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McCarthyism and The Crucible: What to Know

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In studying The Crucible , you will inevitably be faced with questions about the play's connections to the "Red Scare" of the 1950s and the phenomenon known as McCarthyism. These connections are important because they demonstrate that The Crucible is not merely a (highly adapted) retelling of historical events but also an allegorical reference to the timelessness of certain central human flaws.

In this article, I'll provide historical background on McCarthyism, tell you about Arthur Miller's personal involvement with the investigations of alleged communists in the 1950s, and explain how and why interpretations of The Crucible are so closely tied to the political attitudes and events of that decade.

Background on McCarthyism

Let’s start off with some background on who Joseph McCarthy was and what role he played in American politics. McCarthy was a Republican from Wisconsin who rose through the political ranks in the 1940s and was elected to the Senate in 1946. When it looked like he might not be reelected in 1950 after a few unremarkable years of service, he decided to try a new political strategy: targeting communist subversives.

To see why this was even an option, you have to understand the political climate at the time. The 1950s marked the beginning of the Cold War, an era of great tension between the US and the communist USSR. Conservatives in the US feared that anyone who had any affiliation with the Communist Party was a potential threat to national security because they couldn’t be trusted to remain loyal to the US. McCarthy was able to use this fear to his advantage.

On February 9, 1950, he claimed to possess a list of the names of 205 people in the US State Department who were members of the American Communist Party. The public, in the throes of a communist hysteria, demanded an investigation of these supposed agitators within the government. Though many of the people on McCarthy’s list were not, in fact, communists, he still managed to become the chairman of an organization called the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate, which proceeded to investigate "dissenters." These investigations went on for two years, during which the questioning spread to numerous government departments, and there was a continued proliferation of communist panic. This persecution of alleged subversives became known colloquially as "McCarthyism."

McCarthy finally lost power in 1954 soon after proposing an investigation of the military to root out communists. President Eisenhower, who never liked McCarthy and had great respect for the military as a former commander, decided things had finally gone too far. He worked behind the scenes to discredit McCarthy. The Army sent inside information about McCarthy’s abuses of power to his critics, and a storm of bad PR finally led to the loss of his position as chairman of the investigatory committee. He died soon after in 1957, four years after the opening of The Crucible .

Though the modern-day witch hunt philosophy carries his namesake, Joseph McCarthy was far from the only driving force behind the investigation of suspected communists during the Cold War. Another congressional group called the House UnAmerican Activities Committee played a similar and, some would argue, even more dramatic role at the same time. HUAC was a congressional committee originally established in 1938 with the primary goal of investigating communist and fascist organizations that had become active during the Great Depression.

After World War II, as Cold War tensions mounted, HUAC became even more intent on investigating communist activities. HUAC gained significant power in tandem with McCarthy; in fact, HUAC provided inspiration for many of McCarthy’s tactics. Members of the committee were convinced that disloyal communists had managed to infiltrate the US government, educational system, and entertainment industry. Anyone deemed suspicious was issued a subpoena by the committee and subsequently questioned about their political activities and the activities of other potential subversives. People who refused to answer these questions or name any names were arrested for contempt of Congress and even sent to jail. Many were subsequently denied employment opportunities in their industries because they were universally "blacklisted" or shut out by employers who feared that hiring them would be a public relations nightmare.

Arthur Miller’s Connections to McCarthyism

Arthur Miller had great distaste for McCarthy’s investigations in the early 1950s, and he claims to have written The Crucible in 1953 largely as a reaction to this tense political climate. He had become fascinated with the environment of paranoia and how it affected society as a whole. When he stumbled upon the story of the Salem witch trials, he finally came up with a way to express those themes on stage. The Crucible was also a reaction his personal disappointment at the decision of his friend, director Elia Kazan, to name some former colleagues as communists in 1952 in front of the House UnAmerican Activities Committee. Many believe The Crucible's high profile as a criticism of McCarthyism partially led to Miller’s own investigation by HUAC.

