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Assignment Operators in C

In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.

The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.

In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.

You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented Assignment Operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Run the code and check its output −

Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −

When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

Home » Learn C Programming from Scratch » C Assignment Operators

C Assignment Operators

Summary : in this tutorial, you’ll learn about the C assignment operators and how to use them effectively.

Introduction to the C assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns the vale of the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand. The following example uses the assignment operator (=) to assign 1 to the counter variable:

After the assignmment, the counter variable holds the number 1.

The following example adds 1 to the counter and assign the result to the counter:

The = assignment operator is called a simple assignment operator. It assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand.

Besides the simple assignment operator, C supports compound assignment operators. A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the result to the left operand.

The following example uses a compound-assignment operator (+=):

The expression:

is equivalent to the following expression:

The following table illustrates the compound-assignment operators in C:

• A simple assignment operator assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand.
• A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the result to the left operand.

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1. Simple Assignment Operator (=)

Example of simple assignment operator.

2. Compound Assignment Operators

Example of Augmented Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

Example of Augmented Bitwise and Assignment Operators

Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code, 2. after executing the following code, what is the value of the number variable, benefits of using assignment operators, best practices and tips for using the assignment operator, live classes schedule.

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Assignment Operators in C

Assignment Operators in C Example

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Assignment operators

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expression assignment-operator expression

assignment-operator : one of   =   *=   /=   %=   +=   -=   <<=   >>=   &=   ^=   |=

Assignment operators store a value in the object specified by the left operand. There are two kinds of assignment operations:

simple assignment , in which the value of the second operand is stored in the object specified by the first operand.

compound assignment , in which an arithmetic, shift, or bitwise operation is performed before storing the result.

All assignment operators in the following table except the = operator are compound assignment operators.

Assignment operators table

Operator keywords

Three of the compound assignment operators have keyword equivalents. They are:

C++ specifies these operator keywords as alternative spellings for the compound assignment operators. In C, the alternative spellings are provided as macros in the <iso646.h> header. In C++, the alternative spellings are keywords; use of <iso646.h> or the C++ equivalent <ciso646> is deprecated. In Microsoft C++, the /permissive- or /Za compiler option is required to enable the alternative spelling.

Simple assignment

The simple assignment operator ( = ) causes the value of the second operand to be stored in the object specified by the first operand. If both objects are of arithmetic types, the right operand is converted to the type of the left, before storing the value.

Objects of const and volatile types can be assigned to l-values of types that are only volatile , or that aren't const or volatile .

Assignment to objects of class type ( struct , union , and class types) is performed by a function named operator= . The default behavior of this operator function is to perform a member-wise copy assignment of the object's non-static data members and direct base classes; however, this behavior can be modified using overloaded operators. For more information, see Operator overloading . Class types can also have copy assignment and move assignment operators. For more information, see Copy constructors and copy assignment operators and Move constructors and move assignment operators .

An object of any unambiguously derived class from a given base class can be assigned to an object of the base class. The reverse isn't true because there's an implicit conversion from derived class to base class, but not from base class to derived class. For example:

Assignments to reference types behave as if the assignment were being made to the object to which the reference points.

For class-type objects, assignment is different from initialization. To illustrate how different assignment and initialization can be, consider the code

The preceding code shows an initializer; it calls the constructor for UserType2 that takes an argument of type UserType1 . Given the code

the assignment statement

can have one of the following effects:

Call the function operator= for UserType2 , provided operator= is provided with a UserType1 argument.

Call the explicit conversion function UserType1::operator UserType2 , if such a function exists.

Call a constructor UserType2::UserType2 , provided such a constructor exists, that takes a UserType1 argument and copies the result.

Compound assignment

The compound assignment operators are shown in the Assignment operators table . These operators have the form e1 op = e2 , where e1 is a non- const modifiable l-value and e2 is:

an arithmetic type

a pointer, if op is + or -

a type for which there exists a matching operator *op*= overload for the type of e1

The built-in e1 op = e2 form behaves as e1 = e1 op e2 , but e1 is evaluated only once.

