The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators

The simple assignment operator.

One of the most common operators that you'll encounter is the simple assignment operator " = ". You saw this operator in the Bicycle class; it assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

This operator can also be used on objects to assign object references , as discussed in Creating Objects .

The Arithmetic Operators

The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics. The only symbol that might look new to you is " % ", which divides one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.

Operator Description
Additive operator (also used for String concatenation)
Subtraction operator
Multiplication operator
Division operator
Remainder operator

The following program, ArithmeticDemo , tests the arithmetic operators.

This program prints the following:

You can also combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments . For example, x+=1; and x=x+1; both increment the value of x by 1.

The + operator can also be used for concatenating (joining) two strings together, as shown in the following ConcatDemo program:

By the end of this program, the variable thirdString contains "This is a concatenated string.", which gets printed to standard output.

The Unary Operators

The unary operators require only one operand; they perform various operations such as incrementing/decrementing a value by one, negating an expression, or inverting the value of a boolean.

Operator Description
Unary plus operator; indicates positive value (numbers are positive without this, however)
Unary minus operator; negates an expression
Increment operator; increments a value by 1
Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1
Logical complement operator; inverts the value of a boolean

The following program, UnaryDemo , tests the unary operators:

The increment/decrement operators can be applied before (prefix) or after (postfix) the operand. The code result++; and ++result; will both end in result being incremented by one. The only difference is that the prefix version ( ++result ) evaluates to the incremented value, whereas the postfix version ( result++ ) evaluates to the original value. If you are just performing a simple increment/decrement, it doesn't really matter which version you choose. But if you use this operator in part of a larger expression, the one that you choose may make a significant difference.

The following program, PrePostDemo , illustrates the prefix/postfix unary increment operator:

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Java Exercises – Basic to Advanced Java Practice Programs with Solutions

Looking for Java exercises to test your Java skills, then explore our topic-wise Java practice exercises? Here you will get 25 plus practice problems that help to upscale your Java skills.

As we know Java is one of the most popular languages because of its robust and secure nature. But, programmers often find it difficult to find a platform for Java Practice Online. In this article, we have provided Java Practice Programs. That covers various Java Core Topics that can help users with Java Practice.

So, with ado further take a look at our free Java Exercises to practice and develop your Java programming skills. Our Java programming exercises Practice Questions from all the major topics like loops, object-oriented programming, exception handling, and many more.

Topic Wise Java Exercises List

  • Pattern Programs in Java
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Java Practice Problems for Searching Algorithms

Practice problems in java sorting algorithms, more java practice exercises.

Java Exercise

Java Practice Programs

This Java exercise is designed to deepen your understanding and refine your Java coding skills, these programs offer hands-on experience in solving real-world problems, reinforcing key concepts, and mastering Java programming fundamentals. Whether you’re a beginner who looking to build a solid foundation or a professional developer aiming to sharpen your expertise, our Java practice programs provide an invaluable opportunity to sharpen your craft and excel in Java programming language .

By diving into these exercises, you’ll not only reinforce key concepts but also gain the practical experience needed to tackle real-world problems effectively. This hands-on practice is essential for mastering Java fundamentals and advancing your career as a proficient Java developer. To further enhance your skills, consider enrolling in our Java Course . This course offers comprehensive lessons and practical exercises, making it an excellent resource for both beginners and experienced developers.

1. Write Hello World Program in Java

The solution to the Problem is mentioned below:

2. Write a Program in Java to Add two Numbers.

Click here for the solution, 3. write a program to swap two numbers, 4. write a java program to convert integer numbers and binary numbers., 5. write a program to find factorial of a number in java., 6. write a java program to add two complex numbers., 7. write a program to calculate simple interest in java, 8. write a program to print the pascal’s triangle in java, 9. write a program to find sum of fibonacci series number, java exercise on pattern.

Pattern Exercises in Java

10. Write a Program to Print Pyramid Number Pattern in Java.

11. write a java program to print pattern., 12. write a java program to print pattern., 13. java program to print patterns., array exercises in java.

Array Exercises in Java

14. Write a Java Program to Compute the Sum of Array Elements.

15. write a java program to find the largest element in array, 16. write java program to find the tranpose of matrix, 17. java array program for array rotation, 18. java array program to remove duplicate elements from an array, 19. java array program to remove all occurrences of an element in an array, string exercises in java.

Strings Exercises in Java

20. Java program to check whether a string is a Palindrome

21. java string program to check anagram, 22. java string program to reverse a string, 23. java string program to remove leading zeros.

Searching Exercises in Java

24. Write a Java Program for Linear Search.

Time Complexity: O(N) Space Complexity: O(N)

25. Write a Binary Search Program in Java.

Time Complexity: O(logN) Space Complexity: O(N)

Sorting_in_java

26. Java Program for Bubble Sort.

Time Complexity: O(N 2 ) Space Complexity: O(1)

27. Write a Program for Insertion Sort in Java.

28. java program for selection sort., 29. java program for merge sort..

Time Complexity: O(N logN) Space Complexity: O(N)

30. Java Program for QuickSort.

Time Complexity: O(N logN) Space Complexity: O(1)

After completing these Java exercises you are a step closer to becoming an advanced Java programmer. We hope these exercises have helped you understand Java better and you can solve beginner to advanced-level questions on Java programming.

Solving these Java programming exercise questions will not only help you master theory concepts but also grasp their practical applications, which is very useful in job interviews.

Java Array Exercise Java String Exercise Java Collection Exercise Click Here – To Practice Java Online please check our Practice Portal.

Java Exercise – FAQ

1. how to do java projects for beginners.

To do Java projects you need to know the fundamentals of Java programming. Then you need to select the desired Java project you want to work on. Plan and execute the code to finish the project. Some beginner-level Java projects include: Reversing a String Number Guessing Game Creating a Calculator Simple Banking Application Basic Android Application

2. Is Java easy for beginners?

As a programming language, Java is considered moderately easy to learn. It is unique from other languages due to its lengthy syntax. As a beginner, you can learn beginner to advanced Java in 6 to 18 months.

3. Why Java is used?

Java provides many advantages and uses, some of which are: Platform-independent Robust and secure Object-oriented Popular & in-demand Vast ecosystem

