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Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes

Affiliations.

  • 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; email: [email protected].
  • 2 Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; email: [email protected].
  • 3 Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; email: [email protected].
  • PMID: 32886587
  • DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331

The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of ( a ) why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; ( b ) the stress response and allostatic load; ( c ) some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health, such as by influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol dynamics, the autonomic nervous system, and gene expression; and ( d ) evidence of the clinical relevance of stress, exemplified through the risk of infectious diseases. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems. Future work ought to consider further the importance of early-life adversity and continue to explore how different biological systems interact in the context of stress and health processes.

Keywords: HPA axis; allostatic load; autonomic nervous system; cortisol; genomics.

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Recent developments in stress and anxiety research

  • Published: 01 September 2021
  • Volume 128 , pages 1265–1267, ( 2021 )

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  • Urs M. Nater 1 , 2  

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Stress and anxiety are virtually omnipresent in today´s society, pervading almost all aspects of our daily lives. While each and every one of us experiences “stress” and/or “anxiety” at least to some extent at times, the phenomena themselves are far from being completely understood. In stress research, scientists are particularly grappling with the conceptual issue of how to define stress, also with regard to delimiting stress from anxiety or negative affectivity in general. Interestingly, there is no unified theory of stress, despite many attempts at defining stress and its characteristics. Consequently, the available literature relies on a variety of different theoretical approaches, though the theories of Lazarus and Folkman ( 1984 ) or McEwen ( 1998 ) are relatively pervasive in the literature. One key issue in conceptualizing stress is that research has not always differentiated between the perception of a stimulus or a situation as a stressor and the subsequent biobehavioral response (often called the “stress response”). This is important, since, for example, psychological factors such as uncontrollability and social evaluation, i.e. factors that may influence how an individual perceives a potentially stressful stimulus or situation, have been identified as characteristics that elicit particularly powerful physiological stressful responses (Dickerson and Kemeny 2004 ). At the core of the physiological stress response is a complex physiological system, which is located in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the body´s periphery. The complexity of this system necessitates a multi-dimensional assessment approach involving variables that adequately reflect all relevant components. It is also important to consider that the experience of stress and its psychobiological correlates do not occur in a vacuum, but are being shaped by numerous contextual factors (e.g. societal and cultural context, work and leisure time, family and dyadic systems, environmental variables, physical fitness, nutritional status, etc.) and dispositional factors (e.g. genetics, personality, resilience, regulatory capacities, self-efficacy, etc.). Thus, a theoretical framework needs to incorporate these factors. In sum, as stress is considered a multi-faceted and inherently multi-dimensional construct, its conceptualization and operationalization needs to reflect this (Nater 2018 ).

The goal of the World Association for Stress Related and Anxiety Disorders (WASAD) is to promote and make available basic and clinical research on stress-related and anxiety disorders. Coinciding with WASAD’s 3rd International Congress held in September 2021 in Vienna, Austria, this journal publishes a Special Issue encompassing state-of-the art research in the field of stress and anxiety. This special issue collects answers to a number of important questions that need to be addressed in current and future research. Among the most relevant issues are (1) the multi-dimensional assessment that arises as a consequence of a multi-faceted consideration of stress and anxiety, with a particular focus on doing so under ecologically valid conditions. Skoluda et al. 2021 (in this issue) argue that hair as an important source of the stress hormone cortisol should not only be taken as a complementary stress biomarker by research staff, but that lay persons could be also trained to collect hair at the study participants’ homes, thus increasing the ecological validity of studies incorporating this important measure; (2) the incongruence between psychological and biological facets of stress and anxiety that has been observed both in laboratory and field research (Campbell and Ehlert 2012 ). Interestingly, there are behavioral constructs that do show relatively high congruence. As shown in the paper of Vatheuer et al. ( 2021 ), gaze behavior while exposed to an acute social stressor correlates with salivary cortisol, thus indicating common underlying mechanisms; (3) the complex dynamics of stress-related measures that may extend over shorter (seconds to minutes), medium (hours and diurnal/circadian fluctuations), and longer (months, seasonal) time periods. In particular, momentary assessment studies are highly qualified to examine short to medium term fluctuations and interactions. In their study employing such a design, Stoffel and colleagues (Stoffel et al. 2021 ) show ecologically valid evidence for direct attenuating effects of social interactions on psychobiological stress. Using an experimental approach, on the other hand, Denk et al. ( 2021 ) examined the phenomenon of physiological synchrony between study participants; they found both cortisol and alpha-amylase physiological synchrony in participants who were in the same group while being exposed to a stressor. Importantly, these processes also unfold over time in relation to other biological systems; al’Absi and colleagues showed in their study (al’Absi et al. 2021 ) the critical role of the endogenous opioid system and its relation to stress-related analgesia; (4) the influence of contextual and dispositional factors on the biological stress response in various target samples (e.g., humans, animals, minorities, children, employees, etc.) both under controlled laboratory conditions and in everyday life environments. In this issue, Sattler and colleagues show evidence that contextual information may only matter to a certain extent, as in their study (Sattler et al. 2021 ), the biological response to a gay-specific social stressor was equally pronounced as the one to a general social stressor in gay men. Genetic information is probably the most widely researched dispositional factor; Kuhn et al. show in their paper (Kuhn et al. 2021 ) that the low expression variant of the serotonin transporter gene serves as a risk factor for increased stress reactivity, thus clearly indicating the important role of dispositional factors in stress processing. An interesting factor combining both aspects of dispositional and contextual information is maternal care; Bentele et al. ( 2021 ) in their study are able to show that there was an effect of maternal care on the amylase stress response, while no such effect was observed for cortisol. In a similar vein, Keijser et al. ( 2021 ) showed in their gene-environment interaction study that the effects of FKBP5, a gene very closely related to HPA axis regulation, and early life stress on depressive symptoms among young adults was moderated by a positive parenting style; and (5) the role of stress and anxiety as transdiagnostic factors in mental disorders, be it as an etiological factor, a variable contributing to symptom maintenance, or as a consequence of the condition itself. Stress, e.g., as a common denominator for a broad variety of psychiatric diagnoses has been extensively discussed, and stress as an etiological factor holds specific significance in the context of transdiagnostic approaches to the conceptualization and treatment of mental disorders (Wilamowska et al. 2010 ). The HPA axis, specifically, is widely known to be dysregulated in various conditions. Fischer et al. ( 2021 ) discuss in their comprehensive review the role of this important stress system in the context of patients with post-traumatic disorder. Specifically focusing on the cortisol awakening response, Rausch and colleagues provide evidence for HPA axis dysregulation in patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (Rausch et al. 2021 ). As part of a longitudinal project on ADHD, Szep et al. ( 2021 ) investigated the possible impact of child and maternal ADHD symptoms on mothers’ perceived chronic stress and hair cortisol concentration; although there was no direct association, the findings underline the importance of taking stress-related assessments into consideration in ADHD studies. As the HPA axis is closely interacting with the immune system, Rhein et al. ( 2021 ) examined in their study the predicting role of the cytokine IL-6 on psychotherapy outcome in patients with PTSD, indicating that high reactivity of IL-6 to a stressor at the beginning of the therapy was associated with a negative therapy outcome. The review of Kyunghee Kim et al. ( 2021 ) also demonstrated the critical role of immune pathways in the molecular changes due to antidepressant treatment. As for the therapy, the important role of cognitive-behavioral therapy with its key elements to address both stress and anxiety reduction have been shown in two studies in this special issue, evidencing its successful application in obsessive–compulsive disorder (Ivarsson et al. 2021 ; Hollmann et al. 2021 ). Thus, both stress and anxiety are crucial transdiagnostic factors in various mental disorders, and future research needs elaborate further on their role in etiology, maintenance, and treatment.

In conclusion, a number of important questions are being asked in stress and anxiety research, as has become evident above. The Special Issue on “Recent developments in stress and anxiety research” attempts to answer at least some of the raised questions, and I want to invite you to inspect the individual papers briefly introduced above in more detail.

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Denk B, Dimitroff SJ, Meier M, Benz ABE, Bentele UU, Unternaehrer E, Popovic NF, Gaissmaier W, Pruessner JC (2021) Influence of stress on physiological synchrony in a stressful versus non-stressful group setting. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02384-2

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Fischer S, Schumacher T, Knaevelsrud C, Ehlert U, Schumacher S (2021) Genes and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in post-traumatic stress disorder. What is their role in symptom expression and treatment response? J Neural Transm (vienna). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02330-2

Hollmann K, Allgaier K, Hohnecker CS, Lautenbacher H, Bizu V, Nickola M, Wewetzer G, Wewetzer C, Ivarsson T, Skokauskas N, Wolters LH, Skarphedinsson G, Weidle B, de Haan E, Torp NC, Compton SN, Calvo R, Lera-Miguel S, Haigis A, Renner TJ, Conzelmann A (2021) Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: a feasibility study. J Neural Transm. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02409-w

Ivarsson T, Melin K, Carlsson A, Ljungberg M, Forssell-Aronsson E, Starck G, Skarphedinsson G (2021) Neurochemical properties measured by 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy may predict cognitive behaviour therapy outcome in paediatric OCD: a pilot study. J Neural Transm. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02407-y

Keijser R, Olofsdotter S, Nilsson WK, Åslund C (2021) Three-way interaction effects of early life stress, positive parenting and FKBP5 in the development of depressive symptoms in a general population. J Neural Transm. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02405-0

Kuhn L, Noack H, Skoluda N, Wagels L, Rohr AK, Schulte C, Eisenkolb S, Nieratschker V, Derntl B, Habel U (2021) The association of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the response to different stressors in healthy males. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02390-4

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Stoffel M, Abbruzzese E, Rahn S, Bossmann U, Moessner M, Ditzen B (2021) Covariation of psychobiological stress regulation with valence and quantity of social interactions in everyday life: disentangling intra- and interindividual sources of variation. J Neural Transm (Vienna). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02359-3

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Nater, U.M. Recent developments in stress and anxiety research. J Neural Transm 128 , 1265–1267 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02410-3

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Accepted : 13 August 2021

Published : 01 September 2021

Issue Date : September 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02410-3

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  • Published: 30 April 2020

Advances in research on stress and behavior: special issue, 2020

  • Julio Licinio 1  

Molecular Psychiatry volume  25 ,  pages 916–917 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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Given the wealth of outstanding papers we have recently received on stress and behavior, we have created our second special issue of 2020, focused on this fundamental interdisciplinary topic. This stress and behavior special issue brings together work by some of the most important groups in this field worldwide.

We start with a paper from the Niculescu’s group on precision medicine for stress-related disorders [ 1 ]. We then look at the role of different endocrine axes in stress susceptibility, specifically the role of thyroid hormones [ 2 ], proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [ 3 ], and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its interactions with immunity [ 4 ]. The role of immune mediators in the stress response is further illustrated by the paper by Ben-Yehuda et al., showing that maternal Type-I interferon signaling adversely affects the microglia and the behavior of the offspring, accompanied by increased sensitivity to stress [ 5 ]. The emerging interface of the gut microbiome, depressive-like behaviors, and inflammatory processes is explored by Pearson-Leary et al. [ 6 ].

