Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
- Knowledge Base
- Dissertation
- What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips
What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips
Published on August 25, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on September 5, 2024.
Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation , or research paper , the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research and your dissertation topic .
It should include:
- The type of research you conducted
- How you collected and analyzed your data
- Any tools or materials you used in the research
- How you mitigated or avoided research biases
- Why you chose these methods
- Your methodology section should generally be written in the past tense . Our grammar checker can help ensure consistency in your writing.
- Academic style guides in your field may provide detailed guidelines on what to include for different types of studies.
- Your citation style might provide guidelines for your methodology section (e.g., an APA Style methods section ).
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Table of contents
How to write a research methodology, why is a methods section important, step 1: explain your methodological approach, step 2: describe your data collection methods, step 3: describe your analysis method, step 4: evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made, tips for writing a strong methodology chapter, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about methodology.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
Your methods section is your opportunity to share how you conducted your research and why you chose the methods you chose. It’s also the place to show that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated .
It gives your research legitimacy and situates it within your field, and also gives your readers a place to refer to if they have any questions or critiques in other sections.
You can start by introducing your overall approach to your research. You have two options here.
Option 1: Start with your “what”
What research problem or question did you investigate?
- Aim to describe the characteristics of something?
- Explore an under-researched topic?
- Establish a causal relationship?
And what type of data did you need to achieve this aim?
- Quantitative data , qualitative data , or a mix of both?
- Primary data collected yourself, or secondary data collected by someone else?
- Experimental data gathered by controlling and manipulating variables, or descriptive data gathered via observations?
Option 2: Start with your “why”
Depending on your discipline, you can also start with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology. In other words, why did you choose these methods for your study?
- Why is this the best way to answer your research question?
- Is this a standard methodology in your field, or does it require justification?
- Were there any ethical considerations involved in your choices?
- What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research ? How did you prevent bias from affecting your data?
Once you have introduced your reader to your methodological approach, you should share full details about your data collection methods .
Quantitative methods
In order to be considered generalizable, you should describe quantitative research methods in enough detail for another researcher to replicate your study.
Here, explain how you operationalized your concepts and measured your variables. Discuss your sampling method or inclusion and exclusion criteria , as well as any tools, procedures, and materials you used to gather your data.
Surveys Describe where, when, and how the survey was conducted.
- How did you design the questionnaire?
- What form did your questions take (e.g., multiple choice, Likert scale )?
- Were your surveys conducted in-person or virtually?
- What sampling method did you use to select participants?
- What was your sample size and response rate?
Experiments Share full details of the tools, techniques, and procedures you used to conduct your experiment.
- How did you design the experiment ?
- How did you recruit participants?
- How did you manipulate and measure the variables ?
- What tools did you use?
Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected the material (such as datasets or archival data) that you used in your analysis.
- Where did you source the material?
- How was the data originally produced?
- What criteria did you use to select material (e.g., date range)?
The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions measured on a 7-point Likert scale.
The goal was to collect survey responses from 350 customers visiting the fitness apparel company’s brick-and-mortar location in Boston on July 4–8, 2022, between 11:00 and 15:00.
Here, a customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from the company on the day they took the survey. Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously. In total, 408 customers responded, but not all surveys were fully completed. Due to this, 371 survey results were included in the analysis.
- Information bias
- Omitted variable bias
- Regression to the mean
- Survivorship bias
- Undercoverage bias
- Sampling bias
Qualitative methods
In qualitative research , methods are often more flexible and subjective. For this reason, it’s crucial to robustly explain the methodology choices you made.
Be sure to discuss the criteria you used to select your data, the context in which your research was conducted, and the role you played in collecting your data (e.g., were you an active participant, or a passive observer?)
Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when, and how the interviews were conducted.
- How did you find and select participants?
- How many participants took part?
- What form did the interviews take ( structured , semi-structured , or unstructured )?
- How long were the interviews?
- How were they recorded?
Participant observation Describe where, when, and how you conducted the observation or ethnography .
- What group or community did you observe? How long did you spend there?
- How did you gain access to this group? What role did you play in the community?
- How long did you spend conducting the research? Where was it located?
- How did you record your data (e.g., audiovisual recordings, note-taking)?
Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials for your analysis.
- What type of materials did you analyze?
- How did you select them?
In order to gain better insight into possibilities for future improvement of the fitness store’s product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers.
Here, a returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products at least twice a week from the store.
Surveys were used to select participants. Interviews were conducted in a small office next to the cash register and lasted approximately 20 minutes each. Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also filmed with consent. One interviewee preferred not to be filmed.
- The Hawthorne effect
- Observer bias
- The placebo effect
- Response bias and Nonresponse bias
- The Pygmalion effect
- Recall bias
- Social desirability bias
- Self-selection bias
Mixed methods
Mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. If a standalone quantitative or qualitative study is insufficient to answer your research question, mixed methods may be a good fit for you.
Mixed methods are less common than standalone analyses, largely because they require a great deal of effort to pull off successfully. If you choose to pursue mixed methods, it’s especially important to robustly justify your methods.
Don't submit your assignments before you do this
The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students. Free citation check included.
Try for free
Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed your data. Avoid going into too much detail: you should not start introducing or discussing any of your results at this stage.
In quantitative research , your analysis will be based on numbers. In your methods section, you can include:
- How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g., checking for missing data , removing outliers , transforming variables)
- Which software you used (e.g., SPSS, Stata or R)
- Which statistical tests you used (e.g., two-tailed t test , simple linear regression )
In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images, and observations (often involving some form of textual analysis ).
Specific methods might include:
- Content analysis : Categorizing and discussing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences
- Thematic analysis : Coding and closely examining the data to identify broad themes and patterns
- Discourse analysis : Studying communication and meaning in relation to their social context
Mixed methods combine the above two research methods, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches into one coherent analytical process.
Above all, your methodology section should clearly make the case for why you chose the methods you did. This is especially true if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. In this case, discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding.
In any case, it should be overwhelmingly clear to your reader that you set yourself up for success in terms of your methodology’s design. Show how your methods should lead to results that are valid and reliable, while leaving the analysis of the meaning, importance, and relevance of your results for your discussion section .
- Quantitative: Lab-based experiments cannot always accurately simulate real-life situations and behaviors, but they are effective for testing causal relationships between variables .
- Qualitative: Unstructured interviews usually produce results that cannot be generalized beyond the sample group , but they provide a more in-depth understanding of participants’ perceptions, motivations, and emotions.
- Mixed methods: Despite issues systematically comparing differing types of data, a solely quantitative study would not sufficiently incorporate the lived experience of each participant, while a solely qualitative study would be insufficiently generalizable.
Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you applied them. Again, it’s critical to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated.
1. Focus on your objectives and research questions
The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions .
2. Cite relevant sources
Your methodology can be strengthened by referencing existing research in your field. This can help you to:
- Show that you followed established practice for your type of research
- Discuss how you decided on your approach by evaluating existing research
- Present a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature
3. Write for your audience
Consider how much information you need to give, and avoid getting too lengthy. If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give a lot of background or justification.
Regardless, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.
If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
- Normal distribution
- Measures of central tendency
- Chi square tests
- Confidence interval
- Quartiles & Quantiles
Methodology
- Cluster sampling
- Stratified sampling
- Thematic analysis
- Cohort study
- Peer review
- Ethnography
Research bias
- Implicit bias
- Cognitive bias
- Conformity bias
- Hawthorne effect
- Availability heuristic
- Attrition bias
Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).
In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .
In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.
In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results , discussion and conclusion . The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation , or research proposal .
Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology.
Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.
Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something:
- Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions).
- Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).
If you are doing experimental research, you also have to consider the internal and external validity of your experiment.
A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2024, September 05). What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips. Scribbr. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/
Is this article helpful?
Shona McCombes
Other students also liked, what is a theoretical framework | guide to organizing, what is a research design | types, guide & examples, qualitative vs. quantitative research | differences, examples & methods, get unlimited documents corrected.
✔ Free APA citation check included ✔ Unlimited document corrections ✔ Specialized in correcting academic texts
- My presentations
Auth with social network:
Download presentation
We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to download it, please recommend it to your friends in any social system. Share buttons are a little bit lower. Thank you!