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  • Java Program to Display Alternate Prime Numbers
  • Java Program to Find Square Root of a Number Without sqrt Method
  • Java Program to Swap Two Numbers Using Bitwise Operator
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  • Java Program to Check if a Number is Positive or Negative
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  • Java Program to copy all elements of one array into another array
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  • Java Program to left rotate the elements of an array
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  • Java Program to print the elements of an array
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  • Java Program to print the elements of an array present on even position
  • Java Program to print the elements of an array present on odd position
  • Java Program to print the largest element in an array
  • Java Program to print the smallest element in an array
  • Java Program to print the number of elements present in an array
  • Java Program to print the sum of all the items of the array
  • Java Program to right rotate the elements of an array
  • Java Program to sort the elements of an array in ascending order
  • Java Program to sort the elements of an array in descending order
  • Java Program to Find 3rd Largest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find 2nd Largest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find Largest Number in an array
  • Java to Program Find 2nd Smallest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Find Smallest Number in an array
  • Java Program to Remove Duplicate Element in an array
  • Java Program to Print Odd and Even Numbers from an array
  • How to Sort an Array in Java
  • Java Matrix Programs
  • Java Program to Add Two Matrices
  • Java Program to Multiply Two Matrices
  • Java Program to subtract the two matrices
  • Java Program to determine whether two matrices are equal
  • Java Program to display the lower triangular matrix
  • Java Program to display the upper triangular matrix
  • Java Program to find the frequency of odd & even numbers in the given matrix
  • Java Program to find the product of two matrices
  • Java Program to find the sum of each row and each column of a matrix
  • Java Program to find the transpose of a given matrix
  • Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is an identity matrix
  • Java Program to determine whether a given matrix is a sparse matrix
  • Java Program to Transpose matrix
  • Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string
  • Java Program to count the total number of characters in a string 2
  • Java Program to count the total number of punctuation characters exists in a String
  • Java Program to count the total number of vowels and consonants in a string
  • Java Program to determine whether two strings are the anagram
  • Java Program to divide a string in 'N' equal parts.
  • Java Program to find all subsets of a string
  • Java Program to find the longest repeating sequence in a string
  • Java Program to find all the permutations of a string
  • Java Program to remove all the white spaces from a string
  • Java Program to replace lower-case characters with upper-case and vice-versa
  • Java Program to replace the spaces of a string with a specific character
  • Java Program to determine whether a given string is palindrome
  • Java Program to determine whether one string is a rotation of another
  • Java Program to find maximum and minimum occurring character in a string
  • Java Program to find Reverse of the string
  • Java program to find the duplicate characters in a string
  • Java program to find the duplicate words in a string
  • Java Program to find the frequency of characters
  • Java Program to find the largest and smallest word in a string
  • Java Program to find the most repeated word in a text file
  • Java Program to find the number of the words in the given text file
  • Java Program to separate the Individual Characters from a String
  • Java Program to swap two string variables without using third or temp variable.
  • Java Program to print smallest and biggest possible palindrome word in a given string
  • Reverse String in Java Word by Word
  • Reserve String without reverse() function
  • Linear Search in Java
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  • How to convert String to Date in Java
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  • How to convert Timestamp to Date in Java
  • How to convert Binary to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Binary in Java
  • How to convert Hex to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Hex in Java
  • How to convert Octal to Decimal in Java
  • How to convert Decimal to Octal in Java
  • Java program to print the following spiral pattern on the console
  • Java program to print the following pattern
  • Java program to print the following pattern 2
  • Java program to print the following pattern 3
  • Java program to print the following pattern 4
  • Java program to print the following pattern 5
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 2
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 3
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 4
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 5
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 6
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 7
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 8
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 9
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 10
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 11
  • Java program to print the following pattern on the console 12
  • Singly linked list Examples in Java
  • Java Program to create and display a singly linked list
  • Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a singly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the singly linked list
  • Java program to delete a node from the middle of the singly linked list
  • Java program to delete a node from the end of the singly linked list
  • Java program to determine whether a singly linked list is the palindrome
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a linked list
  • Java Program to insert a new node at the middle of the singly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the singly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the singly linked list
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a singly linked list
  • Java Program to search an element in a singly linked list
  • Java program to create and display a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to create a Circular Linked List of N nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a Circular Linked List of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to delete a node from the beginning of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to delete a node from the end of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to delete a node from the middle of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a circular linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to search an element in a Circular Linked List
  • Java program to sort the elements of the Circular Linked List
  • Java program to convert a given binary tree to doubly linked list
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list from a ternary tree
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and count the number of nodes
  • Java program to create a doubly linked list of n nodes and display it in reverse order
  • Java program to create and display a doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the beginning of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the end of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to delete a new node from the middle of the doubly linked list
  • Java program to find the maximum and minimum value node from a doubly linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the beginning of the Doubly Linked list
  • Java program to insert a new node at the end of the Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to insert a new node at the middle of the Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to remove duplicate elements from a Doubly Linked List
  • Java program to rotate doubly linked list by N nodes
  • Java program to search an element in a doubly linked list
  • Java program to sort the elements of the doubly linked list
  • Java Program to calculate the Difference between the Sum of the Odd Level and the Even Level Nodes of a Binary Tree
  • Java program to construct a Binary Search Tree and perform deletion and In-order traversal
  • Java program to convert Binary Tree to Binary Search Tree
  • Java program to determine whether all leaves are at same level
  • Java program to determine whether two trees are identical
  • Java program to find maximum width of a binary tree
  • Java program to find the largest element in a Binary Tree
  • Java program to find the maximum depth or height of a tree
  • Java program to find the nodes which are at the maximum distance in a Binary Tree
  • Java program to find the smallest element in a tree
  • Java program to find the sum of all the nodes of a binary tree
  • Java program to find the total number of possible Binary Search Trees with N keys
  • Java program to implement Binary Tree using the Linked List
  • Java program to search a node in a Binary Tree
  • Java Main Method
  • System.out.println()
  • Java Memory Management
  • Java ClassLoader
  • Java Decompiler
  • Java vs. JavaScript
  • Java vs. Kotlin
  • Java vs. Python
  • Java Absolute Value
  • How to Create File
  • Delete a File in Java
  • Open a File in Java
  • Sort a List in Java
  • Convert byte Array to String
  • Java Basics
  • How to Compile & Run Java Program
  • How to Run Java Program in Eclipse
  • How to Verify Java Version
  • Ways to Create an Object in Java
  • How to Run a Java program in Windows 10
  • Runnable Interface in Java
  • Java Keystore
  • Get input from user in Java
  • Read file line by line in Java
  • Take String input in Java
  • How to Read Excel File in Java
  • Read XML File in Java
  • CompletableFuture in Java
  • Java ExecutorService
  • How to iterate Map in Java
  • How to Return an Array in Java