As expected, circuits involved in substance abuse are relevant to the stress response. This is highlighted in this issue by papers showing that hippocampal µ-opioid receptors mediate stress-induced impairment of memory retrieval [ 7 ] and that the endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors, anandamide, has protective effects on stress and fear-related behaviors in humans and mice [ 8 ].

The key roles of interesting other stress-related pathways are demonstrated by several articles. The contribution of microRNAs in the response to stress and stress-related memories is addressed by Torres-Berrio et al. [ 9 ] and Sillivan et al. [ 10 ]. Fox et al. provide evidence that dendritic remodeling of D1 neurons by RhoA/Rho-kinase mediates depression-like behavior [ 11 ]. Jin et al. show that Ahnak scaffolds p11/Anxa2 complex and L-type voltage-gated calcium channel and thereby modulates depressive behavior [ 12 ]. Lei et al. provide new data that SIRT1 in forebrain excitatory neurons produces sexually dimorphic effects on depression-related behaviors and modulates neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex [ 13 ]. Of particular relevance to our hyperconnected world, in which light emitting devices are prevalent at sleep time, Walker et al. document here that acute exposure to low-level light at night is sufficient to induce neurological changes and depressive-like behavior [ 14 ]. Data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study presented by Cabeza de Baca et al. show that chronic psychosocial and financial burden accelerates 5-year telomere shortening [ 15 ].

The therapeutic outcomes of stress and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant treatment on corticostriatal neurons is explored by Sargin et al. [ 16 ]. They demonstrate that S100a10 corticostriatal neurons exhibit distinct serotonin responses and have increased excitability, reveal that prolonged social isolation disrupts the specific serotonin response which gets restored by chronic antidepressant treatment, and identify cell-type-specific transcriptional signatures in S100a10 neurons that contribute to serotonin responses.

Taken together these remarkable articles increase the breadth of our knowledge on the critically important interface of stress and behavior, while simultaneously substantially enhancing our understanding of new mechanisms and pathways by which stress modulates behavior. It is highly probable that some of these pathways are either redundant or related to one another, while others may be independent. Future work should examine the inter-relationships across multiple stress-related pathways that ultimately impact on behavior.

Le-Niculescu H, et al. Towards precision medicine for stress disorders: diagnostic biomarkers and targeted drugs. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0370-z

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Martinez ME, et al. Thyroid hormone influences brain gene expression programs and behaviors in later generations by altering germ line epigenetic information. Mol Psychiatry. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0281-4

Qu N, et al. A POMC-originated circuit regulates stress-induced hypophagia, depression, and anhedonia. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0506-1

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Iob E, Kirschbaum C, Steptoe A. Persistent depressive symptoms, HPA-axis hyperactivity, and inflammation: the role of cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0501-6

Ben-Yehuda H, et al. Maternal Type-I interferon signaling adversely affects the microglia and the behavior of the offspring accompanied by increased sensitivity to stress. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0604-0

Pearson-Leary J, et al. The gut microbiome regulates the increases in depressive-type behaviors and in inflammatory processes in the ventral hippocampus of stress vulnerable rats. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0380-x

Shi MM, et al. Hippocampal micro-opioid receptors on GABAergic neurons mediate stress-induced impairment of memory retrieval. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0435-z

Mayo LM, et al. Protective effects of elevated anandamide on stress and fear-related behaviors: translational evidence from humans and mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0215-1

Torres-Berrio A, et al. MiR-218: a molecular switch and potential biomarker of susceptibility to stress. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0421-5

Sillivan SE, et al. MicroRNA regulation of persistent stress-enhanced memory. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0432-2

Fox ME, et al. Dendritic remodeling of D1 neurons by RhoA/Rho-kinase mediates depression-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0211-5

Jin J, et al. Ahnak scaffolds p11/Anxa2 complex and L-type voltage-gated calcium channel and modulates depressive behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0371-y

Lei Y, et al. SIRT1 in forebrain excitatory neurons produces sexually dimorphic effects on depression-related behaviors and modulates neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0352-1

Walker WH 2nd, et al. Acute exposure to low-level light at night is sufficient to induce neurological changes and depressive-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0430-4

Cabeza de Baca T, et al. Chronic psychosocial and financial burden accelerates 5-year telomere shortening: findings from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0482-5

Sargin D, et al. Mapping the physiological and molecular markers of stress and SSRI antidepressant treatment in S100a10 corticostriatal neurons. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0473-6

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Licinio, J. Advances in research on stress and behavior: special issue, 2020. Mol Psychiatry 25 , 916–917 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0741-5

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0741-5

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research topics about stress

Research Topics & Ideas: Mental Health

Dissertation Coaching

I If you’re just starting out exploring mental health topics for your dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of mental health-related research topics and ideas.

PS – This is just the start…

We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.

If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Overview: Mental Health Topic Ideas

  • Mood disorders
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Psychotic disorders
  • Personality disorders
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorders
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Eating disorders
  • Substance-related disorders

Research Topic Mega List

Mood Disorders

Research in mood disorders can help understand their causes and improve treatment methods. Here are a few ideas to get you started.

  • The impact of genetics on the susceptibility to depression
  • Efficacy of antidepressants vs. cognitive behavioural therapy
  • The role of gut microbiota in mood regulation
  • Cultural variations in the experience and diagnosis of bipolar disorder
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder: Environmental factors and treatment
  • The link between depression and chronic illnesses
  • Exercise as an adjunct treatment for mood disorders
  • Hormonal changes and mood swings in postpartum women
  • Stigma around mood disorders in the workplace
  • Suicidal tendencies among patients with severe mood disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Research topics in this category can potentially explore the triggers, coping mechanisms, or treatment efficacy for anxiety disorders.

  • The relationship between social media and anxiety
  • Exposure therapy effectiveness in treating phobias
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder in children: Early signs and interventions
  • The role of mindfulness in treating anxiety
  • Genetics and heritability of anxiety disorders
  • The link between anxiety disorders and heart disease
  • Anxiety prevalence in LGBTQ+ communities
  • Caffeine consumption and its impact on anxiety levels
  • The economic cost of untreated anxiety disorders
  • Virtual Reality as a treatment method for anxiety disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Within this space, your research topic could potentially aim to investigate the underlying factors and treatment possibilities for psychotic disorders.

  • Early signs and interventions in adolescent psychosis
  • Brain imaging techniques for diagnosing psychotic disorders
  • The efficacy of antipsychotic medication
  • The role of family history in psychotic disorders
  • Misdiagnosis and delayed treatment of psychotic disorders
  • Co-morbidity of psychotic and mood disorders
  • The relationship between substance abuse and psychotic disorders
  • Art therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia
  • Public perception and stigma around psychotic disorders
  • Hospital vs. community-based care for psychotic disorders

Research Topic Kickstarter - Need Help Finding A Research Topic?

Personality Disorders

Research topics within in this area could delve into the identification, management, and social implications of personality disorders.

  • Long-term outcomes of borderline personality disorder
  • Antisocial personality disorder and criminal behaviour
  • The role of early life experiences in developing personality disorders
  • Narcissistic personality disorder in corporate leaders
  • Gender differences in personality disorders
  • Diagnosis challenges for Cluster A personality disorders
  • Emotional intelligence and its role in treating personality disorders
  • Psychotherapy methods for treating personality disorders
  • Personality disorders in the elderly population
  • Stigma and misconceptions about personality disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Within this space, research topics could focus on the causes, symptoms, or treatment of disorders like OCD and hoarding.

  • OCD and its relationship with anxiety disorders
  • Cognitive mechanisms behind hoarding behaviour
  • Deep Brain Stimulation as a treatment for severe OCD
  • The impact of OCD on academic performance in students
  • Role of family and social networks in treating OCD
  • Alternative treatments for hoarding disorder
  • Childhood onset OCD: Diagnosis and treatment
  • OCD and religious obsessions
  • The impact of OCD on family dynamics
  • Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Causes and treatment

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Research topics in this area could explore the triggers, symptoms, and treatments for PTSD. Here are some thought starters to get you moving.

  • PTSD in military veterans: Coping mechanisms and treatment
  • Childhood trauma and adult onset PTSD
  • Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) efficacy
  • Role of emotional support animals in treating PTSD
  • Gender differences in PTSD occurrence and treatment
  • Effectiveness of group therapy for PTSD patients
  • PTSD and substance abuse: A dual diagnosis
  • First responders and rates of PTSD
  • Domestic violence as a cause of PTSD
  • The neurobiology of PTSD

Free Webinar: How To Find A Dissertation Research Topic

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

This category of mental health aims to better understand disorders like Autism and ADHD and their impact on day-to-day life.

  • Early diagnosis and interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • ADHD medication and its impact on academic performance
  • Parental coping strategies for children with neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Autism and gender: Diagnosis disparities
  • The role of diet in managing ADHD symptoms
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders in the criminal justice system
  • Genetic factors influencing Autism
  • ADHD and its relationship with sleep disorders
  • Educational adaptations for children with neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders and stigma in schools

Eating Disorders

Research topics within this space can explore the psychological, social, and biological aspects of eating disorders.

  • The role of social media in promoting eating disorders
  • Family dynamics and their impact on anorexia
  • Biological basis of binge-eating disorder
  • Treatment outcomes for bulimia nervosa
  • Eating disorders in athletes
  • Media portrayal of body image and its impact
  • Eating disorders and gender: Are men underdiagnosed?
  • Cultural variations in eating disorders
  • The relationship between obesity and eating disorders
  • Eating disorders in the LGBTQ+ community

Substance-Related Disorders

Research topics in this category can focus on addiction mechanisms, treatment options, and social implications.

  • Efficacy of rehabilitation centres for alcohol addiction
  • The role of genetics in substance abuse
  • Substance abuse and its impact on family dynamics
  • Prescription drug abuse among the elderly
  • Legalisation of marijuana and its impact on substance abuse rates
  • Alcoholism and its relationship with liver diseases
  • Opioid crisis: Causes and solutions
  • Substance abuse education in schools: Is it effective?
  • Harm reduction strategies for drug abuse
  • Co-occurring mental health disorders in substance abusers

Research topic evaluator

Choosing A Research Topic

These research topic ideas we’ve covered here serve as thought starters to help you explore different areas within mental health. They are intentionally very broad and open-ended. By engaging with the currently literature in your field of interest, you’ll be able to narrow down your focus to a specific research gap .

It’s important to consider a variety of factors when choosing a topic for your dissertation or thesis . Think about the relevance of the topic, its feasibility , and the resources available to you, including time, data, and academic guidance. Also, consider your own interest and expertise in the subject, as this will sustain you through the research process.

Always consult with your academic advisor to ensure that your chosen topic aligns with academic requirements and offers a meaningful contribution to the field. If you need help choosing a topic, consider our private coaching service.