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Lecture Notes on Research Methodology
Published by Eileen Garrison Modified over 6 years ago
Similar presentations
Presentation on theme: "Lecture Notes on Research Methodology"— Presentation transcript:
Introduction to Research Methodology
Sabine Mendes Lima Moura Issues in Research Methodology PUC – November 2014.
Today Concepts underlying inferential statistics
Richard M. Jacobs, OSA, Ph.D.
Research Methodology Lecture 1.
Chapter 12 Inferential Statistics Gay, Mills, and Airasian
Sample Design.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. John W. Creswell Educational Research: Planning,
Magister of Electrical Engineering Udayana University September 2011
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
RESEARCH A systematic quest for undiscovered truth A way of thinking
Research Methodology.
Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application, 9 th edition. Gay, Mills, & Airasian © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Research Seminars in IT in Education (MIT6003) Quantitative Educational Research Design 2 Dr Jacky Pow.
PROCESSING OF DATA The collected data in research is processed and analyzed to come to some conclusions or to verify the hypothesis made. Processing of.
Academic Research Academic Research Dr Kishor Bhanushali M
Question paper 1997.
Chapter 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
Module III Multivariate Analysis Techniques- Framework, Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Conjoint Analysis Research Report.
Chapter 7 Measuring of data Reliability of measuring instruments The reliability* of instrument is the consistency with which it measures the target attribute.
About project
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved.
FULL Research Methodology for PhD Entrance- Full COURSE
Learn with Mayank Gangwar
Certificate of completion
Lifetime access
Master research methodology for PhD entrance exams
This course provides a comprehensive overview of research methodology, specifically designed for students preparing for PhD entrance exams. From understanding the basics of research design to advanced data analysis techniques, participants will strengthen their skills and knowledge to conduct impactful research. Topics covered in this course include formulating research questions, selecting appropriate research methods, conducting literature reviews, collecting and analyzing data, and summarizing research findings. This course is led by experienced instructors who will guide participants through interactive lectures, case studies, and hands-on exercises.
Embark on an electrifying journey of intellectual exploration with our "Research Methodology for PhD Entrance - Full Course"! This course is not just a mere educational program; it's a pulsating beacon of knowledge that will ignite your academic pursuits like never before.
But this course isn't just about high-octane learning; it's about fostering a vibrant intellectual community. Engage in spirited discussions, spar with fellow scholars, and exchange ideas that will reshape the future of academia.
Every module is a pulse-pounding adventure, every lecture an electrifying revelation, and every assignment a thrilling challenge. As you progress through this transformative journey, you'll not only master the art of research but also unlock the hidden potential within yourself.
So, if you're ready to elevate your scholarly aspirations to unprecedented heights, enroll in the "Research Methodology for PhD Entrance - Full Course" today. Join the ranks of fearless innovators, intrepid thinkers, and dynamic scholars who are shaping the future of academia. The course that promises not just knowledge, but an electrifying expedition into the heart of research methodology awaits. Don't miss out on this exhilarating ride to academic glory!
Key Highlights
Understand the key principles of research methodology
Learn different research design strategies
Discover effective data collection and analysis methods
Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills for research
Boost your chances of success in PhD entrance exams
What you will learn
Learning Outcome 1
Gain a solid understanding of research fundamentals, including research questions, objectives, and hypothesis formulation.
Learning Outcome 2
Explore various research designs and their applications, such as experimental, correlational, and qualitative research designs.
Learning Outcome 3
Learn how to conduct literature reviews effectively to identify research gaps, synthesize information, and build a strong theoretical foundation.
Learning Outcome 4
Discover different data collection methods, including surveys, interviews, and observations, and understand their strengths and limitations.
Learning Outcome 5
Develop skills in data analysis using statistical software, interpreting results, and presenting findings in a clear and concise manner.
Learning Outcome 6
Enhance critical thinking abilities and problem-solving skills to overcome research challenges and make informed decisions during the research process.
Learning Outcome 7
Apply the knowledge and skills acquired in this course to excel in PhD entrance exams, increasing your chances of success.
