusively on monetary matters and do not consider qualitative aspects such as management quality, labor force quality, and public relations when analyzing them.
Not devoid of prejudice
When faced with various options, such as deciding on inventory valuation or depreciation methods, accountants often have to make choices. As personal judgment is subjective, the resulting financial statements may consequently contain bias.
Variations in Account Practices
It is important for inter-firm comparison that accounting practices do not differ significantly among the firms. If there are variations in accounting practices among different firms, it is not possible to make a meaningful comparison of their financial statements.
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The statement of principles functional statement.
The primary purpose of developing a consensus conceptual framework is to serve as: a structure for establishing accounting standards, a foundation for resolving accounting conflicts, and basic principles that do not need to be reiterated in accounting standards. Nonetheless, a major limitation of a conceptual framework is its potential to be overly broad and having
A Thousand Splendid Suns
The theme in the novel “A Thousand Splendid Suns” by Khaled Hosseini is the inner strength of a women even in the darkest of times, which he has shown through symbolism, metaphors / similes, and irony. Both Mariam and Laila endure so much heartache in their lives because they are women, yet they continue the
Iago plays a major part in the downfall of Othello and the tragic conclusion of the play by twisting the truth and lying to Othello to convince him of Desdemona's infidelity. He works with the actions of the other characters to bring about Othello's demise whilst letting Othello jump to conclusions himself, thus making it
Allegory Of The Cave
Plat’s allegory however is actually represents an extended metaphor that is to contrast the way in which we perceive and believe in what is reality. “The allegory of the Cave” plays multiple roles, all depending how we interpret it, either being used as a metaphor for the process of intellectual understandings On the quest for
Invisible Man
Ellison paints the picture of hope for the future of Negroes in America during the narrators last scene in the epilogue. In the narrators dormancy, he often thought about his grandfathers dying words. His grandfather told him that when he dies, that the narrator has to give a good fight in his life. During the
Criminal Law
Nathaniel Abraham, who was eleven years old at the time, committed a murder, becoming the first juvenile to be tried as an adult under a 1997 Michigan law that allows children of any age to face adult charges for serious crimes. He was accused of first degree murder in the case involving Ronnie Lee
Decision Making
INTRODUCTION The primary responsibility of the management is to make decision by using adequate accounting data obtained from proper financial reports. The globalization of business and the capital markets is pushing the world from behind, demanding better accounting systems and frameworks so as to come up with financial reports which are timely, relevant, accurate, comparable and
IntroductionBest case of fraud, it tells how and why fraud was perpetrated by Barry Minkow and why it was undetected for so long. According to the video, ZZZZ Best was founded by Barry Minkow in 1982; when he was sixteen years old, it started as a carpet cleaning company. But, due to high competition in
Introduction A.G. Barr p.l.c. is based in United Kingdom it maufacture, distribute, and sell soft drinks. A.G. Barr. operates in carbonates and H2O. Company has a broad scope of brand’s which includes IRN-BRU, Rubicon, Barr Brands, KA, Strathmore, Simply, Tizer, D’N’B, St. Clement’s, Findlays and Abbott’s. Company besides has some partnership trade names which includes Orangina,
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Investment financial analysis, types of financial analysis, horizontal vs. vertical analysis, the bottom line.
Financial analysis is the process of evaluating businesses, projects, budgets, and other finance-related transactions to determine their performance and suitability. Typically, financial analysis is used to analyze whether an entity is stable, solvent, liquid, or profitable enough to warrant a monetary investment.
Investopedia / Nez Riaz
Financial analysis is used to evaluate economic trends, set financial policy, build long-term plans for business activity, and identify projects or companies for investment.
This is done through the synthesis of financial numbers and data. A financial analyst will thoroughly examine a company's financial statements—the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Financial analysis can be conducted in both corporate finance and investment finance settings.
One of the most common ways to analyze financial data is to calculate ratios from the data in the financial statements to compare against those of other companies or against the company's own historical performance.
For example, return on assets (ROA) is a common ratio used to determine how efficient a company is at using its assets and as a measure of profitability. This ratio could be calculated for several companies in the same industry and compared to one another as part of a larger analysis.
There is no single best financial analytic ratio or calculation. Most often, analysts use a combination of data to arrive at their conclusions.
In corporate finance, the analysis is conducted internally by the accounting department and shared with management in order to improve business decision-making. This type of internal analysis may include ratios such as net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) to find projects worth executing.
Many companies extend credit to their customers. As a result, the cash receipt from sales may be delayed for a period of time. For companies with large receivable balances, it is useful to track days sales outstanding (DSO), which helps the company identify the length of time it takes to turn a credit sale into cash. The average collection period is an important aspect of a company's overall cash conversion cycle .
A key area of corporate financial analysis involves extrapolating a company's past performance, such as net earnings or profit margin, into an estimate of the company's future performance. This type of historical trend analysis is beneficial to identify seasonal trends.
For example, retailers may see a drastic upswing in sales in the few months leading up to Christmas. This allows the business to forecast budgets and make decisions, such as necessary minimum inventory levels, based on past trends.
In investment finance, an analyst external to the company conducts an analysis for investment purposes. Analysts can either conduct a top-down or bottom-up investment approach.
A top-down approach first looks for macroeconomic opportunities, such as high-performing sectors, and then drills down to find the best companies within that sector. From this point, they further analyze the stocks of specific companies to choose potentially successful ones as investments by looking last at a particular company's fundamentals.
A bottom-up approach, on the other hand, looks at a specific company and conducts a similar ratio analysis to the ones used in corporate financial analysis, looking at past performance and expected future performance as investment indicators.
Bottom-up investing forces investors to consider microeconomic factors first and foremost. These factors include a company's overall financial health, analysis of financial statements, the products and services offered, supply and demand, and other individual indicators of corporate performance over time.
Financial analysis is only useful as a comparative tool. Calculating a single instance of data is usually worthless; comparing that data against prior periods, other general ledger accounts, or competitor financial information yields useful information.
There are two types of financial analysis as it relates to equity investments: fundamental analysis and technical analysis.
Fundamental analysis uses ratios gathered from data within the financial statements, such as a company's earnings per share (EPS), in order to determine the business's value.
