md phd mba

Considering a combined degree: MD-PhD, MD-MBA, MD-MPH, MD-JD

New section.

You may not have known there are dual-degree programs offered by medical schools for students interested in pursuing an additional master’s degree. Learn about the difference between each of these dual-degree programs and why you might consider pursuing one.

While the majority of medical students pursue a traditional MD degree, dual-degree programs are available to students who are interested in pursuing an additional master’s degree in combination with their Doctor of Medicine.

According to the AAMC’s 2018 Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) , approximately 90% of students earn a traditional MD degree, 3% earn an MD-PhD, and the remaining earn a degree from another joint MD degree program with core foundation in medicine and focus in an additional area of interest.

Program description

This combined degree program prepares students to become physician-scientists who conduct research in addition to seeing patients. Most students earn their PhDs in biomedical disciplines such as biochemistry, biomedical engineering, biophysics, cell biology, genetics, immunology, microbiology, neuroscience, or pharmacology.

Application process

MD-PhD committee members will look for evidence of an applicant’s passion for research by reviewing the applicant’s personal statement, research experiences, and letters of evaluation from faculty or researchers with whom the applicant has worked. In particular, committee members want to see relevant and substantive research experience, an understanding of the work of physician-scientists, intellectual drive, and perseverance.

Combined length of programs

Seven to eight years

Education process

The typical program includes two years of combined medical and graduate school coursework, three to five years of doctoral research — including the completion of a thesis project — and a return to medical school for core clinical training and electives during the final years of the curriculum

Almost all U.S. and Canadian medical schools have MD-PhD programs in one or more areas of specialization. You can find a listing of MD-PhD programs available at AAMC member medical schools here .

Career options

Learn more at MD-PhD in the Social Sciences or Humanities: Is It Right For Me?

An MD-MPH program includes a Master of Public Health degree, which typically focuses on population or community health and equips students with the clinical skills and science background needed to effectively understand health and wellness from the perspectives of patients and different community populations. Topics studied include a patient’s ability to afford their medical prescriptions and how to work with communities to implement preventative care practices.

The process varies depending on the program. You may apply while applying to medical school, after being accepted to medical school, or after completing your second year of medical school.

Students can begin the MPH portion of their coursework after their first or second year of medical school. Possible concentrations include Child and Family Health, Environmental Health, Global Health Leadership, Health Education and Promotion, and Public Health Policy.

The MD-MPH prepares graduates to work as physicians in a public health setting, which may include diagnosing health problems and risk factors of individuals and within communities. Graduates use their perspectives to research and identify public health issues and implement an evidence-based approach to health improvement. In addition to clinical practice, MD-MPH degree holders may pursue careers related to disease prevention, health education, research, implementation science, and policy making. Visit  AAMC's Directory of MD-MPH Educational Opportunities for more information.

Health care and business are interconnected. Physicians often make business decisions related to which diagnostic tests to run and understanding which treatments insurance will cover. An MBA also equips physicians with the ability to make important business decisions related to growing their medical practices and determining if their practice can afford the cost of a new machines.

Students may indicate their interest in the MD-MBA joint degree upon being accepted to medical school, but they typically will not apply to the business program until their second year as a medical student. Applicants pursuing an MD-MBA will need to gain admission to the school of business and, in addition to the MCAT, MD-MBA students may be required to complete the GRE or GMAT depending on the business school requirements.

The MD-MBA curriculum incorporates economics, finance, and marketing strategy. Students may complete the first year of the MBA program prior to beginning medical school, and then complete a traditional medical school program.

Graduates from MD-MBA programs can pursue management roles in hospital administration, health care policy research, pharmaceutical or insurance companies, or medical device entrepreneurship with biotech companies. Being able to understand the financial motivations within the health care industry allows those with an MD-MBA to improve the health care system.

Students seeking a deeper understanding of the laws impacting the practice of medicine may benefit from a MD-JD program. These programs are designed for medical students who wish to integrate their study of medicine with training in the legal field.

Students will need to gain admission into the JD program at the law school through a separate application process. They may apply to law school during the second year of their MD program and will need to complete the LSAT exam. The LSAT is offered multiple time a year.

Combined length of program

Typically, students will be enrolled in a MD program for the first two years of their education before pursuing a JD during the third and fourth years. Students may complete their remaining MD and JD coursework during their fifth and sixth years.

Graduates with JD-MD degree may opt to work in academia, government, or in the private sector pursuing careers in health policy, biotechnology, or bioethics. The law curriculum prepares those who choose to practice medicine for the legal aspects of running a private medical practice.

More information in the MSAR

If you’re interested in schools with combined-degree programs, you can search the Medical School Admissions Requirements for a list of schools with programs you are interested in for free. Even without a subscription, you can search by program and narrow the search by location, campus type, and then view each program’s contact information and website.

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The MD/MBA dual degree program allows you to pursue an MBA at Stanford GSB and an MD from the Stanford School of Medicine in five or six academic years of residence, based on academic plans approved by your MD advising dean.

Degree Requirements

You must fulfill the degree requirements for the dual degree program as outlined in the academic policies from each school for the year in which you began the required curriculum.

5 Year Path to Completion

6 Year Path to Completion

*Per Stanford School of Medicine policy, MD students should be in good academic standing at the School of Medicine. MD students should follow School of Medicine dual degree policies to receive approval to matriculate in the MBA Program. Students also must receive an overall pass on Step 1 of the USMLE within 12 months of the start of clinical clerkships. It is highly recommended that MD/MBAs take their Step 1 exam prior to starting at Stanford GSB.

Applying for the MD/MBA

You may apply in any round for this dual degree program.

You must apply separately, and be accepted, to both the Stanford School of Medicine and Stanford GSB.

Due to important milestones in the first two years of the MD program, we strongly advise that you apply to the MBA program in your second or third year of medical school. If you apply in your first or second year of medical school, you may be eligible to defer your enrollment.

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A joint degree with Harvard Medical School.

In recognition of the critical need for leaders educated in the intellectual disciplines and practices of medicine and management, Harvard Medical School (HMS) and Harvard Business School (HBS) established the MD/MBA program and enrolled its first students in the fall of 2005.

The program's mission is to develop outstanding physician leaders, skilled in both medicine and management, to take positions of influence through which they will contribute substantially to the health and well-being of individuals and society. Participants are strongly encouraged to enter and complete a medical residency, or other kind of postgraduate clinical training, upon graduation from the joint degree program. MD/MBA graduates are expected to provide the informed leadership necessary for innovation and progress at the intersection of medicine and business. The opportunity to combine these disciplines drives the enthusiasm of faculty and the ambitions of degree candidates.

MD/MBA Student & Alumni Stories  

My One Case: MBA Class of 2023 Looks Back

• 07 Jun 2023
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The MBA Class of 2022 Looks Back

• 09 Jun 2022

Exploring the Intersection of Business & Health Care: Summer Fellow Derek Soled (MD/MBA 2022)

• 29 Jul 2021

Admissions & Financial Aid  

Frequently asked questions  .

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Joint and Dual Degrees

Tuck's joint and dual degrees provide additional options for students who wish to customize their education..

Tuck allows students the flexibility to work toward two degrees concurrently in order to tailor their education to their specific interests and career aspirations. In addition to those listed here, you may also design your own specialized degree programs in association with other schools.

For more information on joint and dual degrees contact Tuck's registrar .

Joint Degrees Within Dartmouth College

The Geisel School of Medicine and the Tuck School of Business offer students an opportunity to pursue combined MD/MBA degrees that can be completed in either five or six years. In a time of tremendous change in health care, there is a growing need for leaders with expertise in both medicine and management. This joint-degree program is designed to open pathways for leadership roles in diverse areas and industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotech, health care related entrepreneurial ventures, governmental health programs, health related nonprofits, hospital management, HMO management, large practice management, health care policy formation, and medical school administration, to name a few. Candidates for the joint degree must complete the separate admission and financial aid application processes at both the Geisel School and Tuck. There is no formula for admission to the combined program. Decisions are based on a combination of the following factors: academic excellence, leadership ability, accomplishments, interpersonal skills, and diversity. Although almost all Tuck students have work experience before they enroll, this is not a prerequisite for admission to this joint-degree program. It is recommended that applicants apply to Tuck during their second year at Geisel.

The Geisel School of Medicine is dedicated to improving health care through education, research, policy reform, leadership improvement, and communication with patients and the public. Geisel's Master of Public Health (MPH) curriculum is designed to provide every student with the fundamental skills, knowledge base, and philosophical foundation in health policy and clinical practice, with specific attention paid to public health, clinical/health services research, or health care leadership. The MPH/MBA joint degree offered with the Tuck School prepares graduates to take on leadership positions in both the public and private sectors of the health care industry.