  • How to Sort HashMap by Value
  • How to Sort HashMap in Java
  • Load Factor in HashMap
  • Array vs ArrayList
  • HashMap vs TreeMap
  • HashSet vs HashMap class
  • Compare Two ArrayList in Java
  • Merge Two Arrays in Java
  • Print Array in Java
  • Read CSV File in Java
  • Remove Special Characters from String
  • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
  • ConcurrentModificationException
  • NoSuchElementException
  • NumberFormatException
  • How to Sort ArrayList in Java
  • How to Download Java
  • How to Call a Method in Java
  • How to Create Singleton Class in Java
  • How to Find Array Length in Java
  • How to Read Character in Java
  • Can We Overload main() Method in Java
  • How to Convert Char Array to String in Java
  • How to Run Java Program in CMD Using Notepad
  • How to Sort String Array in Java
  • How to Compare Dates in Java
  • How to Take Multiple String Input in Java Using Scanner
  • How to Remove Last Character from String in Java
  • How TreeMap Works Internally in Java
  • Java Program to Break Integer into Digits
  • Java Program to Calculate Area and Circumference of Circle
  • What is Diamond Problem in Java
  • Java Program to Read Number from Standard Input
  • How to Download Minecraft Java Edition
  • Can We Override Static Method in Java
  • How to Avoid Deadlock in Java
  • How to Achieve Abstraction in Java
  • How Garbage Collection Works in Java
  • How to Take Array Input in Java
  • How to Create Array of Objects in Java
  • How to Create Package in Java
  • How to Print in Java
  • What is Framework in Java
  • Why Java is Secure
  • How to Iterate List in Java
  • How to Use Eclipse for Java
  • Which Package is Imported by Default in Java
  • Could Not Find or Load Main Class in Java
  • How to Compare Two Arrays in Java
  • How to Convert String to JSON Object in Java
  • Which is Better Java or Python
  • How to Update Java
  • How to Get Value from JSON Object in Java Example
  • How to Split a String in Java with Delimiter
  • Structure of Java Program
  • Why We Use Constructor in Java
  • Java Create Excel File
  • Java Interpreter
  • javac is not Recognized
  • Dynamic Array in Java
  • Shunting yard algorithm
  • Java Destructor
  • Custom ArrayList in Java
  • ArrayList vs HashMap
  • Java Constant
  • Java Tokens
  • How to Enable Java in Chrome
  • Java Semaphore
  • Array to List in Java
  • JIT in Java
  • How to Clear Screen in Java
  • Java Logger
  • Reverse a String Using Recursion in Java
  • Java Path Vs File
  • Float Vs Double Java
  • Stack vs Heap Java
  • Abstraction vs Encapsulation
  • Top 10 Java Books
  • Public vs Private
  • What is Java Used For
  • Bitwise Operator in Java
  • SOLID Principles Java
  • Type Casting in Java
  • Conditional Operator in Java
  • Ternary Operator Java
  • Java Architecture
  • REPL in Java
  • Types of Exception in Java
  • Why String is Immutable or Final in Java
  • Java vs Kotlin
  • Set in Java
  • Why non-static variable cannot be referenced from a static context in Java
  • Java Developer Roles and Responsibilities
  • Types of Classes in Java
  • Marker Interface in Java
  • Static Function in Java
  • Unary Operators in Java
  • What is Advance Java
  • ArrayList Implementation
  • Convert ArrayList to String Array
  • Hashmap vs ConcurrentHashMap
  • List vs ArrayList
  • Map vs HashMap
  • HashSet vs LinkedHashSet
  • How TreeSet Works Internally
  • LinkedHashMap vs HashMap
  • Java Program to Solve Quadratic Equation
  • Scope Resolution Operator in Java
  • Composition in Java
  • File Operations in Java
  • NoClassDefFoundError in Java
  • Thread Concept in Java
  • Upcasting and Downcasting in Java
  • Dynamic Polymorphism in Java
  • String Pool in Java
  • What is constructor chaining in Java
  • Add elements to Array in Java
  • Advantages and disadvantages of Java
  • Advantages of JavaBeans
  • AWS SDK for Java with Apache Maven
  • AWT and Swing in Java
  • AWT Program in Java
  • Boolean values in Java
  • ByteStream Classes in Java
  • CharacterStream Classes in Java
  • Class and Interface in Java
  • ClassCast Exception in Java
  • Cloneable in Java
  • Constructor overloading in Java
  • Control Flow in Java
  • Convert Java Object to Json using GSON
  • Convert XML to JSON in Java
  • How to avoid null pointer exception in Java
  • Java constructor returns a value, but what
  • Singleton Class in Java
  • Doubly Linked List Program in Java
  • Association in Java
  • Big data Java vs Python
  • Branching Statements in Java
  • Collections Sort in Java 8
  • List vs Set in Java
  • How many days required to learn Java
  • Implicitly Typecasting in Java
  • Legacy Class in Java
  • Character Array in Java
  • Equals() and Hashcode() in Java
  • Externalization in Java
  • Identifiers in Java
  • InvocationTargetException
  • Java Pass by Value
  • Mutable and Immutable in Java
  • Power Function in Java
  • Primitive Data Types in Java
  • String Array in Java
  • Virtual Function in Java
  • C vs C++ vs Java
  • Java String Max Size
  • Convert Java object to JSON
  • How to Calculate Date Difference in Java
  • How to Improve Coding Skills in Java
  • Java Email Validation
  • Java Testing Tools
  • Permutation and Combination in Java
  • Unique Number in Java Program
  • Java Code for DES
  • Pig Latin Program in Java
  • Array Rotation in Java
  • Equilibrium Index of an Array in Java
  • Different Ways to Print Exception Message in Java
  • Java Copy Constructor Example
  • Why We Use Static Class in Java
  • What is Core Java
  • Set vs Map in Java
  • How to Create a New Folder in Java
  • Remove an Element from ArrayList in Java
  • How to Create Test Cases for Exceptions in Java
  • How to Convert JSON Array to ArrayList in Java
  • How to Create a Class File in Java
  • Java Spring Pros & Cons
  • Java Stack Trace
  • Array Slicing in Java
  • Flutter vs Java
  • Permutation of Numbers in Java
  • Magic Number in Java
  • Reference Data Types in Java
  • Counter variable in Java
  • How to take Character Input in Java using BufferedReader Class
  • Java employee details program
  • Java is case sensitive explain
  • Ramanujan Number or Taxicab Number in Java
  • Advanced Java Books in 2021
  • Fail Fast and Fail Safe Iterator in Java
  • How to build a Web Application Using Java
  • Is Java Interpreted or Compiled
  • Java Big Data Frameworks
  • Java Get Data From URL
  • No Main Manifest Attribute
  • Java missing return statement
  • Java program to remove duplicate characters from a string
  • JUnit test case example in Java
  • List of logical programs in Java
  • PermGen space Java
  • Unsigned Right Shift Operator in Java
  • Infix to Postfix Java
  • Memory Leak in Java
  • How To Write Test Cases In Java
  • Java 32-Bit Download For Windows 10
  • FizzBuzz Program in Java
  • A Java Runtime Environment JRE Or JDK Must Be Available
  • Java Does Not Open
  • No Java Virtual Machine was Found
  • Java Program Number to Word
  • Types of Garbage Collector in Java
  • No Suitable Driver Found For JDBC
  • AVL Tree program in Java
  • Fail-fast and Fail-safe in Java
  • Find unique elements in array Java
  • Highest precedence in Java
  • Java Closure
  • Java String Encoding
  • Prim's algorithm Java
  • Quartz scheduler java
  • Red Black Tree Java
  • GC Overhead Limit Exceeded
  • Generating QR Code in Java
  • Delegation Event Model in Java
  • Java Profilers
  • Java Flight Recorder
  • Bucket Sort in Java
  • Java Atomic
  • Wait vs Sleep in Java
  • Executor Framework Java
  • Gregorian calendar Java
  • int vs Integer Java
  • What is truncation in Java
  • Java HTTP Proxy Server
  • Java Static Constructor
  • How to prepare for Java Interview
  • Java callback function
  • Java 8 vs Java 11
  • Login Form Java
  • Vaadin Framework Java
  • EJB vs. Spring
  • Types of Applets in Java
  • Visitor Design Pattern Java
  • Advantages of Python over Java
  • Design Principles in Java
  • JSON Validator Java
  • Pseudocode Java
  • Windows Programming Using Java
  • Vert.x Java
  • Complex Java Programs
  • ORE Number Java
  • PalPrime Number Java
  • Twin Prime Numbers
  • Twisted Prime Number Java
  • Ugly number Java
  • Achilles Number in Java
  • Amicable Pair Number in Java
  • Playfair Cipher Program in Java
  • Java.lang.outofmemoryerror: java heap space
  • Banker's Algorithm Java
  • Kruskal Algorithm Java
  • Longest Common Subsequence
  • Travelling Salesman Problem
  • & vs && in Java
  • Jumping Number in Java
  • Lead Number in Java
  • Lucky Number in Java
  • Middle Digit Number in Java
  • Special Number in Java
  • Passing Array to Function In Java
  • Lexicographical Order Java
  • Adam Number in Java
  • Bell Number in Java
  • Reduce Java
  • LRU Cache Implementation
  • Goldbach Number in Java
  • How to Find Number of Objects Created in Java
  • Multiply Two Numbers Without Using Arithmetic Operator in Java
  • Sum of Digits of a Number in Java
  • Sum of Numbers in Java
  • Power of a Number in Java
  • Sum of Prime Numbers in Java
  • Cullen Number in Java
  • Mobile Number Validation in Java
  • Fermat Number in Java
  • Instantiation in Java
  • Exception Vs Error in Java
  • flatMap() Method in Java 8
  • How to Print Table in Java
  • Java Create PDF
  • Mersenne Number in Java
  • Pandigital Number in Java
  • Pell Number in Java
  • Java Get Post
  • Fork Join in Java
  • Java Callable Example
  • Blockchain Java
  • Design of JDBC
  • Java Anon Proxy
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  • Session Tracking in Java
  • What is Object-Oriented Programming
  • Literals in Java
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  • What is an anagram in Java
  • What is programming
  • Iterate JSON Array Java
  • Java Date Add Days
  • Javac Command Not Found
  • Factorial Program in Java Using while Loop
  • Frugal Number in Java
  • Java Digital Signature
  • Catalan Number in Java
  • Partition Number in Java
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  • Chromatic Number in Java
  • Sublime Number in Java
  • Advanced Java Viva Questions
  • Getter and Setter Method in Java Example
  • How to convert String to String array in Java
  • How to Encrypt Password in Java
  • Instance Variable in Java
  • Java File Extension
  • Types of Inheritance in Java
  • Untouchable Number in Java
  • AES 256 Encryption in Java
  • Applications of Array in Java