Using ratio analysis in addition to a thorough review of economic and financial situations surrounding the company, the analyst is able to arrive at an intrinsic value for the security. The end goal is to arrive at a number that an investor can compare with a security's current price in order to see whether the security is undervalued or overvalued.
Technical analysis uses statistical trends gathered from trading activity, such as moving averages (MA).
Essentially, technical analysis assumes that a security’s price already reflects all publicly available information and instead focuses on the statistical analysis of price movements. Technical analysis attempts to predict market movements by looking for patterns and trends in stock prices and volumes rather than analyzing a security’s fundamental attributes.
When reviewing a company's financial statements, two common types of financial analysis are horizontal analysis and vertical analysis . Both use the same set of data, though each analytical approach is different.
Horizontal analysis entails selecting several years of comparable financial data. One year is selected as the baseline, often the oldest. Then, each account for each subsequent year is compared to this baseline, creating a percentage that easily identifies which accounts are growing (hopefully revenue) and which accounts are shrinking (hopefully expenses).
Vertical analysis entails choosing a specific line item benchmark, and then seeing how every other component on a financial statement compares to that benchmark.
Most often, net sales are used as the benchmark. A company would then compare the cost of goods sold, gross profit, operating profit, or net income as a percentage of this benchmark. Companies can then track how the percentage changes over time.
In Q1 2024, Amazon.com reported a net income of $10.4 billion. This was a substantial increase from one year ago when the company reported a net income of $3.2 billion in Q1 2023.
Analysts can use the information above to perform corporate financial analysis. For example, consider Amazon's operating profit margins below, which can be calculated by dividing operating income by net sales.
From Q1 2023 to Q1 2024, the company experienced an increase in operating margin, allowing for financial analysis to reveal that the company earned more operating income for every dollar of sales.
The financial analysis aims to analyze whether an entity is stable, liquid, solvent, or profitable enough to warrant a monetary investment. It is used to evaluate economic trends, set financial policies, build long-term plans for business activity, and identify projects or companies for investment.
Financial analysis can be conducted in both corporate finance and investment finance settings. A financial analyst will thoroughly examine a company's financial statements—the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.
One of the most common ways to analyze financial data is to calculate ratios from the data in the financial statements to compare against those of other companies or against the company's own historical performance. A key area of corporate financial analysis involves extrapolating a company's past performance, such as net earnings or profit margin, into an estimate of the company's future performance.
Analysts can use vertical analysis to compare each component of a financial statement as a percentage of a baseline (such as each component as a percentage of total sales). Alternatively, analysts can perform horizontal analysis by comparing one baseline year's financial results to other years.
Many financial analysis techniques involve analyzing growth rates including regression analysis, year-over-year growth, top-down analysis, such as market share percentage, or bottom-up analysis, such as revenue driver analysis .
Lastly, financial analysis often entails the use of financial metrics and ratios. These techniques include quotients relating to the liquidity, solvency, profitability, or efficiency (turnover of resources) of a company.
Fundamental analysis uses ratios gathered from data within the financial statements, such as a company's earnings per share (EPS), in order to determine the business's value. Using ratio analysis in addition to a thorough review of economic and financial situations surrounding the company, the analyst is able to arrive at an intrinsic value for the security. The end goal is to arrive at a number that an investor can compare with a security's current price in order to see whether the security is undervalued or overvalued.
Technical analysis uses statistical trends gathered from market activity, such as moving averages (MA). Essentially, technical analysis assumes that a security’s price already reflects all publicly available information and instead focuses on the statistical analysis of price movements. Technical analysis attempts to understand the market sentiment behind price trends by looking for patterns and trends rather than analyzing a security’s fundamental attributes.
Financial analysis is a cornerstone of making smarter, more strategic decisions based on the underlying financial data of a company.
Whether corporate, investment, or technical analysis, analysts use data to explore trends, understand growth, seek areas of risk, and support decision-making. Financial analysis may include investigating financial statement changes, calculating financial ratios, or exploring operating variances.
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. " Amazon.com Form 10-Q for the Quarter Ended March, 31, 2024 ," Page 4.
Is your business worth investing in? For most of you, the answer is a definitive 'Yes.' But in the business world, talk is cheap. So if you want to attract investors, you'll need to be able to walk the talk, i.e., put your money where your mouth is.
There's no better way to do that than with a financial analysis report. After all, numbers don't lie. They're the smoking gun investors need before investing in your business.
Want to learn how to write a financial analysis report that attracts investors? This article covers six simple steps to follow. But first:
A financial analysis report shows the financial performance of your business over a specified period of time, usually on a quarterly or yearly basis. It's like a medical report but for your business's financial health.
In several countries, financial reporting is a requirement. The Securities and Exchange Commission requires companies to disseminate these digital reports to their shareholders in the United States. In addition, these financial reports are usually made available to the public if they're publicly-listed companies
A financial analysis report is invaluable to both you and your stakeholders. Let's discuss why you need it in the next section.
To make the right financial decisions for your business, you need data. This helps you lay a solid foundation for future performance and economic growth opportunities.
However, you need to be able to keep track of and make sense of all your financial data. That's where a financial analysis report comes in. It helps you organize, analyze, and paint a clearer picture of your business's cash flow and allows for seamless management of business expenses too.
Aside from those, here are a couple of more reasons why you need a financial analysis report:
A financial analysis report is easy on the eyes. It's a watered-down version of your finances that communicates essential data you need to make financial decisions.
You ensure the transparency your stakeholders want, too.
Generally, financial reports help you understand cash inflows and outflows . For example, if you know your affiliate sales and operating expenses, the cost of getting links to increase website traffic , social media marketing campaign expenditure, and the money coming in, you can make better financial decisions.
The information can help with debt ratios, budgeting, debt-to-asset financial ratio analysis, and calculating profit margins.
Suggested Reads: 10 Ways to Improve Your Business's Finance Position
Historical and real-time financial data help create financial models to predict future financial performance. These reports help you identify trends, patterns, and problems. As a result, you can plan for them early enough.
To create a financial analysis report, you must have all your data in a single document. It becomes easier for you to do your taxes, saves you time, and reduces the chances of making errors. Moreover, it's an official document that the Internal Revenue Service can use to calculate your taxes.
