Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.
When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.
When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:
In-text citation | (‘Divest’, no date) |
Reference list entry | ‘Divest’ (no date) Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divest (Accessed: 27 January 2020). |
The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.
Correct my document today
Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.
Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.
Harvard style | Vancouver style | |
---|---|---|
In-text citation | Each referencing style has different rules (Pears and Shields, 2019). | Each referencing style has different rules (1). |
Reference list | Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019). . 11th edn. London: MacMillan. | 1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019. |
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/
Other students also liked, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.
Journal article from library database with doi - one author, journal article from library database with doi - multiple authors, journal article from a website - one author.
Journal Article- No DOI
Note: All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent in a Reference List.
A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.
This Microsoft support page contains instructions about how to format a hanging indent in a paper.
If an item has no author, start the citation with the article title.
When an article has one to twenty authors, all authors' names are cited in the References List entry. When an article has twenty-one or more authors list the first nineteen authors followed by three spaced ellipse points (. . .) , and then the last author's name. Rules are different for in-text citations; please see the examples provided.
Cite author names in the order in which they appear on the source, not in alphabetical order (the first author is usually the person who contributed the most work to the publication).
Italicize titles of journals, magazines and newspapers. Do not italicize or use quotation marks for the titles of articles.
Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the article title. If there is a colon in the article title, also capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon.
If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date.
Volume and Issue Numbers
Italicize volume numbers but not issue numbers.
Retrieval Dates
Most articles will not need these in the citation. Only use them for online articles from places where content may change often, like a free website or a wiki.
Page Numbers
If an article doesn't appear on continuous pages, list all the page numbers the article is on, separated by commas. For example (4, 6, 12-14)
Library Database
Do not include the name of a database for works obtained from most academic research databases (e.g. APA PsycInfo, CINAHL) because works in these resources are widely available. Exceptions are Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ERIC, ProQuest Dissertations, and UpToDate.
Include the DOI (formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/...) if it is available. If you do not have a DOI, include a URL if the full text of the article is available online (not as part of a library database). If the full text is from a library database, do not include a DOI, URL, or database name.
Books, Journals, Reports, Webpages, etc.: When you refer to titles of a “stand-alone work,” as the APA calls them on their APA Style website, such as books, journals, reports, and webpages, you should italicize them. Capitalize words as you would for an article title in a reference, e.g., In the book Crying in H Mart: A memoir , author Michelle Zauner (2021) describes her biracial origin and its impact on her identity.
Article or Chapter: When you refer to the title of a part of a work, such as an article or a chapter, put quotation marks around the title and capitalize it as you would for a journal title in a reference, e.g., In the chapter “Where’s the Wine,” Zauner (2021) describes how she decided to become a musician.
The APA Sample Paper below has more information about formatting your paper.
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number
Smith, K. F. (2022). The public and private dialogue about the American family on television: A second look. Journal of Media Communication, 50 (4), 79-110. https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.x
Note: The DOI number is formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/10.1152/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02864.xIf
In-Text Paraphrase:
(Author's Last Name, Year)
Example: (Smith, 2000)
In-Text Quote:
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)
Example: (Smith, 2000, p. 80)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given., & Last Name of Second Author, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. https://doi.org/doi number
Note: Separate the authors' names by putting a comma between them. For the final author listed add an ampersand (&) after the comma and before the final author's last name.
Note: In the reference list invert all authors' names; give last names and initials for only up to and including 20 authors. When a source has 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name. Don't include an ampersand (&) between the ellipsis and final author.
Note : For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."
Reference List Examples
Two to 20 Authors
Case, T. A., Daristotle, Y. A., Hayek, S. L., Smith, R. R., & Raash, L. I. (2011). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3 (2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010
21 or more authors
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetma, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 (3), 437-471. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
In-Text Citations
Two Authors/Editors
(Case & Daristotle, 2011)
Direct Quote: (Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57)
Three or more Authors/Editors
(Case et al., 2011)
Direct Quote: (Case et al., 2011, p. 57)
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number if given). URL
Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area. Electronic Green Journal, 1 (30). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4
Example: (Flachs, 2010)
Example: (Flachs, 2010, Conclusion section, para. 3)
Note: In this example there were no visible page numbers or paragraph numbers; in this case you can cite the section heading and the number of the paragraph in that section to identify where your quote came from. If there are no page or paragraph numbers and no marked section, leave this information out.
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given. (Year of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle if any. Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), first page number-last page number. URL [if article is available online, not as part of a library database]
Full-Text Available Online (Not as Part of a Library Database):
Steinberg, M. P., & Lacoe, J. (2017). What do we know about school discipline reform? Assessing the alternatives to suspensions and expulsions. Education Next, 17 (1), 44–52. https://www.educationnext.org/what-do-we-know-about-school-discipline-reform-suspensions-expulsions/
Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017)
(Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page number)
Example: (Steinberg & Lacoe, 2017, p. 47)
Full-Text Available in Library Database:
Jungers, W. L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back. Nature, 463 (2), 433-434.
Example: (Jungers, 2010)
Example: (Jungers, 2010, p. 433)
Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual . Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.
In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations . This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.
General Guidelines
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:
Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads . Oxford UP, 1967.
For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.
These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method . University of California Press, 1966.
When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.
If a source uses a labeling or numbering system other than page numbers, such as a script or poetry, precede the citation with said label. When citing a poem, for instance, the parenthetical would begin with the word “line”, and then the line number or range. For example, the examination of William Blake’s poem “The Tyger” would be cited as such:
The speaker makes an ardent call for the exploration of the connection between the violence of nature and the divinity of creation. “In what distant deeps or skies. / Burnt the fire of thine eyes," they ask in reference to the tiger as they attempt to reconcile their intimidation with their relationship to creationism (lines 5-6).
Longer labels, such as chapters (ch.) and scenes (sc.), should be abbreviated.
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines.
Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available.
Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse .
If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:
"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs . 1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.
If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title. The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation.
Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.
Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto . In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:
When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source (for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection), cite the author of the internal source (i.e., the article or essay). For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in Nature in 1921, you might write something like this:
See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited .
Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:
For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:
Corresponding Works Cited entry:
Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations , vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1
For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.
Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine , vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.
If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.
Citing two articles by the same author :
Citing two books by the same author :
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s):
If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)
In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter, and verse. For example:
If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation:
John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev. 4.6-8).
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:
Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name (e.g., JAMES.) . After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source.
Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Usually, the author and title of the source can be given in a signal phrase before quoting the excerpt, so the concluding parenthetical will often just contain location information like page numbers or act/scene indicators.
Here is an example from O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh.
WILLIE. (Pleadingly) Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink.
ROCKY. Den grab it. It's right under your nose.
WILLIE. (Avidly) Thanks. (He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.) (1.1)
With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:
Two types of non-print sources you may encounter are films and lectures/presentations:
In the two examples above “Herzog” (a film’s director) and “Yates” (a presentor) lead the reader to the first item in each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:
Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo . Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.
Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Address.
Electronic sources may include web pages and online news or magazine articles:
In the first example (an online magazine article), the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below).
In the second example (a web page), a parenthetical citation is not necessary because the page does not list an author, and the title of the article, “MLA Formatting and Style Guide,” is used as a signal phrase within the sentence. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:
Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant , 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/. Accessed 29 Sep. 2009.
"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL , 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Accessed 2 April 2018.
To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).
Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge (For example, it is expected that U.S. citizens know that George Washington was the first President.). Remember that citing sources is a rhetorical task, and, as such, can vary based on your audience. If you’re writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, you may need to deal with expectations of what constitutes “common knowledge” that differ from common norms.
The MLA Handbook describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the handbook does not describe, making the best way to proceed can be unclear.
In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of MLA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard MLA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite.
You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source. For example, Norquest College provides guidelines for citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers —an author category that does not appear in the MLA Handbook . In cases like this, however, it's a good idea to ask your instructor or supervisor whether using third-party citation guidelines might present problems.
This page contains reference examples for journal articles, including the following:
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture , 8 (3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE , 13 (3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972
Missing volume number.
Lipscomb, A. Y. (2021, Winter). Addressing trauma in the college essay writing process. The Journal of College Admission , (249), 30–33. https://www.catholiccollegesonline.org/pdf/national_ccaa_in_the_news_-_nacac_journal_of_college_admission_winter_2021.pdf
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior , 72 , 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy , 21 (1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html
Joly, J. F., Stapel, D. A., & Lindenberg, S. M. (2008). Silence and table manners: When environments activate norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 (8), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208318401 (Retraction published 2012, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38 [10], 1378)
de la Fuente, R., Bernad, A., Garcia-Castro, J., Martin, M. C., & Cigudosa, J. C. (2010). Retraction: Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Research , 70 (16), 6682. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2451
The Editors of the Lancet. (2010). Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet , 375 (9713), 445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4
Hare, L. R., & O'Neill, K. (2000). Effectiveness and efficiency in small academic peer groups: A case study (Accession No. 200010185) [Abstract from Sociological Abstracts]. Small Group Research , 31 (1), 24–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640003100102
Ganster, D. C., Schaubroeck, J., Sime, W. E., & Mayes, B. T. (1991). The nomological validity of the Type A personality among employed adults [Monograph]. Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 (1), 143–168. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.143
Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From simple rules of individual proximity, complex and coordinated collective movement [Supplemental material]. Journal of Comparative Psychology , 133 (2), 141–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000181
Journal article references are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 10.1 and the Concise Guide Section 10.1
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / How to reference an article in Harvard referencing style
What is an article.