Find The Perfect Research Topic

How To Choose A Research Topic: 5 Key Criteria

How To Choose A Research Topic: 5 Key Criteria

How To Choose A Research Topic Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + Free Topic...

Research Topics & Ideas: Automation & Robotics

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A comprehensive list of automation and robotics-related research topics. Includes free access to a webinar and research topic evaluator.

Research Topics & Ideas: Sociology

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Research Topics & Ideas: Neuroscience

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okurut joseph

Good morning everyone. This are very patent topics for research in neuroscience. Thank you for guidance

Ygs

What if everything is important, original and intresting? as in Neuroscience. I find myself overwhelmd with tens of relveant areas and within each area many optional topics. I ask myself if importance (for example – able to treat people suffering) is more relevant than what intrest me, and on the other hand if what advance me further in my career should not also be a consideration?

MARTHA KALOMO

This information is really helpful and have learnt alot

Pepple Biteegeregha Godfrey

Phd research topics on implementation of mental health policy in Nigeria :the prospects, challenges and way forward.

Akech J. Deng

This info is indeed help for someone to formulate a dissertation topic. I have already got my path from here.

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Instant insights, infinite possibilities

61 intriguing psychology research topics to explore

Last updated

11 January 2024

Reviewed by

Brittany Ferri, PhD, OTR/L

Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead

Psychology is an incredibly diverse, critical, and ever-changing area of study in the medical and health industries. Because of this, it’s a common area of study for students and healthcare professionals.

We’re walking you through picking the perfect topic for your upcoming paper or study. Keep reading for plenty of example topics to pique your interest and curiosity.

  • How to choose a psychology research topic

Exploring a psychology-based topic for your research project? You need to pick a specific area of interest to collect compelling data. 

Use these tips to help you narrow down which psychology topics to research:

Focus on a particular area of psychology

The most effective psychological research focuses on a smaller, niche concept or disorder within the scope of a study. 

Psychology is a broad and fascinating area of science, including everything from diagnosed mental health disorders to sports performance mindset assessments. 

This gives you plenty of different avenues to explore. Having a hard time choosing? Check out our list of 61 ideas further down in this article to get started.

Read the latest clinical studies

Once you’ve picked a more niche topic to explore, you need to do your due diligence and explore other research projects on the same topic. 

This practice will help you learn more about your chosen topic, ask more specific questions, and avoid covering existing projects. 

For the best results, we recommend creating a research folder of associated published papers to reference throughout your project. This makes it much easier to cite direct references and find inspiration down the line.

Find a topic you enjoy and ask questions

Once you’ve spent time researching and collecting references for your study, you finally get to explore. 

Whether this research project is for work, school, or just for fun, having a passion for your research will make the project much more enjoyable. (Trust us, there will be times when that is the only thing that keeps you going.) 

Now you’ve decided on the topic, ask more nuanced questions you might want to explore. 

If you can, pick the direction that interests you the most to make the research process much more enjoyable.

  • 61 psychology topics to research in 2024

Need some extra help starting your psychology research project on the right foot? Explore our list of 61 cutting-edge, in-demand psychology research topics to use as a starting point for your research journey.

  • Psychology research topics for university students

As a university student, it can be hard to pick a research topic that fits the scope of your classes and is still compelling and unique. 

Here are a few exciting topics we recommend exploring for your next assigned research project:

Mental health in post-secondary students

Seeking post-secondary education is a stressful and overwhelming experience for most students, making this topic a great choice to explore for your in-class research paper. 

Examples of post-secondary mental health research topics include:

Student mental health status during exam season

Mental health disorder prevalence based on study major

The impact of chronic school stress on overall quality of life

The impacts of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying can occur at all ages, starting as early as elementary school and carrying through into professional workplaces. 

Examples of cyberbullying-based research topics you can study include:

The impact of cyberbullying on self-esteem

Common reasons people engage in cyberbullying 

Cyberbullying themes and commonly used terms

Cyberbullying habits in children vs. adults

The long-term effects of cyberbullying

  • Clinical psychology research topics

If you’re looking to take a more clinical approach to your next project, here are a few topics that involve direct patient assessment for you to consider:

Chronic pain and mental health

Living with chronic pain dramatically impacts every aspect of a person’s life, including their mental and emotional health. 

Here are a few examples of in-demand pain-related psychology research topics:

The connection between diabetic neuropathy and depression

Neurological pain and its connection to mental health disorders

Efficacy of meditation and mindfulness for pain management

The long-term effects of insomnia

Insomnia is where you have difficulty falling or staying asleep. It’s a common health concern that impacts millions of people worldwide. 

This is an excellent topic because insomnia can have a variety of causes, offering many research possibilities. 

Here are a few compelling psychology research topics about insomnia you could investigate:

The prevalence of insomnia based on age, gender, and ethnicity

Insomnia and its impact on workplace productivity

The connection between insomnia and mental health disorders

Efficacy and use of melatonin supplements for insomnia

The risks and benefits of prescription insomnia medications

Lifestyle options for managing insomnia symptoms

The efficacy of mental health treatment options

Management and treatment of mental health conditions is an ever-changing area of study. If you can witness or participate in mental health therapies, this can make a great research project. 

Examples of mental health treatment-related psychology research topics include:

The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with severe anxiety

The benefits and drawbacks of group vs. individual therapy sessions

Music therapy for mental health disorders

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients with depression 

  • Controversial psychology research paper topics

If you are looking to explore a more cutting-edge or modern psychology topic, you can delve into a variety of controversial and topical options:

The impact of social media and digital platforms

Ever since access to internet forums and video games became more commonplace, there’s been growing concern about the impact these digital platforms have on mental health. 

Examples of social media and video game-related psychology research topics include:

The effect of edited images on self-confidence

How social media platforms impact social behavior

Video games and their impact on teenage anger and violence

Digital communication and the rapid spread of misinformation

The development of digital friendships

Psychotropic medications for mental health

In recent years, the interest in using psychoactive medications to treat and manage health conditions has increased despite their inherently controversial nature. 

Examples of psychotropic medication-related research topics include:

The risks and benefits of using psilocybin mushrooms for managing anxiety

The impact of marijuana on early-onset psychosis

Childhood marijuana use and related prevalence of mental health conditions

Ketamine and its use for complex PTSD (C-PTSD) symptom management

The effect of long-term psychedelic use and mental health conditions

  • Mental health disorder research topics

As one of the most popular subsections of psychology, studying mental health disorders and how they impact quality of life is an essential and impactful area of research. 

While studies in these areas are common, there’s always room for additional exploration, including the following hot-button topics:

Anxiety and depression disorders

Anxiety and depression are well-known and heavily researched mental health disorders. 

Despite this, we still don’t know many things about these conditions, making them great candidates for psychology research projects:

Social anxiety and its connection to chronic loneliness

C-PTSD symptoms and causes

The development of phobias

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) behaviors and symptoms

Depression triggers and causes

Self-care tools and resources for depression

The prevalence of anxiety and depression in particular age groups or geographic areas

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a complex and multi-faceted area of psychology research. 

Use your research skills to learn more about this condition and its impact by choosing any of the following topics:

Early signs of bipolar disorder

The incidence of bipolar disorder in young adults

The efficacy of existing bipolar treatment options

Bipolar medication side effects

Cognitive behavioral therapy for people with bipolar 

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizoaffective disorder is often stigmatized, and less common mental health disorders are a hotbed for new and exciting research. 

Here are a few examples of interesting research topics related to this mental health disorder:

The prevalence of schizoaffective disorder by certain age groups or geographic locations

Risk factors for developing schizoaffective disorder

The prevalence and content of auditory and visual hallucinations

Alternative therapies for schizoaffective disorder

  • Societal and systematic psychology research topics

Modern society’s impact is deeply enmeshed in our mental and emotional health on a personal and community level. 

Here are a few examples of societal and systemic psychology research topics to explore in more detail:

Access to mental health services

While mental health awareness has risen over the past few decades, access to quality mental health treatment and resources is still not equitable. 

This can significantly impact the severity of a person’s mental health symptoms, which can result in worse health outcomes if left untreated. 

Explore this crucial issue and provide information about the need for improved mental health resource access by studying any of the following topics:

Rural vs. urban access to mental health resources

Access to crisis lines by location

Wait times for emergency mental health services

Inequities in mental health access based on income and location

Insurance coverage for mental health services

Systemic racism and mental health

Societal systems and the prevalence of systemic racism heavily impact every aspect of a person’s overall health.

Researching these topics draws attention to existing problems and contributes valuable insights into ways to improve access to care moving forward.

Examples of systemic racism-related psychology research topics include: 

Access to mental health resources based on race

The prevalence of BIPOC mental health therapists in a chosen area

The impact of systemic racism on mental health and self-worth

Racism training for mental health workers

The prevalence of mental health disorders in discriminated groups

LGBTQIA+ mental health concerns

Research about LGBTQIA+ people and their mental health needs is a unique area of study to explore for your next research project. It’s a commonly overlooked and underserved community.

Examples of LGBTQIA+ psychology research topics to consider include:

Mental health supports for queer teens and children

The impact of queer safe spaces on mental health

The prevalence of mental health disorders in the LGBTQIA+ community

The benefits of queer mentorship and found family

Substance misuse in LQBTQIA+ youth and adults

  • Collect data and identify trends with Dovetail

Psychology research is an exciting and competitive study area, making it the perfect choice for projects or papers.

Take the headache out of analyzing your data and instantly access the insights you need to complete your next psychology research project by teaming up with Dovetail today.

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How stress affects your health

Stress can be brief, situational, and a positive force motivating performance, but if experienced over an extended period of time it can become chronic stress, which negatively impacts health and well-being.

  • Chronic Illness

How stress affects your health

Stress : We’ve all felt it. Sometimes stress can be a positive force, motivating you to perform well at your piano recital or job interview. But often—like when you’re stuck in traffic—it’s a negative force. If you experience stress over a prolonged period of time, it could become chronic—unless you take action.

A natural reaction

Have you ever found yourself with sweaty hands on a first date or felt your heart pound during a scary movie? Then you know you can feel stress in both your mind and body.

This automatic response developed in our ancient ancestors as a way to protect them from predators and other threats. Faced with danger, the body kicks into gear, flooding the body with stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol that elevate your heart rate, increase your blood pressure, boost your energy, and prepare you to deal with the problem.

These days, you’re not likely to face the threat of being eaten. But you probably do confront multiple challenges every day, such as meeting deadlines, paying bills, and juggling childcare that make your body react the same way. As a result, your body’s natural alarm system—the “fight or flight” response—may be stuck in the on position. And that can have serious consequences for your health.

Pressure points

Even short-lived, minor stress can have an impact. You might get a stomachache before you have to give a presentation, for example. More major acute stress, whether caused by a fight with your spouse or an event like an earthquake or terrorist attack, can have an even bigger impact.

Repeated acute stress may also contribute to inflammation in the circulatory system , particularly in the coronary arteries, and this is one pathway that is thought to tie stress to a heart attack. It also appears that how a person responds to stress can affect cholesterol levels.