At the end of the day, the goal of a financial report is to provide insight into your organization's finances. Then, using both historical and current data, you can set SMART business goals to make better decisions for future performance.
Finally, it's essential to consider the ongoing nature of financial analysis and the need for periodic reviews. Implementing a project review process allows you to regularly assess the financial health of your business, identify any emerging trends or issues, and make informed adjustments to your financial strategies. This continuous evaluation ensures that your financial analysis remains up-to-date and relevant, providing you and your stakeholders with accurate insights into your business's performance.
Suggested Reads: 2022 Business Expense Categories Cheat Sheet: Top 15 Tax-Deductible Categories
Financial analysis makes it easy for you to identify the strengths and weaknesses of your business. Using that information will not only help your business grow but also thrive. What's more, doing financial analysis over specific periods helps you stay on top of your game by:
A periodic financial analysis includes a financial ratio analysis; specifically, a Liquidity Ratio called the Current Ratio Analysis. The Current Ratio is the sum of all your current assets divided by the sum of your current liabilities. It shows if you're liquid enough to meet your upcoming debts. So, if you aren't, you can adjust your financial strategy the soonest.
When you perform a periodic financial analysis, you can determine your company's profitability and make regular adjustments. A profitability ratio is a financial metric that can help you cut production costs and boost your bottom line.
You can use a profitability ratio (featured below) to determine your profit margin on sales, i.e., your gross profit margin. Here's the formula.
It's your sales revenue minus the total cost of goods sold (COGS) divided by revenue.
Another perk of doing financial analysis over a specific period is that it helps you better manage inventory . This way, you ensure it's always enough to meet projected sales. You do this using a financial management ratio called the Inventory Turnover Ratio.
Calculate the Turnover Ratio by dividing your total sale by your inventory.
The results of a periodic financial analysis yield your debt-to-equity ratio, too. It's a financial metric that shows how you've raised capital for your business. You want to check your stability and revenue growth every step of the way to determine whether your business is viable in the long run.
The debt-equity ratio is calculated by dividing your total liabilities by your shareholder's equity. It's usually included when you write a financial analysis report.
Generally speaking, the higher your debt-equity ratio, the higher the risk, and vice versa. Investors use this financial metric to check your company's stability and ability to raise money to grow.
Financial analysis over specific periods helps you identify opportunities to optimize operational efficiency for revenue growth. That is, regular annual reports help you spot patterns and trends. This allows you to nip problematic areas in the bud and prepare in advance.
For instance, you can adjust seasonal sales fluctuations, variable costs, etc.
Now that you understand a financial analysis report's 'what' and 'why,' it's time to look at the 'how.'
Here's how to write a financial analysis report:
The first section of your financial analysis report is the company overview. Here, you want to highlight the potential of your business. It's pretty much what you do in a business plan . Investors rely on your company overview to understand your competitive edge.
The question you want to answer here is - is your business worth the investment you're asking for? Think of the introductions in business plans or on Shark Tank to give you a better idea. As a general rule of thumb, you want to use plain language when writing your description.
You want to share, in brief, your history, business model, type of organization, description, etc. You can share what sector you're in as well as the size and scale of your business.
Featured below is an excellent example of a fictional company's overview.
Start by reviewing your quarterly or yearly financing activities, financial data, and statements. Then go through published business studies and industry-specific trade journals.
You should consider adding a snippet about how you compare to the industry average among your competitors. Like a business plan, you want to show potential investors why they should choose you. You can use Porter's Five Forces model to analyze your competition.
It pays to be as precise and comprehensive as possible when writing the main content. So, you’ll need to organize your data and, sometimes, make some calculations yourself. For instance, when writing your sales forecast , you need your sales data for the past three years before you organize it in financial reporting software or spreadsheets. Tally the data on a yearly, monthly (for the 1st year), and quarterly (for the last two years) basis.
You can write this part using a spreadsheet. But feel free to use financial reporting software if spreadsheets aren’t your cup of tea.
There are other sections you should create for your report’s main body.
Let’s look at them one by one:
With your sales forecast in place, it's time to figure out how much it'll cost. When setting up your expense budget , ensure it includes variable costs like your marketing budget and fixed costs like rent. In addition, you'll need to create an estimate for items like interest and taxes.
A cash flow statement summarizes all the money or its equal coming in (cash inflow) or leaving (cash outflow) a business. To create one, you need historical financial data or project it one year ahead if you're starting. Don't forget your cash flow statement is connected to your invoice.
Tally your net profit using your sales forecast, expense budget, and cash flow statement data. Your net profit margin is your gross margin less taxes, interest, and expenses. Try and be as precise as possible since this can stand in as your profit and loss (P&L) statement .
Your next step is to calculate your company's net worth. How? By managing your assets and liabilities, i.e., those items that don't appear in your P&L statement.
To do that, ballpark your monthly cash on hand. That is, equipment, inventory, land, and accounts receivable. Then sum up your liabilities, i.e., outstanding loan debts and accounts payable.
The last step in writing a company financial analysis report is calculating your break-even point. That's where your business expenses match your sales volume. Use the formula below to find your three-year sales forecast; this will help you find your break-even point.
Needless to say, if you're operating a profitable business model, then your company's revenue should be higher than your operating expenses. Again, this information helps reassure potential investors of your business' stability and revenue growth potential.
Refrain from assuming that people know the concepts you'll discuss in your report. Instead, define them in general terms first before you start talking about specifics.
The company valuation part is one of the most critical sections of your financial analysis report. Why? Because it helps potential investors see the value of investing in your company.
To determine your business' valuation is to find your company's value. You do this by analyzing your company data, including all the data you have discussed. There are three main ways to do it, i.e., using the following:
The goal here is to outline your current assets and liabilities. Moreover, the above techniques help you determine your business' stocks and current value. To do this, most accountants or financial officers use insights from and final average accounts of your balance sheet.
Risk analysis helps potential investors see your company's investment potential. That includes both current and future risks. You can start risk analysis by running a SWOT analysis .
But remember that your SWOT analysis is microscopic. So for the best results in your valuation, combine it with other techniques. For example, doing a PESTLE analysis . Here's a template you can use for that:
A PESTLE analysis gives you more details and offers two main benefits. First, it helps you understand your marketing environment and other macro factors that affect your company's financials.