The PhD/MBA joint degree program offers the unique opportunity for PhD students at Dartmouth College to finish off their training with management education. The joint degree aims to produce individuals who are not only thoroughly trained in a scientific discipline but also possess fundamental business and entrepreneurial skills. The program is currently only available to PhD students at Dartmouth. Students must apply to and be admitted to the MBA program. The PhD experience will be counted as post-bachelors degree work experience. Matriculating students must enter with the regular Tuck class in the fall and complete the required first-year Tuck core curriculum. Students are expected to participate in an internship during the summer between their first and second Tuck years, to reinforce the MBA experience. Courses taken during the PhD program will be counted as the equivalent of one term's worth of electives. While application and admission to the MBA program can occur at any point while enrolled in the PhD program, it's recommended that students apply in the third or fourth year of their program. Students are encouraged to meet with advisors for the PhD/MBA Program, including deans Joe Hall at Tuck, Ian Baker of Thayer, or Kerry Landers of the Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies. It is important that PhD students show strong academic ability as well as demonstrated potential for leadership, and they should be able to articulate well why the MBA degree will help them achieve their goals.

MEM/MBA and MBA/MEng

Students interested in tailoring their experience to gain both the management skills taught at the Tuck School of Business and the technical skills taught at the Thayer School of Engineering will benefit from one of these joint degrees. The programs are intended to develop leaders for careers that combine engineering/technology and business management. They are appropriate for students with an undergraduate degree in, or pre-Tuck experience in, engineering or science. The MBA/MEM program requires two years plus two terms to complete (summer and fall). The MBA/MEng program can be completed in two years. Students wishing to add a technical curriculum that overlays leadership, management, communication and collaboration will benefit from the MEM. Those looking to add depth or specialized knowledge within a technical area of study should consider the MEng. Candidates must complete the separate admission and financial aid application processes at each school.

Dual Degrees with Other Institutions

The three-year MBA/MA in International Relations dual degree program between the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University and the Tuck School of Business has been designed to prepare students for careers that combine international relations and business management.  The program is particularly appropriate for students who are seeking management positions within international corporations, financial institutions, economic and development institutions and government agencies.  The need is clear for individuals in these positions to have a sophisticated understanding of both international affairs and management issues.

The three-year MBA/MALD dual degree program between the Fletcher School at Tufts University and the Tuck School of Business is also designed to prepare students for careers that combine international relations and business management. The program is particularly appropriate for students who are seeking management positions within international corporations, financial institutions, economic and development institutions and government agencies.  The need is clear for individuals in these positions to have a sophisticated understanding of both international affairs and management issues.  Note: Tuck also has an exchange program with the Fletcher School (see Exchange Programs ).

The MBA/MCEP dual degree with nearby Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS) enables students to earn the two degrees concurrently. Climate change, wildlife protection, and alternative energy are just a few of the critical issues facing the world today. Vermont Law and Graduate School and its Master of Climate and Environmental Policy program are leading the movement to address these issues. The MCEP program gives students a comprehensive knowledge of the policies shaping the solutions to these problems and prepares graduates for leadership positions in the public and private sectors. Experiential learning opportunities with state and federal agencies, advocacy groups, and international organizations ensure that MCEP graduates are prepared for real-world situations the first day on the job. VLGS courses are delivered either on campus or online.

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The MBA/MPA and MBA/MPA/ID (Master in Public Administration in International Development) dual degrees between the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Tuck School of Business are designed to enhance the knowledge and skills of established professionals seeking further leadership responsibilities in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors, and to prepare the next generation of leaders in international development. Dual degree candidates must complete the entire Tuck core curriculum as well as three semesters at the Kennedy School.

The MBA/MPP dual degree between the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Tuck School of Business prepares students to understand complex policy problems and to craft concrete solutions. In addition to completing the full-year core curriculum plus two terms at Tuck, MBA/MPP candidates are also required to complete the full-year core curriculum at the Kennedy School, plus one semester (including the Policy Analysis Exercise).  Candidates in this dual degree program can apply their core training, policy interests, and functional skills to roles and organizations across the public and nonprofit sectors.

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Julie g. pilitsis, md, phd, mba.

• MD, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 1998
• PhD, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 2002
• MBA, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, 2021
• Wayne State University, Neurosurgery, Detroit, Michigan, 1998 - 1999
• Wayne State University, Neurosurgery, Detroit, Michigan, 1998 - 2006
• Rush University Medical Center, Functional Neurosurgery, Chicago, Illinois, 2006 - 2007
• American Board of Neurological Surgery, 01/01/2022 - 12/31/2031
• American Board of Neurological Surgery, 11/02/2011 - 12/31/2021

E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA

Former dean and university executive vice president carti endowed professor, obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences director, center for advanced research training and innovation (carti) senior scientist, center for birth defects research, umsom.

Academic Title:

Primary Appointment:

Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences

Administrative Title:

Director, Center for Advanced Research Training & Innovation (CARTI)

[email protected]

MSTF Building, Room 3-19

Phone (Primary):

(410) 706-5086

Education and Training

Dr. Reece completed a Bachelor of Science degree with honors (Magna Cum Laude) from Long Island University; a M.D. degree from New York University School of Medicine; a Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from the University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica; and a MBA degree from the Fox School of Business & Management of Temple University. He completed an internship and residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University Medical Center, and a postdoctoral fellowship in Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Yale University School of Medicine.

E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA, is the former Executive Vice President for Medical Affairs, UM Baltimore; Professor and former Dean of the University of Maryland of the School of Medicine. He is also a professor in the departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. He is a member of the prestigious National Academy of Medicine (NAM).

Originally from Jamaica, West Indies, Dr. Reece completed a Bachelor of Science degree with honors (Magna Cum Laude) from Long Island University; a M.D. degree from New York University School of Medicine; a Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from the University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica; and a MBA degree from the Fox School of Business & Management of Temple University. He completed an internship and residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University Medical Center, and a postdoctoral fellowship in Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Yale University School of Medicine. He remained on the full-time faculty at Yale for almost 10 years, during which he served as Clinical Instructor from '82 to '84; Assistant Professor from '84 to '87; and received accelerated promotion to Associate Professor in 1987. In November 1990, at the age of 39, he was recruited by Temple University to serve as the Abraham Roth Professor and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences. Between 2001 and 2006, he served as Vice Chancellor of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and dean of the College of Medicine. In 2006, he was recruited by the University of Maryland to serve in his current capacity. In 2010, Dr. Reece served as Acting President of the University of Maryland.

In addition to his administrative responsibilities, Dean Reece is actively involved in research and education (see "Research Interests" below). He is a sought after Visiting Professor and Lecturer at numerous institutions both nationally and internationally. He has also published extensively in the scientific literature: 12 books including revisions; 5 monographs; and more than 500 articles, chapters, and abstracts. He recently served as Chair of the Council of Deans of the Association of American Medical Colleges. He serves or has served on many governmental and civic organizations and committees such as, the FDA, the IOM, the NIH, the Secretary of Health & Human Services Committee on Infant Mortality, The March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, the Massachusetts General Hospital Scientific Advisory Committee, the Board (Chairman) of the Nelly Berman Classical Music Institute, and the Agnes Irwin School for Girls. He receives numerous special recognitions and awards including, the Distinguished Leadership Award in 2009 and the 2010 Berson Medical Alumni Achievement Award in Health Sciences from his alma mater, New York University School of Medicine, and the 2010 Distinguished Service Award from Loma Linda University.

Dean Reece is married to Sharon Reece, MA, JD, LLM, a visiting associate professor of Law at the University of Maryland School of Law. They have three daughters: Kelie (PhD); Brynne (DDS), and Sharon-Andrea (JD).