Chronic stress

When stress starts interfering with your ability to live a normal life for an extended period, it becomes even more dangerous. The longer the stress lasts, the worse it is for both your mind and body. You might feel fatigued, unable to concentrate, or irritable for no good reason, for example. But chronic stress causes wear and tear on your body, too.

The long-term activation of the stress response system and the overexposure to cortisol and other stress hormones that come with it can disrupt almost all of your body's processes. This can put you at increased risk for a variety of physical and mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, digestive issues, headaches, muscle tension and pain, heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, sleep problems, weight gain, and memory and concentration impairment.

Chronic stress may also cause disease, either because of changes in your body or the overeating, smoking, and other bad habits people use to cope with stress. Job strain—high demands coupled with low decision-making latitude—is associated with increased risk of coronary disease , for example. Other forms of chronic stress, such as depression and low levels of social support, have also been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk.

Chronic stress also  suppresses the body's immune system , making it harder to recover from illnesses.

What you can do

Reducing your stress levels can not only make you feel better right now, but may also protect your health long-term. Several research studies have demonstrated, for example, that interventions to improve psychological health can have a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health . As a result,  researchers recommend boosting your positive affect—feelings like happiness, joy, contentment, and enthusiasm—by making time for enjoyable activities every day.

Other strategies for reducing stress include:

  • Identify what’s causing stress. Monitor your state of mind throughout the day. If you feel stressed, write down the cause, your thoughts, and your mood. Once you know what’s bothering you, develop a plan for addressing it. That might mean setting more reasonable expectations for yourself and others or asking for help with household responsibilities, job assignments, or other tasks. List all your commitments, assess your priorities, and then eliminate any tasks that are not absolutely essential.
  • Build strong relationships. Relationships can be a source of stress. Research has found that negative, hostile reactions with your spouse cause immediate changes in stress-sensitive hormones, for example. But relationships can also serve as stress buffers. Reach out to family members or close friends and let them know you’re having a tough time. They may be able to offer practical assistance and support, useful ideas, or just a fresh perspective as you begin to tackle whatever’s causing your stress.
  • Walk away when you’re angry. Before you react, take time to regroup by counting to 10. Then reconsider. Walking or other physical activities can also help you work off steam. Plus, exercise increases the production of endorphins, your body’s natural mood booster. Commit to a daily walk or other form of exercise—a small step that can make a big difference in reducing stress levels.
  • Rest your mind. To help ensure you get the recommended seven or eight hours of shut-eye, cut back on caffeine, remove distractions such as television or computers from your bedroom, and go to bed at the same time each night. Research shows that activities like yoga and relaxation exercises not only help reduce stress, but also boost immune functioning .
  • Get help. If you continue to feel overwhelmed, consult with a psychologist or other licensed mental health professional who can help you learn how to manage stress effectively. They can help you identify situations or behaviors that contribute to your chronic stress and then develop an action plan for changing them.

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239 Stress Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 stress research papers examples, 💡 essay ideas on stress, 👍 good stress essay topics to write about.

  • ⭐ Simple & Easy Stress Essay Titles

🔎 Interesting Topics to Write about Stress

🏆 best stress essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about stress, 📣 stress topics for discussion, ❓ stress research questions.

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⭐ Simple & Easy Stress Essay Titles

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  • Critical Health Psychology View of Stress
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  • Dependent Variables in Psychology: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
  • Economic Stress and Psychological Well-Being: An Economic Psychology Framework
  • Cultural Factors Contributing to Student Stress
  • Occupational Health Psychology and Structural Stress
  • Psychological Disorders: Stress Coping and Well Being
  • Health Psychology: Stress, Substance Abuse, Addictive Behavior, Obesity, and Health Promotion
  • Occupational Health Psychology and Work-Related Stress
  • Psychology at Work: Organizational Stress and Job Satisfaction
  • “Perceived Stress Among Students in Virtual Classrooms…” by AlAteeq
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Effect of Memory
  • Positive Psychology and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Psychology and Clinical Response of Stress
  • Psychology: Stress and Its Impact on Health
  • Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Performance
  • Stress: Personality Psychology and Stress Management Activities
  • Editorial: How Plants Deal With Stress: Exploration Through Proteome Investigation
  • The Physiology of Stress: Understanding the Body’s Response Mechanisms
  • Chronic Stress: Causes, Effects, and Coping Strategies
  • Stress Management Techniques for a Healthy Lifestyle
  • Occupational Stress: Identifying, Preventing, and Managing Workplace Stress
  • The Impact of Stress on Mental Health: Anxiety and Depression
  • Work-Life Balance and Stress Management
  • Stress in College Students: Academic Pressure and Coping Mechanisms
  • How to Reduce Your Stress Levels
  • Stress and Physical Health: The Connection to Chronic Diseases
  • Navigating the Inevitability of Stress in Daily Life
  • Coping With Financial Stress: Strategies for Budgeting and Financial Wellness
  • The New Sources of Stress in Modern Society
  • Stress Management: What Is Stress and How to Overcome It
  • The Stress-Immunity Connection: How Stress Affects the Immune System
  • Causes and Effects of Stress in Daily Life
  • Parenting and Stress: Balancing Responsibilities and Self-Care
  • Comparing the Stress Rates Among Children and Adults
  • Gender Differences in Stress Responses and Coping Mechanisms
  • How Constant Stress Can Trigger Acute Coronary Events
  • Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Techniques for Stress Management
  • Physical and Emotional Effects of Stress
  • Stress and Substance Abuse: The Cycle of Addiction and Recovery
  • The Effects of Stress on Cognitive Functioning and Decision-Making
  • Social Determinants of Stress: The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors
  • The Role of Stress in Obesity and Weight Management
  • Analyzing the Negative Impact of Stress on an Individual’s Health
  • The Issue of Stress in the Nursing Profession
  • Stress and Mental Resilience: Building Emotional Strength
  • The Impact of Stress on Academic Success in College Students
  • Influence of Yogic Techniques on Stress Management
  • Can Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety?
  • How to Use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress?
  • Why Group Therapy Improves Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress?
  • How Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Life in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease?
  • How Does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Deal With Post Traumatic Stress?
  • Does Music Therapy Reduce Stress?
  • Can Psychology Help With Stress Reduction?
  • How Stress Affects the Human Mind?
  • How Can Social Environment Influence Behaviors and Stress Levels?
  • Does Stress Affect Students’ Academic Performance?
  • Can Stress Cause Illness?
  • How Stress Affects Immune Responses?
  • How Can You Reduce the Adverse Effects of Stress?
  • How Fear and Stress Shape the Mind?
  • How Does Chronic Stress Affect the Body?
  • How Stress Affects Our Health, Personality, and Relationship With People?
  • How Does Stress Affect Child Development?
  • How Does Job Stress Affect Your Health?
  • How Stress Affects Memory in Adults?
  • How Stress Affects Our Bodies, Minds, and Well Being?

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268 Stress Topics & Research Questions

Need a well-formulated topic for an essay or research paper about stress and anxiety? We want to share creative titles and research questions about stress with you. Discover the intricacies of psychological, physiological, and societal factors and shed light on the causes of stress. Assess the significance of mental well-being with these stress-related topics!

😞 TOP 7 Stress Topics

🏆 thought-provoking stress essay topics, 👍 creative titles for stress essays, 🌶️ hot stress research questions, 🎓 interesting anxiety topics to write about, ❓ more research questions about stress, 💡 simple anxiety research topics, ✍️ stress essay topics for college.