When writing the financial analysis report of a company, you need to include a brief overview of your company's financial statements. To do this, summarize each component of the 3-statement model:
Let's discuss each of them:
Cash flow statement. Potential investors look at your cash flow statement summary for two reasons. One, it lets them see if you make enough money to settle your debts. Two, it helps them decide whether your company is worth investing in.
Income statement . A summary of this does two things. First, it shows you gaps in increasing operating profit by allowing you to boost sales revenue , reduce cost, or both. It's also an income statement showing how effective your strategies are at the start of your financial year.
Balance sheet. The balance sheet shows your debt coverage and asset liquidity in real time. The difference between assets and liabilities gives you the 'owner's equity.' Here's an example of a balance sheet:
Note that summarizing each of these three components doesn't mean just including tables in your report. Instead, explain what the data means in paragraph form, too.
The last section of the financial analysis report of a company is a summary. You want to share your final views about the company and your opinion on whether it's a profit or loss. That said, be sure to substantiate all your claims.
That means having evidence containing factual data, financial accounts, and proven financial theories. You can also include the outlook of the company. That is the type of organization, industry trends, economic growth strategies, and how they'll affect the company.
By now, you should understand the value of a company financial analysis report and how to write one. Not only does it show you the financial health status of a company, but it's also the smoking gun investors look for before investing in any business.
To any organization, a financial analysis report is a compass to optimize operational efficiency for growth. It is also a crucial part in portfolio management especially when you need to open your business up to other stakeholders.
Summarising, to write a financial analysis report, you need to:
Write your company overview , sales forecast, and other essential sections. Once those are out of the way, you can perform company valuation and risk analysis. Then, all that's left is to summarize what was discussed.
Daryl Bush is the Business Development Manager at Authority.Builders . The company helps businesses acquire more customers through improved online search rankings. He has extensive knowledge of SEO and business development.
Expense reconciliation: how does it work.
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Financial statements are important since they represent a business entity. They comprise “income statement, balance sheet, statement of earnings, statement of changes in financial position, and the cash flow statement” (Siddiqui, 2014, para. 4). Thus, they reflect such aspects as the financial position, business entity’s performance, or alterations in its financial position during the reported period. Financial statements make a useful source of information for the stakeholders interested in a business entity because they need some grounds to make financial decisions. Financial statements’ analysis can be interesting for investors, creditors, company management, and regulatory authorities (“Financial statement analysis,” 2017).
Financial analysis helps to reveal the existing strengths and weaknesses of a company (Siddiqui, 2014). The study of the financial statement allows making conclusions about the efficiency, profitability, and liquidity solvency of a business entity. Moreover, analysis of recent financial statements for a definite period of time can be used to forecast the future performance of a business entity (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2014). However, it is important to consider macro- and microeconomic factors that would influence the performance of a company. Frequently, ratios are used to present a company’s performance. The major general groups of ratios used in financial statement analysis include liquidity, activity, leverage, and profitability ratios (“Financial statement analysis,” 2017).
Still, some problems can possibly appear during financial statement analysis. First of all, they deal with comparability between financial periods. A problem can appear in case the company changed its accounts, and some information for the previous periods is not available and thus cannot be compared. Secondly, there can be a problem in comparing different companies because they provide different ratios. On the whole, the financial statement is a useful document, but it should be created carefully and consider many significant factors.
Brigham, E.F., & Ehrhardt, M.C. (2014). Financial management: Theory & practice (14th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
Financial statement analysis. (2017). Web.
Siddiqui, F. (2014). Financial analysis: A short note on tools and techniques of financial analysis. Web.
IvyPanda. (2020, September 18). Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities. https://ivypanda.com/essays/financial-statement-analysis-for-business-entities/
"Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities." IvyPanda , 18 Sept. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/financial-statement-analysis-for-business-entities/.
IvyPanda . (2020) 'Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities'. 18 September.
IvyPanda . 2020. "Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities." September 18, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/financial-statement-analysis-for-business-entities/.
1. IvyPanda . "Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities." September 18, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/financial-statement-analysis-for-business-entities/.
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IvyPanda . "Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities." September 18, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/financial-statement-analysis-for-business-entities/.
1. income statement analysis, 2. balance sheet and leverage ratios, 3. cash flow statement analysis, 4. rates of return and profitability analysis, more financial statement analysis, analysis of financial statements.
Guide to analyzing financial statements for financial analysts
One of the main tasks of an analyst is to perform an extensive analysis of financial statements . In this free guide, we will break down the most important types and techniques of financial statement analysis.
This guide is designed to be useful for both beginners and advanced finance professionals, with the main topics covering: (1) the income statement, (2) the balance sheet, (3) the cash flow statement, and (4) rates of return.
Most analysts start their financial statement analysis with the income statement . Intuitively, this is usually the first thing we think about with a business… we often ask questions such as, “How much revenue does it have?” “Is it profitable?” and “What are the margins like?”
In order to answer these questions, and much more, we will dive into the income statement to get started.
There are two main types of analysis we will perform: vertical analysis and horizontal analysis.
With this method of analysis, we will look up and down the income statement (hence, “vertical” analysis ) to see how every line item compares to revenue as a percentage.
For example, in the income statement shown below, we have the total dollar amounts and the percentages, which make up the vertical analysis.
As you see in the above example, we do a thorough analysis of the income statement by seeing each line item as a proportion of revenue .
The key metrics we look at are:
To learn how to perform this analysis step-by-step, please check out our Financial Analysis Fundamentals Course .
Now it’s time to look at a different way to evaluate the income statement. With horizontal analysis, we look at the year-over-year (YoY) change in each line item.
In order to perform this exercise, you need to take the value in Period N and divide it by the value in Period N-1 and then subtract 1 from that number to get the percent change.
For the below example, revenue in Year 3 was $55,749, and in Year 2, it was $53,494. The YoY change in revenue is equal to $55,749 / $53,494 minus one, which equals 4.2%.
To see exactly how to perform this horizontal analysis of financial statements, please enroll in our Financial Analysis Fundamentals Course now!
Let’s move on to the balance sheet . In this section of financial statement analysis, we will evaluate the operational efficiency of the business. We will take several items on the income statement and compare them to accounts on the balance sheet.