  • Example of Static Import in Java
  • Hill Cipher Program in Java
  • Lazy Loading in Java
  • Rectangular Number in Java
  • How to Print Table in Java Using Formatter
  • IdentityHashMap Class in Java
  • Undulating Number in Java
  • Java Obfuscator
  • Java Switch String
  • Applet Life Cycle in Java
  • Banking Application in Java
  • Duodecimal in Java
  • Economical Number in Java
  • Figurate Number in Java
  • How to resolve IllegalStateException in Java
  • Java Coding Software
  • Java Create Jar Files
  • Java Framework List
  • Java Initialize array
  • java lang exception no runnable methods
  • Nonagonal Number in Java
  • SexagesimalFormatter in Java
  • Sierpinski Number in Java
  • Vigesimal in Java
  • Java Color Codes
  • JDoodle Java
  • Online Java Compiler
  • Pyramidal Number in Java
  • Relatively Prime in Java
  • Java Modulo
  • Repdigit Numbers in Java
  • Abstract Method in Java
  • Convert Text-to-Speech in Java
  • Java Editors
  • MVC Architecture in Java
  • Narcissistic Number in Java
  • Hashing Algorithm in Java
  • Java Escape Characters
  • Java Operator Precedence
  • Private Constructor in Java
  • Scope of Variables in Java
  • Groovy vs Java
  • Java File Upload to a Folder
  • Java Full Stack
  • Java Developer
  • Thread States in Java
  • Java EE vs Node.js
  • Loose Coupling in Java
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  • Method Hiding in Java
  • Dijkstra Algorithm Java
  • Extravagant Number in Java
  • Java Unicode
  • New Line in Java
  • Return Statement in Java
  • Order of Execution of Constructors in Java Inheritance
  • Cardinal Number in Java
  • Hyperfactorial in Java
  • Identifier Expected Error in Java
  • Java Generate UUID
  • Labeled Loop in Java
  • Lombok Java
  • Ordinal Number in Java
  • Tetrahedral Number in Java
  • Cosmic Superclass in Java
  • Shallow Copy Java
  • BiFunction Java 8
  • Equidigital Number in Java
  • Fall Through in Java
  • Java Reserved Keywords
  • Parking Lot Design Java
  • Boyer Moore Java
  • Java Security Framework
  • Tetranacci Number in Java
  • BFS Algorithm in Java
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  • Counting sort in Java
  • CRC Program in Java
  • FileNotFoundException in Java
  • InputMismatchException in Java
  • Java ASCII Table
  • Lock in Java
  • Segment Tree in Java
  • Why main() method is always static in Java
  • Bellman-Ford Algorithm Java
  • BigDecimal toString() in Java
  • .NET vs Java
  • Java ZipFile
  • Lazy Propagation in Segment Tree in Java
  • Magnanimous Number in Java
  • Binary Tree Java
  • How to Create Zip File in Java
  • Java Dot Operator
  • Associativity of Operators in Java
  • Fenwick Tree in Java
  • How annotation works in Java
  • How to Find Length of Integer in Java
  • Java 8 filters
  • List All Files in a Directory in Java
  • How to Get Day Name from Date in Java
  • Zigzag Array in Java
  • Class Definition in Java
  • Find Saddle Point of a Matrix in Java
  • Non-primitive data types in Java
  • Pancake Number in Java
  • Pancake Sorting in Java
  • Print Matrix Diagonally in Java
  • Sort Dates in Java
  • Carmichael Numbers in Java
  • Contextual Keywords in Java
  • How to Open Java Control Panel
  • How to Reverse Linked List in Java
  • Interchange Diagonal Elements Java Program
  • Java Set to List
  • Level Order Traversal of a Binary Tree in Java
  • Bully algorithm in Java
  • Convert JSON File to String in Java
  • Convert Milliseconds to Date in Java
  • Copy Content/ Data From One File to Another in Java
  • Constructor vs Method in Java
  • Access Specifiers vs Modifiers
  • Java vs PHP
  • replace() vs replaceAll() in Java
  • this vs super in Java
  • Heap implementation in Java
  • How to Check null in Java
  • Java Arrays Fill
  • Rotate Matrix by 90 Degrees in Java
  • Exception Class in Java
  • Transient variable in Java
  • Web crawler Java
  • Zigzag Traversal of a Binary Tree in Java
  • Java Get File Size
  • Internal Working of ArrayList in Java
  • Java Program to Print Matrix in Z Form
  • Vertical Order Traversal of a Binary Tree in Java
  • Group By in Java 8
  • Hashing Techniques in Java
  • Implement Queue Using Array in Java
  • Java 13 Features
  • Package Program in Java
  • Canonical Name Java
  • Method Chaining in Java
  • Orphaned Case Java
  • Bottom View of a Binary Tree in Java
  • Coercion in Java
  • Dictionary Class in Java
  • Left View of a Binary Tree in Java
  • Pangram Program in Java
  • Top View of a Binary Tree in Java
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  • Right View of a Binary Tree in Java
  • Dining Philosophers Problem and Solution in Java
  • Shallow Copy vs Deep Copy in Java
  • Java Password Generator
  • Java Program for Shopping Bill
  • Lock Interface in Java
  • Convert JSON to Map in Java
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  • Middle Node of a Linked List in Java
  • Pernicious Number in Java
  • Cohesion in Java
  • How to get UTC time in Java
  • Jacobsthal Number in Java
  • Java Calculate Age
  • Tribonacci Number Java
  • Bernoulli number in Java
  • Cake Number in Java
  • Compare time in Java
  • Compare Two Sets in Java
  • Crown Pattern in Java
  • Convert List to Array in Java
  • Aggregation vs Composition
  • Morris Traversal for Inorder in Java
  • Morris Traversal for Preorder in Java
  • Package Naming Conversion in Java
  • India Map Pattern in Java
  • Ladder Pattern in Java
  • ORM Tools in Java
  • Odious Number in Java
  • Rat in a Maze Problem in Java
  • Sudoku in Java
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  • Double Hashing in Java
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  • Possible Paths from Top Left to Bottom Right of a Matrix in Java
  • Palindrome Partitioning Problem in Java
  • Rehashing in Java
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  • Compound Assignment Operator in Java
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  • Clone HashMap in Java
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  • Use of final Keyword in Java
  • Factorial of a Large Number in Java
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  • MOOD Factors to Assess a Java Program
  • Computing Digit Sum of All Numbers From 1 to n in Java
  • Read PDF File in Java
  • Finding Odd Occurrence of a Number in Java
  • Java Indentation
  • Zig Zag Star and Number Pattern in Java
  • Check Whether a Number is a Power of 4 or not in Java
  • Kth Smallest in an Unsorted Array in Java
  • BlockingQueue in Java
  • Next Greater Element in Java
  • Star Numbers in Java
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  • Java Program to Find Local Minima in An Array
  • Processing Speech in Java
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  • House Numbers in Java
  • Java Program to Generate Binary Numbers
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  • Java Subtract Days from Current Date
  • Java Future Example
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  • Diffie-Hellman Algorithm in Java
  • Ganesha's Pattern in Java
  • Hamming Code in Java
  • Map of Map in Java
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  • Display Unique Rows in a Binary Matrix in Java
  • Rotate A Matrix By 180 Degree in Java
  • Dangling Else Problem in Java
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  • Dutch National Flag Problem in Java
  • Java Calculate Average of List
  • compareToIgnoreCase Java
  • Trimorphic Numbers in Java
  • Arithmetic Exception in Java
  • Java instanceof operator
  • Java Localization
  • Minimum XOR Value Pair in Java
  • Iccanobif Numbers in Java
  • Java Program to Count the Occurrences of Each Character
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  • Java Program to Find the Minimum Number of Platforms Required for a Railway Station
  • Shift Operators in Java
  • Final Object in Java
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  • Display the Odd Levels Nodes of a Binary Tree in Java
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  • Nude Numbers in Java
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  • Java URL Encoder
  • anyMatch() in Java 8
  • Sealed Class in Java
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  • Career Options for Java Developers to Aim in 2022
  • Java Progress Bar
  • Maximum Rectangular Area in a Histogram in Java
  • Polygonal Number in Java
  • Two Sorted LinkedList Intersection in Java
  • Set Matrix Zeros in Java
  • Find Number of Island in Java
  • Balanced Prime Number in Java
  • Minecraft Bedrock vs Java Minecraft
  • arr.length vs arr[0].length vs arr[1].length in Java
  • Future in Java 8
  • How to Set Timer in Java
  • Construct the Largest Number from the Given Array in Java
  • Minimum Coins for Making a Given Value in Java
  • Eclipse Shortcuts Java
  • Empty Statement in Java
  • Java Program to Implement Two Stacks in an Array
  • Java Snippet
  • Longest Arithmetic Progression Sequence in Java
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  • Next Greater Number with Same Set of Digits in Java
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  • Why Java is So Popular
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  • Two Decimal Places Java
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  • Java how to Convert Bytes to Hex
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  • Stream findFirst() Method in Java
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  • Java Split String by Comma
  • Spliterator in java 8
  • Tree Model Nodes in Jackson
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  • Callable and Future in Java
  • How to Check Current JDK Version installed in Your System Using CMD
  • How to Round Double and Float up to Two Decimal Places in Java
  • Java 8 Multimap
  • Parallel Stream in Java
  • Java Convert Bytes to Unsigned Bytes
  • Display List of TimeZone with GMT and UTC in Java
  • Binary Strings Without Consecutive Ones in Java
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  • Java 18 Snippet Tag with Example
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Java is a popular programming language that software developers use to construct a wide range of applications. It is a simple, robust, and platform-independent object-oriented language. There are various types of assignment operators in Java, each with its own function.

