Introduce the topic.
Provide background information.
Present the thesis statement or main argument.
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An argumentative essay presents a specific claim or argument and supports it with evidence and reasoning. Here’s an outline for an argumentative essay, along with examples for each section: 3
1. Introduction :
Example: “Did you know that plastic pollution is threatening marine life at an alarming rate?”
Example: “Plastic pollution has become a global environmental concern, with millions of tons of plastic waste entering our oceans yearly.”
Example: “We must take immediate action to reduce plastic usage and implement more sustainable alternatives to protect our marine ecosystem.”
2. Body Paragraphs :
Example: “The first step towards addressing the plastic pollution crisis is reducing single-use plastic consumption.”
Example: “Research shows that plastic straws alone contribute to millions of tons of plastic waste annually, and many marine animals suffer from ingestion or entanglement.”
Example: “Some argue that banning plastic straws is inconvenient for consumers, but the long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the temporary inconvenience.”
Example: “Having addressed the issue of single-use plastics, the focus must now shift to promoting sustainable alternatives.”
3. Counterargument Paragraph :
Example: “While some may argue that individual actions cannot significantly impact global plastic pollution, the cumulative effect of collective efforts must be considered.”
Example: “However, individual actions, when multiplied across millions of people, can substantially reduce plastic waste. Small changes in behavior, such as using reusable bags and containers, can have a significant positive impact.”
4. Conclusion :
Example: “In conclusion, adopting sustainable practices and reducing single-use plastic is crucial for preserving our oceans and marine life.”
Example: “It is our responsibility to make environmentally conscious choices and advocate for policies that prioritize the health of our planet. By collectively embracing sustainable alternatives, we can contribute to a cleaner and healthier future.”
A claim is a statement or proposition a writer puts forward with evidence to persuade the reader. 4 Here are some common types of argument claims, along with examples:
Understanding these argument claims can help writers construct more persuasive and well-supported arguments tailored to the specific nature of the claim.
If you’re wondering how to start an argumentative essay, here’s a step-by-step guide to help you with the argumentative essay format and writing process.
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Here are eight strategies to craft a compelling argumentative essay:
Let’s consider a sample of argumentative essay on how social media enhances connectivity:
In the digital age, social media has emerged as a powerful tool that transcends geographical boundaries, connecting individuals from diverse backgrounds and providing a platform for an array of voices to be heard. While critics argue that social media fosters division and amplifies negativity, it is essential to recognize the positive aspects of this digital revolution and how it enhances connectivity by providing a platform for diverse voices to flourish. One of the primary benefits of social media is its ability to facilitate instant communication and connection across the globe. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram break down geographical barriers, enabling people to establish and maintain relationships regardless of physical location and fostering a sense of global community. Furthermore, social media has transformed how people stay connected with friends and family. Whether separated by miles or time zones, social media ensures that relationships remain dynamic and relevant, contributing to a more interconnected world. Moreover, social media has played a pivotal role in giving voice to social justice movements and marginalized communities. Movements such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #ClimateStrike have gained momentum through social media, allowing individuals to share their stories and advocate for change on a global scale. This digital activism can shape public opinion and hold institutions accountable. Social media platforms provide a dynamic space for open dialogue and discourse. Users can engage in discussions, share information, and challenge each other’s perspectives, fostering a culture of critical thinking. This open exchange of ideas contributes to a more informed and enlightened society where individuals can broaden their horizons and develop a nuanced understanding of complex issues. While criticisms of social media abound, it is crucial to recognize its positive impact on connectivity and the amplification of diverse voices. Social media transcends physical and cultural barriers, connecting people across the globe and providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard. By fostering open dialogue and facilitating the exchange of ideas, social media contributes to a more interconnected and empowered society. Embracing the positive aspects of social media allows us to harness its potential for positive change and collective growth.
Writing a winning argumentative essay not only showcases your ability to critically analyze a topic but also demonstrates your skill in persuasively presenting your stance backed by evidence. Achieving this level of writing excellence can be time-consuming. This is where Paperpal, your AI academic writing assistant, steps in to revolutionize the way you approach argumentative essays. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to use Paperpal to write your essay:
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The length of an argumentative essay can vary, but it typically falls within the range of 1,000 to 2,500 words. However, the specific requirements may depend on the guidelines provided.
You might write an argumentative essay when: 1. You want to convince others of the validity of your position. 2. There is a controversial or debatable issue that requires discussion. 3. You need to present evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims. 4. You want to explore and critically analyze different perspectives on a topic.
Argumentative Essay: Purpose : An argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader to accept or agree with a specific point of view or argument. Structure : It follows a clear structure with an introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs presenting arguments and evidence, counterarguments and refutations, and a conclusion. Tone : The tone is formal and relies on logical reasoning, evidence, and critical analysis. Narrative/Descriptive Essay: Purpose : These aim to tell a story or describe an experience, while a descriptive essay focuses on creating a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing. Structure : They may have a more flexible structure. They often include an engaging introduction, a well-developed body that builds the story or description, and a conclusion. Tone : The tone is more personal and expressive to evoke emotions or provide sensory details.
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A thesis statement in an argumentative essay needs to present a point of view . The biggest mistake you can make is to provide a thesis statement that doesn’t demonstrate what your argument will be. So, your thesis statement should set a clear argument, perspective, or position in relation to a debate. Check out the examples below.
1. mandatory school uniforms.
For: “School uniforms should be mandatory as they promote equality and reduce distractions, fostering a better learning environment.”
Against: “Mandatory school uniforms infringe on students’ freedom of expression and fail to address the root causes of bullying and social stratification.”
Read More: School Uniform Pros and Cons
For: “Schools should start later in the morning to align with adolescents’ natural sleep cycles, resulting in improved mental health, increased academic performance, and better overall student well-being.”
Against: “Starting school later in the morning disrupts family routines, poses logistical challenges for after-school activities and transportation, and fails to prepare students for the traditional workday schedule.”
Read More: School Should Start Later Arguments | School Should Start Earlier Arguments
For: “College athletes should be compensated for their contributions to the multi-billion dollar collegiate sports industry, as their commitment and efforts generate significant revenue and marketing value for their institutions.”
Against: “Paying college athletes undermines the spirit of amateurism in collegiate sports, complicates the primary focus on education, and poses significant financial and regulatory challenges for universities.”
Read More: Why College Athletes Should be Paid
For: “Excessive homework can lead to student burnout, reduce family time, and is not always effective in enhancing learning.”
Against: “Homework is essential for reinforcing learning, fostering independent study skills, and preparing students for academic challenges.”
Read More: 21 Reasons Homework Should be Banned
For: “Genetic predispositions play a more critical role in shaping an individual than environmental factors, highlighting the importance of nature in personal development.”
Against: “Environmental factors and upbringing have a more significant impact on an individual’s development than genetic factors, emphasizing the role of nurture.”
Read More: Nature vs Nurture
For: “The American Dream is an outdated and unachievable concept for many, masked by systemic inequalities and economic barriers.”
Against: “The American Dream is still a relevant and attainable goal, symbolizing hope, opportunity, and hard work in a land of limitless potential.”
Read More: Examples of the American Dream
For: “Social media is a vital tool for modern communication, fostering global connectivity and democratizing information dissemination.”
Against: “Social media platforms contribute to mental health issues, spread misinformation, and erode quality face-to-face interactions.”
Read More: Social Media Pros and Cons
For: “Globalization leads to the exploitation of developing countries, loss of cultural identity, and increased income inequality.”
Against: “Globalization is beneficial, driving economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancement on a global scale.”
Read More: Globalization Pros and Cons
For: “Urbanization is a positive force for economic development and cultural diversity, offering improved opportunities and lifestyles.”
Against: “Rapid urbanization leads to environmental degradation, overpopulation, and heightened social inequalities.”
Read More: Urbanization Examples
For: “Immigration enriches the social and economic fabric of the host country, bringing diversity and innovation.”
Against: “Uncontrolled immigration can strain public resources, disrupt local job markets, and lead to cultural clashes.”
Read More: Immigration Pros and Cons
For: “Maintaining cultural identity is essential to preserve historical heritage and promote diversity in a globalized world.”
Against: “Excessive emphasis on cultural identity can lead to isolationism and hinder integration and mutual understanding in multicultural societies.”
Read More: Cultural Identity Examples
For: “The advancement of technology is crucial for societal progress, improving efficiency, healthcare, and global communication.”
Against: “Over-dependence on technology leads to privacy concerns, job displacement, and a disconnection from the natural world.”
For: “Capitalism drives innovation, economic growth, and personal freedom, outperforming socialist systems in efficiency and prosperity.”
Against: “Capitalism creates vast inequalities and exploits workers and the environment, necessitating a shift towards socialist principles for a fairer society.”
For: “Socialism promotes social welfare and equality, ensuring basic needs are met for all citizens, unlike the inequalities perpetuated by capitalism.”
Against: “Socialism stifles individual initiative and economic growth, often leading to governmental overreach and inefficiency.”
Read More: Socialism Pros and Cons
For: “Pseudoscience is harmful as it misleads people, often resulting in health risks and the rejection of scientifically proven facts.”
Against: “Pseudoscience, while not scientifically validated, can offer alternative perspectives and comfort to individuals where mainstream science has limitations.”
Read More: Pseudoscience Examples
For: “Individuals possess free will, enabling them to make autonomous choices that shape their lives and moral character, independent of genetic or environmental determinism.”