The balance sheet metrics can be divided into several categories, including liquidity, leverage, and operational efficiency.
The main liquidity ratios for a business are:
The main leverage ratios are:
The main operating efficiency ratios are:
Using the above financial ratios, we can determine how efficiently a company is generating revenue and how quickly it’s selling inventory.
Using the financial ratios derived from the balance sheet and comparing them historically versus industry averages or competitors will help you assess the solvency and leverage of a business.
In our course on Analysis of Financial Statements , we explore all the above metrics and ratios in great detail.
With the income statement and balance sheet under our belt, let’s look at the cash flow statement and all the insights it tells us about the business.
The cash flow statement will help us understand the inflows and outflows of cash over the time period we’re looking at.
Cash flow statement overview
The cash flow statement, or statement of cash flow, consists of three components:
Each of these three sections tells us a unique and important part of the company’s sources and uses of cash over a specific time period.
Many investors consider the cash flow statement the most important indicator of a company’s performance.
Today, investors quickly flip to this section to see if the company is actually making money or not and what its funding requirements are.
It’s important to understand how different ratios can be used to properly assess the operation of an organization from a cash management standpoint.
Below is an example of the cash flow statement and its three main components. Linking the 3 statements together in Excel is the building block of financial modeling. To learn more, please see our online courses to learn the process step by step.
In this part of our analysis of financial statements, we unlock the drivers of financial performance. By using a “pyramid” of ratios, we are able to demonstrate how you can determine the profitability, efficiency, and leverage drivers for any business.
This is the most advanced section of our financial analysis course, and we recommend that you watch a demonstration of how professionals perform this analysis.
The course includes a hands-on case study and Excel templates that can be used to calculate individual ratios and a pyramid of ratios from any set of financial statements.
The key insights to be derived from the pyramid of ratios include:
By constructing the pyramid of ratios, you will gain an extremely solid understanding of the business and its financial statements.
Enroll in our financial analysis course to get started now!
We hope this guide on the analysis of financial statements has been a valuable resource for you. If you’d like to keep learning with free CFI resources, we highly recommend these additional guides to improve your financial statement analysis:
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As one journey ends, another probably starts
By the time you complete a financial analysis, you must be able to answer the two following questions that served as the starting point for your investigations:
Value creation and solvency are obviously not without links. A firm that creates value will most often be solvent and a company will most likely be insolvent because it has not succeeded in creating value.
Here we return to the concept that we first introduced in Chapter 4 .
A company is solvent when it is able to honour all its commitments by liquidating all of its assets, i.e. if it ceases its operations and puts all its assets up for sale.
Since, by definition, a company does not undertake to repay its shareholders, its equity represents a kind of life raft that will help keep it above water in the event of liquidation by absorbing any capital losses on assets and extraordinary losses.
Solvency thus depends on:
Do assets have a value that is independent of a company's operations? The answer is probably “yes” for the showroom of a carmaker on 5th Avenue in New York and probably “no” as far as the tools and equipment ...
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Finance Essay Examples
16 min read
Published on: May 7, 2023
Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024
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Many students struggle with writing finance essays due to the technical language and vast topics to cover.
It's easy to feel overwhelmed and unsure of where to start, resulting in poorly written papers that don't meet academic standards.
With the right approach and tools, you can learn the art of finance essay writing and achieve academic success.
In this blog, we'll provide practical examples and expert tips to help you craft winning finance essays.
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Check out the following examples to get a better understanding of financial analysis essay examples.
Financial analysis essays require in-depth research and evaluation of financial data to draw conclusions about a company's financial health. In this essay, we'll examine the financial performance of Apple Inc., one of the world's largest technology companies. Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, software, and online services. The company's financial statements reveal a strong financial position and consistent revenue growth over the past several years. Analyzing Apple's balance sheet, we can see that the company has a substantial amount of cash and marketable securities, indicating strong liquidity. As of September 2021, Apple had $191.83 billion in cash and cash equivalents and $60.98 billion in marketable securities. The company also has a significant amount of total assets, totaling $337.89 billion, which includes its investments in property, plant, and equipment, as well as its intangible assets such as patents and trademarks. Apple's income statement reveals consistent revenue growth over the past several years. In the fiscal year 2020, Apple generated a total of $274.5 billion in revenue, with a net income of $57.4 billion. This represents a 5.5% increase in revenue from the previous year. Analyzing Apple's cash flow statement, we can see that the company generated $81.4 billion in cash flow from operating activities in the fiscal year 2020. This indicates that the company's operations are generating significant cash flow, which can be reinvested in the business or used to pay dividends to shareholders. Finally, we can use financial ratios such as return on equity (ROE), debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio, and price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio to further evaluate Apple's financial performance. Apple's ROE of 80.7% is significantly higher than the industry average, indicating that the company is generating strong returns on its shareholders' equity. Additionally, Apple's D/E ratio of 1.32 is lower than the industry average, indicating that the company has a relatively low level of debt compared to its equity. Finally, Apple's P/E ratio of 29.41 is higher than the industry average, indicating that the market values the company's earnings potential higher than its competitors. |
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Want a perfect example of a financial situation essay? Read the following example!
As individuals and businesses navigate the complex world of finance, it is essential to have a clear understanding of how to analyze financial situations and make informed decisions. Financial situation essays provide a valuable tool for assessing financial data and presenting findings in a clear and concise manner. In this essay, we will explore real-life examples of financial situation essays and examine the strategies used to effectively analyze financial situations. One example of a financial situation essay is a report on the financial performance of a company. Such an essay typically includes an analysis of financial statements, such as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements, to evaluate the company's profitability, liquidity, and solvency. The essay may also include a discussion of the company's financial ratios, such as the debt-to-equity ratio, return on equity, and gross profit margin, to provide additional insights into its financial health. Another example of a financial situation essay is an analysis of an individual's personal finances. This type of essay typically includes an evaluation of income sources, expenses, debt, and savings to determine the individual's financial well-being. The essay may also include recommendations for improving financial health, such as reducing expenses, increasing income, or investing in assets that generate passive income. To effectively analyze financial situations and write compelling financial situation essays, it is crucial to have a strong understanding of financial concepts and terminology. For example, understanding the difference between net income and gross income or the significance of a company's working capital can provide valuable insights into financial situations. In addition to having a strong understanding of financial concepts, it is also essential to use analytical tools, such as spreadsheets and financial software, to organize and analyze financial data. By using these tools, analysts can quickly identify trends, calculate ratios, and generate meaningful insights that can inform decision-making. In conclusion, financial situation essays provide a valuable tool for assessing financial data and presenting findings in a clear and concise manner. Through the analysis of real-life examples, we have seen the importance of having a strong understanding of financial concepts and using analytical tools to effectively analyze financial situations. By mastering these skills, individuals and businesses can make informed decisions that will improve their financial health and success. |
Bank financial situation essay
Here is a perfectly written financial need essay for you!