In this section, we will look at Java's many types of assignment operators, how they function, and how they are utilized.

To assign a value to a variable, use the basic assignment operator (=). It is the most fundamental assignment operator in Java. It assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side.

In the above example, the variable x is assigned the value 10.

To add a value to a variable and subsequently assign the new value to the same variable, use the addition assignment operator (+=). It takes the value on the right side of the operator, adds it to the variable's existing value on the left side, and then assigns the new value to the variable.

To subtract one numeric number from another, use the subtraction operator. All numeric data types, including integers and floating-point values, can be utilised with it. Here's an illustration:

In this example, we create two integer variables, a and b, subtract b from a, and then assign the result to the variable c.

To combine two numerical numbers, use the multiplication operator. All numeric data types, including integers and floating-point values, can be utilised with it. Here's an illustration:

In this example, we declare two integer variables, a and b, multiply their values using the multiplication operator, and then assign the outcome to the third variable, c.

To divide one numerical number by another, use the division operator. All numeric data types, including integers and floating-point values, can be utilised with it. Here's an illustration:

In this example, we declare two integer variables, a and b, divide them by one another using the division operator, and then assign the outcome to the variable c.

It's vital to remember that when two numbers are divided, the outcome will also be an integer, and any residual will be thrown away. For instance:

The modulus assignment operator (%=) computes the remainder of a variable divided by a value and then assigns the resulting value to the same variable. It takes the value on the right side of the operator, divides it by the current value of the variable on the left side, and then assigns the new value to the variable on the left side.





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Java - Assignment Operators with Examples

Java assignment operators.

Following are the assignment operators supported by Java language −

Operator Description Example
= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
+= Add AND assignment operator. It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-= Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C -= A is equivalent to C = C − A
*= Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand. C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/= Divide AND assignment operator. It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand. C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%= Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand. C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<= Left shift AND assignment operator. C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>= Right shift AND assignment operator. C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&= Bitwise AND assignment operator. C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|= bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2

The following programs are simple examples which demonstrate the assignment operators. Copy and paste the following Java programs as Test.java file, and compile and run the programs −

In this example, we're creating three variables a,b and c and using assignment operators . We've performed simple assignment, addition AND assignment, subtraction AND assignment and multiplication AND assignment operations and printed the results.

In this example, we're creating two variables a and c and using assignment operators . We've performed Divide AND assignment, Multiply AND assignment, Modulus AND assignment, bitwise exclusive OR AND assignment, OR AND assignment operations and printed the results.

In this example, we're creating two variables a and c and using assignment operators . We've performed Left shift AND assignment, Right shift AND assignment, operations and printed the results.