Almost all writers and academics reference other people’s writing in their works. Referencing demonstrates that you have researched your topic, are well versed in its arguments and theories, and it also helps avoid charges of plagiarism.
The Harvard citation system is just one of many referencing styles – and which style you choose is normally guided by the institution or publication you are writing for.
In this article, you will learn how to use the Harvard citation system to reference the following types of articles:
Properly citing article details in the reference list will help the readers to locate your source material if they wish to read more about a particular area or topic.
If accessed online:
Academic or scholarly journals are periodical publications about a specific discipline. No matter what your field is, if you are writing an academic paper, you will inevitably have to cite a journal article in your research. Journal articles often have multiple authors, so make sure you know when to use et al. in Harvard style . The method for referencing a journal article in the reference list is as follows:
Reference list (print) structure:
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Journal name , Volume(Issue), Page(s).
Shepherd, V. (2020) ‘An exploration around peer support for secondary pupils in Scotland with experience of self-harm’, Educational Psychology in Practice, 36(3), pp. 297-312.
Note that the article title uses sentence case. However, the title of the journal uses title case. Additionally, the volume number comes immediately after the journal title followed by the issue number in round brackets.
If the original material you are referencing was accessed online, then the method for citing it in the reference list will be the same as that in print, but with an additional line at the end.
Reference list (online) structure:
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Journal Name , Volume(Issue), Page(s). Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date).
Shepherd, V. (2020) ‘An exploration around peer support for secondary pupils in Scotland with experience of self-harm’, Educational Psychology in Practice, 36(3), pp. 297-312. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02667363.2020.1772726 (Accessed: 08 October 2020).
In-text citations are written within round brackets and start with the last name of the author followed by the year published, both separated by a comma.
You can also mention the author within the text and only include the publication year in round brackets.
Examples:
In this article (Shepherd, 2020) deals with…
According to Shepherd (2020), when peer support is available…
Talking about the secondary education system, Shepherd (2020, p.299) suggests that…
Even if you are referring to an incident which is public knowledge, you still need to cite the source.
The name of the author in a newspaper article is referred to as a byline. Below are examples for citing an article both with and without a byline.
Reference list (print) structure:
Last name, F. (Year published). ‘Article title’, Newspaper name , Day Month, Page(s).
Hamilton, J. (2018). ‘Massive fire at local department store’, The Daily Local, 10 August, p. 1.
Last name, F. (Year published). ‘Article title’, Newspaper name , Day Month, Page(s). Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Gambino, L. (2020) ‘Kamala Harris and Mike Pence clash over coronavirus response in vice-presidential debate,’ The Guardian, 8 October. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/07/debate-kamala-harris-mike-pence-latest-news (Accessed: 8 October 2020).
Reference list structure, no byline:
The basic reference list structure for the reference is the same for both print and online articles. If information isn’t available, simply omit it from the reference.
Newspaper name (Year published) ‘Article Title’, Day Month, Page(s). Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
The Chronicler (2016) ‘Local man wins lottery jackpot twice in one year’, 30 May, p. 14. Available at: https://thechroniclerpaper.com/local-man-wins-lottery-twice (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
In-text citation structure (print or online):
The last name of the author and date are written in round brackets, separated by a comma. The method is similar to referencing journal articles in in-text citations.
(Hamilton, 2018)
In his paper, Gambino (2020) mentioned that…
For articles accessed online which do not have an author, the name of the publication is mentioned in place of the author’s name and is italicized.
( The Chronicler , 2016)
The structure of magazine articles is similar to that of a journal article.
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Magazine Name , Volume(Issue), Page(s).
Ornes, S. (2020). “To save Appalachia’s endangered mussels, scientists hatched a bold plan”, ScienceNews, (198), p.2.
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Magazine name , Volume(Issue), Page(s). Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).
Ornes, S. (2020) ‘To save Appalachia’s endangered mussels, scientists hatched a bold plan’, ScienceNews, (198), p.2. Available at: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/endangered-mussels-appalachia-rivers-biologists-conservation-plan (Accessed: 3 October 2020).
In-text citation (print or online) structure:
(Author last name, Year published)
(Ornes, 2020)
Published October 29, 2020.
Harvard Formatting
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
Harvard Referencing Examples
Writing Tools
Citation Generators
Other Citation Styles
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started
Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Klein. You want to cite Klein's article, but you have not read Klein's article itself.
Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play? Cognitive Science , 31 (6), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Klein's article.
Klein's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that...
Your in-text citation gives credit to Klein and shows the source in which you found Klein's ideas.
See Publication Manual , p. 258.
Try Out New Papers Pro!
Dive into the future with your personal research guide, the AI Assistant. Designed to improve the efficiency of your research workflows, the AI Assistant helps you work smarter and faster.
Essentials & Pro
Your research assistant.
Dive deep into your papers with our Chat with a PDF functionality that gives you the power to ask the AI Assistant questions about your literature and receive contextual answers.
The AI Assistant highlights where in the PDF it drew its answer to your question, so you can ensure accuracy and analyze the surrounding context.
Easily comprehend unfamiliar disciplines or languages using the AI Assistant, so you can broaden your research horizons.
Use the AI Assistant to discover themes, patterns, and research-gaps across a set of references in your library. Dive deeper into your research and reveal insights and relationships you might have otherwise missed. Ask follow up questions for more details, and quickly view referenced sections of the articles to validate and contextualize the information.
With access to over 150 million publications through Dimensions , the search module in Papers lets you quickly and easily find the information that advances your research.
With Papers Pro, easily transform natural language queries into complex searches using the AI-powered query builder, and save your frequent searches for future reference. Whether you’re using the query builder or conducting step-by-step searches, you’ll find the exact articles you need, without worrying about potential missed research.
Frequently asked questions.
The Papers AI Assistant is designed to enhance research efficiency by providing real-time, in-depth analysis, summarization, and contextual understanding of scholarly articles, accelerating how users interact with complex academic content.
The AI Assistant uses generative AI to analyze your question and attempts to identify an answer within the context of the selected PDF(s). It leverages the general knowledge stored within large language models with the specific context of the PDF(s) you have opened to interpret and answer your questions.
Our goal is to accelerate the pace of research without compromising the integrity of scholarly consumption and review. There are a number of ways the AI Assistant can do this, including:
And that’s just the beginning. It is our hope that we will continue to learn new ways in which generative AI can be a tool for research.
We have designed our AI Assistant to focus on answering specific questions contained within the selected research paper(s), rather than relying on broad knowledge trained within large language models. This can help mitigate the probability of hallucinations, but there is always the possibility the AI may misinterpret a question or fail to extract the correct context. Accuracy may also vary depending on the topic. We encourage you to refer back to the full text to verify answers, and in many cases our AI Assistant will point you to the specific paragraphs from which an answer was obtained.
No, the AI Assistant utilizes the full text of PDFs stored in your own Papers library. If you do not have a copy of the PDF, then the AI Assistant would not have access to text for analysis.
Yes, the AI Assistant is capable of working with texts in other languages as well as answering questions in other languages.
The AI Assistant was not designed to write articles, but rather to help answer questions within existing articles.
Yes, the Chat with a PDF functionality has usage limits. Papers Essentials users have a daily limit on the number of requests they can make, while Papers Pro users have a higher limit and the additional ability to ask questions across multiple articles in their library. The maximum number of articles that can be queried at a single time is 20.
Regenerate Answer attempts a different approach to answer your question. For example, it may modify the context to focus on your most recent question. We encourage you to use the feedback buttons to indicate if a regenerated answer is better or worse.
Currently, the AI Assistant is only available in the web version of Papers. We are still in the early stages of exploring how this might expand in future releases.
Part of the book series: Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives ((IUNSDGRP))
The United Nations Organization (UNO) has come with SDGs in 2016 following the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000–2015) wherein the third goal is to ensure good health and well-being for all with different ages. The chapter highlights the status and achievements of SDG3 progress in the Asia-Pacific. The objective of the chapter is to show yogic strategies and implement it to prevent communicable diseases (CDs), non-communicable diseases (NCDs), maternal health, and enhance well-being. There are 13 targets under SDG3, which are to be achieved by 2030. There is a need to imply yoga as a core practice in educational settings, hospital settings, sports sector, and corporate settings. A vital contribution that should be done is to re-characterize yogic lifestyle and to develop yogic vision of life. In this context, the UNO initiative to celebrate International Day of Yoga was highly beneficial, responsive, and became a vital part to enhance good health and well-being. The SDG3 progress is not on good track in significant regions of Asia-Pacific and current pandemic; Covid-19 has disrupted mental health across Asia-Pacific. The comprehensive yoga strategies are discussed, which cover every dimension of health. The strategies appear to be feasible for its implementation among people of Asia-Pacific countries. The strategies would be best to promote SDG3 at its best and targets under SDG3 could be achieved by 2030. The preliminary research evidence, i.e., overview of yoga efficacy on NCDs, CDs, and well-being was recorded to develop the yoga strategies. The common approaches are also suggested to implement the strategies for SDG3 promotion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Subscribe and save.