Research/Clinical Keywords

Pregnancy, Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis

Additional Publication Citations

• Leguizamon G, Reece EA :  Effect of medical therapy on progressive nephropathy: influence of prenancy, diabetes and hypertension.  J Matern-Fetal Med 9(1):70-8, 2000.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ:  Why do diabetic women deliver malformed infants?  Clin Ob & Gyn 43(1):32-45, 2000.
• Dang K, Homko C, Reece EA :  Factors associated with fetal macrosomia in offspring of gestational diabetic women.  J Matern-Fetal Med 9(2):114-7, 2000.
• Makhoul IR, Goldstein I, Epelman M, Tamir A, Reece EA , Sujov P:  Neonatal transverse cerebellar diameter in normal and growth restricted infants.  J Matern-Fetal Med 9(3):155-60, 2000.
• Wiznitzer A, Furman B, Zuili I, Shany S, Reece EA , Mazor M:  Cord leptin level and fetal macrosomia.  Obstet Gynecol 96(5 Pt 1):707-13, Nov 2000.
• Homko C, Sivan E, Chen X, Reece EA , Boden G:  Insulin secretion during and after pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):568-73, Feb 2001.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA :  To screen or not to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus.  The clinical quagmire.  Clin Perinatol 28(2):407-17, Jun 2001.  Review.
• Sivan E, Weisz B, Homko CJ, Reece EA , Schiff E:  One or two hours post-prandial glucose measurements: are they the same?  Am J Obstet & Gynecol 185(3)604-7, 2001.
• Goldstein I, Tamir A, Reece EA :  The fetal superior cerebellar vermian width in normal, growth restricted and macrosomic fetuses.  J Maternal-Fetal Med 10(1):23-7, 2001.
• Wiznitzer A, Reece EA , Furman B, Homko C, Gakman R, Mazor M, Levy J:  Fetal serum levels of insulin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in concordant and discordant twin gestations.  J Maternal-Fetal Med 10(4):236-40, 2001.
• Reece EA : Clinical Trials Report: The effect of pregnancy and glycemic controls in diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 2(4):325-6, August 2002.
• Reece EA , Lequizamon G, Silva J, Whiteman V, Smith D:  Intensive interventional maternity care reduces infant morbidity and hospital costs.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 11:204-10, 2002.
• Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece EA :  The impact of self-monitoring of blood glucose on self-efficacy and pregnancy outcomes in women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes.  Diabetes Educator 28(3):435-43, 2002.
• Goldstein I, Reece EA , Tamir A:  Cerebellar growth in normal fetuses of multiple gestations. J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 11:188-91, 2002.
• Reece EA , Ma XD, Wu YK, Dhanasekaran D:  Aberrant patterns of cellular communication in diabetes-induced embryopathy I: membrane signalling.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 11(4):249-53, 2002.
• Reece EA , Maulik D:  A consensus conference of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of North America.  (editorial) J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 12(6):361, 2002.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA :  Self-monitoring of blood glucose in gestational diabetes.  Review.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 12(6):389-95, 2002.
• Reece EA , Homko C, Miodovnik M, Langer O:  A consensus report of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of North America Conference (Little Rock, Arkansas, May 2002).  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 12(6):362-4, 2002.
• Leguizamon G, Krupitzki H, Glujovsky D, Ravasi MO, Reece EA :  Blood glucose monitoring in gestational diabetes mellitus: 1- versus 2-h blood glucose determinations.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 12(6):384-8, 2002.
• Khandelwal M, Kumanova M, Gaughan JP, Reece EA :  Role of diltiazem in pregnant women with chronic renal disease.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 12(6):408-12, 2002.
• Sung NS, Crowley WF, Genel M, Salber P, Sandy L, Sherwood LM, Johnson SB, Catanese V, Tilson H, Getz K, Larson EL, Scheinberg D, Reece EA , Slavkin H, Dobs A, Grebb J, Martinez RA, Korn A, Rimoin D:  Central challenges facing the national clinical research enterprise.  JAMA 289(10):1278-87, 2003.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA :  Clinical Trials Report: Development of early-onset type 2 diabetes in the young: implications for child bearing.  Current Diabetes Reports 3(4):313-8, August 2003.
• Kim SY, Khandelwal M, Gaughan JP, Agar MH, Reece EA :  Is intrapartum biophysical profile useful?  Obstet Gynecol 102(3):471-6, September 2003.
• Reece EA :  Synopsis of the North American Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group Conference in Little Rock, Arkansas, May 2003.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med 15(1):1-5, 2004 (Editorial).
• Homko CJ, Sivan E, Reece EA :  Is there a role for oral antihyperglycemics in gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy?  Treat Endocrinol 3(3):133-9, 2004.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ:  Pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy.  UpToDate , 2004.
• Crowley WF, Sherwood L, Salber P, Scheinberg D, Slavkin H, Tilson H, Reece EA , Catanese V, Johnson SB, Dobs A, Genel M, Korn A, Reame N, Bonow R, Grebb J, Rimoin D:  Clinical research in the United States at a crossroads: proposal for a novel public-private partnership to establish a national clinical research enterprise.  JAMA 291(9):1120-6, 2004.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA :  Clinical Trials Report: Increased fetal adiposity and increased obesity.  Current Diabetes Reports 4(4):263-5, August 2004.
• Reece EA , Wu YK, Dhanasekaran D:  Aberrant patterns of cellular communication in diabetes-induced embryopathy in rats II: apoptotic pathways.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol 192(3):967-72, March 2005.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ:  How, when, and why to test for gestational diabetes mellitus.  Contemporary OB/GYN 50(8):42-52, August 2005.
• Kupersmith J, Sung N, Genel M, Slavkin H, Califf R, Bonow R, Sherwood L, Reame N, Catanese V, Baase C, Feussner J, Dobs A, Tilson H, Reece EA :  Creating a new structure for research on health care effectiveness.  Journal of Investigative Medicine 53(2):67-72, March 2005. 
• Green NS, Damus K, Simpson JL, Iams J, Reece EA , Hobel CJ, Merkatz IR, Greene M,   Schwarz RH, March of Dimes Scientific Advisory Committee on Prematurity:  Research agenda for preterm birth: recommendations from the March of Dimes.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol 193:626-35, September 2005.
• Zhao Z, Reece EA :  Experimental mechanisms of diabetic embryopathy and strategies for developing therapeutic interventions.  J of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 12(8):549-57, December 2005.
• Zhao Z, Reece EA :  Nicotine-induced embryonic malformations mediated by apoptosis from increasing intracellular calcium and oxidative stress.  Birth Defects Research (Part B), Developmental Reproductive Toxicology, 74:383-91, 2005.
• Reece EA , Wu YK, Zhao Z, Dhanasekaran D:  Dietary vitamin and lipid therapy rescues aberrant signaling and apoptosis and prevents hyperglycemia-induced diabetic embryopathy in rats.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol 194(2):580-5, February 2006.
• Murillo H, Reece EA , Snyderman R, Sung N:  Meeting the challenges facing clinical research: solutions proposed by leaders of medical specialty and clinical research societies.  Acad Med 81(2):107-12, February 2006.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA :  Metformin in pregnancy: Ready or not!  Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes, 13(2): 185-190, April 2006.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA :  Insulins and oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancy.  J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med, 19(11): 679-686, November 2006.
• Reece EA , Ji I, Wu YK, Zhao Z:  Characterization of differential gene expression profiles in diabetic embryopathy using DNA microarray analysis.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol , 195(4):1075-80, October 2006.
• Rasouli N, Kern PA, Reece EA , Elbein SC: Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on {beta}-cell function in non-diabetic subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes.  Am J Physiol Endocrino Metab , 292: E359-E365, 2007.  First published Sep 12, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00221.2006.
• Murillo H, Reece, EA : Solutions and strategies from medical and nursing school leadership for the challenges facing the clinical research enterprise.  Acad Med , 82(7):625-632, July 2007.
• Unal R, Ahmed BA, Jeffus BC, Harney JT, Lyle CS, Wu Y-K, Chambers TC, Reece EA , Kilic F: At diabetes-like concentration, glucose down-regulates the placental serotonin transport system in a cell-cycle dependent manner.  J Neurochemistry ; 101(4):937-948, May 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04469.x.
• Green NS, Simpson JL, Lockwood CJ, Greene MF, Reece EA , Cohen H, Gibbs R, Schwarz R, Frigoletto F, March of Dimes Scientific Advisory Committee on Prematurity:  The Imperative of a Biobank for Research on Preterm Birth.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol ; (under review).
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Gestational diabetes and threshold – specific outcomes.  Curr Diab Rep ; 7(4):279-80, August 2007.
• Yang P, Zhao Z, Reece EA : Involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) activation in diabetic embryopathy: pharmacological and genetic evidence.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.023.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Prepegnancy care and the prevention of fetal malformations in the pregnancy complicated by diabetes.  Clin Obstet & Gynecol ; 50(4): 990-7, Dec 2007.
• Leguizamon G, Igarzabal ML, Reece, EA : Periconceptional care of women with diabetes.  Obstet & Gynecol North Am ; 34(2):225-39, June 2007.
• Reece EA , Murillo H: What’s in a Name? A paradigm shift for non-basic research.  J Investig Med ; 55(5): July 2007.
• Lowery C, Bronstein J, McGhee J, Ott R, Reece EA , Mays GP:  ANGELS and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences paradigm for distant obstetrical care delivery. Am J Obstet & Gynecol ; 196(6):534-36, June 2007.
• Reece EA, Homko CJ:  Pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy.  UpToDate , 2007.
• Reece EA :  University of Maryland School of Medicine. Acad Med ; 82(11): 1021, Nov 2007.
• Reece EA : Global Health and the University of Maryland School of Medicine: a legacy of excellence and commitment. Md Med ; 8(13): 15-16, Summer 2007
• Correa A, Gilboa S, Besser LM, Botto L, Moore CA, Hobbs CA, Cleves M, Colarusso T, Waller K, Reece EA : Diabetes mellitus and birth defects. Am J Obstet & Gyneco 2008; 199:237.e1-237.e9, Sep 2008.
• Reece EA : Obesity, diabetes, and links to congenital defects: A review of the evidence and recommendations for intervention. J Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Med , 21:3, 173-180, Jan 2008.
• Yang P, Zhao Z, Reece EA : Activation of oxidative stress signaling implicated in apoptosis using a mouse model of diabetic embryopathy.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol ; 198(1):130, Jan 2008.
• Yang P, Zhao Z, Reece EA : Blockade of JNK activation abrogates hyperglycemia-induced yolk sac vasculopathy in vitro.  Am J Obstet & Gynecol ; Jan 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
• Reece EA : Perspectives on obesity, pregnancy and birth outcomes in the United States: the scope of the problem. Am J Obstet & Gynecol ; 198(1): 23-27, Jan 2008.
• Reece EA , Nugent O, Wheeler RP, Smith CW, Hough AJ, Winter C: Adapting industry-style business model to academia in a system of performance-based incentive compensation. Acad Med ; 83(1): 76-84, Jan 2008.
• Zhao Z, Wu Y-K, Reece EA :  Demonstation of the essential role of protein kinase C isoforms in hyperglycemia-induced embryonic malformations.  Reprod Sci .; 15(4), Apr 2008.
• Reece EA . In the search for genes responsible for neural tube defects, glucose metabolism matters. Reprod Sci ; 15(1): 7-8, January 2008.
• Correa A, Gilboa S, Besser LM, Botto L, Moore CA, Hobbs CA, Cleves M, Riehle-Colarusso T, Waller K, Reece EA : Diabetes mellitus and birth defects. Am J Obstet & Gynecol ; September 2008; 237.e1:237.e9.
• Zhao Z, Yang P, Eckert RL, Reece EA : Caspase-8 – A key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy.  Birth Defects Res B ; 86(1): 72-77, Feb 2009.
• Reece EA , Leguizamon G, Wiznitzer A: Gestational diabetes: the need for a common ground.  Lancet 2009; 373: 1789-97.
• Reece EA . The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23:199-203.
• Zhao Z, Yang P, Eckert RL, Reece EA : Diabetic embryopathy: toward delineating the molecular mechanisms.  Physiol. Rev (Submitted).
• Reece EA , Coustan DR (Editors):  Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy: Principles and Practice, New York, Churchill-Livingstone, 1988.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Petrie RH (Editors):  Medicine of the Fetus and Mother, Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1992.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Petrie RH (Editors):  A Study Guide for Medicine of the Fetus and Mother, Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1992.
• Reece EA , Goldstein I, Hobbins JC:  Fundamentals in Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasound, Norwalk, Appleton & Lange, 1993.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Petrie RH (Editors): Handbook of Medicine of the Fetus & Mother, Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1995.
• Reece EA , Coustan DR (Editors): Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition.  New York, Churchill-Livingstone, 1995.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC (Editors): Medicine of the Fetus and Mother, 2nd Edition.  Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1999.
• Reece EA , Coustan DR, Gabbe SG (Editors): Diabetes in Women: Adolescence, Pregnancy, and Menopause, 3rd Edition.  Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC (Editors): Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus & Mother, 3rd Edition. Oxford, England, Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC (Editors):  A Handbook of Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus & Mother, 3rd Edition.  Oxford, England, Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC (Editors):  A Question-and-Answer Booklet for Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus & Mother, 3rd Edition.  Oxford, England, Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
• Reece EA , Barbieri R (Editors): Obstetrics & Gynecology: The Clinical Essentials. Stuttgart, Germany, Thieme Publishing, (in press).