Compound assignment to an enumerated type generates an error message. If the left operand is of a pointer type, the right operand must be of a pointer type, or it must be a constant expression that evaluates to 0. When the left operand is of an integral type, the right operand must not be of a pointer type.

Result of built-in assignment operators

The built-in assignment operators return the value of the object specified by the left operand after the assignment (and the arithmetic/logical operation in the case of compound assignment operators). The resultant type is the type of the left operand. The result of an assignment expression is always an l-value. These operators have right-to-left associativity. The left operand must be a modifiable l-value.

In ANSI C, the result of an assignment expression isn't an l-value. That means the legal C++ expression (a += b) += c isn't allowed in C.

Expressions with binary operators C++ built-in operators, precedence, and associativity C assignment operators

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Assignment and shorthand assignment operator in C

Quick links.

• Shorthand assignment

Assignment operator is used to assign value to a variable (memory location). There is a single assignment operator = in C. It evaluates expression on right side of = symbol and assigns evaluated value to left side the variable.

For example consider the below assignment table.

The RHS of assignment operator must be a constant, expression or variable. Whereas LHS must be a variable (valid memory location).

Shorthand assignment operator

C supports a short variant of assignment operator called compound assignment or shorthand assignment. Shorthand assignment operator combines one of the arithmetic or bitwise operators with assignment operator.

For example, consider following C statements.

The above expression a = a + 2 is equivalent to a += 2 .

Similarly, there are many shorthand assignment operators. Below is a list of shorthand assignment operators in C.

21.12 — Overloading the assignment operator

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Copy assignment operator.

A copy assignment operator is a non-template non-static member function with the name operator = that can be called with an argument of the same class type and copies the content of the argument without mutating the argument.

[ edit ] Syntax

For the formal copy assignment operator syntax, see function declaration . The syntax list below only demonstrates a subset of all valid copy assignment operator syntaxes.

[ edit ] Explanation

The copy assignment operator is called whenever selected by overload resolution , e.g. when an object appears on the left side of an assignment expression.

[ edit ] Implicitly-declared copy assignment operator

If no user-defined copy assignment operators are provided for a class type, the compiler will always declare one as an inline public member of the class. This implicitly-declared copy assignment operator has the form T & T :: operator = ( const T & ) if all of the following is true:

• each direct base B of T has a copy assignment operator whose parameters are B or const B & or const volatile B & ;
• each non-static data member M of T of class type or array of class type has a copy assignment operator whose parameters are M or const M & or const volatile M & .

Otherwise the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is declared as T & T :: operator = ( T & ) .

Due to these rules, the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator cannot bind to a volatile lvalue argument.

A class can have multiple copy assignment operators, e.g. both T & T :: operator = ( T & ) and T & T :: operator = ( T ) . If some user-defined copy assignment operators are present, the user may still force the generation of the implicitly declared copy assignment operator with the keyword default . (since C++11)

The implicitly-declared (or defaulted on its first declaration) copy assignment operator has an exception specification as described in dynamic exception specification (until C++17) noexcept specification (since C++17)

Because the copy assignment operator is always declared for any class, the base class assignment operator is always hidden. If a using-declaration is used to bring in the assignment operator from the base class, and its argument type could be the same as the argument type of the implicit assignment operator of the derived class, the using-declaration is also hidden by the implicit declaration.

[ edit ] Implicitly-defined copy assignment operator

If the implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is neither deleted nor trivial, it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used or needed for constant evaluation (since C++14) . For union types, the implicitly-defined copy assignment copies the object representation (as by std::memmove ). For non-union class types, the operator performs member-wise copy assignment of the object's direct bases and non-static data members, in their initialization order, using built-in assignment for the scalars, memberwise copy-assignment for arrays, and copy assignment operator for class types (called non-virtually).

[ edit ] Deleted copy assignment operator

An implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted (since C++11) copy assignment operator for class T is undefined (until C++11) defined as deleted (since C++11) if any of the following conditions is satisfied:

• T has a non-static data member of a const-qualified non-class type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof).
• T has a non-static data member of a reference type.
• T has a potentially constructed subobject of class type M (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) such that the overload resolution as applied to find M 's copy assignment operator
• does not result in a usable candidate, or
• in the case of the subobject being a variant member , selects a non-trivial function.