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Institutional subscriptions
Aiyer KN (1896) Laghu Yoga Vasishtha. The Adyar Library And Research Centre, Chennai
Google Scholar
Alexander GK, Innes KE, Selfe TK, Brown CJ (2013) More than I expected: perceived benefits of yoga practice among older adults at risk for cardiovascular disease. Complement Ther Med 21(1):14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2012.11.001
Article Google Scholar
Anheyer D, Klose P, Lauche R, Saha FJ, Cramer H (2020) Yoga for treating headaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 35(3):846–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05413-9
Anheyer D, Haller H, Lauche R, Dobos G, Cramer H (2021) Yoga for treating low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 163:e504. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002416
Barrows JL, Fleury J (2016) Systematic review of yoga interventions to promote cardiovascular health in older adults. West J Nurs Res 38(6):753–781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945915618610
Basavaraddi IV (2015) Yoga: its origin, history and development. Public Diplomacy, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?25096/Yoga+Its+Origin+History+and+Development
Besant A, Das B (1905) The Bhagavad-Gita. Theosophical Publishing Society, Chennai
Beutler B (2004) Innate immunity: an overview. Mol Immunol 40(12):845–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2003.10.005
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bickenbach J (2015) WHO’s definition of health: philosophical analysis. In: Handbook of the philosophy of medicine. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8706-2_48-1
Chapter Google Scholar
Bonilla FA, Oettgen HC (2010) Adaptive immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(2 Suppl 2):S33–S40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.017
Borah Hazarika O, Das S (2021) Paid and unpaid work during the Covid-19 pandemic: a study of the gendered division of domestic responsibilities during lockdown. J Gend Stud 30(4):429–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2020.1863202
Brandani JZ, Mizuno J, Ciolac EG, Monteiro HL (2017) The hypotensive effect of Yoga’s breathing exercises: a systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 28:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.002
Breedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, Karyotaki E, Gilbody S, Bockting CLH, Cuijpers P, Ebert DD (2019) The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: a meta-analysis. Front Psych 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193
Brenes GA, Sohl S, Wells RE, Befus D, Campos CL, Danhauer SC (2019) The effects of yoga on patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a scoping review. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 27(2):188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.10.013
Brigham T, Barden C, Legreid Dopp A, Hengerer A, Kaplan J, Malone B, Martin C, McHugh M, Nora LM (2018) A journey to construct an all-encompassing conceptual model of factors affecting clinician well-being and resilience. NAM Perspect 8(1). https://doi.org/10.31478/201801b
Brinsley J, Schuch F, Lederman O, Girard D, Smout M, Immink MA, Stubbs B, Firth J, Davison K, Rosenbaum S (2021) Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 55(17):992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101242
Brooks J, Lawlor S, Turetzkin S, Goodnight CW, Galantino ML (2020) Yoga for substance use disorder in women: a systematic review. Int J Yoga Therap. https://doi.org/10.17761/2021-D-20-00008
Burns R (2016) Psychosocial well-being. In: Encyclopedia of geropsychology. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_251-1
Chang DG, Holt JA, Sklar M, Groessl EJ (2016) Yoga as a treatment for chronic low back pain: a systematic review of the literature. J Orthop Rheumatol 3(1):1–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27231715
CAS Google Scholar
Chaput J-P, Dutil C, Sampasa-Kanyinga H (2018) Sleeping hours: what is the ideal number and how does age impact this? Nat Sci Sleep 10:421–430. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S163071
Chobe S, Chobe M, Metri K, Patra SK, Nagaratna R (2020) Impact of yoga on cognition and mental health among elderly: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med 52:102421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102421
Chu P, Gotink RA, Yeh GY, Goldie SJ, Hunink MM (2016) The effectiveness of yoga in modifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23(3):291–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314562741
Chung S-C, Brooks MM, Rai M, Balk JL, Rai S (2012) Effect of Sahaja yoga meditation on quality of life, anxiety, and blood pressure control. J Altern Complement Med 18(6):589–596. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0038
Cicognani E (2014) Social well-being. In: Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 6193–6197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2797
Colwell CS, Michel S (2003) Sleep and circadian rhythms: do sleep centers talk back to the clock? Nat Neurosci 6(10):1005–1006. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1003-1005
Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G (2013) Yoga for rheumatic diseases: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 52(11):2025–2030. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ket264
Cramer H, Lauche R, Azizi H, Dobos G, Langhorst J (2014) Yoga for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9(11):e112414. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112414
Cramer H, Langhorst J, Dobos G, Lauche R (2016) Yoga for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23(18):1982–1993. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316665729
Cramer H, Anheyer D, Lauche R, Dobos G (2017) A systematic review of yoga for major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 213:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.006
Cramer H, Anheyer D, Saha FJ, Dobos G (2018) Yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 18(1):72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1650-x
Dai C-L, Sharma M, Chen C-C, Yesilyurt E, Godbey S (2021) Yoga as an alternative therapy for weight management in child and adolescent obesity: a systematic review and implications for research. Altern Ther Health Med 27(1):48–55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32663184
Das RR, Sankar J, Kabra SK (2019) Role of breathing exercises and yoga/pranayama in childhood asthma: a systematic review. Curr Pediatr Rev 15(3):175–183. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396315666190121122452
De Silva M, Panisi L, Lindquist A, Cluver C, Middleton A, Koete B, Vogel JP, Walker S, Tong S, Hastie R (2021) Severe maternal morbidity in the Asia Pacific: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Reg Health-West Pac 14:100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100217
Djalilova DM, Schulz PS, Berger AM, Case AJ, Kupzyk KA, Ross AC (2019) Impact of yoga on inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review. Biol Res Nurs 21(2):198–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800418820162
Edemekong PF, Huang B (2021) Epidemiology of prevention of communicable diseases. In: Stat Pearls. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29262070
ESCAP (2019) Asia-Pacific not on track to achieve any Sustainable Development Goal by 2030. https://www.unescap.org/news/asia-pacific-not-track-achieve-any-sustainable-development-goal-2030
Falkenberg RI, Eising C, Peters ML (2018) Yoga and immune system functioning: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Behav Med 41(4):467–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-018-9914-y
Farhang M, Miranda-Castillo C, Rubio M, Furtado G (2019) Impact of mind-body interventions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr 31(5):643–666. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218002302
Gaitzsch H, Benard J, Hugon-Rodin J, Benzakour L, Streuli I (2020) The effect of mind-body interventions on psychological and pregnancy outcomes in infertile women: a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 23(4):479–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-01009-8
Gayathri V, AlakaMani TL, Shivakumar DK (2018) Effect of yoga on endocrine and nervous system in adolescent children: assessment using EPI parameters. J Ayurvedic Herb Med 4(1):18–21. https://doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2018.4104
George N (2014) Obituary: B.K.S. Iyengar, 95; was known worldwide as creator of Iyengar yoga. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/obituary-bks-iyengar-95-was-known-worldwide-as-creator-of-iyengar-yoga/2014/08/22/fe0f4548-28b5-11e4-86ca-6f03cbd15c1a_story.html?noredirect=on
Gonzalez M, Pascoe MC, Yang G, de Manincor M, Grant S, Lacey J, Firth J, Sarris J (2021) Yoga for depression and anxiety symptoms in people with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology 30(8):1196–1208. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5671
Goode AP, Coeytaux RR, McDuffie J, Duan-Porter W, Sharma P, Mennella H, Nagi A, Williams JW (2016) An evidence map of yoga for low back pain. Complement Ther Med 25:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.02.016
Guo P, Zhang X, Liu N, Wang J, Chen D, Sun W, Li P, Zhang W (2021) Mind–body interventions on stress management in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Adv Nurs 77(1):125–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14588
Gupta S, Jhanjee S, Dhawan A (2021) Effectiveness of interventions based on yogic breathing practices (IB-YBP) on substance use disorders – a systematic review of the randomized control trials and quasi-experimental trials. Subst Use Misuse 56(11):1624–1641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1942056
Gür F, Can Gür G (2020) Is exercise a useful intervention in the treatment of alcohol use disorder? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Health Promot 34(5):520–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120913169
Hagen I, Nayar US (2014) Yoga for children and young people’s mental health and well-being: research review and reflections on the mental health potentials of yoga. Front Psych 5:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00035
Hiller-Sturmhöfel S, Bartke A (1998) The endocrine system: an overview. Alcohol Health Res World 22(3):153–164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15706790
Hilton L, Maher AR, Colaiaco B, Apaydin E, Sorbero ME, Booth M, Shanman RM, Hempel S (2017) Meditation for posttraumatic stress: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy 9(4):453–460. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000180
Innes KE, Selfe TK (2016) Yoga for adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of controlled trials. J Diabetes Res 2016:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6979370
Iyenger B (2005) The illustrated light on yoga. HarperCollins Publishers India. https://yogabog.com/sites/default/files/files/Iyengar_B_K_S__The_Illustrated_Light_On_Yoga.pdf
Iyenger B (2010) Light on the yoga sutras of Patanjali. HarperCollins Publishers India, New Delhi
Jagannathan A, Raghuram N, Talwadkar S (2014) Effect of trataka on cognitive functions in the elderly. Int J Yoga 7(2):96. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.133872
James-Palmer A, Anderson EZ, Zucker L, Kofman Y, Daneault J-F (2020) Yoga as an intervention for the reduction of symptoms of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Front Pediatr 8:78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00078
Jarry JL, Chang FM, La Civita L (2017) Ashtanga yoga for psychological well-being: initial effectiveness study. Mindfulness 8(5):1269–1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0703-4
Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Chathuranga T, Atapattu PM, Misra A (2018) The benefits of yoga practice compared to physical exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 12(5):795–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.008
Jha G (2002) Yoga-darshana: sutras of Patanjali with Bhasya of Vyasa. Rev edn. Asian Humanities Press (Division of Jain Publishing; Thoroughly)