eBook Version

• Reece EA : Clinical Obstetrics – Handbook, 002; ISBN: 1405156090. Oxford, England, Blackwell Publishing (in press).

Invited Chapters

• Reece EA , Hobbins JC: Ultrasonography and diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. In: The Principles and Practice of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Sander R, James AE Jr (eds), New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1985.
• Hayslett JP, Reece EA : Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. In: Clinics in Perinatology. Quilligan E, Zuspan F (eds.), 12:539-50, 1985.
• Reece EA , Antoine C, Montgomery J: The fetus as the final arbiter of intrauterine stress and distress. In: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 29:23-32, 1986.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC: Management decisions in obstetrics. In: Diagnostic Ultrasound Applied to Obstetrics and Gynecology. Sabbagha RE (ed), Philadelphia, Lippincott Company, pp 54-9, 1987.
• Reece EA , Assimakopoulos E: Lupus in pregnancy. In: Current Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology . Quilligan E, Zuspan F (eds), (2nd Edition) pp 279-283, 1990.
• Reece EA : Management of hydrocephalus. In: Current Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology . Quilligan E, Zuspan F (eds), (2nd Edition) pp 325-329, 1990.
• Reece EA , Quintero, R: The management of overt diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. In: American Diabetes Association Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Pregnancy , 1991.
• Reece EA , Hobbins JC: Embryoscopy: An evolving technology for early prenatal diagnosis. In: The Embryo: Normal and Abnormal Development and Growth . Chapman M (ed), pp 123-140, 1991.
• Reece EA , Assimakopoulos E: Coronary artery disease in pregnancy. In: Principles and Practice of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy . Gleisher N (ed), pp 817-822, Norwalk, Appleton & Lange, 1992.
• Rothmensch S, Reece EA , Hobbins JC: Embryoscopy and Fetoscopy. In: The Textbook of Operative Obstetrics . Iffy L, Apuzzio JJ, Vintzileos AM (eds), (2nd Edition). New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp 114-123, 1992.
• Reece EA : Embryoscopy. In: The First 12 Weeks of Gestation: A New Frontier for Investigation and Intervention . Barnea ER, Hustin J, Jaumiaux E (eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp 376-392, 1992.
• Viscarello RR, DeGennaro NJ, Reece EA : The fetus of the diabetic mother. In: The High Risk Fetus . Chin-Chiu Lin, Verp M, Sabbagha R (eds), Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 1993.
• Reece EA , Pinter E, Naftolin F: Mammalian models of injury of the yolk sac. In: The Human Yolk Sac and Yolk Sac Tumors . Nogales (ed), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1993.
• Reece EA : Diabetes-induced birth defects: Pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis. In: Obstetrical Ultrasonography . Chervenak F, Campbell S (eds), 1993.
• Reece EA , Wiznitzer A, Blake D: Peripartum ultrasonography. In: Diagnostic Ultrasound Applied to Obstetrics and Gynecology . Sabbagha RE (ed), (3rd Edition). J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, 1993.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ, Wiznitzer A: Fetal response to hypoglycemic conditions. In: Frontiers in Endocrinology : Metabolism in the Female Life Cycle. Diamond MP, Naftolin F (eds), (Volume 1). Ares-Serono Symposia, Rome, Italy, 1993.
• Pinter E, Reece EA , Naftolin F: Organogenetic Defects. Diabetes-associated congenital malformations: Experimental methods of induction and prevention. In: Frontiers in Endocrinology: Metabolism in the Female Life Cycle . Diamond MP, Naftolin F (eds), (Volume 1). Ares-Serono Symposia, Rome, Italy, 1993.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ, Wiznitzer A: Hypoglycemia in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus: Maternal and fetal considerations. In: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology . Pitkin RM, Scott JR (eds). J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, 1994.
• Hayslett JP, Reece EA : Managing diabetic patients with nephropathy and other vascular complications: Bailliere's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 8(2):405-24. Bailliere Tindall, London, England, 1994.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Management of pregnant women with diabetes. In: Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders . Lebovitz HE (ed), (2nd Edition). American Diabetes Association, Inc., Alexandria, VA, pp. 17-24, 1994.
• Hagay Z, Reece EA : Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and genetic counseling. In: Maternal Genetic Disease . Isada NB, Drugan A, Johnson MP, Evans MI (eds), Stamford, Appleton & Lange, 1996.
• Mastrogiannis DS, Reece EA : Tocolytic therapy and preterm labor. In: Intensive Care of the Fetus and Neonate . Spitzer AR (ed). Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, MO, pp. 211-20, 1996.
• Reece EA : High risk pregnancy. In: Diabetes-in-Pregnancy . Mammapolis M, Farmakides G (eds). University Studio Press, pp. 299-310, 1996.
• Reece EA : Metabolic fuels in diabetic women: Embryogenesis and embryopathy. In: Genetic Disorders and Pregnancy Outcome . Platt LD, Koch R, de la Cruz F (eds). London, Parthenon Publishing Group, pp. 121-135, 1997.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Management of pregnant women with diabetes. In: Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders . Lebovitz HE (ed), (3rd Edition). American Diabetes Association, Inc., Alexandria, VA, pp. 27-38, 1998.
• Reece EA , Wiznitzer A: Fetal Anomalies. In: Encyclopedia of Reproduction , Vol 2, pp 279-285, 1998.
• Reece EA : Coronary artery disease in pregnancy. In: Principles and Practice of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy . Gleisher N (ed), (3rd Edition). Norwalk, Appleton & Lange, pp 968-973, 1998.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Management of pregnant women with diabetes. In: Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders (3rd Edition). Lebovitz HE (ed). American Diabetes Association, Inc., Alexandria, VA, pp. 27-38, 1998.
• Homko C, Reece EA : Ambulatory Care of the Pregnant Woman with Diabetes. In: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology . Lippincott-Raven, Vol 41, No.3:584-596, 1999.
• Plante L, Reece EA : The hypertensive diabetic woman. In: Hypertension in Women . Sabai BM (ed), W.B. Saunders, pp. 139-163, 2001.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Metabolism of Maternal Fuels in Pregnancy. In: The Physiologic Basis of Gynecology and Obstetrics . Seifer DB, Samuels P, Kniss DA (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 502-512, 2001.
• Homko CJ, Reece EA : To screen or not to screen for gestational diabetes mellitis: The clinical quagmire. In: Clinics in Perinatology . Evans MI (ed). Saunders, pp. 407-418, 2001.
• Homko C, Reece EA : Ambulatory care of the pregnant woman with diabetes. In: Ambulatory Obstetrics . Washington Clark Hill. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, pp. 135-155, 2002.
• Reece EA : Endoscopic access to the fetal circulation in the first trimester for diagnostic and operative fetoscopy. In: Diagnostic and Operative Fetoscopy . Quintero RA (ed). Parthenon Publishing, pp. 21-26, 2002.
• Reece EA , Homko CJ: Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. In: Danforth’s Obstetrics & Gynecology . Gibbs R, Haney A, Karlan B, Scott J (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (in press).
• Reece EA , Homko C: Management of pregnant women with diabetes. In: ADA’s Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Conditions . Lebovitz HE (ed). American Diabetes Association (in press).
• Lowery CL, Reece EA : Diagnosis and treatment of preterm labor. In: Intensive Care of the Fetus and Neonate . Spitzer AR (ed), (2nd Edition). Elsevier-Mosby, Philadelphia, pp.
• Reece EA , Vintzileos AM: First-trimester embryofetoscopy. In: The Textbook of Operative Obstetrics . Apuzzio JJ, Vintzileos AM, Iffy L (eds), (3rd Edition). The Parthenon Publishing Group Limited, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group: Lancaster, United Kingdom, pp. 33-30, 2006.
• Reece EA : Afterword: Looking Forward with Much Anticipation! In: Technical Reviews and Consensus Recommendations for Care on Management of Preexisting Diabetes and Pregnancy. Kitzmiller JL (ed). American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA, 2007.
• Reece EA, Homko CJ: Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy. In: Danforth’s Obstetrics & Gynecology. Gibbs R, Haney A, Karlan B, Scott J (eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (in press).