Against: “The concept of free will is an illusion, with human behavior being the result of genetic and environmental influences beyond personal control.”
Read More: Free Will Examples
For: “Rigid gender roles are outdated and limit individual freedom, perpetuating inequality and stereotyping.”
Against: “Traditional gender roles provide structure and clarity to societal functions and personal relationships.”
Read More: Gender Roles Examples
For: “Achieving a work-life balance is essential for mental health, productivity, and personal fulfillment.”
Against: “The pursuit of work-life balance can lead to decreased professional ambition and economic growth, particularly in highly competitive industries.”
Read More: Work-Life Balance Examples
For: “Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right, ensuring equitable access to medical services for all individuals.”
Against: “Universal healthcare can be inefficient and costly, potentially leading to lower quality of care and longer wait times.”
Read More: Universal Healthcare Pros and Cons
For: “Raising the minimum wage is necessary to provide a living wage, reduce poverty, and stimulate economic growth.”
Against: “Increasing the minimum wage can lead to higher unemployment and negatively impact small businesses.”
Read More: Raising the Minimum Wage Pros and Cons
For: “Charter schools provide valuable alternatives to traditional public schools, often offering innovative educational approaches and higher standards.”
Against: “Charter schools can drain resources from public schools and lack the same level of accountability and inclusivity.”
Read More: Charter Schools vs Public Schools
For: “The internet is a transformative tool for education, communication, and business, making information more accessible than ever before.”
Against: “The internet can be a platform for misinformation, privacy breaches, and unhealthy social comparison, negatively impacting society.”
Read Also: Pros and Cons of the Internet
For: “Affirmative action is necessary to correct historical injustices and promote diversity in education and the workplace.”
Against: “Affirmative action can lead to reverse discrimination and undermine meritocracy, potentially harming those it aims to help.”
Read More: Pros and Cons of Affirmative Action
For: “Soft skills like communication and empathy are crucial in the modern workforce, contributing to a collaborative and adaptable work environment.”
Against: “Overemphasis on soft skills can neglect technical proficiency and practical skills that are essential in many professional fields.”
Read More: Examples of Soft Skills
For: “Unregulated freedom of the press can lead to the spread of misinformation and biased reporting, influencing public opinion unfairly.”
Against: “Freedom of the press is essential for a democratic society, ensuring transparency and accountability in governance.”
Read More: Free Press Examples
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by Antony W
September 18, 2023
This is the only guide you will ever need to read to write a thesis statement for an argumentative essay.
So it’s important to read it carefully and implement what you learn right away.
For many students, writing a perfect statement for an argument can be a complete nightmare.
However, once you learn and know how to approach this part of the assignment from the eyes of a professor, you’ll have an easy time doing the work.
In this guide, we’ll show you how to write a thesis statement for any type of an argument . You’ll find the tips shared in this article useful even if you’ve never written an essay before.
Usually one or two sentences long, and written near the end of an introduction , a thesis statement gives a summary of the central message of your argument.
Since everything else that you write in the body paragraphs of an argument will relate back to the central theme in the thesis, you should write your summary in such a way that guarantees utmost clarity of the subject in question.
In other words, a good thesis for your argumentative essay should be:
If your thesis statement can meet these criteria, it will get your instructor (audience) reading the rest of the essay just to understand your thoughts on the topic and why you’ve taken the position in question.
Some students write their initial thesis after writing the essay and that’s okay.
However, this approach isn’t suitable for all students as it can be quite challenging to adapt.
More often than not, a thesis statement written after completing the essay may either collide with the arguments you present or not reflect the statement in its entirety.
The most reasonable approach is to write your initial thesis before you start writing your argumentative essay .
So write your essay’s topic, determine what you’d like to say about it, and come up with a clear thesis that will give you a clear direction and structure for the essay.
Now that you know the right time to write a thesis statement for your argument, let’s look at how you can come up with a working thesis without sweating on the job.
Check the essay prompt to see if it already has a question asked. If it doesn’t, form one yourself.
The question you ask should reflect your interest in examining both sides of an argument. Therefore, asking yourself a question is a great first step to coming up with a working thesis for the assignment.
Next, try to come up with a relevant answer to the question.
You may have to do some initial research to come up with a good answer. But if the topic is something you’re already familiar with, only a few minutes of research should be enough to give you a tentative answer.
A good thesis statement for an argumentative essay should be clear, concise, and descriptive.
Consider taking a very strong position within the thesis so that it’s easy for you to convince your audience that your arguments are not only evidence-based but also packed with objective reasoning they can’t easily refute.
Simply taking a position won’t be enough. Your statement must tell your target reader why you hold a given position in the first place.
To make your claim even more convincing, summarize the main points that you’ll discuss and expand on in the body paragraphs of the assignment.
Where should i place the thesis statement an argumentative essay.
Your thesis statement should come at the end of the introduction.
It should be a sentence long, but you can go to a maximum of two sentences if you have more relevant thoughts to share.
As far as the word limit for the argumentative essay goes, try to keep your thesis statement as short as 30 to words per sentence.
So if you’re going to have 2 sentences for this, the thesis should be between 60 and 80 words long.
Writing a thesis statement for your argumentative essay should be easy after reading this guide. But it may not be so for the whole essay.
So if you need help with coming up a killer argumentative essay, get in touch with us. Our writers will work around the clock to help you complete the work in time.
About the author
Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.
A thesis statement concisely expresses the argument an essay makes and indicates to readers what the writer knows about the topic. Particularly in shorter essays, the thesis statement is often one sentence placed at the end of the introduction; the body of the essay then provides evidence to prove that thesis. Remember that your thesis is not the same thing as your topic; your thesis is an argument about your topic.
A good thesis is the result of a lengthy process involving brainstorming, critical reading, [usually] researching, and revising. You cannot determine your final stance on a topic until you have reflected on the available evidence.
An effective thesis states a debatable claim that can be supported with evidence..
A thesis statement is not a fact; it takes a position about a fact – a position that not everyone will support.
To strike a balance between broad and narrow, you must be as specific as possible while also ensuring you will be able to find sufficient evidence to support your claim. Consider the length of your paper: a two-page paper needs a much more specific thesis than a longer paper.
Too Broad : Dinosaurs became extinct for many complex reasons.
Too Narrow : The Tyrannosaurus Rex became extinct because its tiny arms limited its ability to hunt the small dinosaurs increasingly common in its environment.
Balanced : Dinosaurs became extinct because they were unable to adapt to their changing environment.
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Home / Guides / Writing Guides / Parts of a Paper / How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement
A thesis can be found in many places—a debate speech, a lawyer’s closing argument, even an advertisement. But the most common place for a thesis statement (and probably why you’re reading this article) is in an essay.
Whether you’re writing an argumentative paper, an informative essay, or a compare/contrast statement, you need a thesis. Without a thesis, your argument falls flat and your information is unfocused. Since a thesis is so important, it’s probably a good idea to look at some tips on how to put together a strong one.
What is a “thesis statement” anyway.
You may have heard of something called a “thesis.” It’s what seniors commonly refer to as their final paper before graduation. That’s not what we’re talking about here. That type of thesis is a long, well-written paper that takes years to piece together.
Instead, we’re talking about a single sentence that ties together the main idea of any argument . In the context of student essays, it’s a statement that summarizes your topic and declares your position on it. This sentence can tell a reader whether your essay is something they want to read.
Just as there are different types of essays, there are different types of thesis statements. The thesis should match the essay.
For example, with an informative essay, you should compose an informative thesis (rather than argumentative). You want to declare your intentions in this essay and guide the reader to the conclusion that you reach.
To make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, you must procure the ingredients, find a knife, and spread the condiments.
This thesis showed the reader the topic (a type of sandwich) and the direction the essay will take (describing how the sandwich is made).
Most other types of essays, whether compare/contrast, argumentative, or narrative, have thesis statements that take a position and argue it. In other words, unless your purpose is simply to inform, your thesis is considered persuasive. A persuasive thesis usually contains an opinion and the reason why your opinion is true.
Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are the best type of sandwich because they are versatile, easy to make, and taste good.
In this persuasive thesis statement, you see that I state my opinion (the best type of sandwich), which means I have chosen a stance. Next, I explain that my opinion is correct with several key reasons. This persuasive type of thesis can be used in any essay that contains the writer’s opinion, including, as I mentioned above, compare/contrast essays, narrative essays, and so on.
Just as there are two different types of thesis statements (informative and persuasive), there are two basic styles you can use.
The first style uses a list of two or more points . This style of thesis is perfect for a brief essay that contains only two or three body paragraphs. This basic five-paragraph essay is typical of middle and high school assignments.
C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia series is one of the richest works of the 20th century because it offers an escape from reality, teaches readers to have faith even when they don’t understand, and contains a host of vibrant characters.
In the above persuasive thesis, you can see my opinion about Narnia followed by three clear reasons. This thesis is perfect for setting up a tidy five-paragraph essay.
In college, five paragraph essays become few and far between as essay length gets longer. Can you imagine having only five paragraphs in a six-page paper? For a longer essay, you need a thesis statement that is more versatile. Instead of listing two or three distinct points, a thesis can list one overarching point that all body paragraphs tie into.
Good vs. evil is the main theme of Lewis’s Narnia series, as is made clear through the struggles the main characters face in each book.
In this thesis, I have made a claim about the theme in Narnia followed by my reasoning. The broader scope of this thesis allows me to write about each of the series’ seven novels. I am no longer limited in how many body paragraphs I can logically use.