Jiang T, Hou J, Sun R, Dai L, Wang W, Wu H, Zhang T, Su B (2021) Immunological and psychological efficacy of meditation/yoga intervention among people living with HIV (PLWH): a systematic review and meta-analyses of 19 randomized controlled trials. Ann Behav Med 55(6):505–519. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa084
Kalsoom Q (2022) Covid-19: experiences of teaching-mothers in Pakistan. J Gend Stud 31(3):390–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1923464
Katzmarzyk PT, Friedenreich C, Shiroma EJ, Lee I-M (2022) Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Br J Sports Med 56(2):101–106. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103640
Khandekar JS, Vasavi VL, Singh VP, Samuel SR, Sudhan SG, Khandelwal B (2021) Effect of yoga on blood pressure in prehypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci World J 2021:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4039364
Khetrapal S, Bhatia R (2020) Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & sustainable development goal 3. Indian J Med Res 151(5):395–399. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1920_20
Kim S-D (2019) Yoga for menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Clin Pract 36:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.06.006
Kulkarni MS, Kakodkar P, Nesari TM, Dubewar AP (2021) Combating the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic through yoga: recommendation from an overview. J Ayurveda Integr Med 13:100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.04.003
Kumar N, Pradhan B (2017) Immediate role of two yoga-based breathing technique on state anxiety in patients suffering from anxiety disorder: a self as control pilot study. Int J Yoga Philos Psychol Parapsychol 5(1):18. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijny.ijoyppp_9_16
Kumar N, Singh U (2021) Yoga for improving mood and cognitive functions – a brief review. Yoga Mimamsa 53(1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/ym.ym
Kurina LM, McClintock MK, Chen J-H, Waite LJ, Thisted RA, Lauderdale DS (2013) Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a critical review of measurement and associations. Ann Epidemiol 23(6):361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.03.015
Kuvalayananda S, Vinekar S (1963) In: Kaivalyadhama SMYM (ed) Yogic therapy, 1st edn. Samiti, Lonavala
Kwon R, Kasper K, London S, Haas DM (2020) A systematic review: the effects of yoga on pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 250:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.044
Langeland E (2014) Emotional well-being. In: Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 1874–1876. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_859
Lauche R, Langhorst J, Lee MS, Dobos G, Cramer H (2016) A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of yoga on weight-related outcomes. Prev Med 87:213–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.013
Lauche R, Hunter DJ, Adams J, Cramer H (2019) Yoga for osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 21(9):47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-019-0846-5
Lenoir Dit Caron R, Coquart J, Gilliaux M (2021) Effect of yoga on health-related quality of life in central nervous system disorders: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 35(11):1530–1543. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155211018429
Li J, Gao X, Hao X, Kantas D, Mohamed EA, Zheng X, Xu H, Zhang L (2021) Yoga for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 57:102643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102643
Liaropoulos L, Goranitis I (2015) Health care financing and the sustainability of health systems. Int J Equity Health 14(1):80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0208-5
Low WY, Lee YK, Samy AL (2015) Non-communicable diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: prevalence, risk factors and community-based prevention. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 28(1):20–26. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-014-0326-0
Mailankody P, Varambally S, Thennarasu K, Pal PK (2021) The rationale of yoga in Parkinson’s disease: a critical review. Neurol India 69(5):1165–1175. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.329545
Manchanda SC (2014) Yoga – a promising technique to control cardiovascular disease. Indian Heart J 66(5):487–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2014.08.013
Manocha R (2002) Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 57(2):110–115. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.2.110
McDonald C (2022) Problems with the WHO definition of health. https://catherinemcdonald.net/problems-with-who-definition-health/
McDowell CP, Herring MP, Lansing J, Brower C, Meyer JD (2020) Working from home and job loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with greater time in sedentary behaviors. Front Public Health 8:597619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.597619
Meister K, Juckel G (2018) A systematic review of mechanisms of change in body-oriented yoga in major depressive disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry 51(3):73–81. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-111013
Moliver N, Mika E, Chartrand M, Burrus S, Haussmann R, Khalsa S (2011) Increased Hatha yoga experience predicts lower body mass index and reduced medication use in women over 45 years. Int J Yoga 4(2):77–86. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.85490
Moon K (2020) Yoga sutras: an essential guide to understanding the yoga sutras of Patanjali. Bravex Publications, Boulder
Muktibodhananda S (2011) Hatha yoga pradipika, 3rd edn (ed.: Satyananda S). Yoga Publication Trust, Ganga Darshan, Munger. www.biharyoga.net
Musa M (2013) Immune mechanism: a “double-edged sword”. Malays J Med Sci MJMS 20(3):61–67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23966827
Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR (1986) New perspectives in stress management, 1st edn. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Bengaluru, Karnataka
Nagendra HR (2013) Integrated yoga therapy for mental illness. Indian J Psychiatry 55(Suppl 3):S337–S339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24049195
Nguyen-Feng VN, Clark CJ, Butler ME (2019) Yoga as an intervention for psychological symptoms following trauma: a systematic review and quantitative synthesis. Psychol Serv 16(3):513–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000191
Nicholson LB (2016) The immune system. Essays Biochem 60(3):275–301. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160017
Niranjanananda Saraswati S (2012) Gheranda Samhita: commentary on the yoga teachings of Maharshi Gheranda. Bihar School of Yoga, Munger
Oates J (2017) The effect of yoga on menstrual disorders: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med 23(6):407–417. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0363
Owen N, Sparling PB, Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Matthews CE (2010) Sedentary behavior: emerging evidence for a new health risk. Mayo Clin Proc 85(12):1138–1141. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0444
Pak A, Adegboye OA, Adekunle AI, Rahman KM, McBryde ES, Eisen DP (2020) Economic consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak: the need for epidemic preparedness. Front Public Health 8:241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00241
Pandey A, Das A (2017) Implication of yoga in noncommunicable diseases. J Soc Health Diabetes 05(02):088–093. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676244
Pandya P (2008) Nav Yug Ke Dayitva Evam Jivan Sadhana, 2nd edn. Vedmata Gayatri Trust, Shantikunj
Panebianco M, Sridharan K, Ramaratnam S (2017) Yoga for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD001524. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001524.pub3
Park S-H, Han KS (2017) Blood pressure response to meditation and yoga: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 23(9):685–695. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0234
Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH (2020) Sedentary lifestyle: overview of updated evidence of potential health risks. Korean J Fam Med 41(6):365–373. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.20.0165
Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, Malow BA, Maski K, Nichols C, Quan SF, Rosen CL, Troester MM, Wise MS (2016) Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med 12(06):785–786. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5866
Patra S (2017) Physiological effect of kriyas: cleansing techniques. Int J Yoga Philos Psychol Parapsychol 5(1):3. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijny.ijoyppp_31_17
Prathikanti S, Rivera R, Cochran A, Tungol JG, Fayazmanesh N, Weinmann E (2017) Treating major depression with yoga: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial. PLoS One 12(3):e0173869. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173869
Pressman SD, Kraft T, Bowlin S (2017) Well-being: physical, psychological, and social. In: Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine. Springer, New York, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_75-2
Radhakrishnan S (1948) The Bhagavad Gita. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, Londan, United Kingdom
Ramamoorthi R, Gahreman D, Moss S, Skinner T (2019a) The effectiveness of yoga to prevent diabetes mellitus type 2: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 98(3):e14019. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014019
Ramamoorthi R, Gahreman D, Skinner T, Moss S (2019b) The effect of yoga practice on glycemic control and other health parameters in the prediabetic state: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 14(10):e0221067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221067
Rani K, Tiwari S, Singh U, Singh I, Srivastava N (2012) Yoga Nidra as a complementary treatment of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with menstrual disorder. Int J Yoga 5(1):52–56. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.91715
Rao KR (2017) Foundations of yoga psychology. Found Yoga Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5409-9
Raub JA (2002) Psychophysiologic effects of Hatha Yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function: a literature review. J Altern Complement Med 8 (6):797–812. https://doi.org/10.1089/10755530260511810
Rodriguez-Leyva D, Pierce GN (2021) The impact of nutrition on the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nutrition. Nutrients 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061752
Saraswati SS (2001) Yoga nidra (2009 Re-pr). Yoga Publication Trust, Ganga Darshan. https://www.blooming-lotus-yoga.com/yoga-nidra/
Saraswati SS (2008) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha, 4th edn. Yoga Publication Trust, Ganga Darshan
Satish L (2014) An approach to counseling based on yoga sutra of Patanjali. Int J Yoga Allied Sci 3(1):5–11
Satpathy B (2018) Pancha kosha theory of personality. Int J Indian Psychol 6(2):2349–3429. https://doi.org/10.25215/0602.105
Scaria D, Brandt ML, Kim E, Lindeman B (2020) What is wellbeing? In: Wellbeing. Success in academic surgery. Springer, Cham, pp 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29470-0_1
Shah S, Abbas G, Riaz N, Anees Ur Rehman Hanif M, Rasool MF (2020) Burden of communicable diseases and cost of illness: Asia pacific region. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 20(4):343–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2020.1782196
Sharma G, Mooventhan A, Naik G, Nivethitha L (2021) A review on role of yoga in the management of patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Int J Yoga 14(1):26. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_7_20
Sheffield KM, Woods-Giscombé CL (2016) Efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of perinatal yoga on women’s mental health and well-being: a systematic literature review. J Holist Nurs 34(1):64–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010115577976
Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R (2020) COVID-19 infection: emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res 24:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
Srinivasayogi (2009) Hatharatnavali (A treatise on Hathayoga). Lonavala Yoga Institute, Lonavla
Sullivan WF, Heng J (2016) Promoting mental health. Natl Cathol Bioeth Q 16(4):663–676. https://doi.org/10.5840/ncbq201616462