Research Interests

His research focuses on diabetes in pregnancy, birth defects and prenatal diagnosis. He directs an NIH multi-million dollar research laboratory group studying the bio-molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced birth defects. His laboratory has determined that there are specific cytoarchitectural changes at the epithelial level of the cell associated with these anomalies. Biochemical changes include depletion in membrane lipids and phospholipids as well as excess “free radicals." His group is now studying the molecular mechanisms, and methods to prevent these anomalies. He and his colleagues have also developed the technique of embryofetoscopy for early prenatal diagnosis and eventually for curative fetal therapy.

Links of Interest

Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group Biennial Meeting 2015 Dean Reece Named Acting President of UMB

IU School of Medicine’s MD curriculum trains well-rounded physicians by holistically incorporating training in basic sciences, clinical care, hospital system sciences, ethics and more. Yet some students want more. Pursuing a dual degree allows these students to adjust the traditional four-year MD education schedule to complete an additional complementary degree such as a PhD, MBA, JD, MPH or MS.

Students enrolled in MD dual degree programs first complete Phase 1 (pre-clinical education) of the MD curriculum . At the end of Phase 1, dual degree students transition to their graduate programs to complete those degree requirements. Dual degree students return to the MD program to begin clinical clerkships at the conclusion of their graduate degree.

The process for pursuing dual degrees is highly customized for each student at IU School of Medicine. Students interested in pursuing a dual degree work one-on-one with a lead advisor and the Mentoring and Advising Program (MAP)  team to craft a personalized plan of study. Many dual degree plans coordinate with the MD curriculum, often reducing the additional time required to complete both degrees.

Dual Admissions

Medical scientist training program (md/phd).

The Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) at IU School of Medicine prepares future leaders in academic medicine and medical research. The program centers on an integrated curriculum  that blends a rigorous education in medicine with intensive training in scientific inquiry. Graduates of the program earn both a MD and a PhD, signifying their expertise in both clinical practice and scientific research.

Learn more about the Medical Scientist Training Program .

An MD/JD dual degree is useful for students interested in learning more about health law or pursuing a career in academic medicine. Students interested in a MD/JD dual degree must apply separately to both the IU School of Medicine and the IU McKinney School of Law and be accepted by both programs.

Learn more about the MD/JD dual degree requirements .

The IU School of Medicine and the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health MD/MPH dual degree program integrates medicine and public health training. Students learn core public health topics — including environmental health, infectious disease control, biostatistics, disease prevention and health policy — while pursuing the medical training required to be a physician.

The MD/MPH dual degree program can be completed in either four or five years. Students interested in the four year MD/MPH degree must specify this interest during their application process for the IU School of Medicine MD program. Students accepted to IU School of Medicine who are interested in the five year MD/MPH dual degree program (which includes an enhancement year to complete the required MPH courses) must apply during the fall semester of their third year of medical school through the  MD/MPH application .

IU School of Medicine and IU Kelley School of Business partner to offer the MD/MBA dual degree for highly qualified students who desire to complement medical training with a greater understanding of economics, finance, marketing and management of the health care system. Students in this program begin their medical training before integrating course work with the IU Kelley School of Business degree requirements. The degrees are conferred simultaneously when all joint degree requirements are met, which typically occurs after five years of graduate education. To pursue an MD/MBA, students must apply separately to both the IU School of Medicine and Kelley School of Business and be accepted by both programs to pursue the joint MD/MBA degree.

Learn more about the MD/MBA program .

MD/MA or MD/MS

In addition to educating future physicians, IU School of Medicine is deeply committed to developing future health care leaders and scholars in medicine. That’s why IU School of Medicine offers dual degrees that allow students to receive a master’s degree in addition to an MD degree. Master’s degree specializations include  philosophy (with a bioethics focus) ; philanthropy ; clinical research ; biomedical engineering; and more. Students interested in pursuing a master’s degree should explore the individual program requirements and reach out to their lead advisors to begin the next steps.

Medical students can pursue a Master's of Science degree in Biomedical Engineering (MS BME) through one-year programs offered in both West Lafayette and Indianapolis . Students earning this degree will gain first-hand knowledge of medical technology innovation and strategies for clinical translation. They will strengthen their ability to pursue medical research, to facilitate clinical testing of new therapies, or to collaborate effectively with biomedical industry. Students interested in pursuing a master’s degree should explore the individual program requirements and reach out to their lead advisors to begin the next steps.

West Lafayette Contacts:

Andrew Brightman, PhD Assistant Head of Biomedical Engineering Associate Professor of Engineering Practice Purdue University [email protected]

Craig Goergen, PhD Leslie A. Geddes Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering Director of Clinical Programs Purdue University [email protected]

Indianapolis Contact:

Julie Y. Ji, PhD Associate Professor and Director of the Graduate Program Department of Biomedical Engineering IU Indianapolis Purdue School of Engineering & Technology

317-278-2275 [email protected]

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J. Timothy Stout, MD, PhD, MBA

J. timothy stout.

Chair, Sid W. Richardson Professor, and Margarett Root Brown Chair

Certifications, professional interests.