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Types of Assignment Operators in Java

1. simple assignment operator (=):, explanation, 2. addition assignment operator (+=) :, 3. subtraction operator (-=):, 4. multiplication operator (*=):, 5. division operator (/=):, 6. modulus assignment operator (%=):, example of assignment operator in java, q1. can i use multiple assignment operators in a single statement, q2. are there any other compound assignment operators in java, q3. how many types of assignment operators, live classes schedule.

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Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication.

Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Assignment Operators
  • Relational Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Unary Operators
  • Bitwise Operators

1. Java Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.

Operator Operation
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Modulo Operation (Remainder after division)

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

In the above example, we have used + , - , and * operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point.

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 3 .

Note : The % operator is mainly used with integers.

2. Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age .

Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

Operator Example Equivalent to

Example 2: Assignment Operators

3. java relational operators.

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,

Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.

It returns either true or false .

Operator Description Example
Is Equal To returns
Not Equal To returns
Greater Than returns
Less Than returns
Greater Than or Equal To returns
Less Than or Equal To returns

Example 3: Relational Operators

Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

4. Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . They are used in decision making.

Operator Example Meaning
(Logical AND) expression1 expression2 only if both and are
(Logical OR) expression1 expression2 if either or is
(Logical NOT) expression if is and vice versa

Example 4: Logical Operators

Working of Program

  • (5 > 3) && (8 > 5) returns true because both (5 > 3) and (8 > 5) are true .
  • (5 > 3) && (8 < 5) returns false because the expression (8 < 5) is false .
  • (5 < 3) || (8 > 5) returns true because the expression (8 > 5) is true .
  • (5 > 3) || (8 < 5) returns true because the expression (5 > 3) is true .
  • (5 < 3) || (8 < 5) returns false because both (5 < 3) and (8 < 5) are false .
  • !(5 == 3) returns true because 5 == 3 is false .
  • !(5 > 3) returns false because 5 > 3 is true .

5. Java Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by 1 . That is, ++5 will return 6 .

Different types of unary operators are:

Operator Meaning
: not necessary to use since numbers are positive without using it
: inverts the sign of an expression
: increments value by 1
: decrements value by 1
: inverts the value of a boolean
  • Increment and Decrement Operators

Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively. ++ increases the value of the operand by 1 , while -- decrease it by 1 . For example,

Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5 .

Example 5: Increment and Decrement Operators

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a, --b) . We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++) .

There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when they are used as a postfix.

To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators .

6. Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For example,

Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit ( 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 ).

The various bitwise operators present in Java are:

Operator Description
Bitwise Complement
Left Shift
Right Shift
Unsigned Right Shift
Bitwise AND
Bitwise exclusive OR

These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators .

Other operators

Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class. For example,

Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true . To learn more, visit Java instanceof .

The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. For example,

Here's how it works.

  • If the Expression is true , expression1 is assigned to the variable .
  • If the Expression is false , expression2 is assigned to the variable .

Let's see an example of a ternary operator.

In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator .

Now that you know about Java operators, it's time to know about the order in which operators are evaluated. To learn more, visit Java Operator Precedence .

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Java Arithmetic Operators
  • Java Assignment Operators
  • Java Relational Operators
  • Java Logical Operators
  • Java Unary Operators
  • Java Bitwise Operators

Before we wrap up, let’s put your knowledge of Java Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and more to the test! Can you solve the following challenge?

Write a function to return the largest of two given numbers.

  • Return the largest of two given numbers num1 and num2 .
  • For example, if num1 = 4 and num2 = 5 , the expected output is 5 .

Sorry about that.

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Java Assignment Operators

OperatorsExampleExplanation
=x = 9Value 25 is assigned to x
+=x += 9This is same as x = x + 9
-=x -= 9This is same as x = x – 9
*=x *= 9This is same as x = x * 9
/=x /= 9This is same as x = x / 9
%=x %= 9This is same as x = x % 9

Java Assignment Operators example

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Java provides many types of operators to perform a variety of calculations and functions, such as logical , arithmetic , relational , and others. With so many operators to choose from, it helps to group them based on the type of functionality they provide. This programming tutorial will focus on Java’s numerous a ssignment operators.

Before we begin, however, you may want to bookmark our other tutorials on Java operators, which include:

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Comparison Operators
  • Conditional Operators
  • Logical Operators
  • Bitwise and Shift Operators

Assignment Operators in Java

As the name conveys, assignment operators are used to assign values to a variable using the following syntax:

The left side operand of the assignment operator must be a variable, whereas the right side operand of the assignment operator may be a literal value or another variable. Moreover, the value or variable on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. Assignment operators have a right to left associativity in that the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side variable must be declared before assignment.

You can learn more about variables in our programming tutorial: Working with Java Variables .

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound .

The Simple assignment operator is the equals ( = ) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left.

Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator in addition to the equals ( = ) sign.

Equals Operator (=) Java Example

First, let’s learn to use the one-and-only simple assignment operator – the Equals ( = ) operator – with the help of a Java program. It includes two assignments: a literal value to num1 and the num1 variable to num2 , after which both are printed to the console to show that the values have been assigned to the numbers:

The += Operator Java Example

A compound of the + and = operators, the += adds the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right before assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here is some sample code to demonstrate how to use the += operator in Java:

The -= Operator Java Example

Made up of the – and = operators, the -= first subtracts the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left before assigning the result to the operand on the left. We can see it at work below in the following code example showing how to decrement in Java using the -= operator:

The *= Operator Java Example

This Java operator is comprised of the * and = operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left. Here’s a program that shows the *= operator in action:

The /= Operator Java Example

A combination of the / and = operators, the /= Operator divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the quotient to the operand on the left. Here is some example code showing how to use the  /= operator in Java:

%= Operator Java Example

The %= operator includes both the % and = operators. As seen in the program below, it divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigns the remainder to the operand on the left:

Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators in Java

The Bitwise and Shift Operators that we just recently covered can also be utilized in compound form as seen in the list below:

  • &= – Compound bitwise Assignment operator.
  • ^= – Compound bitwise ^ assignment operator.
  • >>= – Compound right shift assignment operator.
  • >>>= – Compound right shift filled 0 assignment operator.
  • <<= – Compound left shift assignment operator.

The following program demonstrates the working of all the Compound Bitwise and Shift Operators :

Final Thoughts on Java Assignment Operators

This programming tutorial presented an overview of Java’s simple and compound assignment Operators. An essential building block to any programming language, developers would be unable to store any data in their programs without them. Though not quite as indispensable as the equals operator, compound operators are great time savers, allowing you to perform arithmetic and bitwise operations and assignment in a single line of code.

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Java's Basic and Shorthand Assignment Operators

Reference assignment, primitive assignment, primitive casting, shorthand assignment operators, basic assignment operator.

Java's basic assignment operator is a single equals-to (=) sign that assigns the right-hand side value to the left-hand side operand. On left side of the assignment operator there must be a variable that can hold the value assigned to it. Assignment operator operates on both primitive and reference types. It has the following syntax: var = expression; Note that the type of var must be compatible with the type of expression .

Chaining of assignment operator is also possible where we can create a chain of assignments in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. For example,

The above piece of code sets the variables x, y, and z to 100 using a single statement. This works because the = is an operator that yields the value of the right-hand expression. Thus, the value of z = 100 is 100, which is then assigned to y , which in turn is assigned to x . Using a "chain of assignment" is an easy way to set a group of variables to a common value.