Financial need essays are an essential part of the college application process, as they provide insight into a student's financial situation and their ability to pay for their education. These essays can be challenging to write, as students must navigate the delicate balance of demonstrating their needs while avoiding sounding desperate. In this essay, we will examine examples of powerful financial need essays and provide tips for crafting compelling essays. One example of a powerful financial need essay is a student's description of their family's financial struggles. The essay may describe the challenges of living paycheck to paycheck, the burden of medical expenses, or the stress of supporting a large family on a limited income. Through these personal experiences, the student can demonstrate the genuine need for financial assistance and convey their determination to succeed despite these obstacles. Another example of a powerful financial need essay is a student's discussion of their academic achievements and future goals. The essay may describe the student's passion for their chosen field of study, their dedication to academic excellence, and their commitment to using their education to make a positive impact in the world. Through this discussion, the student can demonstrate their potential for success and their value as a member of the academic community. To craft a compelling financial need essay, it is essential to be honest, concise, and specific. Students should avoid exaggerating their financial struggles or making unrealistic promises about their future success. Instead, they should focus on providing a clear and compelling description of their financial situation and their commitment to academic excellence. In addition to being honest and specific, students should also take the time to research and understand the scholarship or financial aid program they are applying for. By demonstrating an understanding of the program's goals and values, students can tailor their essay to appeal to the program's selection committee and increase their chances of receiving funding. In conclusion, financial need essays are an essential part of the college application process, and students should approach them with care and attention. Through the examination of powerful examples and the use of effective writing strategies, students can craft compelling essays that demonstrate their financial need and potential for academic success. By mastering these skills, students can increase their chances of receiving the financial assistance they need to achieve their educational goals. |
Financial need essay for college
Want a top example of a financial literacy essay example? Here is a perfectly written essay sample!
Financial literacy is the ability to understand and manage one's finances effectively. It is a critical skill that can help individuals make informed decisions about their money and achieve financial stability. However, many people struggle with financial literacy, which can lead to financial hardship and insecurity. In this essay, we will examine examples of financial literacy essays and explore how they can inspire and empower readers to improve their financial literacy. One example of a powerful financial literacy essay is a discussion of the importance of budgeting. The essay may describe the challenges of living paycheck to paycheck and the benefits of creating a budget to track expenses and prioritize spending. Through this discussion, the author can demonstrate the impact of financial planning and encourage readers to take control of their own finances. Another example of a powerful financial literacy essay is a discussion of the importance of investing. The essay may describe the benefits of investing in stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, and provide tips for beginners on how to get started. Through this discussion, the author can demystify the investing world and empower readers to take control of their financial future. To craft a compelling financial literacy essay, it is essential to be clear, concise, and informative. Writers should avoid using jargon or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to their audience, and instead focus on providing practical advice and actionable steps for improving financial literacy. In addition to providing practical advice, writers should also focus on inspiring and motivating their audience to take action. By sharing personal stories and experiences, writers can demonstrate the impact of financial literacy and inspire readers to improve their own financial situation. In conclusion, financial literacy is a critical skill that can help individuals achieve financial stability and security. Through powerful essays that provide practical advice, inspiration, and motivation, we can empower readers to improve their financial literacy and take control of their financial future. |
Financial literacy essay example
Read the following example of a financial goals essay!
Setting financial goals is an important step toward achieving financial security and independence. Financial goals help individuals to prioritize their spending, manage their money effectively, and work toward long-term financial success. In this essay, we will explore the importance of setting financial goals and provide examples of strategies for achieving them. One example of a financial goal is to build an emergency fund. An emergency fund is a savings account that is set aside for unexpected expenses, such as medical bills, car repairs, or job loss. Experts recommend that individuals save between three and six months' worth of living expenses in an emergency fund. One strategy for achieving this goal is to automate savings by setting up a direct deposit from one's paycheck into the emergency fund account. Another example of a financial goal is to pay off debt. Debt can be a significant obstacle to achieving financial security, and paying it off is a crucial step toward financial independence. One strategy for achieving this goal is to use the debt snowball method, which involves paying off the smallest debts first and then using the freed-up money to pay off larger debts. By doing this, individuals can build momentum and stay motivated as they work towards becoming debt-free. A third example of a financial goal is to save for retirement. Retirement savings are essential for ensuring financial security in later life. One strategy for achieving this goal is to use tax-advantaged retirement accounts, such as 401(k)s or IRAs, to maximize savings and reduce tax liability. Individuals can build a significant retirement nest egg over time by starting early and contributing regularly. To achieve financial goals, it is also important to track progress and adjust strategies as needed. One strategy for tracking progress is to use a financial tracking app or spreadsheet to monitor spending, savings, and debt repayment. By reviewing this information regularly, individuals can identify areas for improvement and adjust their strategies accordingly. In conclusion, setting and achieving financial goals is a crucial step toward achieving financial security and independence. Whether it is building an emergency fund, paying off debt, or saving for retirement, there are many strategies and tools available for achieving financial success. By setting realistic goals, using effective strategies, and tracking progress, individuals can take control of their finances and achieve their financial goals. |
Financial goals essay sample
The following essays are perfect examples of financial situation essays. Give them a read to get inspiration for your next essay.