• Pediatric Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery
• Genetics and Stem Cell Therapy

Professional Statement

Selected publications.

• Moshiri A, Chen R, Kim S, Harris RA, Li Y, Raveendran M, Davis S, Liang Q, Pomerantz O, Wang J, Garzel L, Cameron A, Yiu G, Stout JT, Huang Y, Murphy CJ, Roberts J, Gopalakrishna KN, Boyd K, Artemyev NO, Rogers J, Thomasy SM " A nonhuman primate model of inherited retinal disease ." J Clin Invest. 2019 Feb 1;129(2):863-874. Pubmed PMID: 30667376
• Fouladi N, Parker M, Kennedy V, Binley K, McCloskey L, Loader J, Kelleher M, Mitrophanous KA, Stout JT, Ellis S " Safety and Efficacy of OXB-202, a Genetically Engineered Tissue Therapy for the Prevention of Rejection in High-Risk Corneal Transplant Patients ." Hum Gene Ther. 2018 Jun;29(6):687-98. Pubmed PMID: 29361840
• Pennesi ME, Weleber RG, Yang P, Whitebirch C, Thean B, Flotte TR, Humphries M, Chegarnov E, Beasley KN, Stout JT, Chulay JD " Results at 5 Years After Gene Therapy for RPE65-Deficient Retinal Dystrophy ." Hum Gene Ther. 2018 Dec;29(12):1428-1437. Pubmed PMID: 29869534
• Weleber RG, Pennesi ME, Wilson DJ, Kaushal S, Erker LR, Jensen L, McBride MT, Flotte TR, Humphries M, Calcedo R, Hauswirth WW, Chulay JD, Stout JT " Results at 2 years after Gene Therapy for RPE65-Deficient Leber Congenital Amaurosis and Severe Early-Childhood-Onset Retinal Dystrophy ." Ophthalmology. 2016 Jul;123(7):1606-20. Pubmed PMID: 27102010
• Stout JT "The Rocky Road to Successful Human Gene Therapy." Transactions of the American Ophthalmological. 2014;CXII(Verhoeff Lecture):1-4.
• Stout JT. Francis PJ " Surgical approaches to gene and stem cell therapy for retinal disease ." Human Gene Therapy. 2011 May 22;531-5. Pubmed PMID: 21480778

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I. Maramica, MD, PhD, MBA

Regional Medical Director, Esoteric Operations - Western Region

Pathology (AP/CP), Subspecialty: Transfusion Medicine

Dr. Maramica joined Quest in 2016 as Associate CLIA Laboratory Medical Director at Nichols Institute, SJC.  In her current role she provides regional medical supervision for the Western Esoteric laboratories at SJC, QDID, Valencia, and Lewisville, and serves as the CLIA Laboratory Director for Nichols Institute, SJC. Prior to joining Quest, Dr. Maramica has overseen Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Chemistry services at Harvard/Beth Israel Deaconess, the University of Southern California, and the University of California, Irvine Medical Centers. In addition to holding academic teaching positions at these three universities, Dr. Maramica has published in top-tier journals and textbooks.

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INFORMATION FOR

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Isaac Y. Kim, MD, PhD, MBA

Additional titles.

Chair, Urology

Chief, Urology

Co-Leader, Cancer Signaling Networks, Yale Cancer Center

Administrative Support

• Josh Donoghue

Publications Overview

• 247 Publications
• 4,931 Citations
• 7 Yale Co-Authors

Professor of Urology

Dr. Isaac Kim is a urologic oncologist and surgeon who specializes in the treatment, management, and prevention of prostate cancer, with the goal of helping patients navigate and better understand their disease. He has expertise in minimally invasive robotic surgery and has completed more than 2,400 robotic surgeries for prostate cancer. Dr. Kim's surgical focus has been on advanced and metastatic prostate cancer, as well as recurrent disease after radiation. Dr. Kim’s clinical research is focused on mechanisms of treatment resistance and specifically immunosuppressive factors produced by prostate cancer cells. He also has a strong interest in inflammation in prostate cancer and the role of surgery in men with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.

Other Departments & Organizations

• Cancer Signaling Networks
• Urologic Oncology Program
• Yale Cancer Center
• Yale Medicine

Education & Training

Clinical research: Role of surgery in men who present with metastatic prostate cancer.

Despite the significant advances made in prostate cancer treatment over the last two decades, a recent study demonstrated no significant improvement in outcome in men with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Indeed, the 5-year relative survival rate in patients who present with mPCa is only 28%. Given such dismal prognosis of mPCa, new ideas and novel approaches must be explored. In this regard, recently emerging data suggest that controlling the local primary disease may enhance survival in men with mPCa. Indeed, the hypothesis is that there exists and dynamic interaction between primary and metastatic prostate cancer and that the removal of the primary disease site will render the metastatic disease more vulnerable to systemic treatment. Therefore, I helped establish an international team to prospectively evaluate surgical intervention (cytoreductive prostatectomy) in men with de novo mPCa. This study will accrue up to 870 patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

Laboratory research: mechanism of treatment resistance in prostate cancer cells

Degrading androgen receptor (AR) and its variants, especially AR-V7, via the DNA-binding domain (DBD) is a promising yet unvalidated treatment strategy in prostate cancer (CaP). In approximately two-thirds of patients with the lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) refractory to second-line antiandrogen therapy (SAT), AR and AR variants remain potential therapeutic targets. We reasoned that AR’s DBD is the clinically optimal target for neutralizing both AR and AR variants for the following three reasons. First, the domain is retained in AR variants associated with castration resistance found in CaP, including AR-V7. Second, acquired mutations that confer antiandrogen resistance occur mostly in the ligand-binding and N-terminal domains (LBD and NTD, respectively), suggesting that targeting the DBD will be effective in this setting as well. Third, targeting AR-DBD will complement drugs currently in use or being investigated to block AR’s LBD and NTD. As our core strategy, we used the principle of proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC). As heterobifunctional molecules, PROTACs catalyze protein degradation by recruiting ubiquitin E3 ligase to promote polyubiquitination of protein of interest (POI) and its subsequent degradation in the proteasome. Because one PROTAC molecule can degrade up to 200 POIs, the standard target occupancy pharmacology does not apply, and a relatively lower drug level is sufficient to be active. Our team’s overall goal is to understand various mechanisms of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy in CaP. Currently, my lab is focused on validating AR-DBD directed PROTAC in degrading AR and AR-V7 and develop candidate molecules for clinical translation

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Research at a glance, yale co-authors, publications timeline, research interests, brian shinder, md, michael e. karellas, md, facs, henry s. park, md, mph, james b. yu, md, mhs, fastro, michael s. leapman, md, mhs, preston c. sprenkle, md, prostatic neoplasms, prostatectomy, androgen receptor antagonists, immunotherapy, publications, mechanism-centric regulatory network identifies nme2 and myc programs as markers of enzalutamide resistance in crpc, tissue-specific biological aging predicts progression in prostate cancer and acute myeloid leukemia, the disparities in clinical trials addressing urologic conditions among lower-income countries, prostate cancer screening and management: caution against over-interpreting the results of the latest study, protect, extended versus standard pelvic lymph node dissection yields no difference in 3-year biochemical recurrence rates, single-port robotic radical prostatectomy: short-term outcomes and learning curve, untargeted urine metabolite profiling by mass spectrometry aided by multivariate statistical analysis to predict prostate cancer treatment outcome, pd03-07 association between adverse surgical pathology and overall survival among patients with low-risk prostate cancer, survival of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in pediatric patients and young adults – a stage group stratified analysis, association of lymph node count and survival after primary retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for nonseminomatous testicular cancer, clinical trials, current trials, simcap (surgery in metastatic carcinoma of prostate): phase 2.5 multi-institution randomized prospective clinical trial evaluating the impact of cytoreductive radical prostatectomy combined with best systemic therapy on oncologic and quality of life outcomes in men with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer, clinical care.

Isaac Yi Kim, MD, PhD, MBA, chair of the Department of Urology at Yale School of Medicine, specializes in the treatment and management of prostate cancer with the goal of helping patients navigate and better understand their disease. Although he cares for all men with localized disease, his clinical and research focus is in men with high-risk disease, recurrence after radiation, and metastatic prostate cancer to lymph nodes, bones, lungs, and abdominal organs.

Dr. Kim is an expert in minimally invasive robotic surgery and has performed more than 2,400 robot-assisted radical prostatectomies, which are surgeries to remove the entire prostate gland. In addition, he has established a same-day radical prostatectomy program by using the latest-generation da Vinci robot to remove a diseased prostate through a single, one-inch incision in the abdomen. This results in less pain—and pain medication—for the patient, who usually goes home the same day of the surgery.