One thing I find that is helpful for students is having a clear template. While students rarely end up with a thesis that follows this exact wording, the following template creates a good starting point:
Conversely, the formula for a thesis with only one point might follow this template:
Students usually end up using different terminology than simply “because,” but having a template is always helpful to get the creative juices flowing.
When composing a thesis, you must consider not only the format, but other qualities like length, position in the essay, and how strong the argument is.
Length: A thesis statement can be short or long, depending on how many points it mentions. Typically, however, it is only one concise sentence. It does contain at least two clauses, usually an independent clause (the opinion) and a dependent clause (the reasons). You probably should aim for a single sentence that is at least two lines, or about 30 to 40 words long.
Position: A thesis statement always belongs at the beginning of an essay. This is because it is a sentence that tells the reader what the writer is going to discuss. Teachers will have different preferences for the precise location of the thesis, but a good rule of thumb is in the introduction paragraph, within the last two or three sentences.
Strength: Finally, for a persuasive thesis to be strong, it needs to be arguable. This means that the statement is not obvious, and it is not something that everyone agrees is true.
Example of weak thesis:
Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are easy to make because it just takes three ingredients.
Most people would agree that PB&J is one of the easiest sandwiches in the American lunch repertoire.
Example of a stronger thesis:
Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are fun to eat because they always slide around.
This is more arguable because there are plenty of folks who might think a PB&J is messy or slimy rather than fun.
Composing a thesis statement does take a bit more thought than many other parts of an essay. However, because a thesis statement can contain an entire argument in just a few words, it is worth taking the extra time to compose this sentence. It can direct your research and your argument so that your essay is tight, focused, and makes readers think.
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Writing Arguments
State your thesis or proposition.
In argument, the thesis is also called a proposition. Your proposition should do the following:
define your argument’s scope by stating its situation or context; and
make clear what assertion you are going to debate.
You may “hook” your readers by stating your argument as a question. Because many questions lack a point of view, however, be sure a question leads to a proposition, and that your proposition makes a claim that is open to debate. Your proposition should state something that your readers feel uncertain about and about which you find arguments for both sides of the issue.
Sometimes students have an opinion they intend to address and support. Then, after reviewing information on the topic, they decide that they have to modify or change their opinion. This is all part of the writing process. When you do research, you may find new information or evidence that changes your argument. Your proposition can be modified during the draft stage.
To help you get started at this stage, brainstorm and freewrite about what you already know about the topic. Asking—and answering—the following questions can get you started on your assignment.
Why is this issue important to me? Why do I want to write about it?
What do I already know about this topic? What do I need to learn about this topic?
Where can I find more information on this subject?
Am I concerned more with the causes of this issue, the effects of this issue, or both?
What other related issues should I examine so that I can address the topic thoroughly?
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Chapter 1: College Writing
How Does College Writing Differ from Workplace Writing?
What Is College Writing?
Why So Much Emphasis on Writing?
Chapter 2: The Writing Process
Doing Exploratory Research
Getting from Notes to Your Draft
Introduction
Prewriting - Techniques to Get Started - Mining Your Intuition
Prewriting: Targeting Your Audience
Prewriting: Techniques to Get Started
Prewriting: Understanding Your Assignment
Rewriting: Being Your Own Critic
Rewriting: Creating a Revision Strategy
Rewriting: Getting Feedback
Rewriting: The Final Draft
Techniques to Get Started - Outlining
Techniques to Get Started - Using Systematic Techniques
Thesis Statement and Controlling Idea
Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Freewriting
Writing: Getting from Notes to Your Draft - Summarizing Your Ideas
Writing: Outlining What You Will Write
Chapter 3: Thinking Strategies
A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone
A Word About Style, Voice, and Tone: Style Through Vocabulary and Diction
Critical Strategies and Writing
Critical Strategies and Writing: Analysis
Critical Strategies and Writing: Evaluation
Critical Strategies and Writing: Persuasion
Critical Strategies and Writing: Synthesis
Developing a Paper Using Strategies
Kinds of Assignments You Will Write
Patterns for Presenting Information
Patterns for Presenting Information: Critiques
Patterns for Presenting Information: Discussing Raw Data
Patterns for Presenting Information: General-to-Specific Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Specific-to-General Pattern
Patterns for Presenting Information: Summaries and Abstracts
Supporting with Research and Examples
Writing Essay Examinations
Writing Essay Examinations: Make Your Answer Relevant and Complete
Writing Essay Examinations: Organize Thinking Before Writing
Writing Essay Examinations: Read and Understand the Question
Chapter 4: The Research Process
Planning and Writing a Research Paper
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Ask a Research Question
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Cite Sources
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Collect Evidence
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Decide Your Point of View, or Role, for Your Research
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Draw Conclusions
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Find a Topic and Get an Overview
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Manage Your Resources
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Outline
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Survey the Literature
Planning and Writing a Research Paper: Work Your Sources into Your Research Writing
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Human Resources
Research Resources: What Are Research Resources?
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found?
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Electronic Resources
Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? - Print Resources
Structuring the Research Paper: Formal Research Structure
Structuring the Research Paper: Informal Research Structure
The Nature of Research
The Research Assignment: How Should Research Sources Be Evaluated?
The Research Assignment: When Is Research Needed?
The Research Assignment: Why Perform Research?
Chapter 5: Academic Integrity
Academic Integrity
Giving Credit to Sources
Giving Credit to Sources: Copyright Laws
Giving Credit to Sources: Documentation
Giving Credit to Sources: Style Guides
Integrating Sources
Practicing Academic Integrity
Practicing Academic Integrity: Keeping Accurate Records
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Paraphrasing Your Source
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Quoting Your Source
Practicing Academic Integrity: Managing Source Material - Summarizing Your Sources
Types of Documentation
Types of Documentation: Bibliographies and Source Lists
Types of Documentation: Citing World Wide Web Sources
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - APA Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - CSE/CBE Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - Chicago Style
Types of Documentation: In-Text or Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style
Types of Documentation: Note Citations
Chapter 6: Using Library Resources
Finding Library Resources
Chapter 7: Assessing Your Writing
How Is Writing Graded?
How Is Writing Graded?: A General Assessment Tool
The Draft Stage
The Draft Stage: The First Draft
The Draft Stage: The Revision Process and the Final Draft
The Draft Stage: Using Feedback
The Research Stage
Using Assessment to Improve Your Writing
Chapter 8: Other Frequently Assigned Papers
Reviews and Reaction Papers: Article and Book Reviews
Reviews and Reaction Papers: Reaction Papers
Writing Arguments: Adapting the Argument Structure
Writing Arguments: Purposes of Argument
Writing Arguments: References to Consult for Writing Arguments
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Anticipate Active Opposition
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Determine Your Organization
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Develop Your Argument
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Introduce Your Argument
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - State Your Thesis or Proposition
Writing Arguments: Steps to Writing an Argument - Write Your Conclusion
Writing Arguments: Types of Argument
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1. Determine what kind of paper you are writing:
If you are writing a text that does not fall under these three categories (e.g., a narrative), a thesis statement somewhere in the first paragraph could still be helpful to your reader.
2. Your thesis statement should be specific—it should cover only what you will discuss in your paper and should be supported with specific evidence.
3. The thesis statement usually appears at the end of the first paragraph of a paper.
4. Your topic may change as you write, so you may need to revise your thesis statement to reflect exactly what you have discussed in the paper.
Example of an analytical thesis statement:
The paper that follows should:
Example of an expository (explanatory) thesis statement:
Example of an argumentative thesis statement:
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There are times when an introduction predicts what your entire essay will say—it’s essentially a reflection. If done successfully, it grabs the reader’s attention and entices them to read further into the essay. As a writer, I know the importance of a strong and engaging introduction, and with practice, I have excelled in the art of writing a good intro. Here’s how you can write a compelling introduction with examples.
A good introduction serves as a roadmap for your essay, setting the stage for what is to come. Its primary purpose is to grab the reader’s attention, provide necessary background information, and clearly state the main argument or thesis of the essay. By doing so, it helps the reader transition from their own world into the context of your analysis, making them interested in reading further. A well-written introduction also outlines the structure of the essay, ensuring that the reader knows what to expect in the body paragraphs. This initial section is crucial for making a strong first impression, establishing the tone, and demonstrating the quality and direction of your work. A good introduction paragraph should be able to:
Engage the Reader: Capture interest with an intriguing opening sentence or a compelling story.
Provide Context: Offer background information needed to understand the topic.
State the Thesis: Clearly present your main argument or thesis statement.
Outline the Structure: Briefly mention the main points or sections covered in the essay.
Establish Relevance: Explain why the topic is important and worth discussing.
Set the Tone: Establish the style and tone of your writing.
An introduction paragraph sets the tone for your entire essay, shaping your reader's expectations and mood. It's like the gateway to your ideas - a good one hooks the reader, compelling them to continue, while a weak introduction might make them lose interest before they've even begun. That's why learning how to start an introduction paragraph for an essay is crucial for students and writers alike.
With tools like WPS Office at your fingertips, you're not just getting a word processor, but an AI assistant to guide you through the entire journey of crafting that perfect opening. In fact, I'll be using WPS Office for this tutorial to demonstrate its features. So, let's dive in and explore how to write an essay introduction step by step:
The hook is the opening sentence or a few sentences of an essay designed to grab the reader's attention and entice them to keep reading. It serves to engage the reader by presenting something intriguing, surprising, or relevant to the essay's topic.