Introduction to Research Methodology
7 attachments • 49 mins
Importance of research methodology
Definition and scope of research methodology
Types of research
Research process
Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION, RESEARCH Problem-Design
PPT Part-1 Introduction
Research Methodology Lecture 1: Ph.D. Entrance Exam 2023 II INTRODUCTION
Sampling Design and Data Collection
5 attachments • 1 hrs
Defining research objectives, Sample Design, Data Collection
Chapter 2-SAMPLING DESIGN & DATA COLLECTION
PPT Part-2 Research Problem
Lecture 2: RESEARCH PROBLEM
Lecture 4-SAMPLING DESIGN & DATA COLLECTION II Ph.D. Entrance Exam II Research Methodology
Data Processing & Analysis
5 attachments • 49 mins
Brief Introduction
PPT Part- 5 Processing & analysing Data
Chapter 3-DATA PROCESSING & ANALYSIS
Lecture 3: RESEARCH DESIGN and DATA II Ph.D. Entrance Exam 2023
Research Methodology II Lecture 5- Processing & Analyzing Data II Ph.D. Entrance Exam 2023
Report Writing
4 attachments • 29 mins
Introduction
PPT Part-6 Report Writing
Chapter 4-REPORT WRITING
Lecture 6- Report Writing & Presentation II Research Methodology for Ph.D. Entrance Exam
Data Analysis & Interpretation
8 attachments • 21 mins
Importance of research ethics
Ethical principles and guidelines
DATA ANALYSIS- Reliability & validity
DATA ANALYSIS-Correlation and Regression
DATA ANALYSIS-Data & error analysis
DATA SOURCE-primary & secondary data
Research Methodology II Lecture 5- Processing & Analysing Data II Ph.D. Entrance Exam 2023
Statistical Methods
6 attachments • 2 mins
Statistical- Mean, Mode, Median
Statistical- Student t Test
IPR and Plagarism
Documentation-IPR (1)
DOCUMENTATION-Plagiarism (1)
PhD Entrance Exam Preparation-University 1
8 attachments • 2 mins
Effective time management
700+ MCQs with Answers
02 (a)- Univ. GU-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs + Answers
02 (b)- Univ. GU-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs + Answers
02 (c)- Univ. GU-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs + Answers
02 (d)- Univ. GU-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs + Answers
02 (e)- Univ. GU-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs + Answers
02 (f)- Univ. GU-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs + Answers
PhD Entrance Exam Preparation-University 2
4 attachments
03 (a)- Univ. RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs
03 (b)- Univ. RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs Answers
03 (c)- Univ. RET-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs Answers
03 (d)- Univ. RET-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs
PhD Entrance Exam Preparation-University 3
2 attachments
04 (a)- Univ. RET-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs - 7 Series
04 (b)- Univ. RET-RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs Answers 7 Series
PhD Entrance Exam Preparation-UGC-NET 9 Years
1 attachment
05- UGC NET 9 Years- MCQs with Answers
PhD Entrance Exam Preparation-University 4
06- Univ. RESEARCH METHODOLIGY MCQs
PhD Entrance Exam Preparation-University 5
01-Univ-CUH-MCQs
01-Univ-CUH-MCQs-Answers
Certification
When you complete this course you receive a ‘Certificate of Completion’ signed and addressed personally by me.
How can I enrol in a course?
Enrolling in a course is simple! Just browse through our website, select the course you're interested in, and click on the "Enrol Now" button. Follow the prompts to complete the enrolment process, and you'll gain immediate access to the course materials.
Can I access the course materials on any device?
Yes, our platform is designed to be accessible on various devices, including computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. You can access the course materials anytime, anywhere, as long as you have an internet connection.
How can I access the course materials?
Once you enrol in a course, you will gain access to a dedicated online learning platform. All course materials, including video lessons, lecture notes, and supplementary resources, can be accessed conveniently through the platform at any time.
Can I interact with the instructor during the course?
Absolutely! we are committed to providing an engaging and interactive learning experience. You will have opportunities to interact with them through our community. Take full advantage to enhance your understanding and gain insights directly from the expert.
About the creator
Rate this Course
216 learners enrolled
This course is in your library
What are you waiting for? It’s time to start learning!
Go to the course
Share this course
https://undefined/courses/FULL-Research-Methodology-for-PhD-Entrance--Full-COURSE-65158e4be4b0389b076e58bb-65158e4be4b0389b076e58bb
We see you’re already enrolled in this course till Lifetime. Do you still wish to enroll again?