In 1956, Miller was subpoenaed by HUAC after attempting to renew his passport before traveling to Belgium for the opening of The Crucible. He was suspected (not incorrectly) of possessing close ties to the American Communist Party. Miller did in fact write communist theater criticism and was a greater private supporter of communism than he portrayed himself to be at the time, but he never actually joined the party. When he appeared before HUAC, Miller refused to name anyone else who was involved in "subversive" political activities. To be fair, Miller had less at stake than many others who were called before HUAC to testify. Because he worked mainly in theater, he didn't have to worry as much about the effects Hollywood's unforgiving blacklist policy would have on his career. Miller was found in contempt of Congress for refusing to betray his peers, but the ruling was overturned two years later as HUAC lost power and relevance.

The Crucible as an Allegory for McCarthyism

It’s not difficult to see the parallels between McCarthyism and The Crucible 's plot. The abandonment of reason in the face of hysteria is a clear common theme. Arthur Miller wrote an essay in 1996 entitled "Why I Wrote The Crucible: An Author’s Answer to Politics" that provides insight into his view of the play’s connections to the communist panic.

Early in the essay, he relates the US State Department’s fear of China after the communist takeover to the fear of black magic in The Crucible . Miller writes, "There was magic all around; the politics of alien conspiracy soon dominated political discourse and bid fair to wipe out any other issue." Miller saw these sorts of irrational thought processes (weeding out officials associated with China in the US government with the goal of diminishing China’s power overall) as corollaries to the supernatural beliefs of his characters.

As communist hysteria built, Miller was even more convinced that he wanted to write a play based on this form of collective insanity. He was especially fascinated by people who disagreed with the communist "witch hunt" but chose to keep their heads down and go along with it to avoid their own persecution. He writes, "But by 1950, when I began to think of writing about the hunt for Reds in America, I was motivated in some great part by the paralysis that had set in among many liberals who, despite their discomfort with the inquisitors' violations of civil rights, were fearful, and with good reason, of being identified as covert Communists if they should protest too strongly." This sort of behavior is one of the biggest contributors to the panic that grows throughout The Crucible . For example, John Proctor hesitates to expose Abigail as a fraud because he fears repercussions from the court, and Parris is eager to turn on others to preserve his reputation.

In another relevant quote, Miller writes, "The Soviet plot was the hub of a great wheel of causation ; the plot justified the crushing of all nuance, all the shadings that a realistic judgment of reality requires." In The Crucible , Miller translates this concept into the Satanic plot that the officials believe is at work in Salem. Danforth claims that there is "a moving plot to topple Christ in the country!" (pg. 91). Danforth also insists that "a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between" (pg. 87). Nuance cannot be tolerated because the people in charge feel that the stakes are too high. Communist infiltration of the US government and the Devil’s infiltration of Salem are both disastrous scenarios that must be prevented at all costs, even if it means throwing innocent people under the bus.

Some people (including his former friend Elia Kazan) predictably complained that Miller’s analogy between the Salem witch trials and McCarthyism was bogus. After all, communists are real, and witches aren’t. Miller, however, says he viewed the analogy as perfectly sound. He argues that, in the 17th century, "the existence of witches was never questioned by the loftiest minds in Europe and America" because the Bible spoke of their existence. Witches were just as real to people in the 1690s as communists were to people in the 1950s.

He adds, "The more I read into the Salem panic, the more it touched off corresponding ages of common experiences in the fifties : the old friend of a blacklisted person crossing the street to avoid being seen talking to him; the overnight conversions of former leftists into born-again patriots; and so on. Apparently, certain processes are universal." Miller was fascinated by what happened in Salem because of the parallels he could draw to the events of his life amidst the Red Scare. The Crucible has resonated across time because it expresses central truths about human nature. People will go to great lengths to avoid being ostracized by society, including, in many cases, betraying their true beliefs and selling out their friends.

Why Does the Relationship Between McCarthyism and The Crucible Matter?