Tan ST, Low PTA, Howard N, Yi H (2021) Social capital in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases among migrants and refugees: a systematic review and meta-ethnography. BMJ Glob Health 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006828
Taneja DK (2014) Yoga and health. Indian J Community Med 39(2):68–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.132716
Taylor J, McLean L, Korner A, Stratton E, Glozier N (2020) Mindfulness and yoga for psychological trauma: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Dissociation 21(5):536–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1760167
Thakur D, Saurabh Singh DS, Tripathi DM, Lufang D (2021) Effect of yoga on polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 27:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.02.018
Thayabaranathan T, Andrew NE, Immink MA, Hillier S, Stevens P, Stolwyk R, Kilkenny M, Cadilhac DA (2017) Determining the potential benefits of yoga in chronic stroke care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil 24(4):279–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2016.1277481
Thind H, Lantini R, Balletto BL, Donahue ML, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Bock BC, Scott-Sheldon LAJ (2017) The effects of yoga among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med 105:116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.017
Udupa K, Sathyaprabha TN (2018) Influence of yoga on the autonomic nervous system. In: Telles S, Singh N (eds) Research-based perspectives on the psychophysiology of yoga. IGI Global, Hershey, pp 67–85. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2788-6.ch005
UNDESA (2021) Asia/Pacific snapshot: stakeholder engagement around the SDGs during the Covid-19 Pandemic. https://sdgs.un.org/publications/asiapacific-snapshot-stakeholder-engagement-around-sdgs-during-covid-19-pandemic-32838
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2021) Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2021. In United Nations Publication
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2022) Asia and the Pacific SDG progress report 2022. United Nations Publication, New York
Book Google Scholar
UNO (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E
UNO (2019) SDG 3: good health and well-being. https://in.one.un.org/page/sustainable-development-goals/sdg-3-2/
UNO (2021) Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/
UNODC (2021) UNODC world drug report 2021: pandemic effects ramp up drug risks, as youth underestimate cannabis dangers. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/press/releases/2021/June/unodc-world-drug-report-2021_-pandemic-effects-ramp-up-drug-risks%2D%2Das-youth-underestimate-cannabis-dangers.html
Vignan V, Vidya M, Road K (2011) Short term effect of Sudarshan Kriya yoga on lipid and hormone profile of type 2 diabetic patients. Res J Chem Sci 1(9):83–86. http://www.isca.in/rjcs/Archives/v1/i9/14.ISCA-RJCS-2011-205.pdf
Vishnudevananda S (1987) The hatha yoga Pradipika. Om Lotus Publication, New York, USA
Vizcaino M, Stover E (2016) The effect of yoga practice on glycemic control and other health parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 28:57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.06.007
Vollbehr NK, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Nauta MH, Castelein S, Steenhuis LA, Hoenders HJR, Ostafin BD (2018) Hatha yoga for acute, chronic and/or treatment-resistant mood and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 13(10):e0204925. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204925
Voss M, Marten R, Gulati D (2019) Accelerating the SDG3 global action plan. BMJ Glob Health 4(5):e001930. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001930
Walia N, Matas J, Turner A, Gonzalez S, Zoorob R (2021) Yoga for substance use: a systematic review. J Am Board Fam Med 34(5):964–973. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210175
Walton AG (2011, June) Penetrating postures: the science of yoga. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2011/06/16/penetrating-postures-the-science-of-yoga/#2863d87b7d4b
Wang W-L, Chen K-H, Pan Y-C, Yang S-N, Chan Y-Y (2020) The effect of yoga on sleep quality and insomnia in women with sleep problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 20(1):195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02566-4
Whicher I (1998) Yoga and freedom: a reconsideration of Patanjali’s Classical Yoga. Philos East West 48(2):272. https://doi.org/10.2307/1399829
World Health Organization (2019) Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516488
Wieland LS, Skoetz N, Pilkington K, Vempati R, D’Adamo CR, Berman BM (2017) Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD010671. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010671.pub2
World Health Organization (2018) Mental health: strengthening our response. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response#:~:text=Mental health is a state of well-being in make a contribution to his or her community
World Health Organization (2019) Maternal mortality. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality
World Health Organization (2020a) Physical activity. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
World Health Organization (2020b) Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health and our food systems. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people%27s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems
World Health Organization (2021) Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
Wu L-L, Lin Z-K, Weng H-D, Qi Q-F, Lu J, Liu K-X (2018) Effectiveness of meditative movement on COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 13:1239–1250. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S159042
Wu Y, Johnson BT, Acabchuk RL, Chen S, Lewis HK, Livingston J, Park CL, Pescatello LS (2019) Yoga as antihypertensive lifestyle therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.023
Yang Z-Y, Zhong H-B, Mao C, Yuan J-Q, Huang Y, Wu X-Y, Gao Y-M, Tang J-L (2016) Yoga for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010346.pub2
Ye X, Chen Z, Shen Z, Chen G, Xu X (2020) Yoga for treating rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med 7:586665. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.586665
Yi L-J, Tian X, Jin Y-F, Luo M-J, Jiménez-Herrera MF (2021) Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med 10(2):1961–1975. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-1484
Youkhana S, Dean CM, Wolff M, Sherrington C, Tiedemann A (2016) Yoga-based exercise improves balance and mobility in people aged 60 and over: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 45(1):21–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv175
Zhu F, Zhang M, Wang D, Hong Q, Zeng C, Chen W (2020) Yoga compared to non-exercise or physical therapy exercise on pain, disability, and quality of life for patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 15(9):e0238544. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238544
Download references
Authors and affiliations.
Department of Yogic Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
Narottam Kumar & Udham Singh
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Editors and affiliations.
European School of Sustainability Science and Research, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
Walter Leal Filho
Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
Theam Foo Ng
School of Property, Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Usha Iyer-Raniga
Centre for Sustainable Business, International Business University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability and Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima, Japan
Ayyoob Sharifi
School of Education and Social Work, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
Qudsia Kalsoom
Reprints and permissions
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Cite this entry.
Kumar, N., Singh, U. (2024). SDG3, Good Health and Well – Being: Status, Achievement, and Yoga Strategies. In: Leal Filho, W., Ng, T.F., Iyer-Raniga, U., Ng, A., Sharifi, A. (eds) SDGs in the Asia and Pacific Region. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17463-6_21
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17463-6_21
Published : 01 September 2024
Publisher Name : Springer, Cham
Print ISBN : 978-3-031-17462-9
Online ISBN : 978-3-031-17463-6
eBook Packages : Earth and Environmental Science Reference Module Physical and Materials Science Reference Module Earth and Environmental Sciences
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Policies and ethics
Peer Reviewed
Article metrics.
CrossRef Citations
Altmetric Score
PDF Downloads
Academic journals, archives, and repositories are seeing an increasing number of questionable research papers clearly produced using generative AI. They are often created with widely available, general-purpose AI applications, most likely ChatGPT, and mimic scientific writing. Google Scholar easily locates and lists these questionable papers alongside reputable, quality-controlled research. Our analysis of a selection of questionable GPT-fabricated scientific papers found in Google Scholar shows that many are about applied, often controversial topics susceptible to disinformation: the environment, health, and computing. The resulting enhanced potential for malicious manipulation of society’s evidence base, particularly in politically divisive domains, is a growing concern.
Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås, Sweden
Department of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
Division of Environmental Communication, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
The use of ChatGPT to generate text for academic papers has raised concerns about research integrity. Discussion of this phenomenon is ongoing in editorials, commentaries, opinion pieces, and on social media (Bom, 2023; Stokel-Walker, 2024; Thorp, 2023). There are now several lists of papers suspected of GPT misuse, and new papers are constantly being added. 1 See for example Academ-AI, https://www.academ-ai.info/ , and Retraction Watch, https://retractionwatch.com/papers-and-peer-reviews-with-evidence-of-chatgpt-writing/ . While many legitimate uses of GPT for research and academic writing exist (Huang & Tan, 2023; Kitamura, 2023; Lund et al., 2023), its undeclared use—beyond proofreading—has potentially far-reaching implications for both science and society, but especially for their relationship. It, therefore, seems important to extend the discussion to one of the most accessible and well-known intermediaries between science, but also certain types of misinformation, and the public, namely Google Scholar, also in response to the legitimate concerns that the discussion of generative AI and misinformation needs to be more nuanced and empirically substantiated (Simon et al., 2023).
Google Scholar, https://scholar.google.com , is an easy-to-use academic search engine. It is available for free, and its index is extensive (Gusenbauer & Haddaway, 2020). It is also often touted as a credible source for academic literature and even recommended in library guides, by media and information literacy initiatives, and fact checkers (Tripodi et al., 2023). However, Google Scholar lacks the transparency and adherence to standards that usually characterize citation databases. Instead, Google Scholar uses automated crawlers, like Google’s web search engine (Martín-Martín et al., 2021), and the inclusion criteria are based on primarily technical standards, allowing any individual author—with or without scientific affiliation—to upload papers to be indexed (Google Scholar Help, n.d.). It has been shown that Google Scholar is susceptible to manipulation through citation exploits (Antkare, 2020) and by providing access to fake scientific papers (Dadkhah et al., 2017). A large part of Google Scholar’s index consists of publications from established scientific journals or other forms of quality-controlled, scholarly literature. However, the index also contains a large amount of gray literature, including student papers, working papers, reports, preprint servers, and academic networking sites, as well as material from so-called “questionable” academic journals, including paper mills. The search interface does not offer the possibility to filter the results meaningfully by material type, publication status, or form of quality control, such as limiting the search to peer-reviewed material.