The main purpose of the hook is to spark the reader's interest and make them want to read more. It's the first impression the reader gets, so it needs to be compelling and relevant to the essay's subject.
1.Start with a Surprising Fact or Statistic: Begin with an interesting or shocking fact that relates to your topic. This immediately grabs the reader's attention.
Bad Example: "Drunk driving is a serious issue."
Good Example: "Every year, over 1.25 million people die in car accidents, many of which are caused by drunk driving."
2.Use a Quote: Introduce your essay with a relevant quote that encapsulates your main point.
Bad Example: "Drunk driving is defined as driving while impaired by alcohol."
Good Example: “At eighteen, Michelle had a lifetime of promise in front of her. Attending college on a track scholarship, she was earning good grades and making lots of friends. Then one night her life was forever altered…”
3.Pose a Rhetorical Question: Ask a question that provokes thought and engages the reader.
Bad Example: "Have you ever driven a car?"
Good Example: "What if every time you got behind the wheel, you risked not only your life but the lives of others?"
4.Tell an Anecdote or Story: Share a brief, compelling story that relates to your topic.
Bad Example: "I once heard a story about a drunk driver."
Good Example: "At eighteen, Michelle had a lifetime of promise in front of her. Attending college on a track scholarship, she was earning good grades and making lots of friends. Then one night her life was forever altered..."
If you need ideas to help you improve on the hook for your introduction, consider providing WPS AI with a prompt such as:
"Write an introduction on the topic 'Risks of Driving Intoxicated' and provide four individual hooks: one with a surprising fact, one using a quote, one with rhetorical questions, and one through telling an anecdote."
WPS AI will produce a catchy hook statement that you can use for your introduction, such as:
Background information provides the reader with the necessary context to understand the essay's topic. This may include historical, geographical, or social context, definitions of key terms, or an outline of the debate surrounding the topic.
The background helps to bridge the gap between the hook and the thesis statement. It gives the reader the context they need to understand the main argument of the essay and why it's important.
1.Provide Context: Explain the broader context of your topic to show its significance.
Bad Example: "Drunk driving is bad."
Good Example: "Michelle's story is not isolated. Each year, over 1.25 million people die in car accidents, many of which are caused by drunk driving."
2.Introduce Key Terms and Concepts: Define any terms or concepts that are crucial to understanding your thesis.
Bad Example: "Drunk driving is when you drink alcohol and drive."
Good Example: "Drunk driving, legally defined as operating a vehicle with a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08% or higher, is a preventable cause of many fatalities."
3.Set Up the Problem: Briefly discuss the scope of the issue or debate you will be addressing.
Bad Example: "People drive drunk sometimes."
Good Example: "Despite strict laws, drunk driving continues to be a significant problem worldwide, leading to devastating consequences for victims and their families."
To give an effective and detailed background information in your introduction consider proving WPS AI with a prompt like this:
“This serves as the background to my introduction: 'People frequently choose to drive under the influence of alcohol.' Please enhance it to address the problem and discuss its scope."
WPS AI will produce a detailed background passage for your introduction, give as:
The thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of the essay. It usually appears at the end of the introduction and states the essay's central argument or position.
The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay by informing the reader what the essay will argue or discuss. It sets the tone and focus of the entire paper.
1.Be Clear and Specific: Clearly state your main point and how you will support it.
Bad Example: "This essay will talk about drunk driving."
Good Example: "Drunk driving laws need to include stricter penalties for those convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol to reduce accidents and save lives."
2.Make an Argument: Present a claim that requires evidence and can be debated.
Bad Example: "Drunk driving is bad and should be stopped."
Good Example: "Implementing harsher penalties for drunk driving will deter offenders and significantly decrease the number of alcohol-related accidents."
3.Outline Your Main Points: Indicate the main points you will cover in your essay to support your thesis.
Bad Example: "I will discuss the problems with drunk driving."
Good Example: "Stricter penalties are necessary because they act as a deterrent, they can prevent repeat offenses, and they provide justice for victims."
You can take help from WPS AI to extract the thesis statement of your essay using the WPS AI chat box.
Step 1: Click on the WPS AI widget at the top corner of the WPS Writer interface.
Step 2: The WPS AI pane will open on the right side of the screen. Type in your prompt to extract the thesis statement of your essay and then paste the essay.
Here is a prompt example that you can use:
"Extract the thesis statement from the following essay:"
Step 3: WPS AI will provide the thesis statement. To refine it further, engage with the WPS AI chatbot by asking more questions or queries.
The summary or road map briefly outlines how the essay will be structured. It provides a preview of the main points that will be covered, giving the reader a sense of the direction of the argument.
1.Summarize Main Points: Briefly mention the key arguments or points you will discuss in your essay.
Bad Example: "I will talk about drunk driving laws, penalties, and justice."
Good Example: "This essay will first examine the current state of drunk driving laws, then explore the impact of stricter penalties on reducing incidents, and finally discuss how these penalties can bring justice to victims."
2.Be Concise: Keep it short and to the point, providing a clear outline without going into too much detail.
Bad Example: "I will write about drunk driving and why it is bad."
Good Example: "By examining the effectiveness of current laws, the potential benefits of stricter penalties, and the importance of justice for victims, this essay argues that harsher punishments for drunk driving are essential."
“Write a concise summary for the introduction of an essay on the topic "Risks of Driving Intoxicated." The summary should briefly mention the key points that will be covered in the essay, without going into too much detail."
The summary should briefly outline the main points covered in the essay, emphasizing the societal impact, legal ramifications, and personal consequences of driving under the influence. Ensure clarity and coherence, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the topic in the subsequent sections.
Essays come in various forms, each serving a unique purpose and following specific structures. Understanding these different types can help you write an essay introduction more effectively. Let's explore three common types of essays: Argumentative, Expository, and Literary. Each example below demonstrates the key elements of its respective essay type, including the hook, background information, and thesis statement.
An argumentative essay aims to present a position on a topic and support it with evidence.
An expository essay explains a topic in a clear and concise manner without arguing a specific position.
A literary essay analyzes and interprets a work of literature, focusing on elements such as theme, character, or style.
Let's take a look at some sample introductions of essays in different disciplines. This will further help you in writing an effective essay introduction.
Example #2 literature, example #3 social sciences, example #4 engineering, example #5 business & marketing, using wps ai to perfect your introduction.
With WPS Office, you have access to a comprehensive suite of tools designed to support your academic writing needs. Its AI-powered features enhance your writing process, from initial drafting to final proofreading. Specifically, WPS Office AI will help perfect your introduction, ensuring it captures attention and sets the stage for your paper. Plus, WPS Office is available for free, making it an accessible and indispensable resource for students and academics alike.
1.Check the Grammar and Syntax
Your introduction sets the tone for your entire essay, so it's crucial that it's grammatically correct and free from syntax errors. WPS AI careful checks for any grammatical mistakes and syntax issues, ensuring that your introduction is polished and professional. It provides suggestions for corrections, helping you present a clear and error-free first impression.
2.Rewrite Your Statement for Clarity
WPS AI can improve the clarity and coherence of your introduction by rewriting complex or awkwardly phrased sentences. It identifies areas where your writing may be ambiguous or convoluted and offers alternative phrasing that enhances readability. This feature ensures that your introduction is clear, concise, and compelling.
3.Automatically Expand Content
When you need to elaborate on a point or expand your introduction, WPS AI can automatically generate additional content. This feature helps you add relevant information that aligns with your essay's theme and tone. It’s particularly useful for developing a strong hook, providing context, or setting up your thesis statement.
4.Give an Outline for Your Paper
Writing a strong introduction often involves giving your readers a brief outline of what to expect in your essay. WPS AI can assist in structuring your introduction to include a concise overview of your main points, providing a roadmap for your readers. This feature ensures that your introduction effectively sets the stage for the rest of your essay. Here is an example of an outline generated using WPS AI Writer for an essay:
If you find this outline suitable for your essay, simply scroll down and click on "Insert" to use the outline for your essay.
An essay is divided into three main parts:
Introduction: This section introduces the topic and presents the main idea (thesis). It provides some background information and outlines what the essay will discuss.
Body: The body forms the essay's core, where you develop arguments to support your thesis. It is organized into several paragraphs, each presenting a distinct point backed by evidence.
Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points covered in the essay and strengthens the thesis statement. It wraps up the discussion and may offer final insights or suggestions.
A thesis statement plays a crucial role in academic essays and research papers by presenting the central argument or idea to be explored and developed. Here are several key reasons why a thesis statement is essential:
It provides clear direction and focus for your writing.
It summarizes your main argument for the reader.
It maintains clarity and coherence throughout the essay.
It serves as the foundational basis for structuring the entire essay.
The introduction paragraph for a research paper typically spans one to two paragraphs. As a general rule, the entire introduction section—which includes the opening paragraph, literature review, and research questions—should constitute approximately 10% to 15% of the paper's total length. This structure allows for a comprehensive yet concise setup of your research topic, providing readers with the necessary context before delving into the main body of your work.
Writing an introduction is perhaps the most thought-provoking and critical task in crafting any assignment. With the myriad features offered by WPS Office, you can effortlessly create a phenomenal essay introduction. WPS AI enhances this process with tools that ensure clarity, coherence, and creativity. Whether it's organizing your thoughts or refining your language, WPS Office empowers you to craft introductions that captivate readers from the start. Download WPS Office today and experience firsthand how it transforms your writing process into a seamless and impactful journey.