Financial crises can happen to anyone, and they can be devastating. Whether it's losing a job, facing unexpected medical expenses, or experiencing a natural disaster, financial crises can disrupt an individual's financial stability and cause stress and anxiety. In this essay, we will explore examples of financial crises and provide strategies for coping with them. One example of a financial crisis is losing a job. Losing a job can be a significant financial setback, as it often means a loss of income and benefits. One strategy for coping with this crisis is to create a budget that reflects the new financial reality. This may involve cutting back on expenses, such as entertainment and dining out, and finding ways to reduce utility bills and other fixed costs. It may also involve seeking out unemployment benefits or other forms of financial assistance to help bridge the gap. Another example of a financial crisis is facing unexpected medical expenses. Medical expenses can be costly, and they can add up quickly, especially if they are not covered by insurance. One strategy for coping with this crisis is to negotiate with medical providers and insurance companies to reduce the cost of medical bills. This may involve asking for discounts, setting up payment plans, or appealing denied insurance claims. It may also involve seeking out resources, such as patient advocacy groups and charitable organizations, that provide financial assistance to individuals facing medical crises. A third example of a financial crisis is experiencing a natural disaster, such as a hurricane or earthquake. Natural disasters can be devastating, causing significant property damage and financial losses. One strategy for coping with this crisis is to create an emergency fund that can be used to cover the costs of repairs and other expenses associated with the disaster. It may also involve seeking out government assistance, such as disaster relief programs and loans, to help cover the costs of recovery. In addition to these strategies, it is also important to prioritize mental health during a financial crisis. Financial crises can be stressful and can cause anxiety and depression. It is essential to take care of one's mental health by seeking out support from friends, family, or mental health professionals. In conclusion, financial crises can happen to anyone, and they can be challenging to cope with. By creating a budget, negotiating with providers and insurers, seeking out financial assistance, and prioritizing mental health, individuals can cope with financial crises and emerge stronger and more resilient. It is essential to remember that financial crises are temporary and that with the right strategies and support, individuals can overcome them and achieve financial stability once again. |
Get inspiration for your next financial essay from these examples!
Financial hardship is a difficult and stressful experience that can happen to anyone at any time. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as job loss, illness, or unexpected expenses, and can leave individuals feeling overwhelmed and hopeless. In this essay, we will explore personal examples of financial hardship and strategies for overcoming it. One personal example of financial hardship is the story of Sarah, a single mother of two who lost her job during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sarah struggled to pay her bills and provide for her family without a steady income. She felt anxious and helpless, unsure of what the future held. However, Sarah refused to give up. She reached out to community organizations for help and started networking with friends and acquaintances to find job opportunities. She also cut back on unnecessary expenses and prioritized her bills, making sure to pay the most important ones first. With perseverance and determination, Sarah was able to overcome her financial hardship and find a new job that provided stability for her family. Another example of overcoming financial hardship is the story of John, a college student who faced unexpected medical expenses after a car accident. Without health insurance, John was faced with thousands of dollars in medical bills that he could not afford. He felt overwhelmed and unsure of how to handle the situation. However, John refused to give up. He reached out to the hospital and medical providers to negotiate payment plans and sought out resources for financial assistance. He also made a plan to save money and cut back on expenses, such as eating out and buying new clothes. With patience and persistence, John was able to pay off his medical bills and get back on track financially. To overcome financial hardship, it is important to be proactive and take control of the situation. This may involve seeking out resources for financial assistance, such as community organizations or government programs. It may also involve creating a budget and prioritizing expenses to make sure that the most important bills are paid first. Additionally, it is important to stay positive and focused, even in the face of challenges and setbacks. In conclusion, financial hardship is a difficult and stressful experience that can happen to anyone. However, by being proactive and determined, individuals can overcome financial hardship and achieve financial stability. Personal examples such as Sarah and John show that with perseverance, patience, and the right strategies, it is possible to overcome even the most challenging financial situations. |
For many students, the cost of higher education can be a significant barrier to achieving their academic goals. However, financial aid programs can provide much-needed support to help students pay for college. In this essay, we will explore personal examples of financial aid and tips for navigating the financial aid process. One personal example of financial aid is the story of Maria, a first-generation college student who relied heavily on financial aid to attend a four-year university. Without financial aid, Maria would not have been able to afford college and pursue her dreams of becoming a nurse. She applied for multiple scholarships and grants and worked part-time to help cover the remaining costs. Another example of the importance of financial aid is the story of Miguel, a transfer student who received a generous financial aid package from his new university. The financial aid package allowed him to afford tuition, books, and other necessary expenses. Miguel also took advantage of the resources provided by the financial aid office, such as workshops and advising, to stay on track with his finances and academic goals. Navigating the financial aid process can be overwhelming, but there are tips and strategies that can help students make the most of their opportunities. One tip is to start the process early and be proactive. This may involve researching different types of financial aid, such as scholarships, grants, and loans, and applying for them before the deadlines. It may also involve communicating regularly with the financial aid office to stay informed about any changes or updates to the process. Another tip is to be organized and keep track of important documents and deadlines. This may involve creating a spreadsheet or checklist to track financial aid applications and requirements, as well as setting reminders for important deadlines and dates. In conclusion, financial aid is a vital resource for many students who want to pursue higher education. Personal examples such as Maria and Miguel show that financial aid can make a significant difference in the ability to afford college and achieve academic goals. By being proactive, organized, and taking advantage of resources provided by the financial aid office, students can successfully navigate the financial aid process and achieve their dreams of higher education. |
Financial aid essay for an undergraduate essay
In conclusion, writing a financial essay can seem like a daunting task, but with the right guidance, it can be a rewarding experience. The examples we've provided in this blog post are just a small sample of the many financial essay topics that you can explore.
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English document from New York University, 21 pages, Intro to Rhetorical Analysis Essays English II AAC AP Lang Rhetorical Analysis prompts will look like some variation of the following: Carefully read the following passage. Then write an essay in which you define the central argument of the passage and a
On Aug. 15, 2024, a federal court dismissed a proposed class action against financial analysis website Seeking Alpha, Inc. (Seeking Alpha).The lawsuit was brought in July 2023 by subscribers who accused Seeking Alpha of operating as an unregistered investment adviser and unlawfully collecting subscription fees by providing investing advice and customized email alerts on its website without ...
This qualitative study utilized reflective essay material written by experienced, advanced-level Finnish paramedics (n = 30). The essays used in this study were written during the fall of 2020 and reflected the period when Finland had declared a state of emergency (on 17.3.2020) and the Emergency Powers Act was implemented.