He was inspired to become a prostate surgeon during his medical training, when he decided he wanted to help men he saw struggling with complications such as impotence and incontinence, which often develop after prostate cancer surgery. Those post-surgery problems are less common with expert robotic surgeons, he says. “I see what an impact and a difference the surgical robot has made in helping our patients and allaying their fears.”

As a professor at Yale School of Medicine, Dr. Kim is also a surgeon-scientist who is studying the mechanism of prostate cancer treatment resistance. He is the principal investigator in clinical trials focused on advanced and metastatic prostate cancer, providing surgery in men with Stage IV prostate cancer. He says the traditional paradigm shows that when cancer cells have escaped the organ of origin, it’s too late to help. But his early data is showing that removing the prostate may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and hormonal therapies for men with late-stage disease.

Dr. Kim says working at Yale Medicine is rewarding because of the rich history and tradition that values innovation and creativity, and he is focused on providing the latest treatments for men who have any stage of prostate cancer. “Yale Urology is one of the larger departments in the nation and we attract patients from regions far beyond New Haven. We’re really dedicated to delivering the most innovative care in the most compassionate manner,” he says. “When a patient and concerned family members come in with a prostate cancer diagnosis, and I’m able to take care of it and see how he recovers, it is truly a privilege and a blessing.”

Clinical Specialties

Board certifications, yale medicine news, do you have prostate cancer here’s your guide to treatment options, are you a patient.

View this doctor's clinical profile on the Yale Medicine website for information about the services we offer and making an appointment.

Links & Media

When it comes to robotic surgery, the future is now – and tomorrow, yale urology research [q2: april-june 2024], yale urology climbs again in national ranking, 2024 yale urology bernard lytton visiting professor day, get in touch.

P.O. Box 208058

New Haven, CT 06520-8058

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• Josh Donoghue Senior Administrative Assistant

Patient Care Locations

Are You a Patient? View this doctor's clinical profile on the Yale Medicine website for information about the services we offer and making an appointment.

Yale Urology CME Symposium

2nd Annual "Bulldog Debates"

Paul J. Mosca, MD, PhD, MBA

General surgeon, surgical oncologist, my locations, areas of expertise, ratings and reviews, training and education, clinical focus and research, external relationships.

Part of the Duke Cancer Institute

My primary areas of clinical interest are surgical oncology, general surgery, and palliative surgery. Melanoma and other skin and soft tissue tumors, as well as palliative surgery, are specific areas in which I have particularly strong clinical and research interests. In addition to patient care and research, I am committed to education and training. It is important to me to be accessible, engaged, and thoughtful in my approach to interacting with patients, colleagues, learners, and other stakeholders. For me, a principle guiding force is a deep-seated belief in patient-centered, multidisciplinary, compassionate, state-of-the-art care that aims to serve our community and support the mission and values of Duke Health.

• Surgical Oncology

Call for an Appointment

• Lymph Node Biopsy
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The Patient Rating score is an average of all responses to care provider related questions on our nationally-recognized Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Survey. Learn more about our survey process. Responses are measured on a scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being the best score. Patients who see some types of providers receive a different version of the patient satisfaction survey. Those results are not available on DukeHealth.org.

It is imperative that we not only provide the best state-of-the-art care, but also constantly strive to develop better care for patients. My primary research interests center around improving melanoma treatments -- with a particular focus on how to enhance the ability of a patient's own immune systems to destroy tumors. Another area of interest lies in understanding how to improve care for patients requiring symptom-directed palliative surgery.

Insurance Accepted

Duke Health contracts with most major health insurance carriers and transplant networks, including the ones listed below.

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*Duke HomeCare and Hospice does not participate in the plan.

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*Duke HomeCare and Hospice and mental health providers do not participate with the plan.

Before scheduling your appointment, we  strongly recommend you contact your insurance company  to verify that the Duke Health location or provider you plan to visit is included in your network. Your insurance company will also be able to inform you of any co-payments, co–insurances, or deductibles that will be your responsibility. If you proceed in scheduling an appointment and your health insurance benefits do not participate with Duke, your out of pocket liability may be higher. We will contact you regarding your coverage and patient liability. If you are uninsured, learn more about our  financial assistance policy .

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College of Medicine

Mark I. Rosenblatt, MD, PhD, MBA, MHA

G. Stephen Irwin Executive Dean, College of Medicine

Chief Executive Officer, University of Illinois Hospital & Clinics Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Illinois Chicago

Building & Room:

131 CMW MC 784

1740 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612

Office Phone:

(312) 996-3500

(312) 996-9006

Mark I. Rosenblatt, MD, PhD, MBA, MHA has been the Executive Dean of the University of Illinois College of Medicine since 2019 and was appointed as the G. Stephen Irwin Executive Dean in 2023.  He has also served as Chief Executive Officer of the University of Illinois Hospital and Clinics since 2024, and previously as Interim CEO since 2023. Dr. Rosenblatt was appointed Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences in 2023, and previously served as the Illinois Lions/Charles I. Young Chair and Professor of Ophthalmology since 2014.

Prior to becoming Executive Dean, Dr. Rosenblatt served as Head of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. In addition, he served as Director of the Medical Scientist Training Program from 2019 to 2022.  Before joining the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Dr. Rosenblatt was a faculty member at Weill Cornell Medical College from 2008 to 2014, including serving a term as Vice Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology.

Dr. Rosenblatt is an internationally recognized clinician-scientist. As Director of the Corneal Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, he leads groups of scientists investigating the mechanism of corneal peripheral nerve regeneration following injury, and the use of nanoengineered biomaterials for use in stem cell delivery to the ocular surface. His work in regenerative medicine has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, Research to Prevent Blindness, the Falk Family Foundation, and the Tri-Institutional Stem Cell Initiative. Dr. Rosenblatt has published widely, including over 150 original manuscripts, review articles, book chapters, and abstracts.

Dr. Rosenblatt is a graduate of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine’s Honors Program in Medical Education and the Combined MD/PhD program, receiving his PhD in Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology. He also completed his MBA at New York University and his MHA at the University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health. Dr. Rosenblatt completed his ophthalmology residency and combined clinical/research fellowship in corneal disease at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Harvard Medical School. He is a member of the Alpha Omega Alpha and Omicron Delta Kappa honor societies.

BS cum laude—University of Miami Honors Program in Medical Education MD—University of Miami School of Medicine Combined MD/PhD Program, elected to Alpha Omega Alpha PhD in Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology—University of Miami School of Medicine Combined MD/PhD MBA—New York University Stern School of Business MHA—University of Illinois Chicago Residency—Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School Research Fellowship—Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School Clinical Fellowship in Cornea and External Disease—Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Health Policy and Management

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About the PhD in Health Policy and Management Program

The PhD in Health Policy and Management is a full-time doctoral program that trains its students to conduct original investigator-initiated research through a combination of coursework and research mentoring. The curriculum includes core coursework that is common across the four concentrations and courses specific to each individual concentration. Applicants to the PhD in Health Policy and Management apply directly to one of four concentrations. All four options have the same deadline, structure, and funding.

Concentration Areas

This concentration is designed for students interested in conducting independent research on ethical issues in public health policy, research and practice such as domestic and international research ethics, learning health systems, emerging biomedical technologies, ethics and public health genetics, national and global food policy, access to care and health care priority setting. By the end of their training, students are equipped to function as independent researchers, conducting empirical research related to bioethics, public health and health policy, as well as prepared to provide practical and normative recommendations regarding ethics and public health policy.

View more program information about the Concentration in Bioethics and Health Policy.

This concentration is designed for students interested in preventing leading public health problems through the development, analysis, implementation and evaluation of public health policies. Students affiliated with this concentration employ an interdisciplinary approach to their research in areas such as environmental and occupational health policy, injury prevention and control, social policy, and health and the practice of prevention.

View more program information about the Concentration in Health and Public Policy .

This concentration prepares doctoral students for conducting innovative and rigorous research on the economics of health and healthcare. The curriculum stresses a solid grounding in applied modern microeconomic theory, quantitative methods, and econometrics applications. Students take courses through the Department of Economics in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences.

View more program information about the Concentration in Health Economics and Policy.

This concentration prepares doctoral students for conducting innovative and rigorous quantitative and qualitative research and evaluation in health services delivery. The curriculum includes exposure to a wide variety of research methods, content areas, and datasets. It also offers the opportunity for in-depth study in areas such as public health informatics, quality of care and patient-centered outcomes research, including a focus on older adults, and health care disparities.