  • How to Manage Stress as a Student: Essay Example
  • Academic Stress Among Students
  • Stress Effect on Physical and Mental Health
  • How to Relax: Avoiding Stress
  • The Effects of Stress on Individuals
  • A Stress Management Program for the Military
  • Improving Stress Resistance in Agricultural Crops
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Its Features Posttraumatic stress disorder is simply a disorder that can develop in human being following a life-threatening event that has occurred in his or her life.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Vladek From “Maus” by Art Spiegelman Art Spiegelman presents the indications of PTSD condition to provoke analysis of possible reasons for symptoms’ evolving in the character of Vladek from “Maus”.
  • Stress and Happiness in Personal Experience The notion of happiness is quite philosophical and sometimes can be complicated yet it refers to a feeling and a state of partial or complete pleasure.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Fearless Film In the Fearless movie, Max has been suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder that has affected his everyday life, personality, perceptions, and behaviors.
  • Group Dynamics, Managing Conflict, and Managing Stress and Employee Job Satisfaction This paper discusses of whether a high cohesiveness in a group leads to higher group productivity, or not. Analysis of the effect of the quality of decision-making within the group.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Case Study Elaine, a 65-year-old woman, experienced posttraumatic stress disorder due to an accident involving a subway train collision.
  • Factors of Stress Among Young Adults Stress among young adults is caused by numerous factors, including family problems, work-related issues, health concerns, and psychological trauma.
  • Real-Life Story of Post-traumatic Stress Disease Philips’s case is an actual representation of the manifestation and intervention of PTSD, a piece of evidence the condition is treatable.
  • Correctional Nursing Stress Theory of Adaptation and Resilience Correctional Nursing Stress Theory guides correctional nurses, improve their knowledge about stress, and help them manage stress with the help of adaptation and inner strength.
  • How Greek Mythology Subdued the Stress of Natural Phenomena The ancient Greeks created numerous engaging stories to explain such natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions, floods, and thunderstorms.
  • Stress and Solutions for Working Students Reconfiguring the academic framework used in most institutions currently and creating online classes will affect learners’ ability to manage stress and gain knowledge.
  • Stress Management and Lifestyle Modification The continued strain on the body from strain over time may lead to serious health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and mental disorders like depression and anxiety.
  • Parental Stress and Its Effects on Children In the current paper, the author analyses literature dedicated to parental stress and child development and behavior and tests the previously mentioned hypothesis.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in an Old Lady The client’s post-traumatic stress disorder was caused by a train accident in which she was unexpectedly involved, which caused severe physical and emotional injury to the woman.
  • Corrections Officers Stress: Causes and Outcomes This paper analyses the effective ways that can be implemented by the administrators for the prevention and treatment of the stress affecting correction officers.
  • Stress and Time Management The data is supported by Svedberg’s current information that highlights that an individual can lower the level of anxiety when there is a possibility of sound sleep.
  • Health Psychology and Stress: Correlations Health psychology deals with the enhancement of the whole personality identifying and eliminating the biopsychosocial causes that lead to disease.
  • Negative Effects of Stress on a College Student This paper dwells more on the effects of negative stress on a college student’s academic performance. Negative stress can affect a student physically and mentally.
  • Stress and Emotional Management While the stress management outlined above has been shown to work on reducing stress, they are only guidelines and cannot work positively on everybody.
  • Relationship Between Critical Thinking, Problem-Solving, Decision-Making, and Stress Management in Nursing In nursing practice, many care providers and leaders have to encounter high-stress levels due to the nature of their work.
  • Coping with Stress at University Stress is one of the major challenges that students face in universities. Many institutions of higher education do not help students cope with stress and stress-related problems.
  • Lady Gaga’s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that affects those who have experienced or witnessed a horrific tragedy.
  • The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Case Study The post-traumatic stress disorder is a health condition the patient struggles with when having faced a stressful experience that later affects one’s cognitive-behavioral patterns.
  • Airport Security Environment and Passenger Stress Most of the measures taken by airport operators to maintain transport security are appropriate and reasonable. Visible signs of safety concerns can cause anxiety to the passenger.
  • Stress and Performance in the Sport Constructive stress is necessary for good mental and physical health. This article will explain the positive and negative pre-performance stressors in sports.
  • Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction The purpose of this work is to investigate one of the mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and evaluate its efficiency.
  • Stress-Reducing Measures and Activities To reduce the negative effects of stress, every individual must try to identify stress-reducing activities, it being one of the primary remedies of dealing with stress.
  • Nurses Stress Reduction Strategies This paper is an implementation plan to eliminate or lessen nurse stress and burnout. The proposed solution entails stress reduction strategies.
  • Antisocial Personality Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The patient has an antisocial personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder owing to the experience of the brutal murder of his mother at a tender age.
  • Stress Management at the Workplace This article examines the aspects of stress management at the workplace from the point of view of the position of the manager, and considers collective stress.
  • Organizational Stress Management: Why It Is Important The concept of stress management, which goes side by side with the problem of coping with stress in the workplace, is now becoming more common.
  • Reducing Stress in Student Nurses: Article Critique In Galbraith and Brown’s quantitative systematic review, “Assessing the intervention effectiveness for reducing stress in student nurses,” the aim is clearly articulated.
  • Stress and Its Effects at the Workplace and Home Stress has the capacity to push many people in enhancing their focus on the task at hand and handle several activities at the same time in a better way.
  • Cumulative Career Traumatic Stress: Law Enforcement CCTS is usually observed among officers and characterized by similar to post-traumatic stress disorder’s symptoms resulted in their constant exposure to traumatic events.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Concept Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), a type of anxiety disorders, is a mental health condition that occurs as a result of terrifying, distressing or stressful events.
  • Dealing with Stress in Police Training Police officers are trained to handle stressful situations in different ways, and the approach used in their training has been a topic of debate in the recent past.
  • Impact of Physical Exercise on Anxiety and Stress This study aims to demonstrate how vulnerable persons who experience stress and anxiety are, and how physical exercise and stress are related.
  • Reducing Stress in Filipino Care Workers in Japan The source will help to explain psychological stressors for Filipino caregivers in Japan and possible ways of improving their experiences.
  • Impact of Job Stress on Employee Work-Life Balance Postmodern society is anchored on the emphasis on work to achieve a fulfilling life. This review analyses the center of work-life balance.
  • Stress: Causes and Consequences from a Sociological Perspective The sociological analysis of stress and the underlying causes of it, as well as its devastating effects, is required as a tool for vulnerable groups.
  • Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and the Effect of the Pandemic on Nurses’ Well-being Naturally, health care is one of the sectors, which was affected the most by the pandemic. Nurses play a pivotal role in this system, being the cornerstone of health care service delivery.
  • Stress: Causes and Possible Consequences This article has attempted to show that even what we consider to be “minor anomalies” or diseases can be the root cause of stress.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans Both in the military and civilian life, people encounter traumatic occurrences that challenge their perception of the world or themselves.
  • Stress Tolerance: New Challenges for Millennial College Students College with its numerous assignments, hectic schedule, and exams requiring total commitment and concentration is more or less stressful for everyone who enters tertiary education.
  • Alertness, Relaxation, and Stress Correlation This essay explores the correlation between high alpha levels in brains and their states of relaxedness and alertness; the development of low alpha levels in stressful conditions.
  • Stress and Burnout Among Nurses This paper presents research on the connection between stress and burnout syndrome among nurses and patient safety. It provides a review of the relevant literature and an analysis of key findings.
  • Employee Management: Work Stress Prevention The paper states that there are various potential sources of stress that ultimately impact one’s performance, job satisfaction, and motivation.
  • Causes and Management of Stress at Work Stress is a condition that arises when an individual’s resources are inadequate to deal with the responsibilities and pressures of the situation.
  • Correctional Officer Stress: A Phenomenological Study The current study seeks to expand existing knowledge about the stress of correctional officers. An interview was conducted within the qualitative phenomenological research design.
  • Workplace Stress: The Coping Strategies The research will uncover management-applicable strategies for assisting workers who may experience tension in or outside the workplace.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder’s Treatment The paper present bibliography which review different psychotherapy interventions that can be applied in treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among adults.
  • Oncology: Caregiving Burden, Stress, and Health Effects The illness selected for this paper is cancer, which is a serious disease that sometimes can also be chronic. Caring for cancer patients is difficult.
  • Stress Management in the Work Environment Stress has a severe negative effect on the mental and physical health of employees, and the boss should provide an appropriate system of protection.
  • Post-traumatic Stress and Growth Post-traumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive changes that a person makes after experiencing an extremely disturbing event.
  • Article Synthesis: “Stress” by Simon The effect of stress on the body is disturbing and could affect people in many ways. Pronounced stress initiates speedy changes throughout the body.
  • Biopsychosocial Factors of Stress Stress is a biopsychosocial phenomenon, as it affects a person’s physical well-being, emotional stability, and social interactions.
  • Implications of Educational Attainment on Stress Level in Job The aim of the study is to ascertain the implication of occupational status, gender, and self-concept on levels of job-related stress.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Tratment The posttraumatic stress disorder requires increased attention as the disease with a sufficiently large spectrum of associated problems and non-standard approaches to identification and intervention.
  • Work Stress and Burnout Among Nurses The paper reviews the concept of continuing quality improvement, the role of nurses in the process of CQI, and the relations between CQI, work stress, and burnout.
  • Stress on Law Enforcement Officers and Available Programs Police officers are subject to significant amounts of tension and stress, regardless of the nature and size of the agency for which they work.
  • PTSD in the United States: Understanding Its Impact and Prevalence PTSD can be defined as a mental disorder that develops as a result of the exposure to a particular situation or information that may endanger a person’s life.
  • Stress Level and Work in Team The study is focused on determining differences in people’s productivity, affecting stress levels and attitudes toward working in teams.
  • Self-Esteem Role in Stress Management The paper explores the role of self-esteem in promoting and resolving stress, and the effects of stress on relationships, values, and meaningful purpose in life.
  • Stress from a Perspective of Abnormal Psychology As any life challenges that affect people’s emotional well-being are perceived as stress, it has multiple ways of affecting disorders.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder’s Impact on Children Post-traumatic stress disorder is a severe condition that affects mental health and can potentially have long-term effects on children and unborn offspring.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Cognitive Behavior Therapy The cognitive behavior therapy provided in the initial month after trauma has long-term benefits for people at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder.
  • Understanding Childhood Stress: Research on Social Integration More than 25% of youths in America experience a severe traumatic event before their 16th birthday, and many more suffer repeated or multiple trauma.
  • The Role of Stress Hormones: Physiology The correct care for youngsters from conception onwards guarantees that the child’s brain develops healthily and to its maximum potential.
  • Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Currently, many people experience anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder that affect their general health.
  • Workplace Stress: Impact on Employee Health and Productivity Workplace stress refers to harmful psychological and physical outcomes occurring when job requirements mismatch with workers’ needs, resources, and capacities.
  • Stress Response Plan for Massachusetts Respondent’s stress is one of the unpleasant consequences of emergency events. People who are the first to experience such crises, feel psychological and physical pressure.
  • Parents With Pediatric Terminal Patients: Stress Management Certain family-centered care principles should be used by healthcare providers in order to mitigate parental stress in the situations where their child battles terminal illness.
  • Treatment Options for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using psychological interventions as treatment is a productive tool that is used everywhere. Trauma-focused therapy has reduced PTSD symptoms.
  • Why Women Experience Stress Throughout Life Females may experience more significant difficulties and anxiety as they age than individuals previously believed.
  • Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder refers to a behavioral disorder that occurs as a result of being subject to a shocking event or situation.
  • Videogames & Stress Level Reduction Among Students To deal with stress, students do activities that include video games. Video games became available due to technological advances in recent decades.
  • Racism, Ethnoviolence, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The paper states that experiencing racism can induce post-traumatic stress disorder. Most people do not draw a link between racism and PTSD.
  • Stress and Cognitive Appraisal Cognitive appraisal means the internal interpretation that a person gives to external changes. The role of cognitive appraisal in stress can be significant.
  • Stress Reduction Education Targeting the Mental Health Patients with mental health illnesses such as stress and related disorders need to be taught approaches to reduce the latter.
  • Epidemiology of Stress in the United Kingdom This report explores the context and current situation related to the prevalence, morbidity, and epidemiology of stress in the UK.
  • Stress Management Memo: Creative Arts Interventions Research and analysis of current scientific research and previous practice experience show several strategies for stress control.
  • Stress in Pregnant Women Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Pregnancy is a particularly crucial time for the mental health of a woman. The high levels of stress have been linked to exposure to the pandemic.
  • Stress and Stress Management Discussion It is crucial to distinguish acute and chronic stress and the risk factors associated with them to ensure timely intervention to manage stress and prevent long-term damage.