[ edit ] Trivial copy assignment operator

The copy assignment operator for class T is trivial if all of the following is true:

• it is not user-provided (meaning, it is implicitly-defined or defaulted);
• T has no virtual member functions;
• T has no virtual base classes;
• the copy assignment operator selected for every direct base of T is trivial;
• the copy assignment operator selected for every non-static class type (or array of class type) member of T is trivial.

A trivial copy assignment operator makes a copy of the object representation as if by std::memmove . All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially copy-assignable.

[ edit ] Eligible copy assignment operator

Triviality of eligible copy assignment operators determines whether the class is a trivially copyable type .

[ edit ] Notes

If both copy and move assignment operators are provided, overload resolution selects the move assignment if the argument is an rvalue (either a prvalue such as a nameless temporary or an xvalue such as the result of std::move ), and selects the copy assignment if the argument is an lvalue (named object or a function/operator returning lvalue reference). If only the copy assignment is provided, all argument categories select it (as long as it takes its argument by value or as reference to const, since rvalues can bind to const references), which makes copy assignment the fallback for move assignment, when move is unavailable.

It is unspecified whether virtual base class subobjects that are accessible through more than one path in the inheritance lattice, are assigned more than once by the implicitly-defined copy assignment operator (same applies to move assignment ).

See assignment operator overloading for additional detail on the expected behavior of a user-defined copy-assignment operator.

[ edit ] Example

[ edit ] defect reports.

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

• converting constructor
• copy constructor
• copy elision
• default constructor
• aggregate initialization
• constant initialization
• copy initialization
• default initialization
• direct initialization
• initializer list
• list initialization
• reference initialization
• value initialization
• zero initialization
• move assignment
• move constructor
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What's the difference between assignment operator and copy constructor?

I don't understand the difference between assignment constructor and copy constructor in C++. It is like this:

I want to know how to allocate memory of the assignment constructor and copy constructor?

• related FAQ –  fredoverflow Commented Jul 29, 2012 at 8:03

8 Answers 8

A copy constructor is used to initialize a previously uninitialized object from some other object's data.

For example:

An assignment operator is used to replace the data of a previously initialized object with some other object's data.

You could replace copy construction by default construction plus assignment, but that would be less efficient.

(As a side note: My implementations above are exactly the ones the compiler grants you for free, so it would not make much sense to implement them manually. If you have one of these two, it's likely that you are manually managing some resource. In that case, per The Rule of Three , you'll very likely also need the other one plus a destructor.)

• 6 Just a note: Nowadays (C++11 onward), they can be explicitly defaulted with =default; . –  Deduplicator Commented Jul 18, 2014 at 17:16
• 3 @Deduplicator It's also important to mention that, when adhering to classifications that require trivial constructors, you must = default them where a default ctor is needed: simply implementing an empty body by ourselves still counts as a user-defined ctor and thus (on a Standardese level) isn't trivial and disqualifies the type from classifications that require a trivial ctor. –  underscore_d Commented Jul 12, 2016 at 13:26
• @sbi Can I say that in case copy constructor is not used and instead assignment operator is used, object is created first by calling constructor either with arguments or without arguments and then assignment operator is used and new values are assigned based on RHS. In case copy constructor is used, still same constructor will be called, but values used for initialization is from other object. –  Rajesh Commented Mar 17, 2018 at 3:40
• 1 @CătălinaSîrbu: You could. They are two independent functions. –  sbi Commented Jan 20, 2020 at 18:50
• 1 @LiamClink: That is wrong. Initialization means to turn a chunk of raw memory into a well-formed object by writing sensible bytes into that chunk of memory. Copy-construction allows you to write the correct bytes right from the start, rather than first default -initializing the object and then having to override it via assignment. –  sbi Commented Nov 19, 2020 at 18:38

The difference between the copy constructor and the assignment operator causes a lot of confusion for new programmers, but it’s really not all that difficult. Summarizing:

• If a new object has to be created before the copying can occur, the copy constructor is used.
• If a new object does not have to be created before the copying can occur, the assignment operator is used.