Miller closes his essay by saying, "I am not sure what The Crucible is telling people now, but I know that its paranoid center is still pumping out the same darkly attractive warning that it did in the fifties." Though we like to think of ourselves more enlightened than the people who conducted the Salem witch trials, virtually the same course of events has occurred many times in more recent history. The fear of witches only seems archaic because most of society no longer holds serious beliefs in the supernatural. Today, scenarios like this can be even more insidious because "witch hunts" are conducted for types of people that really do exist. There were, of course, communists in the US in the 1950s, but the vast majority of them had no designs on overthrowing the US government or becoming Soviet spies. The danger lies in assuming that purely because someone holds a political or religious belief, he or she must pose a threat.

People who are viewed as "other" continue to be persecuted out of fear and ignorance. The Crucible and McCarthyism can be compared to other modern forms of rumor, persecution, suspicion, and hysteria such as:

• The AIDS scare in the 80’s and 90’s
• Fear of terrorism in the past 15 or 20 years and how that’s affected US views and policies
• The Obama "birther" movement
• The many rumors perpetuated by gullible people on social media

Afterword: Discussion Questions

Now that you've read the article, you can try your hand at answering some of these discussion questions. I've included a few different types of questions on this topic that you might encounter in your English class:

• Discuss how Miller’s point of view influences the reading of the play. How did his own experiences shape his writing?
• Where does "fear" come from? Why, as a nation, do we fear others? Why, as individuals, do we fear others?
• Describe the political climate of the 1950s. Why did Senator McCarthy become a powerful figure? How did he influence politics in the fifties?
• As a socially conscious writer, Miller intended this play as a comment on McCarthyism. What are the parallels between the incidents Miller dramatizes and the acts of Senator McCarthy in the 1950s?
• Compare the events of the play to other historical or current events where innocent people are used as scapegoats. Is this a timeless cautionary tale?

What's Next?

Check out our full book summary of The Crucible so you can see for yourself how the play fits into its historical context.

Need some quotes to fill out your essay for English class? Read this article for a list of all the most important quotes in the play , categorized by theme.

To fully understand the messages of The Crucible , you need to get to know the main characters. We've written detailed character analyses for Abigail Williams , Rebecca Nurse , Mary Warren, John Proctor, and Giles Corey.

Interested in what witchcraft and magic in America looked like in the years leading up to the publication of The Crucible ? Learn who Aleister Crowley was and what influence he had on counter-culture with this article .

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Samantha is a blog content writer for PrepScholar. Her goal is to help students adopt a less stressful view of standardized testing and other academic challenges through her articles. Samantha is also passionate about art and graduated with honors from Dartmouth College as a Studio Art major in 2014. In high school, she earned a 2400 on the SAT, 5's on all seven of her AP tests, and was named a National Merit Scholar.

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Symbolism and Similarities Between McCarthyism and The Crucible

• Trent Lorcher
• Categories : Literature study guides and chapter summaries
• Tags : Homework help & study guides

Similarities between McCarthyism and The Crucible

While at first glance you may wonder how McCarthyism and The Crucible are intertwined. Reading this article, you can quickly see many similarities between the play and the paranoia and fear surrounding the Communist threat in the 1950s.