View more program information about the Concentration in Health Services Research and Policy.

Curriculum for the PhD in Health Policy and Management

Browse an overview of the requirements for this PhD program in the JHU  Academic Catalogue  and explore all course offerings in the Bloomberg School  Course Directory .

What Can You Do With a Graduate Degree In Health Policy And Management?

Our graduates graduates pursue research careers in top-tier universities, research and policy-making organizations, the health care industry and government agencies. Visit the  Graduate Employment Outcomes Dashboard to learn about Bloomberg School graduates' employment status, sector, and salaries.

Admissions Requirements

For general admissions requirements, please visit the How to Apply page. All concentrations follow the same admission process. Please see below for full details on the scope of each concentration.

PhD in Health Policy and Management – Bioethics and Health Policy

PhD in Health Policy and Management – Health and Public Policy

PhD in Health Policy and Management – Health Economics and Policy

PhD in Health Policy and Management – Health Services Research and Policy

For general information regarding tuition and fees, visit the Bloomberg School’s  Tuition and Fees  page.

Per the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) with the JHU PhD Union, the minimum guaranteed 2025-2026 academic year stipend is $50,000 for all PhD students with a 4% increase the following year. Tuition, fees, and medical benefits are provided, including health insurance premiums for PhD student’s children and spouses of international students, depending on visa type. The minimum stipend and tuition coverage is guaranteed for at least the first four years of a BSPH PhD program; specific amounts and the number of years supported, as well as work expectations related to that stipend will vary across departments and funding source. Please refer to the CBA to review specific benefits, compensation, and other terms.

Need-Based Relocation Grants Students who  are admitted to PhD programs at JHU starting in Fall 2023 or beyond can apply to receive a need-based grant to offset the costs of relocating to be able to attend JHU.   These grants provide funding to a portion of incoming students who, without this money, may otherwise not be able to afford to relocate to JHU for their PhD program. This is not a merit-based grant. Applications will be evaluated solely based on financial need.  View more information about the need-based relocation grants for PhD students .

Questions about the program? We're happy to help. [email protected]  

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Merce Jorda, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A.

Department: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Education & Training

2012: university of miami business school of medicine, miami florida, 1991: university of seville school of medicine, virgen de la macarena hospital, seville, spain, 1983: autonomous university of barcelona school of medicine barcelona, barcelona, spain, post graduate training, 1998: university of miami, department of pathology, miami, florida, 1996: jackson memorial hospital, department of pathology, miami, florida, 1993: university of miami, department of pathology, miami, florida, 1991: university of miami, department of pathology, miami, florida, 1988: university of seville school of medicine, virgen de la macarena hospital, seville, spain, 1983: autonomous university of barcelona school of medicine, affiliated hospitals, barcelona, spain, licensures and certifications, university of miami school of business administration, the american board of pathology, florida board of medicine, honors & awards, no result found, teaching interests, research interests, publications.

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Ioannis Koutroulis, MD, PhD, MBA, Tapped to Serve as Interim Associate Dean of MD Admissions

Announcements: The GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences (SMHS) is pleased to announce the selection of Ioannis Koutroulis, MD, PhD, MBA, assistant professor of pediatrics, emergency medicine, genomics and precision medicine as the interim associate dean of the Office of MD Admissions.

Beginning in this role in September 2022, Koutroulis has been providing overall leadership in medical student admissions and is providing strategic direction and priorities for the admissions program. Koutroulis took on this role after the long-tenured admissions dean, Diane McQuail, stepped down to serve as the school’s Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) admissions officer. Kevin Nies, who served as director of the office for the past nine years, has been promoted to assistant dean of the Office of MD Admissions.

“I am thankful to Dr. Koutroulis for taking on this critically important role at our school. With his discerning eye for high-quality candidates and vision for excellence, his transition to the interim associate dean position has been seamless,” said Rich Simons, MD, senior associate dean for MD Programs. “Additionally, we are all very grateful to Diane McQuail for her many years of service as dean, fostering the successful classes of MD students who have made our school very proud. I know that Ioannis, with the support of Diane and Kevin, will continue to build on the record of success the office of admissions has enjoyed.”

Additional responsibilities of the interim associate dean of admissions include:

• the recruitment of a diverse student body;
• the continual evaluation of the admissions related policies and procedures, accreditation standards of the LCME, regional accrediting bodies, and Association of American Medical Colleges best practices;
• the initiation of new programs relevant to admissions;
• oversight of the post-baccalaureate linkage programs and other special programs;
• guidance to the admissions committee and faculty regarding policies, file review, interviews, and evaluation;
• oversight of the medical school’s scholarship committee; and,
• analysis of admissions data to drive process/policy improvements.

Koutroulis also will serve as the school’s representative on inter-school initiatives and university and national committees related to medical school admissions.

“This is a great opportunity and I am enjoying the new role very much,” said Koutroulis. “It has been a pleasure to meet and interview potential students during the first few months of my tenure and shape the office of admissions for future generations of doctors. I look forward to fostering the incoming classes of GW MD students – and partnering with them as they matriculate into medical school.”

A recipient of the 2022 GW SMHS Distinguished Teacher Awards, Koutroulis previously served as the course director of pathophysiology for second-year medical students at Drexel University. He serves as the director of research in the Emergency Medicine Department at Children’s National Hospital and was the program co-director for the Pediatric Urgent Care fellowship. He is a widely published author, publishing work on sepsis, atopic dermatitis, obesity, and asthma in multiple high-impact, peer reviewed journals.

Originally from Greece, Koutroulis holds an MD and a PhD in infectious diseases from the University of Athens, Greece. He completed his residency training at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and a pediatric emergency medicine fellowship at St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He earned an MBA in health care management and finance at Drexel University LeBow College of Business.

Koutroulis began serving as the interim associate dean for the MD program on Sept. 1, 2022.

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Shyamkumar sriram md, phd, mba, mph, ms, mhs, pe fellow (cdc).

Dr. Shyamkumar Sriram is an Assistant Professor (Tenure-Track) of Public Health at University of North Texas and a medical doctor. He was previously an Assistant Professor in Health Administration at Ohio University. Dr. Sriram holds a PhD in Health Services Policy and Management from the University of South Carolina, MPH from Tulane University, MHS from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and MS from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He has also completed the Safety, Quality, Informatics and Leadership Program from the Harvard Medical School and also has a medical degree and residency in Preventive Medicine from India. He has completed a ‘Prevention Effectiveness Fellowship’ with the CDC. He has worked in a number of World Bank funded global health projects in India, Papa New Guinea, Turkey and Nigeria and a number of domestic public health projects with the CDC.

He is a distinguished academic who has contributed to public health interventions across a number of developing countries globally. He has publications in prestigious journals such as BMC Public Health, BMC Health Services Research, Plos One, Reproductive Health, Frontiers in Public Health, Medicina. He aims to bridge research and public health practice for improving population health.

His professional interests include global health, health financing, health policy, and health economics research. He likes to play tennis and loves travelling.>/p>

Global Health, Health Policy, Health Economics and Financing, Public Health, Preventive Medicine, Health Services Research

I like playing tennis, swimming and playing with my dogs.

Chuck Murray, MD, PhD (left), and William J. Mack, MD, MBA. (Murry photo/Courtesy of the Keck School of Medicine of USC; Mack photo/Ricardo Carrasco III)

The Keck School welcomes new leaders in stem cell and neurological surgery

On Aug. 19, Chuck Murry, MD, PhD , began his tenure as chair of the Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research for the Keck School of Medicine of USC.

On Sept. 1, William J. Mack, MD, MBA , will begin his role as the school’s chair of the Department of Neurological Surgery . 

To learn more about Murry and how he’ll lead USC Stem Cell, click here .

To learn more about Mack and his upcoming tenure, click here .

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• 2024 Gaspar Symposium to focus on breaking barriers August 19, 2024
• USC-hosted CIRM conference welcomes stem cell trainees from across California August 19, 2024
• Keck Medicine hospitals receive top recognition from American Heart Association August 19, 2024
• USC Norris exceeds expectations in bone marrow transplant survival rate August 16, 2024
• Readying Team USA Volleyball for the Olympics August 13, 2024
• In memoriam: Richard Henry Zeiss, MD, former resident and longtime benefactor August 12, 2024
• First genome-wide comparison of vapers and smokers finds similar DNA changes linked to disease risk August 12, 2024
• Study maps how genes instruct kidneys to develop differently in mice and humans August 8, 2024
• Cannabis use tied to head and neck cancer August 8, 2024
• Rao awarded $3.86 million NIH grant August 7, 2024

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