  • Impacts of Stress of Low Income on the Risk of Depression in Children Socioeconomic hardships lead to a decline in the quality of parenting and the development of psychological and behavioral problems in children.
  • Physiology of Stress and Its Effects on Aging Process Assessment of the biological factors that influence anxiety and resilience might assist in identifying possible neurobiological systems as targets.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder During and After World War I The paper examines the causes and manifestations of PTSD during and after World War I, despite the absence of this term at that time, and how diagnosis and treatment are made.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Perspective Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a relatively common condition affecting individuals who have experienced severe trauma.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Raped Girl The patient has a strained connection with her cocaine-addicted mother, who has been emotionally and physically abusive to her since she was three years old.
  • Stress and Anxiety and How to Cope With Them The research utilizes a reverse Stroop experiment to evaluate the mental performance of individuals when subjected to either up-regulation or down-regulation.
  • Occupational Stress Management in Healthcare Occupational stress is one of the most widespread problems that employees face at the workplace. This paper discusses occupational stress in healthcare and its management.
  • Migration Crisis & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Trump’s anti-migration actions have significantly affected the psychological state of the people striving to get protection from the US.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Addiction Treatment The paper presents the case study of a client struggling with PTSD and substance addiction, including disposition, suggested treatment protocol, and resources for treatment.
  • Psychological Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Traumatized people are more likely to acquire PTSD, a condition in which the victim’s consciousness is dominated by the recollection of the traumatic incident.
  • Ways To Cope Emotions and Stress There are several theories on how people experience emotions that have been put forward throughout the years, all attributing emotions to separate causes.
  • Case Study for Agnes: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder According to the case scenario, Agnes is most certainly suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). She was traumatized by the previous account of the storm.
  • Benefits of Stress Management and Obstacles of Implementation Stress management strategies are a focal point for people working in the health industry. They are among the most exposed to high levels of stress.
  • Discussion of Stress Response in Human The article examines the topic of stress response in humans, and attempt to find an answer to people having to endure traumatic events.
  • Stress and Its Negative Influence on Health Current research explores the negative influences of stress on health, accenting neurological, cardiovascular, and immune systems dangers.
  • Stress Management on the Job The paper discusses principles in the corporate culture, which help combat stress among employees to bring more value to the company.
  • Stress Management Program for Health Workers The paper proposed to use the stress management program for the health workers based on the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) technique.
  • Bullying and Work-Related Stress in the Irish Workplace One of the best analyses of relationships between workplace stress and bullying has been done in the research study called “Bullying and Work-Related Stress in the Irish Workplace.”
  • Stress at the Workplace: Controlling and Preventing Stress at the workplace is inevitable because of workers’ dynamism. Distress in an employment environment can be related or not linked to the job.
  • Preventing Workplace Stress: Effective Methods Effective methods of preventing stress in the workplace will help to avoid unpleasant consequences. This paper aims to discuss such methods.
  • Navigating PTSD: Diagnostic Approaches and Tools Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition that needs treatment due to its potential negative implications.
  • Prevalence of Combat Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans The paper argues combative nature of military personnel contributes to the Post-traumatic Stress disorder experienced by officers.
  • Psychophysiological Aspects of Stress Stress has become a serious issue, especially considering the way of life of an average person in the contemporary world, which elevates different disorders.
  • Theories in Epidemiology. Stress and Heart Disease The impact of stress on heart diseases is highly controversial among scientists. Various studies support the hypothesis that stress is highly associated with heart disease.
  • Stress at the Workplace and Strategies of Its Reduction Job stress has become a growing concern among managers and supervisors in organizations. This is because of the adverse effects on both employees and the company.
  • Maternal Stress in Pregnancy: Effects on Fetal Development The study seeks to find out if the development of the nervous system of the fetus is closely influenced by the psychological wellbeing of the mother.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Militants experience a significant number of traumatic events that subject them to PTSD. The culture of the military plays a significant role in promoting veteran mental wellness.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Various Populations In this paper, the authors explore the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among different populations. They compare this prevalence between genders and veterans.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment Approved medications can help treat PTSD symptoms and improve patient outcomes. SSRIs, such as sertraline, have been shown to reduce anxiety and increase concentration.
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Characteristics Central Nervous System associated disorders represent one of the health issues globally. The description is aimed at highlighting research related to Posttraumatic stress disorder
  • Community Based Stress Management Programs and Interventions Organizations with supportive supervisors’ processes are highly productive. Studies with the best results came from organizations that embrace effective leadership principles.
  • Midlife Crisis and Its Effect on Women’s Stress This paper aims to focus on the psychological problem of stress among this section of the population, its effects on women, and how it can be solved.
  • A Collaborative Stress Management Initiative for Mothers of Cancer Children The article explored the psychological stress experienced by mothers who have cancerous children. The research is current and relevant to contemporary health issues.
  • Stress in Law: Reasons and Solutions The paper identifies the factors that result in stress by law enforcers and proposes ways in which the stress and by extension the negative effects it brings, can be mitigated.
  • PTSD: Coping Mechanisms and Recovery Paths The purpose of this paper is to discuss PTSD. Also, this paper introduces the assessment and factors associated with PTSD.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Triggers, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapy Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental condition that originates from experiencing terrifying events and getting haunted by them long after they happened.
  • The Chronic Psychological Stress It is proven that chronic psychological stress causes diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
  • Stress in Women Before and After Myocardial Infarction The study uses two interviews with women suffering an MI; interviews were taken in two different hospitals with a sample size of twenty and 14 respondents, before and after the MI.
  • Stress in Nursing Practice Stress can be attributed to many factors in the nursing profession, the principal one being extended work schedules. In the medical field, such errors could be fatal.
  • Mindful Meditation as Reducing College Students Stress The study answers the question of what is the reported effect of mindfulness meditation on reducing stress in teenage college students and its overall effectiveness.
  • Investigating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Most people experience traumatic events during their lifetime. For the first time, the phenomenon of post-traumatic stress disorder was examined among the participants of the wars
  • The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Many people suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder, and it is very important to know more about its symptoms and treatment.
  • Incidence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Motor Vehicle Accidents In recent years, a global surge in the number of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occasioned by motor vehicle accidents has been witnessed in the United States of America.
  • “Sources of Stress in Nursing Students” by Pulido This is a critique of the paper titled “Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies” by three University of Jaen scholars.
  • Strain-Stress Shielding in the Proximal Tibia of a Stemmed Knee Prosthesis In this paper, we review work that has been done about stress shielding and knee prosthesis, compare them and outline the recommendations given in these papers.
  • Coping Strategies in Job Related Stress in Nurses Job-related stress among nurses is an issue that has raised massive concern among contemporary scholars. Nurses are forced to undergo very traumatizing environmental factors.
  • Trends and Issues in Nursing: Workload Stress Stress at the employment place reduces the competence of the employee. In nursing workplace, stress results in deprived service delivery and might affect the fitness of the patient.
  • Issue of Stress in Nursing Practice The issues of stress caused by workplace violence in nursing practice require special consideration because of their direct relation to the quality of health care services.
  • “Work Stress Among Newly Graduated Nurses” by Blomberg The article by Blomberg et al. is an experimental cross-sectional comparative study aimed to investigate occupational stress among newly graduated nurses.
  • My Experiences Handling Stress at High School The most challenging part of implementing my program was self-control. It can be very tempting to “cheat” and reward yourself without making an actual effort.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Approaches and Symptoms The report presents that several investigations indicate a negative relationship between mindfulness-based approaches and PTSD symptoms acuteness.
  • Article Summary “Maternal Stress and Sensitivity: Moderating Effect of Positive Affect” The article “Maternal stress and sensitivity: Moderating effect of positive affect” provides insights into the relationship between stress and maternal positive emotions.
  • Stress, Adaptation, Coping Methods & Strategies In this paper, the types of stress, adaptation, coping methods, and strategies will be discussed to analyze the patient’s case.
  • Research on Stress Levels During Scheduled Sleep Behavior Different studies have revealed that there are several strategies used to reduce stress. Most scholars agree that there is a relationship between sleep and stress.
  • The Influence of the Stress on Our Health: How To Cope With Stress To reduce stress and eliminate potential hazards for health, several coping mechanisms have been created—problem-focused coping aims to solve the problem first-hand.
  • Janet Tomiyama’s “Stress and Obesity” Summary “Stress and Obesity,” an article by A. Janet Tomiyama, covers the interrelation between the two issues listed in the title and their mutual influence in psychological terms.
  • Stress Management: The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale To stay healthy, stress must be avoided at different levels, and only an integrated approach will allow people to become genuinely confident and calm.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Risk Factors Crisis workers need to understand risk factors associated with PTSD. The disorder may cause serious diseases that are expensive and complex to cure, such as heart diseases.
  • Dealing With Procrastination: Stress-Related Techniques Stress is a person’s response to a restructuring. This paper looks at stress from the angle of procrastination and analyze the techniques one can use to deal with this stressor.
  • Stress and Its Influence Employees’ Well-Being The essay seeks to discuss the empirical evidence as for correlation between job stress and employees’ well-being. Questions of importance of such experiments are highlighted.
  • Stress Affecting First-Year Students The first year at the university is the time when students are most vulnerable to academic failure, as well as most likely to experience social, emotional and financial problems.
  • Stress Management: Personal Stress Techniques Stress is any reaction of the human body when a demand that is likely to cause pressure to it is made usually it results in tension and conflict of the mind and body as a whole.
  • Stress Effects and Management Report Stress is the feeling which results from situations that are overwhelming which the body or mind are not used to. When someone is under stress, a feeling of insecurity is evident.
  • Organizational Problems: Stress and Burnout of Employees Stress and burnout are the major causes of employee-related problems in organizations. Both stress and burnout have serious effects on the productivity of an organization.
  • Stress Has Become One of the Most Serious Health Issues Kusluvan defines stress as a condition where one experiences tension when the physical or psychological demands they are subjected to outweigh them.
  • Stress Consequences, Causes, and Further Actions There are physiological, mental, and emotional signs of stress, and whenever signs of one or more of such symptoms are observed, the individual should take quick remedial measures.
  • Combat Fatigue or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers Events in a war like bombs noise, disaster, deaths, and killing, bloodstains, firings produce very frightening and threatening scenes that affect the brains of soldiers.
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Causes Adults’ symptoms of PTSD include flashbacks, nightmares, emotional blunting, detachment from people, inability to feel pleasure, unable to work in the real world.
  • Case Study: Constant Stress The case study analysis depicts Michael’s stress sufferings at work; being a 40 year old experienced airline pilot, the man completely devoted himself to his work.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Combat Veterans The aim of this essay is to review briefly yet, comprehensively the recent advances in assessment and treatment of PTSD.
  • Psychology. Stress Management Approaches There are some unhealthy ways of coping with stress such as excessive smoking, overeating, using sleeping pills or marijuana, or any tranquilizers to relax.
  • Causes and Management of Stress The paper, defines what stress is, looks on the kinds of biological stress. Stress can be defined as failure of body to respond to demand made on it.
  • Combat Stress and Operational Stress Management Combat and operational stress is emotional and physiological stress which is a direct result of dangers faced in combat or the mere tension of being in combat.
  • Impact of Stress on Performance The paper evaluates how various types of stress influence the performance of the person their capability to accomplish different tasks.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder, which can be viewed as a response to such traumatic events as witnessing or committing homicide, surviving pain or extremely harsh physical conditions.
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  • “Job Stress and Burnout in Hospital Employees” by Chou et al.
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use
  • Ontario Post Traumatic Stress Legislation for Employees
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  • Workplace Stress Control Among Nurses
  • “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder” by Bisson et al.
  • Women’s Stress Caused by Social Networks
  • Veterans’ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: How a Game Can Help?
  • Mitigate Stress Exercise Program at the Work
  • Stress and Coping: Social Support and Social Ties
  • Handling Cultural Stress in the United Arab Emirates
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  • Stress Management in Tibetan Culture: Spirituality & Communication
  • Stress and Wellness – Psychology
  • Stress Impacts on Psychological and Physiological Health
  • Social Workers’ Benefits from Stress Management
  • Psychology Issues: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Psychological Therapy of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Psychological Treatment: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  • What Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Cognitive Therapy
  • Potential of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy in the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Psychology Issues: Stress Management Skills