A variable referring to an object is a reference variable not an object. We can assign a newly created object to an object reference variable as follows:

The above line of code performs three tasks

  • Creates a reference variable named st1 , of type Student .
  • Creates a new Student object on the heap.
  • Assigns the newly created Student object to the reference variable st1

We can also assign null to an object reference variable, which simply means the variable is not referring to any object:

Above line of code creates space for the Student reference variable st2 but doesn't create an actual Student object.

Note that, we can also use a reference variable to refer to any object that is a subclass of the declared reference variable type.

Primitive variables can be assigned either by using a literal or the result of an expression. For example,

The most important point that we should keep in mind, while assigning primitive types is if we are going to assign a bigger value to a smaller type, we have to typecast it properly. In Above piece of code the literal integer 130 is implicitly an int but it is acceptable here because the variable x is of type int . It gets weird if you try 130 to assign to a byte variable. For example, The below piece of code will not compile because literal 130 is implicitly an integer and it does not fit into a smaller type byte x . Likewise, byte c = a + b will also not compile because the result of an expression involving anything int-sized or smaller is always an int .

Casting lets us convert primitive values from one type to another (specially from bigger to smaller types). Casts can be implicit or explicit. An implicit cast means we don't have to write code for the cast; the conversion happens automatically. Typically, an implicit cast happens when we do a widening conversion. In other words, putting a smaller thing (say, a byte ) into a bigger container (like an int ). Remember those "possible loss of precision" compiler errors we saw during assignments. Those happened when we tried to put a larger thing (say, an int ) into a smaller container (like a byte ). The large-value-into-small-container conversion is referred to as narrowing and requires an explicit cast, where we tell the compiler that we are aware of the danger and accept full responsibility.

As a final note on casting, it is very important to note that the shorthand assignment operators let us perform addition, subtraction, multiplication or division without putting in an explicit cast. In fact, +=, -=, *=, and /= will all put in an implicit cast. Below is an example:

In addition to the basic assignment operator, Java also defines 12 shorthand assignment operators that combine assignment with the 5 arithmetic operators ( += , -= , *= , /= , %= ) and the 6 bitwise and shift operators ( &= , |= , ^= , <<= , >>= , >>>= ). For example, the += operator reads the value of the left variable, adds the value of the right operand to it, stores the sum back into the left variable as a side effect, and returns the sum as the value of the expression. Thus, the expression x += 2 is almost the same x = x + 2 .

The difference between these two expressions is that when we use the += operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when that operand has a side effect. Consider the following two expressions a[i++] += 2; and a[i++] = a[i++] + 2; , which are not equivalent:

In this tutorial we discussed basic and shorthand (compound) assignment operators of Java. Hope you have enjoyed reading this tutorial. Please do write us if you have any suggestion/comment or come across any error on this page. Thanks for reading!

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Java Object Assignment

I am new to Java and I have some questions in mind regarding object assignment. For instance,

Assuming variable i is defined inside Test class, am I right to assume both t1 and t2 point to the same object where the modification t1.i=1 affects both t1 and t2 ? Actually I tested it out and seems like I was right. However when I try the same thing on String , the modification happens only on one side where the other side is unaffected. What is the reason behind this?

Edit: The case I tried with String.

I realise my mistake by testing the cases on String since it is immutable. The situation where I thought s1="1" modify the string is in fact returning the reference of "1" to the s1. Nevertheless, my question remains. Does Test t2 = t1; cause both t2 and t1 point to the same object or each now have their own objects? Does this situation applies on all objects on Java?

  • pass-by-reference
  • variable-assignment
  • What do you mean under 'try same thing on String'? There are no methods in String object to modify the string itself. Please read documentation carefully. –  DRCB Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 9:20
  • If you post the code of the test you're doing on String, we can be more specific on what you're doing wrong –  Andrea Parodi Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 9:21

8 Answers 8

You are right, but Strings are a special case; they are immutable and act like primitives in this case.

I quote http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/data/strings.html :

Note: The String class is immutable, so that once it is created a String object cannot be changed. The String class has a number of methods, some of which will be discussed below, that appear to modify strings. Since strings are immutable, what these methods really do is create and return a new string that contains the result of the operation.

This is what makes strings a special case. If you don't know this, you might expect the methods discussed in the quote not to return new strings, wich would lead to unexpected results.

@user1238193

Considering your following question: "Does Test t2 = t1; cause both t2 and t1 point to the same object or each now have their own objects? Does this situation applies on all objects on Java?"

t1 and t2 will point to the same object. This is true for any java object (immutable objects included)

Sahar Rabinoviz's user avatar

  • 3 There are no "special cases". Assignment to a reference of any type changes the object it points to, without affecting the object it used to point to. –  newacct Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 17:52
  • Strings are a special case; they are objects, but they are immutable, meaning if you try to change them by for example String.replace you'll get a new object instead of the same object mutated. –  Tom Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 21:04
  • 3 No, String simply happens to not have any method that changes it. "try to change them" does not make sense; you cannot "try" to do something that doesn't exist. String.replace gives you a new object -- what's your point? That is what its documentation says it will do. Integer and many other classes are immutable. You can trivially write a class that is immutable, by making fields private and providing no methods to change its fields. And in any case, mutability is irrelevant to the question, which originally was about changing a field on Test , but there are no public fields on String –  newacct Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 22:35
  • and then what do you do with the String pool, all classes have something like that ? –  Tom Commented Jun 14, 2012 at 4:11
  • 2 the String interning pool is completely irrelevant to this question or mutability. Any class may or may not have an interning pool like String –  newacct Commented Jun 14, 2012 at 5:56

You are right with your first assumption. With the following line of code:

you create a new Test object, and in the same time you create a Test reference named t1 to refer to it.

At the second line of the code you posted:

You are actually creating another Test reference, and you assign it to refer to the same object that t1 refers to.

So t1.i = 1; will affect t2.i for it is the same object after all.

As for the Strings, Strings are immutable and can not be modified after instantiated.

Regarding your edit:

They will print different results, because when you actually say

you are actually binding s1 to another String object, but s2 will still be refering to the object with value "0".

NlightNFotis's user avatar

You are doing completely different things in the two cases. In the first case, with t1.i = 1; , you are modifying the object pointed to by t1 . In the second case, with t1 = "1"; , you are changing the reference to point to another object (similar to when you did t2 = t1; .

If you do the same thing to Test that you did in the second case, you would get the same result (assuming Test has a constructor that takes an integer):

People mention that String is immutable. But that is irrelevant and there is no concept of "mutability" in the language and there is no difference between how "mutable" and "immutable" classes work. We informally say a class is "immutable" if it happens to not have any fields you can set or any methods that can change its internal content. Such is the case with String . But a mutable class would work the exact same way if you simply do not do anything to mutate it.

newacct's user avatar

  • Before downvoting and commenting on other answers, please kindly bother to see the question edit history. That'll give you a hint as to why many answers,saying the same thing, were upvoted. –  Kazekage Gaara Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 18:09

You are absolutely right, as both t1 and t2 refering to same object, any chane in the object state will affect to both.

String is an immutable object. So it cannot be modified at all. see this for more info on immutable object in java.

Chandra Sekhar's user avatar

  • That doesn't explain the problem. The same thing is true of Test : Test s1 = new Test(2); Test s2 = s1; s1 = new Test(1); –  newacct Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 17:55

String objects are immutable .