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Writing the college essay
How do you write a letter to a friend that shows you’re a good candidate for the University of Pennsylvania? What reading list will help the Columbia University admissions committee understand your interdisciplinary interests? How can you convey your desire to attend Yale by inventing a course description for a topic you’re interested in studying?
These are the challenges students must overcome when writing their supplemental essays . Supplemental essays are a critical component of college applications—like the personal statement, they provide students with the opportunity to showcase their authentic voice and perspective beyond the quantitative elements of their applications. However, unlike the personal essay, supplemental essays allow colleges to read students’ responses to targeted prompts and evaluate their candidacy for their specific institution. For this reason, supplemental essay prompts are often abstract, requiring students to get creative, read between the lines, and ditch the traditional essay-writing format when crafting their responses.
While many schools simply want to know “why do you want to attend our school?” others break the mold, inviting students to think outside of the box and answer prompts that are original, head-scratching, or downright weird. This year, the following five colleges pushed students to get creative—if you’re struggling to rise to the challenge, here are some tips for tackling their unique prompts:
University of Chicago
Prompt: We’re all familiar with green-eyed envy or feeling blue, but what about being “caught purple-handed”? Or “tickled orange”? Give an old color-infused expression a new hue and tell us what it represents. – Inspired by Ramsey Bottorff, Class of 2026
What Makes it Unique: No discussion of unique supplemental essay prompts would be complete without mentioning the University of Chicago, a school notorious for its puzzling and original prompts (perhaps the most well-known of these has been the recurring prompt “Find x”). This prompt challenges you to invent a new color-based expression, encouraging both linguistic creativity and a deep dive into the emotional or cultural connotations of color. It’s a prompt that allows you to play with language, think abstractly, and show off your ability to forge connections between concepts that aren’t typically linked—all qualities that likewise demonstrate your preparedness for UChicago’s unique academic environment.
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How to Answer it: While it may be easy to get distracted by the open-ended nature of the prompt, remember that both the substance and structure of your response should give some insight into your personality, perspective, and characteristics. With this in mind, begin by considering the emotions, experiences, or ideas that most resonate with you. Then, use your imagination to consider how a specific color could represent that feeling or concept. Remember that the prompt is ultimately an opportunity to showcase your creativity and original way of looking at the world, so your explanation does not need to be unnecessarily deep or complex—if you have a playful personality, convey your playfulness in your response; if you are known for your sarcasm, consider how you can weave in your biting wit; if you are an amateur poet, consider how you might take inspiration from poetry as you write, or offer a response in the form of a poem.
The goal is to take a familiar concept and turn it into something new and meaningful through a creative lens. Use this essay to showcase your ability to think inventively and to draw surprising connections between language and life.
Harvard University
Prompt: Top 3 things your roommates might like to know about you.
What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in both form and substance—first, you only have 150 words to write about all 3 things. Consider using a form other than a traditional essay or short answer response, such as a bullet list or short letter. Additionally, note that the things your roommate might like to learn about you do not necessarily overlap with the things you would traditionally share with an admissions committee. The aim of the prompt is to get to know your quirks and foibles—who are you as a person and a friend? What distinguishes you outside of academics and accolades?
How to Answer it: First and foremost, feel free to get creative with your response to this prompt. While you are producing a supplemental essay and thus a professional piece of writing, the prompt invites you to share more personal qualities, and you should aim to demonstrate your unique characteristics in your own voice. Consider things such as: How would your friends describe you? What funny stories do your parents and siblings share that encapsulate your personality? Or, consider what someone might want to know about living with you: do you snore? Do you have a collection of vintage posters? Are you particularly fastidious? While these may seem like trivial things to mention, the true creativity is in how you connect these qualities to deeper truths about yourself—perhaps your sleepwalking is consistent with your reputation for being the first to raise your hand in class or speak up about a cause you’re passionate about. Perhaps your living conditions are a metaphor for how your brain works—though it looks like a mess to everyone else, you have a place for everything and know exactly where to find it. Whatever qualities you choose, embrace the opportunity to think outside of the box and showcase something that admissions officers won’t learn about anywhere else on your application.
University of Pennsylvania
Prompt: Write a short thank-you note to someone you have not yet thanked and would like to acknowledge.
What Makes it Unique: Breaking from the traditional essay format, this supplement invites you to write directly to a third party in the form of a 150-200 word long letter. The challenge in answering this distinct prompt is to remember that your letter should say as much about you, your unique qualities and what you value as it does about the recipient—all while not seeming overly boastful or contrived.
How to Answer it: As you select a recipient, consider the relationships that have been most formative in your high school experience—writing to someone who has played a large part in your story will allow the admissions committee some insight into your development and the meaningful relationships that guided you on your journey. Once you’ve identified the person, craft a thank-you note that is specific and heartfelt—unlike other essays, this prompt invites you to be sentimental and emotional, as long as doing so would authentically convey your feelings of gratitude. Describe the impact they’ve had on you, what you’ve learned from them, and how their influence has shaped your path. For example, if you’re thanking a teacher, don’t just say they helped you become a better student—explain how their encouragement gave you the confidence to pursue your passions. Keep the tone sincere and personal, avoid clichés and focus on the unique role this person has played in your life.
University of Notre Dame
Prompt: What compliment are you most proud of receiving, and why does it mean so much to you?
What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in that it invites students to share something about themselves by reflecting on someone else’s words in 50-100 words.
How to Answer it: The key to answering this prompt is to avoid focusing too much on the complement itself and instead focus on your response to receiving it and why it was so important to you. Note that this prompt is not an opportunity to brag about your achievements, but instead to showcase what truly matters to you. Select a compliment that truly speaks to who you are and what you value. It could be related to your character, work ethic, kindness, creativity, or any other quality that you hold in high regard. The compliment doesn’t have to be grand or come from someone with authority—it could be something small but significant that left a lasting impression on you, or it could have particular meaning for you because it came from someone you didn’t expect it to come from. Be brief in setting the stage and explaining the context of the compliment—what is most important is your reflection on its significance and how it shaped your understanding of yourself.
Stanford University
Prompt: List five things that are important to you.
What Makes it Unique: This prompt’s simplicity is what makes it so challenging. Stanford asks for a list, not an essay, which means you have very limited space (50 words) to convey something meaningful about yourself. Additionally, the prompt does not specify what these “things” must be—they could be a physical item, an idea, a concept, or even a pastime. Whatever you choose, these five items should add depth to your identity, values, and priorities.
How to Answer it: Start by brainstorming what matters most to you—these could be values, activities, people, places, or even abstract concepts. The key is to choose items or concepts that, when considered together, provide a comprehensive snapshot of who you are. For example, you might select something tangible and specific such as “an antique telescope gifted by my grandfather” alongside something conceptual such as “the willingness to admit when you’re wrong.” The beauty of this prompt is that it doesn’t require complex sentences or elaborate explanations—just a clear and honest reflection of what you hold dear. Be thoughtful in your selections, and use this prompt to showcase your creativity and core values.
While the supplemental essays should convey something meaningful about you, your values, and your unique qualifications for the university to which you are applying, the best essays are those that are playful, original, and unexpected. By starting early and taking the time to draft and revise their ideas, students can showcase their authentic personalities and distinguish themselves from other applicants through their supplemental essays.
James Cagney in The Public Enemy (1931). Courtesy and © Warner Bros
The brilliant trinidadian thinker is remembered as an admirer of the us but he also warned of its dark political future.
by Harvey Neptune + BIO
[B]ecause it is very easy for the writing of a Black man or a West Indian to be admired for the wrong reasons. – from ‘A Tribute to C L R James ’ by Derek Walcott in C L R James : His Intellectual Legacies (1994)
In late 1949, the West Indian intellectual C L R James sat down in his residence in Compton, California and, in a burst of creative energy, composed what turned out to be a frightfully prophetic analysis of the historical fate of democracy in the United States. Titled ‘Notes on American Civilization’, the piece was a thick prospectus for a slim book (never started) in which James promised to show how the failed historical promise of its unbridled liberalism had prepared the contemporary republic for a variant of totalitarian rule. ‘I trace as carefully as I can the forces making for totalitarianism in modern American life,’ explained the then little-known radical. ‘I relate them very carefully to the degradation of human personality under Hitler and under Stalin.’
C L R James in 1938. Courtesy Wikipedia
At the climactic centre of this ominous analysis was the contemporary entertainment industry, which, James argued, set the stage for a totalitarian turn through its projections of fictional heroic gangsters as well as its production of celebrities as real-life heroes. A manufactured Hollywood heroism, he warned, had the potential to cross over from popular culture to political rule. ‘By carefully observing the trends in modern popular art, and the responses of the people, we can see the tendencies which explode into the monstrous caricatures of human existence which appear under totalitarianism.’ Completed in early 1950 , James’s proposal remained underground for decades until it found publication under the abbreviated title American Civilization in 1993. Four years earlier, the author had passed on into history as one of the finest minds of the 20th century .
Given the din of bookish discussion about the spectacular antidemocratic turn in US politics in recent years, one would expect mention of American Civilization somewhere alongside, say, the work of the Frankfurt School . James, after all, stands today as one of the most renowned, even revered, thinkers in the North Atlantic. A novelist, journalist, pamphleteer, philosopher, Marxist theoretician and, in the words of V S Naipaul , ‘impresario of revolution’, this West Indian has acquired a posthumous stature in the West that would stun most people in the region where he was born in 1901. James is to the world of critical intellect as Brian Charles Lara is to the world of cricket – to use an apt analogy. His obituary in the The Times of London employed the sobriquet ‘Black Plato’. And, within a year of his death, The C L R James Journal was established in his name. In the ensuing decades, there has been an outpouring of books, anthologies and articles about his life and work, the vast majority coming out of the United Kingdom and the US, where James spent most of his mature years. A veritable ‘Jamesian industry’ now thrives in the 21st-century North Atlantic. Yet, for all this First-Worldly industriousness, or maybe because of it, James’s analysis of totalitarianism in American Civilization remains ignored.