To understand the occurrence of ChatGPT (co-)authored work in Google Scholar’s index, we scraped it for publications, including one of two common ChatGPT responses (see Appendix A) that we encountered on social media and in media reports (DeGeurin, 2024). The results of our descriptive statistical analyses showed that around 62% did not declare the use of GPTs. Most of these GPT-fabricated papers were found in non-indexed journals and working papers, but some cases included research published in mainstream scientific journals and conference proceedings. 2 Indexed journals mean scholarly journals indexed by abstract and citation databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, where the indexation implies journals with high scientific quality. Non-indexed journals are journals that fall outside of this indexation. More than half (57%) of these GPT-fabricated papers concerned policy-relevant subject areas susceptible to influence operations. To avoid increasing the visibility of these publications, we abstained from referencing them in this research note. However, we have made the data available in the Harvard Dataverse repository.
The publications were related to three issue areas—health (14.5%), environment (19.5%) and computing (23%)—with key terms such “healthcare,” “COVID-19,” or “infection”for health-related papers, and “analysis,” “sustainable,” and “global” for environment-related papers. In several cases, the papers had titles that strung together general keywords and buzzwords, thus alluding to very broad and current research. These terms included “biology,” “telehealth,” “climate policy,” “diversity,” and “disrupting,” to name just a few. While the study’s scope and design did not include a detailed analysis of which parts of the articles included fabricated text, our dataset did contain the surrounding sentences for each occurrence of the suspicious phrases that formed the basis for our search and subsequent selection. Based on that, we can say that the phrases occurred in most sections typically found in scientific publications, including the literature review, methods, conceptual and theoretical frameworks, background, motivation or societal relevance, and even discussion. This was confirmed during the joint coding, where we read and discussed all articles. It became clear that not just the text related to the telltale phrases was created by GPT, but that almost all articles in our sample of questionable articles likely contained traces of GPT-fabricated text everywhere.
Evidence hacking and backfiring effects
Generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs) can be used to produce texts that mimic scientific writing. These texts, when made available online—as we demonstrate—leak into the databases of academic search engines and other parts of the research infrastructure for scholarly communication. This development exacerbates problems that were already present with less sophisticated text generators (Antkare, 2020; Cabanac & Labbé, 2021). Yet, the public release of ChatGPT in 2022, together with the way Google Scholar works, has increased the likelihood of lay people (e.g., media, politicians, patients, students) coming across questionable (or even entirely GPT-fabricated) papers and other problematic research findings. Previous research has emphasized that the ability to determine the value and status of scientific publications for lay people is at stake when misleading articles are passed off as reputable (Haider & Åström, 2017) and that systematic literature reviews risk being compromised (Dadkhah et al., 2017). It has also been highlighted that Google Scholar, in particular, can be and has been exploited for manipulating the evidence base for politically charged issues and to fuel conspiracy narratives (Tripodi et al., 2023). Both concerns are likely to be magnified in the future, increasing the risk of what we suggest calling evidence hacking —the strategic and coordinated malicious manipulation of society’s evidence base.
The authority of quality-controlled research as evidence to support legislation, policy, politics, and other forms of decision-making is undermined by the presence of undeclared GPT-fabricated content in publications professing to be scientific. Due to the large number of archives, repositories, mirror sites, and shadow libraries to which they spread, there is a clear risk that GPT-fabricated, questionable papers will reach audiences even after a possible retraction. There are considerable technical difficulties involved in identifying and tracing computer-fabricated papers (Cabanac & Labbé, 2021; Dadkhah et al., 2023; Jones, 2024), not to mention preventing and curbing their spread and uptake.
However, as the rise of the so-called anti-vaxx movement during the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing obstruction and denial of climate change show, retracting erroneous publications often fuels conspiracies and increases the following of these movements rather than stopping them. To illustrate this mechanism, climate deniers frequently question established scientific consensus by pointing to other, supposedly scientific, studies that support their claims. Usually, these are poorly executed, not peer-reviewed, based on obsolete data, or even fraudulent (Dunlap & Brulle, 2020). A similar strategy is successful in the alternative epistemic world of the global anti-vaccination movement (Carrion, 2018) and the persistence of flawed and questionable publications in the scientific record already poses significant problems for health research, policy, and lawmakers, and thus for society as a whole (Littell et al., 2024). Considering that a person’s support for “doing your own research” is associated with increased mistrust in scientific institutions (Chinn & Hasell, 2023), it will be of utmost importance to anticipate and consider such backfiring effects already when designing a technical solution, when suggesting industry or legal regulation, and in the planning of educational measures.
Recommendations
Solutions should be based on simultaneous considerations of technical, educational, and regulatory approaches, as well as incentives, including social ones, across the entire research infrastructure. Paying attention to how these approaches and incentives relate to each other can help identify points and mechanisms for disruption. Recognizing fraudulent academic papers must happen alongside understanding how they reach their audiences and what reasons there might be for some of these papers successfully “sticking around.” A possible way to mitigate some of the risks associated with GPT-fabricated scholarly texts finding their way into academic search engine results would be to provide filtering options for facets such as indexed journals, gray literature, peer-review, and similar on the interface of publicly available academic search engines. Furthermore, evaluation tools for indexed journals 3 Such as LiU Journal CheckUp, https://ep.liu.se/JournalCheckup/default.aspx?lang=eng . could be integrated into the graphical user interfaces and the crawlers of these academic search engines. To enable accountability, it is important that the index (database) of such a search engine is populated according to criteria that are transparent, open to scrutiny, and appropriate to the workings of science and other forms of academic research. Moreover, considering that Google Scholar has no real competitor, there is a strong case for establishing a freely accessible, non-specialized academic search engine that is not run for commercial reasons but for reasons of public interest. Such measures, together with educational initiatives aimed particularly at policymakers, science communicators, journalists, and other media workers, will be crucial to reducing the possibilities for and effects of malicious manipulation or evidence hacking. It is important not to present this as a technical problem that exists only because of AI text generators but to relate it to the wider concerns in which it is embedded. These range from a largely dysfunctional scholarly publishing system (Haider & Åström, 2017) and academia’s “publish or perish” paradigm to Google’s near-monopoly and ideological battles over the control of information and ultimately knowledge. Any intervention is likely to have systemic effects; these effects need to be considered and assessed in advance and, ideally, followed up on.
Our study focused on a selection of papers that were easily recognizable as fraudulent. We used this relatively small sample as a magnifying glass to examine, delineate, and understand a problem that goes beyond the scope of the sample itself, which however points towards larger concerns that require further investigation. The work of ongoing whistleblowing initiatives 4 Such as Academ-AI, https://www.academ-ai.info/ , and Retraction Watch, https://retractionwatch.com/papers-and-peer-reviews-with-evidence-of-chatgpt-writing/ . , recent media reports of journal closures (Subbaraman, 2024), or GPT-related changes in word use and writing style (Cabanac et al., 2021; Stokel-Walker, 2024) suggest that we only see the tip of the iceberg. There are already more sophisticated cases (Dadkhah et al., 2023) as well as cases involving fabricated images (Gu et al., 2022). Our analysis shows that questionable and potentially manipulative GPT-fabricated papers permeate the research infrastructure and are likely to become a widespread phenomenon. Our findings underline that the risk of fake scientific papers being used to maliciously manipulate evidence (see Dadkhah et al., 2017) must be taken seriously. Manipulation may involve undeclared automatic summaries of texts, inclusion in literature reviews, explicit scientific claims, or the concealment of errors in studies so that they are difficult to detect in peer review. However, the mere possibility of these things happening is a significant risk in its own right that can be strategically exploited and will have ramifications for trust in and perception of science. Society’s methods of evaluating sources and the foundations of media and information literacy are under threat and public trust in science is at risk of further erosion, with far-reaching consequences for society in dealing with information disorders. To address this multifaceted problem, we first need to understand why it exists and proliferates.
Finding 1: 139 GPT-fabricated, questionable papers were found and listed as regular results on the Google Scholar results page. Non-indexed journals dominate.
Most questionable papers we found were in non-indexed journals or were working papers, but we did also find some in established journals, publications, conferences, and repositories. We found a total of 139 papers with a suspected deceptive use of ChatGPT or similar LLM applications (see Table 1). Out of these, 19 were in indexed journals, 89 were in non-indexed journals, 19 were student papers found in university databases, and 12 were working papers (mostly in preprint databases). Table 1 divides these papers into categories. Health and environment papers made up around 34% (47) of the sample. Of these, 66% were present in non-indexed journals.
Indexed journals* | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 19 |
Non-indexed journals | 18 | 18 | 13 | 40 | 89 |
Student papers | 4 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 19 |
Working papers | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 12 |
Total | 32 | 27 | 20 | 60 | 139 |
Finding 2: GPT-fabricated, questionable papers are disseminated online, permeating the research infrastructure for scholarly communication, often in multiple copies. Applied topics with practical implications dominate.
The 20 papers concerning health-related issues are distributed across 20 unique domains, accounting for 46 URLs. The 27 papers dealing with environmental issues can be found across 26 unique domains, accounting for 56 URLs. Most of the identified papers exist in multiple copies and have already spread to several archives, repositories, and social media. It would be difficult, or impossible, to remove them from the scientific record.