Does Test t2 = t1; cause both t2 and t1 point to the same object or each now have their own objects?

Yes. Although t2 is a new reference, but it will point to the same object, because you told it to do so. Create a new reference t2 of type Test and let it point to the same object which t1 is pointing at.

But, when you do this with String s and then do something like s1 = "1" ; you are making s1 point to another String object. You can think of it in terms s1 = new String(1); .

Kazekage Gaara's user avatar

  • @newacct The OP edited the post later on. Initial post was answerable with these few words only. I'll edit my post now. Thanks for pointing it out though. –  Kazekage Gaara Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 18:02
  • 1 Even before the edit, "String is immutable" is not the correct answer. He said "when I tried the same thing on String"; the answer should be "What you said is impossible. It is impossible to do the same thing to String" –  newacct Commented Jun 13, 2012 at 18:50

String are object like any other. So any variable you assign them refer to the very same instance of the object, like you are doing with your test object.

But keep in mind that String have no field you can set like you do on Test, so you basically cannot do the same test, so there is no way to port your code from Test object to String object.

You get opposite behaviour using primitive types, such long,int etc. They are assigned to variables "by value", so if you do

t2 still has value 12

Andrea Parodi's user avatar

Use StringBuilder as an example would be a litter bit clearer. Following example shows the object assignment just using the reference instead of the value.

{ StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();

Ben's user avatar

Because java uses the concept of string literal. Suppose there are 5 reference variables, all refers to one object "0".If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be affected to all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.

jay rangras's user avatar

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assignment on java

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COMMENTS

  1. Java Assignment Operators with Examples

    Compound-assignment operators provide a shorter syntax for assigning the result of an arithmetic or bitwise operator. They perform the operation on the two operands before assigning the result to the first operand. The following are all possible assignment operator in java: 1. += (compound addition assignment operator) 2. -= (compound subtraction a

  2. Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators (The Java™ Tutorials

    This beginner Java tutorial describes fundamentals of programming in the Java programming language ... The Simple Assignment Operator. One of the most common operators that you'll encounter is the simple assignment operator "=". You saw this operator in the Bicycle class; it assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left: ...

  3. Java Exercises

    Java is a popular programming language that can be used to create various types of applications, such as desktop, web, enterprise, and mobile. Java is also an object-oriented language, which means that it organizes data and behaviour into reusable units called classes and objects. Java is known for its portability, performance, security, and robust

  4. Java Operators

    Java Comparison Operators. Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions. The return value of a comparison is either true or false. These values are known as Boolean values, and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If ...

  5. Types of Assignment Operators in Java

    Simple Assignment Operator (=) To assign a value to a variable, use the basic assignment operator (=). It is the most fundamental assignment operator in Java. It assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side. In the above example, the variable x is assigned the value 10.

  6. Java

    The following programs are simple examples which demonstrate the assignment operators. Copy and paste the following Java programs as Test.java file, and compile and run the programs −. Example 1. In this example, we're creating three variables a,b and c and using assignment operators. We've performed simple assignment, addition AND assignment ...

  7. Assignment operator in Java

    Types of Assignment Operators in Java. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the "=" sign, where the operand is on the left side and the value is on the right. The right-side value must be of the same data type as that defined on the left side.; Compound Assignment Operator: Compound assignment operators combine arithmetic operations with assignments.

  8. All Java Assignment Operators (Explained With Examples)

    There are mainly two types of assignment operators in Java, which are as follows: Simple Assignment Operator ; We use the simple assignment operator with the "=" sign, where the left side consists of an operand and the right side is a value. The value of the operand on the right side must be of the same data type defined on the left side.

  9. Java Assignment Operators

    Java Assignment Operators. The Java Assignment Operators are used when you want to assign a value to the expression. The assignment operator denoted by the single equal sign =. In a Java assignment statement, any expression can be on the right side and the left side must be a variable name. For example, this does not mean that "a" is equal to ...

  10. Assignment Operators in Java with Examples

    As you can see, In the above example, we are using assignment operator in if statement. We did a comparison of value 10 to an assignment operator which resulted in a 'true' output because the return of assignment operator is the value of left operand. Recommended Posts. Arithmetic Operators in Java with Examples; Unary Operators in Java ...

  11. Java programming Exercises, Practice, Solution

    The best way we learn anything is by practice and exercise questions. Here you have the opportunity to practice the Java programming language concepts by solving the exercises starting from basic to more complex exercises. A sample solution is provided for each exercise. It is recommended to do these exercises by yourself first before checking ...

  12. Introduction to Programming in Java · Computer Science

    Programming assignments. Creative programming assignments that we have used at Princeton. You can explore these resources via the sidebar at left. Introduction to Programming in Java. Our textbook Introduction to Programming in Java [ Amazon · Pearson · InformIT] is an interdisciplinary approach to the traditional CS1 curriculum with Java. We ...

  13. Java Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and more

    Java Assignment Operators. Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example, int age; age = 5; Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age.

  14. Java Assignment Operators

    The Java Assignment operators are used to assign the values to the declared variables. The equals ( = ) operator is the most commonly used Java assignment operator. For example: int i = 25; The table below displays all the assignment operators in the Java programming language. Operators.

  15. Java Assignment Operators

    Java assignment operators are classified into two types: simple and compound. The Simpleassignment operator is the equals (=) sign, which is the most straightforward of the bunch. It simply assigns the value or variable on the right to the variable on the left. Compound operators are comprised of both an arithmetic, bitwise, or shift operator ...

  16. Assignments

    This section provides the assignments for the course, supporting files, and a special set of assignment files that can be annotated. Browse Course Material ... GravityCalculator.java 2 FooCorporation 3 Marathon Marathon.java 4 Library Book.java . Library.java . 5 Graphics! initial.png . SimpleDraw.java ...

  17. Java's Basic and Shorthand Assignment Operators

    Java's basic assignment operator is a single equals-to (=) sign that assigns the right-hand side value to the left-hand side operand. On left side of the assignment operator there must be a variable that can hold the value assigned to it. Assignment operator operates on both primitive and reference types. It has the following syntax: var ...

  18. Java: define terms initialization, declaration and assignment

    assignment: throwing away the old value of a variable and replacing it with a new one. initialization: it's a special kind of assignment: the first.Before initialization objects have null value and primitive types have default values such as 0 or false.Can be done in conjunction with declaration. declaration: a declaration states the type of a variable, along with its name.

  19. java

    @EddieB This isn't like shooting yourself in the foot. More about not knowing the kind of gun you have in your hands. Gosling messed up Java a lot in the name of the former when most of the time it had to do with the latter. -

  20. Assigning in Java?

    In Java, your variables can be split into two categories: Objects, and everything else (int, long, byte, etc). A primitive type (int, long, etc), holds whatever value you assign it. An object variable, by contrast, holds a reference to an object somewhere. So if you assign one object variable to another, you have copied the reference, both A ...

  21. Java Object Assignment

    I am new to Java and I have some questions in mind regarding object assignment. For instance, Test t1 = new Test(); Test t2 = t1; t1.i=1; Assuming variable i is defined inside Test class, am I right to assume both t1 and t2 point to the same object where the modification t1.i=1 affects both t1 and t2?Actually I tested it out and seems like I was right.