At the base of this ignorance is a 30-year- old tale of radical misreading. Beginning in the 1990s, commentaries on American Civilization have erased its concern with the dark cultural politics of totalitarianism, dismissing the manuscript as quixotic and optimistic, even embarrassingly romantic. James, according to reviewers, fell for the US with the naive zeal of what Trinidadians would call a never-see-come-see . This radical was so dazzled by the North American republic that his radicalism disappeared once he sat down to write about its history and culture. In American Civilization , James was ‘enthusing with the greatest passion about the democratic capacity of the civilization with which he had fallen in love,’ the UK-based historian Bill Schwarz wrote . In a review for The New Yorker , Paul Berman concurred, describing the work as proof that ‘James basically loved the United States’. Yet, far from love and happiness, the manuscript was inspired, we will see, by a concern with the despair and hopelessness of US citizens and by a worry about the political portent of these mass feelings.
James’s basic contention in American Civilization was that a critical mass of the population had become so desperately distressed by the failure of the promises of liberal democracy that they were prepared to give up on it and elect, instead, to live vicariously through violently amoral political heroes. ‘The great masses of the American people no longer fear power,’ wrote James near the end of the manuscript. ‘ They are ready to allocate today power to anyone who seems ready to do their bidding .’ This popular disenchantment with liberalism and the accompanying vulnerability to totalitarian leadership manifested in the entertainment industry, according to James. In films, novels, magazines and comics, he identified a contemporary archive of the cultural politics of totalitarianism – not a source of special affection for the modern republic (James actually trashed much of US popular culture as ‘ephemeral vulgarity on a colossal scale’). For him, moreover, the dire US situation was not exceptional but simply a richer symptomatic case of a modern derangement. The conceit that James was seduced by the achievements of ‘American civilisation’ is one of those strange North Atlantic fictions; one that reveals more about those who study James than about James himself.
C yril Lionel Robert James led a wonderfully itinerant life. A British colonial, ‘Nello’, as intimates called him, was raised in the town of Tunapuna on the eastern edge of Trinidad’s capital of Port of Spain. James would go on to live in many places over the next eight decades but would never settle in any one. He was a man ‘on the run’, as his fellow Trinidadian Naipaul put it in his thinly veiled fictional sketch of James in A Way in the World (1994). Or, maybe James said it best with regard to his record of endless movement: ‘I have no conception of home,’ he told Alan Warhaftig for the Los Angeles Review of Books . ‘My home is where I find myself most happy in the political work that I’m doing.’
C L R James denouncing Benito Mussolini’s intention to invade Abyssinia (later Ethiopia) in Trafalgar Square, London in 1935. Photo by Keystone/Getty
James’s history of happy homelessness began in 1932 when, as a young modern renaissance man with writerly gifts and ambitions, he left Trinidad for Lancashire, England before moving to London the following year. The colony was not enough for his rebellious, restless intellect. Already a local legend as a debater and littérateur , the confidently self-educated James flourished in the metropole. In just over five years, he established himself as an adept cricket journalist, a charismatic public speaker and a well-regarded author on the anticolonial, Trotskyite scene. By 1938, James had a few books under his belt, including the novel Minty Alley (1936), World Revolution, 1917-1936: The Rise and Fall of the Communist International (1937), and the now classic The Black Jacobins : Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (1938). Indeed, it was his obvious facility as a persuasive mouthpiece of Marxist views that got James invited to the US on a speaking tour later that year – ‘born to talk’ is how Naipaul described him. He had planned to spend only a few months in a republic that he once described as ‘dreadful’, intending to return to England in time for the following cricket season. James wound up in North America for the next 15 eventful years.
James proposed a book about how US liberal society could degenerate into a totalitarian one
It was a sojourn that he would recall as the most fertile episode of his intellectual career. Improvising a life that took on new expansive dimensions, James travelled across the continent, including Mexico, where he met – now famously – with Leon Trotsky. As part of his increasingly radical political work, James also studied and taught himself philosophy in concert with Raya Dunayevskaya and Grace Lee Boggs, mastering, in particular, the dense dialectics of G W F Hegel . Personally, and perhaps most notoriously, James fell in love with a young California-born creative and activist named Constance Webb, who became his second wife. By 1949, they had a son, Nobbie. It was around this time that James produced ‘Notes on American Civilization’, the lengthy proposal for a shortish book about how this liberal society could degenerate into a totalitarian one .
Before he could begin the proposed work, however, the wedded US forces of McCarthyism and immigration law landed James in an Ellis Island detention centre (doubts about the validity of his divorce from his first wife in Trinidad were used to undermine the legal status of his marriage to Webb). From a cell in 1952, James authored a book-length take-off from his proposal, a literary study that elaborated the significance of the totalitarian theme in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (1851). Titled Mariners, Renegades and Castawa ys, it was published in the following year. A few months later, James chose to return to London rather than be deported. His proposal for a work on ‘American civilisation’ languished, remaining virtually unknown until 1983, when the historian Robert Hill rediscovered one of the seven circulated copies (the one belonging to James’s colleague, the activist and scholar Nettie Kravitz).
Back in England, James gradually turned away from his Americanist scholarly concerns and in the late 1950s focused his writerly attention on a cultural history of cricket told from an autobiographical angle. Published as Beyond a Boundary in 1963, this piece of literature sealed the author’s place within the world of British letters. In that same year, too (in an exquisite irony appropriate for James), a second edition of Black Jacobins was published, assuring the author’s place in the annals of the Black radical intellectual tradition. From then until his death, the increasingly eminent James made London not so much a home as a base for his travels, which included visits to Africa, a return to the US in 1968 to teach, and a final trip to Tunapuna two decades later to be buried.
J ames’s prolific, peripatetic 20th-century life is well captured in a lively biography by John L Williams, C L R James: A Life Beyond the Boundaries (2022). This rendition of James stands out for its willingness to dwell in the creases of the protagonist’s private life, and the result is an image of the man that is fresh for its fleshiness. To a degree before unseen, the James that we have become used to regarding as a philosophical genius is featured in this book as vulnerable and very human, especially during his years in the US. Williams casts ‘Jimmy’, as the American James was known, as a seducer, a philanderer and, above all, a domestic failure. Readers discover, for example, that the middle-aged James, after finally catching Webb, whom he had passionately pursued for nearly a decade, suffers from bouts of impotence. Williams respects James’s intellectual accomplishments, but his account hardly conceals a doubtful judgment of James the man, especially the American incarnation, as a jejune dreamer, a rebel with an unrealistic cause. The sum effect is a biography that appealingly humanises a man too often heroised, and there’s a good chance that C L R James: A Life Beyond the Boundaries becomes the biographical standard.
For this reason, it is important to highlight that Williams reinforces the erasure of the concern with totalitarianism in American Civilization . He, too, dismisses this text as a somewhat embarrassing romantic detour, treating James as something of an America groupie rather than the serious Americanist ethnographer James intended to be. In Williams’s view, American Civilization was an expression of the author’s generally unhinged ideas about the US, including the belief that ‘America was on the brink of revolution’. Despite not ‘denying the brilliance of many of the insights’, Williams finds the work to be formless, unfinished and fundamentally flawed. That James failed to secure a contemporary publisher does not surprise him. In fact, like many other critics, Williams feels compelled to rationalise the manuscript, echoing the common tendency to explain it as a product of convenience if not desperation. James’s text was a tactical plea to remain in the US legally, with his comrades and newly formed family, according to Williams. American Civilization , he suggests, was effectively a praise song for a green card.
I f this piece of writing was praise, we can only wonder what condemnation would sound like. Here was a terrifying critique of US society through its mass culture, containing an analysis resonant with the views of Frankfurt School critics like Theodor Adorno, with whom James met in New York in the 1940s. Indeed, American Civilization reminds us that James’s geopolitics presumed a humbling historical regard for the republic. He wrote unimpressed by the Cold War triadic view of the planet, imagining the North American nation as part of not the First World but the New World. In James’s historical imagination, the US was an unexceptional product of European colonialism, a point he made frankly in Beyond a Boundary :
[F]rom the first day of my stay in the United States to the last I never made the mistake that so many otherwise intelligent Europeans make of trying to fit that country into European standards. Perhaps for one reason, because of my colonial background, I always saw it for what it was and not for what I thought it ought to be. I took in my stride the cruelties and anomalies that shocked me and the immense vitality, generosity and audacity of those strange people.
This effectively postcolonial view, lost on commentators who encountered the document in the wake of the Cold War, is essential to the argument in American Civilization .