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McCarthyism : In the 1940s and 1950s Americans feared the encroachment of Communism. The Soviet Union was growing in power and the threat of a nuclear holocaust was on the forefront of American minds. Eastern Europe had become a conglomerate of Communist satellite nations. Throw in China and Americans began to feel they were surrounded by a Communist threat. Paranoia ensued. The Crucible : Salem established itself as a religious community in the midst of evil. Salemites considered the forest the domain of the devil. Salem was surrounded by forest. Paranoia ensued. McCarthyism : Joseph McCarthy, U.S. Senator, made unsubstantiated claims that more than 200 “card carrying” members of the Communist party had infiltrated the United States government. He had no proof. The Crucible : Delusional girls make unsubstantiated claims about the existence of witches in Salem. They have no proof. McCarthyism : McCarthy’s unsubstantiated claims ruined lives and led to increased hostility. The Crucible : The girls unsubstantiated claims ruin lives and lead to increased hostility in Salem. McCarthyism : Those who were accused were assumed guilty, put on trial, and expected to divulge the names of other Communist sympathizers. Failure to do so led to sanctions. The Crucible : Those who are accused are assumed guilty, put on trial, expected to confess, and expected to accuse others of being witches. Failure to do so leads to death. McCarthyism : The media were not willing to stand up to Senator McCarthy for fear of being accused of being a Communist. The Crucible : Townspeople are not willing to stand up to the court for fear of being accused of being a witch. McCarthyism : Arthur Miller was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee and subsequently blacklisted. The Crucible : Arthur Miller wrote it.

Other Significant Symbols

To help better understand some of the deeper meanings in The Crucible, below are a list of significant symbols found within the play. The Doll : The doll found on Elizabeth Proctor’s shelf is a traditional symbol of voodoo and witchcraft. In The Crucible , the doll (as well as Rebecca Nurse) symbolizes the transformation of good to evil: dolls, in a normal society, represent childhood innocence and bring happiness. In Salem, dolls represent evil. This extends to the Puritan government and church, both being entrusted to protect its citizens, yet both doing the opposite. The Stones : Giles Corey refuses to make an official plea in court. In order to persuade him to make a plea, officials of the court stack concrete stones on him and eventually crush him. The stones symbolize the weight of Salem’s sins that are crushing the good in its society. Elizabeth Proctor’s Pregnancy : Elizabeth’s execution is stalled on account of her pregnancy. This represents hope that the future may be different. The Boiling Cauldron : The controversy begins with Salem girls running wild through the forest around a cauldron of boiling water. This cauldron symbolizes the wildness of the girls, or more specifically, their repressed sexual desire bubbling over. John Proctor’s Leaving the Courtroom : This occurs in the movie. After Proctor is accused of witchcraft, he runs into a small pond and with arms spread shouts, “God is dead.” Proctor is in water, symbolic of baptism, and his arms are spread, symbolic of the Biblical Christ on the cross. Proctor sacrifices himself for the good of Salem and to honor those saints (Rebecca and Martha) who refuse to lie. The Witch Trials : In addition to the similarities between McCarthyism and The Crucible already discussed, the trials symbolize the effect of intolerance, extremism, and hatred. The Forest : Puritans believed that the forest was the devil’s dominion. They failed to recognize, however, that Salem’s evil and destruction came from within. The forest, therefore symbolizes the evil present in all humans.

Feel free to read this review of <em>The Crucible</em> , which contains critical analysis of the play. Feel free to share your own interpretation of The Crucible in the comments section.

• Photo of Joseph McCarthy by United Press (Library of Congress) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

This post is part of the series: The Crucible Study Guide

If you’re a witch you probably don’t want to read this study guide. You’ll be hanged soon.

• Characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller
• A Summary of Arthur Miller&rsquo;s, The Crucible
• Important Quotes From The Crucible
• Themes from The Crucible
• Symbolism in The Crucible &amp; Similarities to McCarthyism

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McCarthyism and "The Crucible": A Comparative Analysis

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The Crucible and McCarthyism: what are the Parallels?

This essay will draw parallels between Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” and the era of McCarthyism. It will discuss how the play serves as an allegory for the Red Scare, with its themes of hysteria, accusation, and the abuse of power. The piece will explore the societal implications of these events and their enduring relevance. Additionally, PapersOwl presents more free essays samples linked to Salem Witch Trials.

How it works

• 1 Introduction: Echoes of the Past
• 2 Fear as a Driving Force
• 3 Guilty Until Proven Innocent
• 4 The Cost of Reputation
• 5 References:

Introduction: Echoes of the Past

In May of 1693, Salem, Massachusetts, was in complete chaos. The word of witchcraft was spreading through the streets in Salem, and everyone was paranoid. Soon enough, everyone was turning on each other. Over two hundred years later and history began to repeat itself. In the late 1940s through the 1950s, McCarthyism was in full swing. Joseph McCarthy was accusing innocent people of being communists.