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Notes on Research Methodology. Discover the world's research. 25+ million members; ... research in conducted - PhD, MSc, BSc, etc., including so me specifications which may be .
The qualitative methods most commonly used in evaluation can be classified in three broad categories: indepth interview. bservation methods document review The following link provides m. tative.htm#indepthThe Research InstrumentThe research instrument or a tool is desc.
Experimental and Survey Research. (D) On the basis of method of research: On the basis of research method we may classify a research into five different categories. (i) Philosophical Research: It is purely qualitative in nature and we are focusing on the vision of others on the content of research.
Abstract. Academic research is a relatively simple process when a PhD student knows the methodologies, methods and tools that underpin it. Although it is assumed that students holding a master's ...
A research methodology is defined as the study of how scientific research is conducted. According to Mishra and Alok (2022), a research methodology outlines what research is about, how to proceed ...
What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips. Published on August 25, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on September 5, 2024. Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper, the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing ...
RESEARCH METHODS 4.1 Research questions and analysis overview 4.2 Discourse, context and qualitative research 4.2.1 Views of discourse 4.2.2 Qualitative research in language education 4.2.3 Language classroom discourse and participant perspectives 4.3 The study design 4.3.1 The case study approach 4.3.2 Observation 4.3.3 Field notes
Dr. Elizabeth Yardley. Your PhD research methodology is the bedrock of your study so learn how to write and structure your methods chapter in this PhD Survival Guide, which includes examples and templates. The PhD methods chapter can be a tough one to write, because you'll be going back and forth, changing and revising it as you progress ...
Specific statistical methods for many research problems How to learn (or create) new methods (Statistical simulation and programming as practical tools) How to write a publishable scholarly paper The syllabus gives an outline instead of a weekly plan. We will go as fast as possible subject to everyone following along and
New York: Prentice-Hall, 1960. Download ppt "Lecture Notes on Research Methodology". 1 Research Methodology: An Introduction: MEANING OF RESEARCH: Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also define research as a scientific & systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
2 Research Methodology Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment. In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research.
PDF | Research Methodology syllabus for PhD course work Exam | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate ... Note that empirical research into human rights does not reflect on ...
This course is led by experienced instructors who will guide participants through interactive lectures, case studies, and hands-on exercises. Embark on an electrifying journey of intellectual exploration with our "Research Methodology for PhD Entrance - Full Course"! This course is not just a mere educational program; it's a pulsating beacon of ...
Course layout. Week 1: Philosophy of Science (subjective versus objective, materialism versus idealism, causality, etc.) Week 2: Logical Reasoning (inductive logic, deductive logix, syllogistic logic) Week 3: History of development of science and the influence of philosophy. Week 4: What Scientists Actually Do.
PHD. Show all 6 studylists... Best flashcards for this course. 44576676 Research Methods MCQs 2. 16 flashcards. RPE Notes Module 2 - ETR. 9 flashcards. Research methodology Notes. 8 flashcards. 265517584 More Than 2000 Solved MCQs on Research Methods. 14 flashcards. General format of a Research Report.
Final year undergraduate and beginning graduate lecture notes used for the Honour School of Engineering Science and Economics at Oxford and the Statistics Section of the Research Methodology ...
Our commitment to you. Upon graduation with a PhD in research methodology from Loyola, you will possess the following knowledge, skills, and professional values necessary to commence a career as an institutional researcher, evaluator, college professor, or researcher at large professional organizations, testing companies, or consulting agencies that provide educational evaluation services.
The lecture note also includes a number of exercises for the students so that they can examine themselves whether they have understood the topic under consideration. It is assumed that this lecture note on research methodology will be given to health science students who have taken basic Epidemiology and Biostatistics courses.
new. knowledge, validate. existing knowledge, or solve specific problems under Research Methodology using one of the Research Methods. It involves gathering and analysing information, data, and ...
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (R22DHS53) LECTURE NOTES ... Research methodology is a term that basically means the science of how research is done scientifically. It is a way to systematically and logically solve a problem, help us understand the process not just the product of research, and analyzes methods in addition to the information ...