James’s text rooted the vulnerability of the US to totalitarian rule in its history of European colonialism, specifically in its British inheritance of liberal political culture. The import of this colonial legacy appeared early. ‘Ideologically,’ he explained in the first chapter, ‘the European past hangs over the country. Jefferson is the product of Locke.’ But the issue for James was not simply the derivativeness of North American liberal ideology; it was the deviance, the extravagant difference from what obtained in the metropole. According to him, a peculiarly passionate investment in British liberalism prevailed in the colonies and the subsequent republic. In North America, the concept of ‘free individuality’ flourished with an uninhibited and consensual character unknown in Europe, making for a political culture that was unphilosophical, unreflective, resistant to probing the intellectual premises of its dominant liberal ideology. Instructive in this regard was the Jacksonian era ( c 1820s-50s ), argued James, who viewed the period as one in which the issues of liberal politics were worked out not in speculative theory (as was happening in Europe) but through violent practice. This romantic quality of hegemonic US liberalism was foundational to the analysis in American Civilization , for the temptation to turn toward antidemocratic politics, James contended, was a product of the failure of the nationalist romance with free individuality.
By the mid-20th century, hope in the idea of Americanism as heroic individual freedom was exhausted
James’s argument about the hyper-individualistic and anti-intellectual way of liberal life in the US explains his heavy and explicit debt to Democracy in America ( 1835, 1840 ), the 19th-century classic by the French political sociologist Alexis de Tocqueville. In conceiving the republic’s history, he adopted a framework that essentially combined the insights of Karl Marx and Tocqueville (a combination, by the way, that explains why James’s interpretation anticipates the work of consensus historians like Louis Hartz). Tocqueville was, in James’s view, ‘the most remarkable social analyst, native or foreign, to examine personally the United States’, and, in American Civilization , he promised to ‘write an essay closer to the spirit and aims of de Tocqueville than any of the writers who have followed him’. It was from Tocqueville that James derived his depiction of the North American environment as having provided the liberal notion of ‘bourgeois individualism’ its best start. The same held true for James’s reasoning when he wrote that the UK’s New World colonies, historically ‘without the political and ideological relations of feudalism and a landed aristocracy’, represented, in effect, ‘the ideal conditions for which Europe struggled so hard’. The point for James, it should be emphasised, was not to celebrate US exceptionalism. As with Tocqueville (and Hartz), he aimed at a sober warning about the republic’s unthinking liberalism and its susceptibility to the support of tyrannical rule.
Indeed, American Civilization sounded an alert that liberal democracy had arrived at a moment of palpable historic crisis. By the mid-20th century , hope in the idea of Americanism as heroic individual freedom was exhausted. Disenchantment with the nationalist liberal creed had been growing over the course of the 19th century , according to James, especially with the rise of corporate capital in the Gilded Age. With the Great Depression, however, its fate was sealed. For the masses of Americans, the ‘struggle for happiness’, once real, had become futile. ‘The worker during the last twenty years no longer has any illusions that by energy and ability and thrift or any of the virtues of Horatio Alger, he can rise to anything,’ observed James. Instead, the average American felt demoralised and objectified, not unlike another ‘piece of production as is a bolt of steel, a pot of paint or a mule which drags a load of corn’. Their dreams and aspirations lay strangled by the undemocratic organisation of economic life, which, under corporate capital, ‘imposed a mechanized way of life at work, mechanized forms of living, a mechanized totality which from morning till night, week after week, day after day, crushed the very individuality which tradition nourishes and the abundance of mass-produced goods encourages.’ What most struck James about the masses of working people in the US was the ‘bitterness, the frustration, the accumulated anger’ that lurked within them. He saw in them the kind of despair and alienation that stalked interwar Europe.
A lthough these despairing masses had not yet gone the barbarous route of totalitarianism, James found ominous signs in the kind of fictions they chose for entertainment. In the films, books, magazines and comics patronised by the US working classes, he diagnosed a desire for a new kind of fundamentally and violently undemocratic hero. The public were entertaining themselves with stories of protagonists with ‘totalitarian tendencies’. In his view, it was their way of negotiating the tensions between the promise of individual freedom and the reality of ‘the endless frustration of being merely a cog in a great machine’. Here was the analytical climax to American Civilization : a critical examination of ‘what is so lightly called the “entertainment industry”’ as an expression of the deepest feelings of the people. James justified this approach by pointing out that the products of the business had to appeal to the audience, that they ‘must satisfy the mass’ or, at the least, must not offend them. The people were not ‘passive recipients of what the purveyors of popular art give to them,’ James insisted. Granting more agency to consumers than most of his Marxist contemporaries, he noted that the paying mass ‘decides what it will see. It will pay to see that.’ And in the materials that the public were electing to see, listen to and read, he concluded, lay evidence of an attraction to a vicious fictional character.
Hinted at a century earlier in Moby Dick , this totalitarian protagonist had been flourishing on the entertainment scene since the Great Depression, according to James. Whether discussing the comic strip Dick Tracy , the film The Public Enemy (1931) or the bestselling fiction of the now largely forgotten African American writer Frank Yerby, he underlined the avid popular demand for a new type of hero, one who was amoral, primitivistic and endowed with more than a twist of misogyny. Embodied in what James called the ‘gangster-detective’, this character displayed a brutal disdain for the established order. Here was a protagonist who ‘lives in a world of his own according to ethics of his own’, a man who was ready to ‘break every accepted rule of society’. For James, the gangster-detectives epitomised the legendary free individuality of US nationalist myth. They ‘live grandly and boldly. What they want, they go for.’ And although virtually all of them eventually learn that ‘crime does not pay’, they nevertheless give audiences the pleasure of seeing them acting out heroically, dying while trying. In this way, according to James, the fictions churned out by the entertainment industry served ‘to many millions a sense of active living, and in the bloodshed, the violence, the freedom from restraint to allow pent-up feelings free play, they have released the bitterness, hate, fear and sadism which simmer just below the surface.’ The American dream was degenerating into the image of the American gangster.
James worried about the crossover of manufactured Hollywood heroism from entertainment to politics
The popular demand for this new totalitarian hero was not accidental but indexical, James stressed: ‘The gangster did not fall from the sky nor does he represent Chicago and the underworld.’ Rather, expressed in this protagonist was an unmistakably American desire for what was no longer possible in society, for the ‘old heroic qualities in the only way he can display them’. The gangster-detective was ‘the derisive symbol of the contrast between ideals and reality’ in a society where the myth of ‘Americanism’ no longer held; he was ‘the persistent symbol of the national past which now has no meaning – the past in which energy, determination, bravery were certain to get a man somewhere in the line of opportunity.’ For James, this fictional hero betrayed the real-life frustrations of audiences, providing them ‘an esthetic compensation in the contemplation of free individuals who go out into the world and settle their problems by free activity and individualistic methods.’ In the world of popular entertainment, he saw Americans indulging totalitarianism as a resolution to their nationalist crisis of liberalism.
Finally, and maybe most originally, James identified resources for totalitarianism not only in the industry’s projections of fictional protagonists but also in its production of ‘stars’ in reality. Since the Great Depression, he noted, a vital development in popular culture involved the professional packaging of celebrities (Hollywood actors, especially) into ‘synthetic characters’, produced by a ‘vast army of journalists, magazine writers, publicity men, etc’. The rise of these stars concerned James because he believed that through them the masses ‘live vicariously, see in them examples of that free individuality which is the dominant need of the vast mass today.’ Celebrities, he wrote, ‘fill a psychological need of the vast masses of people who live limited lives.’ In this regard, James saw an intrinsic connection between the industrial fabrication of these real-life heroes to be consumed by the admiring masses and the conditioning of the public for totalitarian rule: ‘We have seen how, deprived of individuality, millions of modern citizens live vicariously, through identification with brilliant notably effective, famous or glamorous individuals. The totalitarian state, having crushed all freedom, carries this substitution to its last ultimate.’ The entertainment industry’s heavy investment in the production of stars readied the republic for an antidemocratic regime.
In fact, the ultimate worry in James’s analysis of US popular culture was the potential crossover of manufactured Hollywood heroism from entertainment to politics. The feared translation of the celebrity into a totalitarian leader had not yet happened, but the potential had appeared in the figure of the ‘radio priest’ Charles Coughlin: ‘For a brief period Father Coughlin showed the political possibilities that slumber behind these manifestations of our time. Other countries in the modern world have shown not only the possibilities but the realities.’ Though not even the genius of James could have predicted the celebrity presidency of Donald Trump, it is almost impossible to read American Civilization faithfully in our times and not find a forewarning. (Indeed, this text gives new meaning to mass entertainment fictions like The Sopranos and The Wire and to entertainers like Jay-Z.)
And read it should be. Even if we can no longer avoid the antidemocratic predicament about which James warned, we can still turn to James’s writing for some illumination as to how the US ended up here in this darkening place.
Progress and modernity
The great wealth wave
The tide has turned – evidence shows ordinary citizens in the Western world are now richer and more equal than ever before
Daniel Waldenström
Neuroscience
The melting brain
It’s not just the planet and not just our health – the impact of a warming climate extends deep into our cortical fissures
Clayton Page Aldern
Falling for suburbia
Modernists and historians alike loathed the millions of new houses built in interwar Britain. But their owners loved them
Michael Gilson
Thinkers and theories
Rawls the redeemer
For John Rawls, liberalism was more than a political project: it is the best way to fashion a life that is worthy of happiness
Alexandre Lefebvre
Computing and artificial intelligence
Mere imitation
Generative AI has lately set off public euphoria: the machines have learned to think! But just how intelligent is AI?
Anthropology
Your body is an archive
If human knowledge can disappear so easily, why have so many cultural practices survived without written records?
Helena Miton
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How to write a dialogue in an essay: useful tips.