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  • Indian J Med Res
  • v.146(4); 2017 Oct

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Workplace stress: A neglected aspect of mental health wellbeing

Pallab k. maulik.

Deputy Director and Head of Research, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi 110 025, India ni.gro.etutitsniegroeg@kiluamp

Workplace stress is defined by the World Health Organization as ‘the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope’, and elaborated that it can be caused ‘by poor work organization (the way we design jobs and work systems, and the way we manage them), by poor work design ( e.g ., lack of control over work processes), poor management, unsatisfactory working conditions and lack of support from colleagues and supervisors’ 1 . While workplace stress, stigma and attitudes towards employees suffering from stress or mental illness have been researched and interventions developed to address them better, globally 2 , 3 , it still remains an oft-neglected aspect across different industries and countries, including India, and only a few of the learnings are actually implemented.

International laws have been in force for many decades to protect human rights of employees at workplace, and the key ones being Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4 , Articles 6 and 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 5 and Article 27 of United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 6 . However, the execution of policies is variable and often suboptimal. Moreover, low- and middle-income countries where one has the largest population in working age groups, continue to lag behind in conducting or identifying suitable interventions, and often do not have adequate policies in place to prevent discrimination against employees with mental disorders 7 .

Workplace-related stress – a reality that needs to be addressed through evidence-based interventions

Brouwers et al 8 conducted a cross-sectional study across 35 countries including India and reported that about two-third of employees who had suffered from depression either faced discrimination at work or faced discrimination while applying for new jobs. This study also found that both anticipated and perceived discrimination was more in high-income countries compared to lower-income countries. Both perceived and anticipated discrimination are major causes for people suffering silently at the workplace and not seeking proper care. This by itself can be a major issue when seeking care for mental disorders as it adds to stigma related to help-seeking and increases treatment gap - the gap in the proportion of people who suffer from mental disorders and the proportion of them who actually receive adequate mental health care. If organizations are made aware of this, and they encourage staff to seek appropriate mental health care as per need, then it will not only lead to improved care for persons with mental disorders, but also to a situation where employees are comfortable discussing their mental health issues with appropriate staff and take actions early on, so that more severe mental disorders do not manifest.

Another risk factor is that besides depression or anxiety being an outcome of stress, physical disorders such as hypertension and diabetes can also be caused due to stress. While research has established the two-way link between stress and these physical disorders 9 , 10 , organizations need to realize this and encourage staff to maintain a good work-life balance. This by itself can be a difficult task to implement given deadlines, having a competitive edge, sustaining growth and one's personal need to earn more by doing overtime. Thus, organizations need to have guidelines about working hours based on good industrial practices and take measures to enforce these routinely.

Sexual harassment and bullying at workplace is another workplace-related stress that can happen at any organization. Both genders could be affected by these, but often women and those lower in the hierarchy are at increased risk. Organizations should be cognizant of this and take active measures to ensure that workplace is a safe and secure place for every worker. In India, there are specific legal provisions to ensure safety at workplace ( http://labour.gov.in/policies/safety-health-and-environment-work-place ), and there are specific laws to prevent sexual harassment of women ( http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/142013.pdf ). Strict guidelines and processes are advocated, and every organization should have identified committees to handle any such issue.

While extant research has tended to focus on alleviation of symptoms and risk factors associated with workplace-related mental disorders, less emphasis has been placed on gathering evidence on how mental disorders affect performance and absenteeism and how interventions have resulted in improvement of work performance and absenteeism 3 . Thus, more research is needed to gather evidence on the cost-effectiveness of interventions and the cost of mental disorder-related loss of productivity on the larger community. This is relevant to all countries and becomes specifically significant when each employment sector tries to become more competitive and wants to increase productivity while at the same time tries to keep their cost to a minimum. In low- and middle-income countries, there are additional needs to ( i ) conduct basic epidemiological studies to understand the prevalence of workplace-related mental disorders and specific risk factors associated with different employment sectors, ( ii ) understand what kind of systems are being put in place by different sectors to manage them, and ( iii ) to what degree are existing laws being followed and implemented, and what organizational restructuring is needed to improve the situation. Current evidence suggests that no single intervention can work in isolation and it is recommended to have a package of interventions at organization level which could be accessed by those in need 3 . Some interventions that were specifically found to be useful were enhancing employee control, promoting physical activity, cognitive behaviour therapy for stress management and problem-focused return to work programmes. On the contrary, counselling and debriefing following trauma were not effective 3 and any exposure to trauma should be followed by provision of psychological first aid and formal psychological support by trained professionals. Workplace screening for mental disorders followed by access to basic mental health services has been found to be effective, but could lead to a potential increase in anxiety levels in those who are screened as false positives, so routine screening at workplace is not recommended 3 .

Guidelines to improve workplace culture and reduce stress

The World Health Organization has outlined key factors related to stress at workplace and advocated guidelines to redeem them 11 . Some factors that cause increased stress at workplace include ‘workload (both excessive and insufficient work), lack of participation and control in the workplace, monotonous or unpleasant tasks, role ambiguity or conflict, lack of recognition at work, inequity, poor interpersonal relationships, poor working conditions, poor leadership and communication and conflicting home and work demands’ 11 . This document also outlined guidelines to improve the situation and enumerated four key steps which are not only relevant to individual organizations, but to other stakeholders also, such as trade unions, employees, government and employees 11 .

Step 1 : Analyzing the mental health issues - As a first step, it is essential to have a clear understanding of not only the prevalence/incidence and risk factors associated with workplace stress, but also a better knowledge about the cost implications to an organization in terms of lost productivity. This is an exercise that can be done at individual organizations, at specific employment sector level in specific regions or across regions. This may need gathering new data through surveys or collating data available with the human resources or anonymized health records.

Step 2 : Developing the policy - A policy can be developed once the initial knowledge gained through the first step is available. The primary objective of such a policy should be to address concerns of all stakeholders and adhere to the organizations vision and mission. This should involve multiple meetings with different stakeholders to identify key components that need to be addressed. This engagement should be a continuous process throughout the development and execution of the policy.

Step 3 : Developing strategies to implement the policy - While implementing the policies, care should be taken to identify the key strategies that need to be implemented, the processes that need to be in place to implement such strategies, targets to be achieved and timelines that need to be adhered to while implementing the strategies. Finally, any additional budgetary allocations or training required to implement the policies, need to be made available.

Step 4 : Implementing and evaluating the policy - The implementation of any strategy will need collaboration and clear buy-in from all stakeholders. For some strategies, one might need to have a small demonstration project to start off, and based on the results tweak the strategies and then scale it up to a larger forum. Before implementing a policy, information should be disseminated widely either through a formal launch meeting or individual organizations’ dissemination network. For example, major government level policies that impact large number of employees or employers could have a launch meeting, whereas policies affecting only one organization with limited staff could be disseminated through office emails. This would enable everyone to be aware of the policies. One major drawback of many policies is that they lack a formal evaluation. This should be built into the system and appropriately funded from the outset. Specific guidelines about how to monitor and evaluate the policies should be in place at the time of the launch of the policies and conducted as per agreed timelines.

Role of government

The government should play a key role in ensuring that policies are in place that address workplace stress. Not only should the government identify vulnerable populations such as women, children, persons with disability at different workplaces, but also ensure that every sector has appropriate safeguards to protect the rights of all employees including vulnerable populations. The government should also monitor how different sectors are performing with respect to workplace stress and have additional strategies in place to address issues related to sectors which have specifically higher level of physical or psychological stress such as mines, factories, health sector, among others. Legal mechanisms should be in place to enforce laws and regulate them and penalize organizations which flout existing laws. The legal system should provide avenues that can be accessed both by employers and employees alike. The aim should be that workplace is seen as a fair and non-discriminatory zone as far as stress, and mental ill-health are concerned.

Workplace stress and associated mental ill-health is a fact that every employer and employee lives with on a daily basis. However, it often is the case that neither are aware of the issues fully and nor are well informed about its ramifications. Although laws are present in most countries to ensure that the rights of persons suffering from mental disorders related to workplace stress are safeguarded, often such are not executed or regulated effectively, leading to a situation where persons with mental disorders are not able to verbalize their problems and suffer silently - a situation that ultimately leads to increasing mental health-related disability that affects productivity. In this year, when workplace stress is being identified globally as a cause for concern, all stakeholders should take additional notice of its importance and see what needs to be done to improve the situation on the ground and make workplace a safer and healthier place for all.

Acknowledgment

The author is an intermediate fellow of the Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance.

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Mental Health in Recreational and Elite Sports

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The intersection of physical activity and mental health is a well-researched area, with significant evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental well-being. However, the specific impacts of physical activity on mental health can vary widely between recreational and elite athletes, indicating a need for a more nuanced understanding. Recreational athletes often experience enhanced mood, reduced stress, and overall improved well-being due to regular physical activity. Conversely, elite athletes, despite their high levels of physical fitness, face unique psychological stressors such as intense performance pressure, risk of injury, and demanding training regimens, which can sometimes exacerbate mental health issues. We invite submissions to this Research Topic focused on exploring the relationship between physical activity and mental health in both recreational and elite sports. Although the mental health benefits of physical activity are well-documented, the specific impacts and mechanisms differ between recreational athletes and elite competitors. Recent findings highlight that while recreational athletes often enjoy enhanced mood, reduced stress, and improved well-being, elite athletes encounter unique challenges, including performance pressure, injury, and intense training demands, which can increase their risk of mental health issues. This Research Topic aims to bridge the gap in understanding how varying levels of sports participation affect mental health outcomes. We encourage contributions that examine psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and resilience across these populations, with the goal of developing targeted interventions to promote mental well-being. We are particularly interested in studies that leverage recent advances in sports psychology, including technology-driven mental health monitoring and personalized training programs, to enhance support for both recreational and elite athletes. We welcome submissions that focus on the following themes (not limited to): • The Role of Physical Activity in Mental Health: Examine the impact of various types, intensities, and frequencies of physical activity on mental health outcomes. • Where Is the Limit? Investigate whether certain types, intensities, or frequencies of physical activity could be detrimental to mental health. What are the key risk factors? • Mental Health in Elite Sports: Explore the impact of elite sports on mental health, including typical mental health profiles of elite athletes, the challenges they face, and mental health promotion in professional sports environments. We invite diverse contributions including narrative and systematic reviews, mini-reviews, original research, clinical trials, and case studies that enrich our understanding of these critical issues.

Keywords : Mental Health, Physical Activity, Sport Psychology, Recreational Sport, Elite Athletes

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How everyday stress impacts cigarette smoking

Supported by purm, second-year gabriella jean worked in the aha lab over the summer on a research project examining the association between everyday life stressors and cigarette smoking..

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 28.3 million U.S. adults currently smoke cigarettes , in spite of the clear and deadly links between cigarette smoking and cancer, and between smoking and damage to nearly every organ in the body. The majority of smokers want to stop, but fewer than 10% successfully quit each year.

Over the summer, in the Addiction, Health, & Adolescence (AHA!) Lab in the Annenberg School for Communication , Gabriella Jean, a second-year economics major in the College of Arts & Sciences , worked with principal investigator David Lydon-Staley on a research project studying the association between everyday life stressors—such as financial stress or an unpleasant social interaction—and cigarette smoking. Jean applied for and received the research opportunity through the Penn Undergraduate Research Mentoring Program , offered through the Center for Undergraduate Research and Fellowships .