Famous Hollywood actors were blacklisted because they were accused of being communists. George Santayana said, “Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” Arthur Miller understood this and decided to write The Crucible to show people that if we do not learn from our past, history will just repeat itself. Miller accomplished this by showing the parallelisms between The Crucible and McCarthyism. During both time periods, fear contributed to the mass chaos; citizens that were accused were considered guilty unless they confessed, and innocent people’s reputations and careers were ruined.

Fear as a Driving Force

McCarthyism and The Salem Witch Trials were very similar in the manner that both were created and fueled by fear. Both time periods had a person who started the fear. During the Red Scare, McCarthy was the one accusing people. Likewise, during the witch trials, Abigail was the one who was making the accusations. McCarthy had the whole nation paranoid that the Russian spies were in the country in search of information to better themselves in the Cold War. Paranoia was all across the nation. No one could trust each other. McCarthy continued to strike up fear as he accused more and more people of being communists. People were terrified of being blacklisted and having their careers ruined. During The Salem Witch Trials, Abigail was the one who struck up all the fear in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. Once one person was accused, names kept flying. One after another, the girls accused innocent people. Everyone was in fear that they would be accused of being a witch. In both scenarios, no one stood up against these people because they were in fear that they would then be accused. Fear and paranoia helped fuel both of these time periods.

Guilty Until Proven Innocent

During both the Salem Witch Trials and The Red Scare, people that were falsely accused were considered guilty unless they confessed. During the Red Scare, citizens that were accused of being communists would appear in front of a committee where they would be harshly questioned about their political beliefs. They were also asked about other people who had any part in these “rebellious” activities. Just like in the witch trials, if a person refused to answer the questions from the committee or would not give other names, they would be thrown in jail. In The Crucible, most of the people accused did not have any sound evidence against them. It was all through the words of other people. If a person was accused, they would appear in front of a set of judges who would then decide whether or not they were guilty. During their trial, the person accused was set up to be guilty. The prosecutor would ask questions that set the answer up to make them sound guilty. Some of these questions include “Why do you hurt them?” and “Why do you deny it?”. When a person was being tried in court, they had two options, lie and save their own life, or tell the truth and die for it. During the McCarthy period, if you confessed to being a communist, you were blacklisted. During the witch trials, if you confessed to being a witch, you would not be hanged, even if you were lying. In the grand scheme of things, it was in the best interest of the accused to just confess.

The Cost of Reputation

To a famous Hollywood actor and a good puritan Christian, reputation meant a lot. During both of these time eras, reputations, and careers were destroyed. McCarthy would accuse famous Hollywood stars and people who work for the government of communism. Because of this, many people lost their jobs and were blacklisted. If one was accused of communism, they would be avoided by everyone. Their careers and lives were ruined all because McCarthy made an accusation. During the Puritan era, it was important to remain a good Christian. By not maintaining the good Puritan ways, one would be in for punishment. Punishments were normally public humiliation of some sort. These punishments could range anywhere from whipping to being hanged. If a citizen was accused of witchcraft, that would mean they were not being a good Puritan because they were summoning the Devil. Another example in The Crucible of not being a good Puritan would be when John Proctor slept with Abigail, committing adultery. His name and reputation were ruined because he sinned. In both time periods, many lives of innocent people were ruined because of accusations that were made against them.

References:

• Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. 
• Johnson, Mary. “Fear and Paranoia in Historical Contexts: A Comparative Study of McCarthyism and The Salem Witch Trials.” H
• Smith, John. “False Accusations and Consequences: Examining the Impact of Accusations on Individuals in McCarthyism and The Crucible.” 

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — The Crucible — The Crucible Versus McCarthyism: A Comparative Analysis

The Crucible Versus Mccarthyism: a Comparative Analysis

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