Example for assignment operator:

Example for copy constructor:

• Would it be fair to say that an assignment operator effectively combines the destruction of an old object with the creation of a new one, but with the provisos that (1) if one of the steps in the destruction of the old object would be undone by one of the steps in the construction of the new one, both steps may be omitted; (2) assignment operators shouldn't do bad things if an object is assigned to itself. –  supercat Commented Jul 23, 2013 at 22:28
• 1 why doing vector <A> v3 and then v3 = v2 (where v2 is a previously declared and containing elements vector<A> ) calls my explicit A 's copy constructor instead the operator= ? I was expecting operator= to be called instead of the copy constructor because my v3 object was already declared at the time where I did the assignment –  Cătălina Sîrbu Commented Apr 15, 2020 at 12:45

The first is copy initialization, the second is just assignment. There's no such thing as assignment constructor.

uses the compiler-generated copy constructor.

uses the default constructor to construct cc , and then the *assignment operator** ( operator = ) on an already existing object.

I want know how to allocate memory of the assignment constructor and copy constructor?

IDK what you mean by allocate memory in this case, but if you want to see what happens, you can:

I also recommend you take a look at:

Why is copy constructor called instead of conversion constructor?

What is The Rule of Three?

In a simple words,

Copy constructor is called when a new object is created from an existing object, as a copy of the existing object. And assignment operator is called when an already initialized object is assigned a new value from another existing object.

the difference between a copy constructor and an assignment constructor is:

• In case of a copy constructor it creates a new object.( <classname> <o1>=<o2> )
• In case of an assignment constructor it will not create any object means it apply on already created objects( <o1>=<o2> ).

And the basic functionalities in both are same, they will copy the data from o2 to o1 member-by-member.

What @Luchian Grigore Said is implemented like this

default constructor

copy constructor

assignment operator

I want to add one more point on this topic. "The operator function of assignment operator should be written only as a member function of the class." We can't make it as friend function unlike other binary or unary operator.

Something to add about copy constructor:

When passing an object by value, it will use copy constructor

When an object is returned from a function by value, it will use copy constructor

When initializing an object using the values of another object(as the example you give).

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Conditional or Ternary Operator (?:) in C

The conditional operator in C is kind of similar to the if-else statement as it follows the same algorithm as of if-else statement but the conditional operator takes less space and helps to write the if-else statements in the shortest way possible. It is also known as the ternary operator in C as it operates on three operands.

Syntax of Conditional/Ternary Operator in C

The conditional operator can be in the form

Or the syntax can also be in this form

Or syntax can also be in this form

Conditional/Ternary Operator in C

It can be visualized into an if-else statement as: 

Since the Conditional Operator ‘?:’ takes three operands to work, hence they are also called ternary operators .

Note: The ternary operator have third most lowest precedence, so we need to use the expressions such that we can avoid errors due to improper operator precedence management.

Working of Conditional/Ternary Operator in C

The working of the conditional operator in C is as follows:

• Step 1: Expression1 is the condition to be evaluated.
• Step 2A: If the condition( Expression1 ) is True then Expression2 will be executed.
• Step 2B : If the condition( Expression1 ) is false then Expression3 will be executed.
• Step 3: Results will be returned.

Flowchart of Conditional/Ternary Operator in C

To understand the working better, we can analyze the flowchart of the conditional operator given below.

Flowchart of conditional/ternary operator in C

Examples of C Ternary Operator

Example 1: c program to store the greatest of the two numbers using the ternary operator.

Example 2: C Program to check whether a year is a leap year using ternary operator

The conditional operator or ternary operator in C is generally used when we need a short conditional code such as assigning value to a variable based on the condition. It can be used in bigger conditions but it will make the program very complex and unreadable.

FAQs on Conditional/Ternary Operators in C

1. what is the ternary operator in c.

The ternary operator in C is a conditional operator that works on three operands. It works similarly to the if-else statement and executes the code based on the specified condition. It is also called conditional Operator

2. What is the advantage of the conditional operator?

It reduces the line of code when the condition and statements are small.

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