The goal of the AHA! Lab is to study everyday behaviors and experiences as they unfold over relatively short time scales, such as day to day or hour to hour, in the context of everyday life. The Lab’s research on everyday stressors and smoking, part of a larger study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, investigates the emotions of daily cigarette smokers and their impact on smoking behavior.

“What David and I are mostly interested in is the relationship between everyday stressors and smoking, as well as everyday stressors and both craving and negative emotion, such as sadness, anxiety, and anger,” Jean says. “We are trying to understand whether or not, when you experience a stressor, it increases your negative affect, craving, and likelihood of smoking when you’re trying to quit.”

Jean and Lydon-Staley’s project, which utilizes the ecological momentary assessment method, included a sample size of 156 daily cigarette smokers from Philadelphia. Participants were recruited through advertisements on SEPTA, radio, and TV, and collaboration with Penn ’s Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction and the Perelman School of Medicine . Enrollees visited the AHA! Lab and had an app installed on their phone that pinged them 10 times a day for 10 days during a smoking cessation attempt, asking them questions about their cravings, their smoking behavior, and their stress exposure as they went about their daily lives.

“I think the nice thing about this study is that because so much of it is happening out in the world, and because there are so few demands on asking people to come to the University, we ended up with a pretty good representation of Philadelphia and its diversity,” says Lydon-Staley, who is also an assistant professor of communication at Annenberg.

After analyzing the data, Jean and Lydon-Staley identified a strong relationship between everyday stressors, negative affect, and cigarette craving. They found that in moments when study participants reported experiencing a stressor, their craving was higher, their negative affect was heightened, and they were more likely to have smoked, using cigarettes as sort of a coping mechanism.

Jean says everyday stressors in general can trigger the urge to smoke, but she noticed an assortment of individual differences.

“Me personally, my stressor could be school, and that would affect my craving, but as for another individual, their stressor might be finances,” she says. “The stressors are different for each individual and they can change from day to day, but what remains consistent is that those stressors really affect your smoking, negative emotions, and cravings.”

Potential solutions, says Jean, could be developing new ways to help individuals cope with their daily stressors and providing them with available resources.

“I think if they become more resilient or they’re just more able to cope with their day-to-day lives and issues, they will be able to fight against it,” she says. “And from my readings, there is indeed a strong relationship between interventions that decrease cravings and a decrease in smoking.”

Lydon-Staley says Jean was a great addition to the research project and is a “really smart, really motivated, and very curious student.”

“She really just jumped into the project with lots of energy,” he says. “She started by reading very widely and deeply in the literature. When it was time to move to data analysis, she was able to approach the data analysis with a good sense of what we were looking for, which helped her then interpret the results.”

Jean, who is from Haiti, was pitched a couple of projects by Lydon-Staley at the start of her research opportunity. She says she was interested in studying smoking behaviors because her great uncle and one of her mom’s closest friends were both smokers who died from cancer. When she noticed some of her friends begin to smoke as teenagers, she became even more curious about smoking behaviors in general. The summer research project, she says, was a great opportunity for her to study something she has been curious about for a long time.

“Also, it was my way to be able to help because, most importantly, the goal of our research is to be able to improve the interventions that are meant to help people quit smoking,” Jean says.

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  • Caregivers of a Person with Alzheimer's Disease or a Related Dementia
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Fast Facts: Memory Loss Among Caregivers

  • Many unpaid caregivers have or are at risk of worsening memory loss, which can be an early sign of dementia.
  • Caregivers can make healthy lifestyle choices to reduce their risk of memory loss.

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Importance of caregivers

Millions of adults rely on unpaid caregivers to stay independent.

  • As the population ages, more family and friends are likely become caregivers. [1]

Among caregivers of adults 50 and older:

  • About 6 in 10 help with household tasks, like getting dressed or bathing.
  • Nearly all help with at least one critical activity of daily living, like transportation or managing finances.

Memory loss in caregivers

A CDC study found that about 1 in 8 unpaid caregivers who are 45 or older experience worsening confusion or memory loss.

  • Memory loss was more common in caregivers than noncaregivers.
  • Caregivers between ages 45 and 64 were more likely to report worsening memory loss than noncaregivers of the same age group. [2]

Caregivers with worsening memory loss often have at least one chronic health condition, putting them at risk of needing care themselves.

Memory loss can affect a caregiver’s ability to care for themselves, as well as their loved ones.

  • Memory loss can affect the quality of their caregiving, which often requires clear thinking.

Reducing the risk of memory loss

Caregivers can reduce their risk for memory loss by making positive lifestyle choices:

  • Seeing a doctor regularly.
  • Being physically active .
  • Eating healthy meals .
  • Getting enough sleep .
  • Drinking less alcohol or choosing not to drink .
  • Not smoking .

To avoid extra stress, caregivers should make these changes gradually.

It’s also important for caregivers to talk to a health care provider if they notice changes in their memory.

  • Health care providers can help identify potentially reversable or treatable causes or detect dementia early to reduce the impact of the disease.
  • Public Health Center of Excellence on Dementia Caregiving
  • Reducing Risk for Dementia
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  • National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Caregiving in the U.S. 2020: A Focused Look at Family Caregivers of Adults Age 50+ . 2020. https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2021/05/caregiving-in-the-united-states-50-plus.doi.10.26419-2Fppi.00103.022.pdf
  • Jeffers EM, Bouldin ED, McGuire LC, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of subjective cognitive decline among unpaid caregivers aged ≥45 years—22 states, 2015–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2021;70(46):1591–1596. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7046a1.PMID: 34793418

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    Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of (a) why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; (b) the stress response and allostatic load; (c) some of the key biological mechanisms ...

  6. Stress effects on the body

    Stress also may make swallowing foods difficult or increase the amount of air that is swallowed, which increases burping, gassiness, and bloating. Stomach. Stress may make pain, bloating, nausea, and other stomach discomfort felt more easily. Vomiting may occur if the stress is severe enough.

  7. Recent developments in stress and anxiety research

    Coinciding with WASAD's 3rd International Congress held in September 2021 in Vienna, Austria, this journal publishes a Special Issue encompassing state-of-the art research in the field of stress and anxiety. This special issue collects answers to a number of important questions that need to be addressed in current and future research.

  8. Advances in research on stress and behavior: special issue, 2020

    Advances in research on stress and behavior: special issue, 2020. Molecular Psychiatry 25, 916-917 (2020) Cite this article. Given the wealth of outstanding papers we have recently received on ...

  9. Stress

    Helping Others Dampens the Effects of Everyday Stress. Providing help to friends, acquaintances, and even strangers can mitigate the impact of daily stressors on our emotions and our mental health, according to research published in Clinical Psychological Science, a journal of the Association.

  10. Frontiers

    Although, the discovery of the interplay between the inflammatory and endocrine systems is dated as a long-time story, it still remains as a hot topic in the field of stress research. At the same period Hans Selye discovered his canonical findings on stress, the prestigious Mayo Clinique developed the substance E ( Neeck, 2002 ; Hillier, 2007 ...

  11. Stress News

    Nov. 7, 2023 — Researchers show why only a subset of individuals exposed to trauma develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The research, centered on the body's stress hormone response ...

  12. The Interplay of Stress, Health, and Well-Being: Unraveling the

    This Research Topic explores the intricate relationship between stress, health, and well-being, with a focus on the underlying psychological and physiological processes involved. The aim is to shed light on the complex interplay between these factors and provide insights into potential interventions and strategies for promoting optimal mental and physical well-being.

  13. Research Topics & Ideas: Mental Health

    Overview: Mental Health Topic Ideas. Mood disorders. Anxiety disorders. Psychotic disorders. Personality disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Neurodevelopmental disorders. Eating disorders.

  14. What stresses adolescents? A qualitative study on perceptions of stress

    Introduction. Psychological stress is an unpleasant subjective feeling perceived when an individual's situational demands exceed their adaptive capacity 1.Persistent stress is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and other adult non-communicable diseases 2.Psychological stress can also precipitate adverse mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression ...

  15. Is there a causal relationship between stress and migraine? Current

    Background: The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the literature investigating a causal relationship between stress and migraine and evaluate its implications for managing migraine. Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched from 1988 to August 2021, identifying 2223 records evaluating the relationship between stress and migraine. Records were systematically screened. All ...

  16. 61 Interesting Psychology Research Topics (2024)

    Examples of systemic racism-related psychology research topics include: Access to mental health resources based on race. The prevalence of BIPOC mental health therapists in a chosen area. The impact of systemic racism on mental health and self-worth. Racism training for mental health workers.

  17. How stress affects your health

    Topics in Psychology. Explore how scientific research by psychologists can inform our professional lives, family and community relationships, emotional wellness, and more. ... Relationships can be a source of stress. Research has found that negative, hostile reactions with your spouse cause immediate changes in stress-sensitive hormones, for ...

  18. Coping with Stress

    Feelings of fear, anger, sadness, worry, numbness, or frustration. Changes in appetite, energy, desires, and interests. Trouble concentrating and making decisions. Nightmares or problems sleeping. Physical reactions, such as headaches, body pains, stomach problems, or skin rashes. Worsening of chronic health problems and mental health conditions.

  19. 239 Stress Research Topics & Essay Examples

    Psychology essay sample: The psychological diagnosis posttraumatic stress disorder appeared in 1980 to hallmark long-term reactive psychological disorders in response to exposure to war environment. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Combat Veterans. Psychology essay sample: War is a major cause of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

  20. 268 Stress Topics & Research Questions

    The effect of stress on the body is disturbing and could affect people in many ways. Pronounced stress initiates speedy changes throughout the body. Biopsychosocial Factors of Stress. Stress is a biopsychosocial phenomenon, as it affects a person's physical well-being, emotional stability, and social interactions.

  21. Workplace stress: A neglected aspect of mental health wellbeing

    Another risk factor is that besides depression or anxiety being an outcome of stress, physical disorders such as hypertension and diabetes can also be caused due to stress. While research has established the two-way link between stress and these physical disorders 9,10, organizations need to realize this and encourage staff to maintain a good ...

  22. 420 Stress Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

    Here are the aspects you should cover in your paper on stress: Think about what you already know about the subject you had selected. Check out stress essay examples online if you are not sure that your topic is relevant. Research the information about the issue, using credible sources (Wikipedia is not one of them!).

  23. Mental Health in Recreational and Elite Sports

    This Research Topic aims to bridge the gap in understanding how varying levels of sports participation affect mental health outcomes. We encourage contributions that examine psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and resilience across these populations, with the goal of developing targeted interventions to promote mental well-being.

  24. How everyday stress impacts cigarette smoking

    Lab in the Annenberg School for Communication, Gabriella Jean, a second-year economics major in the College of Arts & Sciences, worked with principal investigator David Lydon-Staley on a research project studying the association between everyday life stressors—such as financial stress or an unpleasant social interaction—and cigarette smoking.

  25. Fast Facts: Memory Loss Among Caregivers

    To avoid extra stress, caregivers should make these changes gradually. It's also important for caregivers to talk to a health care provider if they notice changes in their memory. Health care providers can help identify potentially reversable or treatable causes or detect dementia early to reduce the impact of the disease.