Conclusion. While the use of digital payment methods is on the rise, cash accessibility remains a critical component of a resilient financial infrastructure and dynamic economy. Bank mergers, branch closures, and bank fee creep have reduced the supply of free cash access points for consumers.
All but 18 of the 150 largest expenditures on a Trump campaign's 2020 F.E.C. report went to A.M.M.C. None of the expenses were itemized or otherwise explained aside from anodyne descriptions ...
Loans of around $13 billion have remained "hung" for nearly two years, bringing in interest payments but weighing on banks' balance sheets.
The financial analysis allows for the calculation of the business concern's earning capacity. Furthermore, it enables the forecast of the concern's future earning capacity. This is of particular interest to external users of accounts, specifically investors and potential investors. Assessing the managerial efficiency is also a crucial aspect.
Financial statement analysis is the process of analyzing a company's financial statements for decision-making purposes. ... These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and ...
For example, financial statements are an invaluable source of data for ensuring that no fraudulent activities are taking place, which ensures a high degree of transparency. The major takeaway from financial statement analysis is manifested in three essential documents, which are the cash flow statements, profit and loss statements, and the ...
Financial Statement Analysis Paper Example. Financial Statement Analysis Paper Example 1: Dell Computer Dell Inc. Income Statement Revenue Cost of Goods Sold Gross Profit R&D Selling General & Administrative Non Recurring Others Operating Income Depreciation Expense Other Income/Expense EBIT Interest Expense Tax Expense Income from Cont ...
Financial analysis is the process of evaluating businesses, projects, budgets and other finance-related entities to determine their performance and suitability. Typically, financial analysis is ...
Now that you understand a financial analysis report's 'what' and 'why,' it's time to look at the 'how.' Here's how to write a financial analysis report: 1. Give an overview of the company. The first section of your financial analysis report is the company overview. Here, you want to highlight the potential of your business.
Financial ratios make it easier for quantitative analysis, where financial information is analysed by investors, as the numerous numbers contained in a company financial statement can leave them confounded. There are five to six main types of financial ratios including liquidity measurement ratios, profitability indicator ratios, debt ratios ...
Koksal, A. , ;Wohlgenant, M. (2011). on Conclusion to Financial Statement Example. To conclude a financial analysis, one must summarize the findings and draw conclusions based on the data. It is important to make recommendations for future financial decisions based on the analysis.
The financial statement analysis framework provides steps that can be followed in any financial statement analysis project. These steps are: articulate the purpose and context of the analysis; collect input data; process data; analyze/interpret the processed data; develop and communicate conclusions and recommendations; and.
The analysis is significant in evaluating and determining factors contributing to ROE. Moreover, the analysis enables one to identify the areas that need support and improvement. Determination of the DuPont formula involves the multiplication of the net profit margin, asset turnover and financial leverage. Net profit margin = 0.7894.
This essay looks into a financial analysis of Tesco plc carried out by looking at its balanced scorecard and carrying out a detailed financial ratio analysis of the company. ... Conclusion. The analysis shows that Tesco is a market leader in the UK retail industry and it has gone from strength to strength over time. In terms of its balanced ...
Financial Analysis, Appraisal, and Decision Making. Part 1. Ratios Calculation. In this assignment, 2020 and 2021 were chosen for the analysis. Therefore, the ratios calculated and analyzed are based on the financial statements for BGC Ltd for 2020 and 2021, respectively. Table 1: Showing financial statement for BGC Ltd Table 2:Showing ...
Financial Statement Analysis for Business Entities Essay. Financial statements are important since they represent a business entity. They comprise "income statement, balance sheet, statement of earnings, statement of changes in financial position, and the cash flow statement" (Siddiqui, 2014, para. 4). Thus, they reflect such aspects as the ...
Pages: 5 Words: 1612. Financial statement analysis is a tool by which one can examine the publicly-available financial statements to determine the financial condition of a company. The role of the financial statements is to provide information for both internal and external stakeholders, including shareholders and regulators, about a company's ...
In this free guide, we will break down the most important types and techniques of financial statement analysis. This guide is designed to be useful for both beginners and advanced finance professionals, with the main topics covering: (1) the income statement, (2) the balance sheet, (3) the cash flow statement, and (4) rates of return. 1.
Financial Analysis of Brocade Communications. This will attract more customers leading to more profits in the organization. In addition, this will create customer loyalty and the company will have a competitive advantage over its rival. In conclusion, it is true that Brocade is a successful company. This is due to its increased realization of ...
Chapter 14 CONCLUSION OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS As one journey ends, another probably starts By the time you complete a financial analysis, you must be able to answer the two … - Selection from Corporate Finance Theory and Practice, Third Edition [Book]
Financial Analysis Essay Examples. Check out the following examples to get a better understanding of financial analysis essay examples. Analyzing the Financial Performance of Apple Inc.: A Case Study. Financial analysis essays require in-depth research and evaluation of financial data to draw conclusions about a company's financial health.
An example of Financial analysis is analyzing a company's performance and trend by calculating financial ratios like profitability ratios, including net profit ratio, which is calculated by net profit divided by sales. It indicates the company's profitability by which we can assess the company's profitability and trend of profit.
An analytical essay is an essay that meticulously and methodically examines a single topic to draw conclusions or prove theories. Although they are used in many fields, analytical essays are often used with art and literature to break down works' creative themes and explore their deeper meanings and symbolism.. Analytical essays are a staple in academics, so if you're a student, chances ...
Summary. This chapter discusses the role of financial analysis in company operation. Some financial analysts calculate net assets by subtracting goodwill, adding back unrealised capital gains, with inventories possibly being valued at their replacement cost. Calculating net assets is an even trickier task with consolidated accounts owing to ...
Liquidity analysis. The current ratio of HHL remains above the minimum threshold of one and is currently 1.22; historically, the ratio has remained between 2.73 and 3.25 times. However, the quick ratio for the company reveals serious concerns as it has decreased from 1.67 in 2008 to 0.22 in 2009.
The purpose of cash flow statements is to provide users with information about cash payments and receipts to determine how a company is obtaining and using its most important resource, money (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2010). These financial statements are key components for internal and external users to make economic….