As apparent from Table 2, GPT-fabricated, questionable papers are seeping into most parts of the online research infrastructure for scholarly communication. Platforms on which identified papers have appeared include ResearchGate, ORCiD, Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology (JPTCP), Easychair, Frontiers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE), and X/Twitter. Thus, even if they are retracted from their original source, it will prove very difficult to track, remove, or even just mark them up on other platforms. Moreover, unless regulated, Google Scholar will enable their continued and most likely unlabeled discoverability.
Environment | researchgate.net (13) | orcid.org (4) | easychair.org (3) | ijope.com* (3) | publikasiindonesia.id (3) |
Health | researchgate.net (15) | ieee.org (4) | twitter.com (3) | jptcp.com** (2) | frontiersin.org (2) |
A word rain visualization (Centre for Digital Humanities Uppsala, 2023), which combines word prominences through TF-IDF 5 Term frequency–inverse document frequency , a method for measuring the significance of a word in a document compared to its frequency across all documents in a collection. scores with semantic similarity of the full texts of our sample of GPT-generated articles that fall into the “Environment” and “Health” categories, reflects the two categories in question. However, as can be seen in Figure 1, it also reveals overlap and sub-areas. The y-axis shows word prominences through word positions and font sizes, while the x-axis indicates semantic similarity. In addition to a certain amount of overlap, this reveals sub-areas, which are best described as two distinct events within the word rain. The event on the left bundles terms related to the development and management of health and healthcare with “challenges,” “impact,” and “potential of artificial intelligence”emerging as semantically related terms. Terms related to research infrastructures, environmental, epistemic, and technological concepts are arranged further down in the same event (e.g., “system,” “climate,” “understanding,” “knowledge,” “learning,” “education,” “sustainable”). A second distinct event further to the right bundles terms associated with fish farming and aquatic medicinal plants, highlighting the presence of an aquaculture cluster. Here, the prominence of groups of terms such as “used,” “model,” “-based,” and “traditional” suggests the presence of applied research on these topics. The two events making up the word rain visualization, are linked by a less dominant but overlapping cluster of terms related to “energy” and “water.”
The bar chart of the terms in the paper subset (see Figure 2) complements the word rain visualization by depicting the most prominent terms in the full texts along the y-axis. Here, word prominences across health and environment papers are arranged descendingly, where values outside parentheses are TF-IDF values (relative frequencies) and values inside parentheses are raw term frequencies (absolute frequencies).
Finding 3: Google Scholar presents results from quality-controlled and non-controlled citation databases on the same interface, providing unfiltered access to GPT-fabricated questionable papers.
Google Scholar’s central position in the publicly accessible scholarly communication infrastructure, as well as its lack of standards, transparency, and accountability in terms of inclusion criteria, has potentially serious implications for public trust in science. This is likely to exacerbate the already-known potential to exploit Google Scholar for evidence hacking (Tripodi et al., 2023) and will have implications for any attempts to retract or remove fraudulent papers from their original publication venues. Any solution must consider the entirety of the research infrastructure for scholarly communication and the interplay of different actors, interests, and incentives.
We searched and scraped Google Scholar using the Python library Scholarly (Cholewiak et al., 2023) for papers that included specific phrases known to be common responses from ChatGPT and similar applications with the same underlying model (GPT3.5 or GPT4): “as of my last knowledge update” and/or “I don’t have access to real-time data” (see Appendix A). This facilitated the identification of papers that likely used generative AI to produce text, resulting in 227 retrieved papers. The papers’ bibliographic information was automatically added to a spreadsheet and downloaded into Zotero. 6 An open-source reference manager, https://zotero.org .
We employed multiple coding (Barbour, 2001) to classify the papers based on their content. First, we jointly assessed whether the paper was suspected of fraudulent use of ChatGPT (or similar) based on how the text was integrated into the papers and whether the paper was presented as original research output or the AI tool’s role was acknowledged. Second, in analyzing the content of the papers, we continued the multiple coding by classifying the fraudulent papers into four categories identified during an initial round of analysis—health, environment, computing, and others—and then determining which subjects were most affected by this issue (see Table 1). Out of the 227 retrieved papers, 88 papers were written with legitimate and/or declared use of GPTs (i.e., false positives, which were excluded from further analysis), and 139 papers were written with undeclared and/or fraudulent use (i.e., true positives, which were included in further analysis). The multiple coding was conducted jointly by all authors of the present article, who collaboratively coded and cross-checked each other’s interpretation of the data simultaneously in a shared spreadsheet file. This was done to single out coding discrepancies and settle coding disagreements, which in turn ensured methodological thoroughness and analytical consensus (see Barbour, 2001). Redoing the category coding later based on our established coding schedule, we achieved an intercoder reliability (Cohen’s kappa) of 0.806 after eradicating obvious differences.
The ranking algorithm of Google Scholar prioritizes highly cited and older publications (Martín-Martín et al., 2016). Therefore, the position of the articles on the search engine results pages was not particularly informative, considering the relatively small number of results in combination with the recency of the publications. Only the query “as of my last knowledge update” had more than two search engine result pages. On those, questionable articles with undeclared use of GPTs were evenly distributed across all result pages (min: 4, max: 9, mode: 8), with the proportion of undeclared use being slightly higher on average on later search result pages.
To understand how the papers making fraudulent use of generative AI were disseminated online, we programmatically searched for the paper titles (with exact string matching) in Google Search from our local IP address (see Appendix B) using the googlesearch – python library(Vikramaditya, 2020). We manually verified each search result to filter out false positives—results that were not related to the paper—and then compiled the most prominent URLs by field. This enabled the identification of other platforms through which the papers had been spread. We did not, however, investigate whether copies had spread into SciHub or other shadow libraries, or if they were referenced in Wikipedia.
We used descriptive statistics to count the prevalence of the number of GPT-fabricated papers across topics and venues and top domains by subject. The pandas software library for the Python programming language (The pandas development team, 2024) was used for this part of the analysis. Based on the multiple coding, paper occurrences were counted in relation to their categories, divided into indexed journals, non-indexed journals, student papers, and working papers. The schemes, subdomains, and subdirectories of the URL strings were filtered out while top-level domains and second-level domains were kept, which led to normalizing domain names. This, in turn, allowed the counting of domain frequencies in the environment and health categories. To distinguish word prominences and meanings in the environment and health-related GPT-fabricated questionable papers, a semantically-aware word cloud visualization was produced through the use of a word rain (Centre for Digital Humanities Uppsala, 2023) for full-text versions of the papers. Font size and y-axis positions indicate word prominences through TF-IDF scores for the environment and health papers (also visualized in a separate bar chart with raw term frequencies in parentheses), and words are positioned along the x-axis to reflect semantic similarity (Skeppstedt et al., 2024), with an English Word2vec skip gram model space (Fares et al., 2017). An English stop word list was used, along with a manually produced list including terms such as “https,” “volume,” or “years.”
Haider, J., Söderström, K. R., Ekström, B., & Rödl, M. (2024). GPT-fabricated scientific papers on Google Scholar: Key features, spread, and implications for preempting evidence manipulation. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review . https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-156
Antkare, I. (2020). Ike Antkare, his publications, and those of his disciples. In M. Biagioli & A. Lippman (Eds.), Gaming the metrics (pp. 177–200). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11087.003.0018
Barbour, R. S. (2001). Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: A case of the tail wagging the dog? BMJ , 322 (7294), 1115–1117. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1115
Bom, H.-S. H. (2023). Exploring the opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in academic writing: A roundtable discussion. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging , 57 (4), 165–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-023-00809-2
Cabanac, G., & Labbé, C. (2021). Prevalence of nonsensical algorithmically generated papers in the scientific literature. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology , 72 (12), 1461–1476. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24495
Cabanac, G., Labbé, C., & Magazinov, A. (2021). Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science. Evidence of critical issues affecting established journals . arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.06751
Carrion, M. L. (2018). “You need to do your research”: Vaccines, contestable science, and maternal epistemology. Public Understanding of Science , 27 (3), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662517728024
Centre for Digital Humanities Uppsala (2023). CDHUppsala/word-rain [Computer software]. https://github.com/CDHUppsala/word-rain
Chinn, S., & Hasell, A. (2023). Support for “doing your own research” is associated with COVID-19 misperceptions and scientific mistrust. Harvard Kennedy School (HSK) Misinformation Review, 4 (3). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-117
Cholewiak, S. A., Ipeirotis, P., Silva, V., & Kannawadi, A. (2023). SCHOLARLY: Simple access to Google Scholar authors and citation using Python (1.5.0) [Computer software]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5764801
Dadkhah, M., Lagzian, M., & Borchardt, G. (2017). Questionable papers in citation databases as an issue for literature review. Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling , 11 (2), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-016-0370-6
Dadkhah, M., Oermann, M. H., Hegedüs, M., Raman, R., & Dávid, L. D. (2023). Detection of fake papers in the era of artificial intelligence. Diagnosis , 10 (4), 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2023-0090
DeGeurin, M. (2024, March 19). AI-generated nonsense is leaking into scientific journals. Popular Science. https://www.popsci.com/technology/ai-generated-text-scientific-journals/
Dunlap, R. E., & Brulle, R. J. (2020). Sources and amplifiers of climate change denial. In D.C. Holmes & L. M. Richardson (Eds.), Research handbook on communicating climate change (pp. 49–61). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789900408.00013
Fares, M., Kutuzov, A., Oepen, S., & Velldal, E. (2017). Word vectors, reuse, and replicability: Towards a community repository of large-text resources. In J. Tiedemann & N. Tahmasebi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (pp. 271–276). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/W17-0237
Google Scholar Help. (n.d.). Inclusion guidelines for webmasters . https://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/inclusion.html
Gu, J., Wang, X., Li, C., Zhao, J., Fu, W., Liang, G., & Qiu, J. (2022). AI-enabled image fraud in scientific publications. Patterns , 3 (7), 100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2022.100511
Gusenbauer, M., & Haddaway, N. R. (2020). Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources. Research Synthesis Methods , 11 (2), 181–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378
Haider, J., & Åström, F. (2017). Dimensions of trust in scholarly communication: Problematizing peer review in the aftermath of John Bohannon’s “Sting” in science. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology , 68 (2), 450–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23669
Huang, J., & Tan, M. (2023). The role of ChatGPT in scientific communication: Writing better scientific review articles. American Journal of Cancer Research , 13 (4), 1148–1154. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10164801/
Jones, N. (2024). How journals are fighting back against a wave of questionable images. Nature , 626 (8000), 697–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00372-6
Kitamura, F. C. (2023). ChatGPT is shaping the future of medical writing but still requires human judgment. Radiology , 307 (2), e230171. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.230171
Littell, J. H., Abel, K. M., Biggs, M. A., Blum, R. W., Foster, D. G., Haddad, L. B., Major, B., Munk-Olsen, T., Polis, C. B., Robinson, G. E., Rocca, C. H., Russo, N. F., Steinberg, J. R., Stewart, D. E., Stotland, N. L., Upadhyay, U. D., & Ditzhuijzen, J. van. (2024). Correcting the scientific record on abortion and mental health outcomes. BMJ , 384 , e076518. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076518
Lund, B. D., Wang, T., Mannuru, N. R., Nie, B., Shimray, S., & Wang, Z. (2023). ChatGPT and a new academic reality: Artificial Intelligence-written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74 (5), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24750
Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., Ayllón, J. M., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2016). Back to the past: On the shoulders of an academic search engine giant. Scientometrics , 107 , 1477–1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1917-2
Martín-Martín, A., Thelwall, M., Orduna-Malea, E., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2021). Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations’ COCI: A multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations. Scientometrics , 126 (1), 871–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4
Simon, F. M., Altay, S., & Mercier, H. (2023). Misinformation reloaded? Fears about the impact of generative AI on misinformation are overblown. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, 4 (5). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-127
Skeppstedt, M., Ahltorp, M., Kucher, K., & Lindström, M. (2024). From word clouds to Word Rain: Revisiting the classic word cloud to visualize climate change texts. Information Visualization , 23 (3), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/14738716241236188
Swedish Research Council. (2017). Good research practice. Vetenskapsrådet.