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Your professor says that it is necessary to avoid plagiarism when writing a research paper, essay, or any project based on the works of other people, so to say, any reference source. But what does plagiarism mean? What types of it exist? And how to formulate the material to get rid of potential bad consequences while rendering original texts? Today we try to answer these very questions. Plagiarism: Aspect in Brief Plagiarism is considered to be a serious breach, able to spoil your successful ...
Have you ever thought about whether using your own work again could be seen as copying? It might seem strange, but self-plagiarism is a real issue in school and work writing. Let's look at what this means and learn how to avoid self-plagiarism so your work stays original and ethical. What is self-plagiarism? Self-plagiarism, also called auto-plagiarism or duplicate plagiarism, happens when a writer uses parts of their old work without saying where it came from. This isn't just about copying w ...
Writing is changing a lot because of AI. But don't worry — AI won't take human writers' jobs. It's a tool that can make our work easier and help us write better. When we use AI along with our own skills, we can create good content faster and better. AI can help with many parts of writing, from coming up with ideas to fixing the final version. Let's look at the top 10 ways how to use AI for content creation and how it can make your writing better. What Is AI Content Writing? AI content writin ...
Academic assignments require much knowledge and skill. One of the most important points is rendering and interpreting material one has ever studied. A person should avoid presenting word-for-word plagiarism but express his or her thoughts and ideas as much as possible. However, every fine research is certain to be based on the previous issues, data given, or concepts suggested. And here it's high time to differentiate plagiarism and paraphrasing, to realize its peculiarities and cases of usage. ...
Plagiarism has been a challenge for a long time in writing. It's easy to find information online, which might make some people use it without saying where it came from. But plagiarism isn't just taking someone else's words. Sometimes, we might do it by accident or even use our own old work without mentioning it. When people plagiarize, they can get into serious trouble. They might lose others' trust or even face legal problems. Luckily, we now have tools to detect plagiarism. But what about PDF ...
Putting ideas into your own words while keeping their original meaning is what paraphrasing is all about. This article will help you understand paraphrasing, from its basic ideas to useful methods. We'll look at what is a paraphrase, explore different paraphrasing meaning and examples, and give you practical tips on how to paraphrase a sentence or even how to paraphrase a paragraph. What is a Paraphrased Sentence? A paraphrased sentence is when you take someone else's idea and say it in your ...
When we write something for school, work, or just for fun, we often use ideas and facts from other places. This makes us ask: what is a citation in writing? Let's find out what this means and why it's really important when we write. What is Citation? Citation in research refers to the practice of telling your readers where you got your information, ideas, or exact words from. It's like showing them the path to the original information you used in your writing. When you cite something, you us ...
A stepwise method for annotating appraisal, appraisal resources in l1 and l2 argumentative essays: a contrastive learner corpus-informed study of evaluative stance, the use of metadiscourse and persuasion: an analysis of first year university students' timed argumentative essays, evaluative language in discussion sections of doctoral theses: similarities and differences between l1 chinese and l1 english writers, assessing the quality of arguments in students' persuasive writing: a case study analyzing the relationship between surface structure and substance, valued voices: students’ use of engagement in argumentative history writing, argument structure as an interactive resource by undergraduate students, attribution and authorial (dis) endorsement in high- and low-rated undergraduate esl students’ english academic persuasive essays, exploring valued patterns of stance in upper-level student writing in the disciplines, metadiscourse repertoire of l1 mandarin undergraduates writing in english: a cross-contextual, cross-disciplinary study, related papers.
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What is a thesis statement? A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why. The best thesis statements are: Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don't use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
Make a claim. Provide the grounds (evidence) for the claim. Explain the warrant (how the grounds support the claim) Discuss possible rebuttals to the claim, identifying the limits of the argument and showing that you have considered alternative perspectives. The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays.
A thesis statement is a sentence in a paper or essay (in the opening paragraph) that introduces the main topic to the reader. As one of the first things your reader sees, your thesis statement is one of the most important sentences in your entire paper—but also one of the hardest to write! In this article, we explain how to write a thesis ...
A thesis statement . . . Makes an argumentative assertion about a topic; it states the conclusions that you have reached about your topic. Makes a promise to the reader about the scope, purpose, and direction of your paper. Is focused and specific enough to be "proven" within the boundaries of your paper. Is generally located near the end ...
A thesis statement: tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself.
Thesis. Your thesis is the central claim in your essay—your main insight or idea about your source or topic. Your thesis should appear early in an academic essay, followed by a logically constructed argument that supports this central claim. A strong thesis is arguable, which means a thoughtful reader could disagree with it and therefore ...
A good thesis statement needs to do the following: Condense the main idea of your thesis into one or two sentences. Answer your project's main research question. Clearly state your position in relation to the topic. Make an argument that requires support or evidence.
Focus Area #3: Writing the Conclusion. It's common to conclude an argumentative essay by reiterating the thesis statement in some way, either by reminding the reader what the overarching argument was in the first place or by reviewing the main points and evidence that you covered.
A concise thesis statement that introduces readers to the central argument of the essay A clear, logical, argument that engages readers Ample research and evidence that supports your argument. Approaches to Use in Your Argumentative Essay 1. Classical Clearly present the central argument. Outline your opinion. Provide enough evidence to support ...
An argumentative essay attempts to convince a reader to agree with a particular argument (the writer's thesis statement). The writer takes a firm stand one way or another on a topic and then uses hard evidence to support that stance. An argumentative essay seeks to prove to the reader that one argument —the writer's argument— is the ...
The thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper's central argument and purpose. You might hear it referred to as simply a "thesis." Every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement, and strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable. ... Better: In this essay, I will argue that Bowler's (2003) autocratic ...
An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents a coherent and logical analysis of a specific topic. 1 The goal is to convince the reader to accept the writer's point of view or opinion on a particular issue. Here are the key elements of an argumentative essay: Thesis Statement: The central claim or argument that the essay aims to ...
How is an argumentative essay structured? Argumentative essays typically include an explanation of the writer's position (thesis), evidence supporting that thesis, opposing points of view, and rebuttals against that opposition. The order in which these sections are presented, however, depends on the format.
An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that uses factual evidence and logical support to convince the reader of a certain way of thinking. Although many types of essays aim at persuading the reader to believe a specific point of view, argumentative essays rely heavily on hard evidence, drawing on other studies and sources to prove their argument is best.
A thesis statement in an argumentative essay needs to present a point of view.The biggest mistake you can make is to provide a thesis statement that doesn't demonstrate what your argument will be. So, your thesis statement should set a clear argument, perspective, or position in relation to a debate. Check out the examples below.
In other words, a good thesis for your argumentative essay should be: Concise: Don't use more words when you shouldn't and don't make the statement shorter if it needs more information. If you can make your points clear in a few ones, don't hesitate to do so. One or two sentences should be enough.
A thesis statement concisely expresses the argument an essay makes and indicates to readers what the writer knows about the topic. Particularly in shorter essays, the thesis statement is often one sentence placed at the end of the introduction; the body of the essay then provides evidence to prove that thesis. ...
The thesis needs to be narrow. Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.
Composing a thesis statement does take a bit more thought than many other parts of an essay. However, because a thesis statement can contain an entire argument in just a few words, it is worth taking the extra time to compose this sentence. It can direct your research and your argument so that your essay is tight, focused, and makes readers think.
State Your Thesis or Proposition. In argument, the thesis is also called a proposition. Your proposition should do the following: make clear what assertion you are going to debate. You may "hook" your readers by stating your argument as a question. Because many questions lack a point of view, however, be sure a question leads to a ...
An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.; An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.; An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies this claim with specific evidence. The claim could be an opinion, a policy proposal, an ...
A thesis statement provides the foundation for your entire research paper or essay. This statement is the central assertion that you want to express in your essay. A successful thesis statement is one that is made up of one or two sentences clearly laying out your central idea and expressing an informed, reasoned answer to your research question.
The argument is often the most difficult of essays for students to begin. We are many times as unsure of our positions as we are of our reasons for our positions on controversial topics. "Because that's what I believe" is only the starting point. Explaining why you believe in your position is the task of the argument.
Thesis Statement: The main argument or claim. 2.Body Paragraphs. Purpose: Present arguments and evidence to support the thesis and refute opposing arguments. ... An argumentative essay is typically more extensive and requires independent research to establish a unique claim regarding a specific topic. It includes a thesis statement that ...
Argumentative Essay. An argumentative thesis statement does indeed stand strong on a debated issue. This implies that it incorporates the author's position and the reasons, along with evidence supporting that position. This means convincing the reader that this is the right argument, together with supporting rationale and credible resources. ...
Thesis Statement. The thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of the essay. It usually appears at the end of the introduction and states the essay's central argument or position. The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay by informing the reader what the essay will argue or discuss.
Essays are a critical component of college applications—like the personal statement, they provide students with the opportunity to showcase their voice and perspective.
James's argument about the hyper-individualistic and anti-intellectual way of liberal life in the US explains his heavy and explicit debt to Democracy in America (1835, 1840), the 19th-century classic by the French political sociologist Alexis de Tocqueville. In conceiving the republic's history, he adopted a framework that essentially ...
Essays. It is the most frequently asked issue for Aithor. How to use AI to write essays? Choose a type of work (narrative, descriptive, argumentative, or whatnot), define the topic and key points if you have any special requirements, and set other necessary characteristics. The essay will be ready in a couple of moments.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jeap.2024.101428 Corpus ID: 271733158; Analyzing Engagement strategies in argument chain: A comparison between high- and low-scoring EFL undergraduate argumentative essays