Stokel-Walker, C. (2024, May 1.). AI Chatbots Have Thoroughly Infiltrated Scientific Publishing . Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chatbots-have-thoroughly-infiltrated-scientific-publishing/
Subbaraman, N. (2024, May 14). Flood of fake science forces multiple journal closures: Wiley to shutter 19 more journals, some tainted by fraud. The Wall Street Journal . https://www.wsj.com/science/academic-studies-research-paper-mills-journals-publishing-f5a3d4bc
The pandas development team. (2024). pandas-dev/pandas: Pandas (v2.2.2) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10957263
Thorp, H. H. (2023). ChatGPT is fun, but not an author. Science , 379 (6630), 313–313. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg7879
Tripodi, F. B., Garcia, L. C., & Marwick, A. E. (2023). ‘Do your own research’: Affordance activation and disinformation spread. Information, Communication & Society , 27 (6), 1212–1228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2245869
Vikramaditya, N. (2020). Nv7-GitHub/googlesearch [Computer software]. https://github.com/Nv7-GitHub/googlesearch
This research has been supported by Mistra, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, through the research program Mistra Environmental Communication (Haider, Ekström, Rödl) and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation [2020.0004] (Söderström).
The authors declare no competing interests.
The research described in this article was carried out under Swedish legislation. According to the relevant EU and Swedish legislation (2003:460) on the ethical review of research involving humans (“Ethical Review Act”), the research reported on here is not subject to authorization by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (“etikprövningsmyndigheten”) (SRC, 2017).
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are properly credited.
All data needed to replicate this study are available at the Harvard Dataverse: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WUVD8X
The authors wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the article manuscript as well as the editorial group of Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review for their thoughtful feedback and input.
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on March 14, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on February 28, 2024.
An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.
In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.
We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.
Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text.
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
What are in-text citations for, when do you need an in-text citation, types of in-text citation, frequently asked questions about in-text citations.
The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader where your information comes from. Including citations:
Academic writing is seen as an ongoing conversation among scholars, both within and between fields of study. Showing exactly how your own research draws on and interacts with existing sources is essential to keeping this conversation going.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
An in-text citation should be included whenever you quote or paraphrase a source in your text.
Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase . Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.
Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.
However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.
Different types of in-text citation are used in different citation styles . They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.
Author-date citations (used in APA , Harvard , and Chicago author-date ) include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. Author-page citations (used in MLA ) are the same except that the year is not included.
Both types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. In a parenthetical citation , the author’s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. In a narrative citation , the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses.
Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation | |
---|---|---|
Author-date (APA) | The treatment proved highly effective (Smith, 2018, p. 11). | Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (2018, p. 11). |
Author-page (MLA) | The treatment proved highly effective (Smith 11). | Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (11). |
Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.
An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, February 28). The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 6, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/in-text-citation-styles/
Other students also liked, how to quote | citing quotes in apa, mla & chicago, how to paraphrase | step-by-step guide & examples, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, what is your plagiarism score.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
In an MLA Works Cited entry for a journal article, the article title appears in quotation marks, the name of the journal in italics—both in title case. List up to two authors in both the in-text citation and the Works Cited entry. For three or more, use "et al.". MLA format. Author last name, First name.
If you want to cite a special issue of a journal rather than a regular article, the name (s) of the editor (s) and the title of the issue appear in place of the author's name and article title: APA format. Last name, Initials. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Title of issue [Special issue]. Journal Name, Volume (Issue).
To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words. It's important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don't want to do this manually.
The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes) or at the end of a paper (endnotes). The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but ...
Reference List. Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list ...
1. Name the author and the publication date in-text before a quote. To simplify the in-text citation, place the last name of the author in the text to introduce the quote and then the publication date for the text in parentheses. You can then leave the author's name and the publication date out of the quote itself. [1]
APA Style uses the author-date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry.The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
The following formats apply to all journals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, etc. whether you found them in an online database, search engine, or in print.. Volume, issue and page numbers in periodicals: Continuous pagination throughout a volume: only cite the volume number (in italics), followed by a comma and then the page numbers: 20, 344-367.
Title of article (capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle, and proper nouns) Title of publication in italics (i.e., Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Newsweek, New York Times) Volume number in italics and issue number, if given. Page numbers of article, if given. For articles retrieved online, include DOI, if available.
3. List the title of the research paper. Use sentence capitalization to write out the full title of the research paper, capitalizing the first word and any proper names. If it has a subtitle, place a colon and capitalize the first word of the subtitle. [3] For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online in APA Format. Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher location are not included. For journal articles, these are replaced with the journal title, volume number, issue number and page number. The basic structure is: Journal Article Examples: Mitchell, J.A. (2017).
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
APA in-text citations The basics. In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else's ideas or words to avoid plagiarism.. An APA in-text citation consists of the author's last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system).
When a source has 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, then three ellipses (…), and add the last author's name. Don't include an ampersand (&) between the ellipsis and final author. Note: For works with three or more authors, the first in-text citation is shortened to include the first author's surname followed by "et al."
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
There are two main kinds of titles. Firstly, titles can be the name of the standalone work like books and research papers. In this case, the title of the work should appear in the title element of the reference. Secondly, they can be a part of a bigger work, such as edited chapters, podcast episodes, and even songs.
Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019) If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in the reference. Always include the issue number for a journal article. If the journal article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, end the reference after the page range (for an explanation of why, see the database information ...
The name of the author in a newspaper article is referred to as a byline. Below are examples for citing an article both with and without a byline. Reference list (print) structure: Last name, F. (Year published). 'Article title', Newspaper name, Day Month, Page (s). Example: Hamilton, J. (2018).
If an article has three or more authors, include only the first author's name, followed by " et al. ". MLA journal citation: 3+ authors. MLA format. Author last name, First name, et al. " Article Title.". Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Month Year, Page range. DOI or URL. MLA Works Cited entry.
Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Klein. You want to cite Klein's article, but you have not read Klein's article itself. Reference list citation. Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play?
With access to over 150 million publications through Dimensions, the search module in Papers lets you quickly and easily find the information that advances your research.. With Papers Pro, easily transform natural language queries into complex searches using the AI-powered query builder, and save your frequent searches for future reference.
The present research shows that it is problematic to treat information from video feeds as being objective when preparing for the next opponent, as different coaches derive different interpretations from the same data source. Implications for use of video data, and related contributions to coaching research are discussed.
However, this chapter involves published articles that focus on 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th targets of SDG3. Unpublished papers, dissertations, theses, case reports, opinions, and brief communications were not included in the current study. Research articles published since SDG inception (August 2016) were included in the study. Data Extraction Process
Most of these GPT-fabricated papers were found in non-indexed journals and working papers, but some cases included research published in mainstream scientific journals and conference proceedings. 2 Indexed journals mean scholarly journals indexed by abstract and citation databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, where the indexation implies ...
Citing a website in APA Style. An APA reference for a webpage lists the author's last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.. The in-text citation lists the author's last name and the year. If it's a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number ...
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises). Add a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.