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biography , form of literature , commonly considered nonfictional, the subject of which is the life of an individual. One of the oldest forms of literary expression, it seeks to re-create in words the life of a human being—as understood from the historical or personal perspective of the author—by drawing upon all available evidence, including that retained in memory as well as written, oral, and pictorial material.

Biography is sometimes regarded as a branch of history , and earlier biographical writings—such as the 15th-century Mémoires of the French councellor of state, Philippe de Commynes , or George Cavendish’s 16th-century life of Thomas Cardinal Wolsey —have often been treated as historical material rather than as literary works in their own right. Some entries in ancient Chinese chronicles included biographical sketches; imbedded in the Roman historian Tacitus ’s Annals is the most famous biography of the emperor Tiberius ; conversely , Sir Winston Churchill ’s magnificent life of his ancestor John Churchill, first duke of Marlborough , can be read as a history (written from a special point of view) of Britain and much of Europe during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). Yet there is general recognition today that history and biography are quite distinct forms of literature. History usually deals in generalizations about a period of time (for example, the Renaissance), about a group of people in time (the English colonies in North America), about an institution (monasticism during the Middle Ages). Biography more typically focuses upon a single human being and deals in the particulars of that person’s life.

Both biography and history, however, are often concerned with the past, and it is in the hunting down, evaluating, and selection of sources that they are akin. In this sense biography can be regarded as a craft rather than an art: techniques of research and general rules for testing evidence can be learned by anyone and thus need involve comparatively little of that personal commitment associated with art.

A biographer in pursuit of an individual long dead is usually hampered by a lack of sources: it is often impossible to check or verify what written evidence there is; there are no witnesses to cross-examine. No method has yet been developed by which to overcome such problems. Each life, however, presents its own opportunities as well as specific difficulties to the biographer: the ingenuity with which the biographer handles gaps in the record—by providing information, for example, about the age that casts light upon the subject—has much to do with the quality of the resulting work. James Boswell knew comparatively little about Samuel Johnson ’s earlier years; it is one of the greatnesses of his Life of Samuel Johnson LL.D. (1791) that he succeeded, without inventing matter or deceiving the reader, in giving the sense of a life progressively unfolding. Another masterpiece of reconstruction in the face of little evidence is A.J.A. Symons ’ biography of the English author and eccentric Frederick William Rolfe , The Quest for Corvo (1934). A further difficulty is the unreliability of most collections of papers, letters, and other memorabilia edited before the 20th century. Not only did editors feel free to omit and transpose materials, but sometimes the authors of documents revised their personal writings for the benefit of posterity , often falsifying the record and presenting their biographers with a difficult situation when the originals were no longer extant .

The biographer writing the life of a person recently dead is often faced with the opposite problem: an abundance of living witnesses and a plethora of materials, which include the subject’s papers and letters, sometimes transcriptions of telephone conversations and conferences, as well as the record of interviews granted to the biographer by the subject’s friends and associates. Frank Friedel, for example, in creating a biography of the U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt , had to wrestle with something like 40 tons of paper. But finally, when writing the life of any person, whether long or recently dead, the biographer’s chief responsibility is vigorously to test the authenticity of the collected materials by whatever rules and techniques are available. When the subject of a biography is still alive and a contributor to the work, the biographer’s task is to examine the subject’s perspective against multiple, even contradictory sources.

Definition of Biography

Common examples of biographical subjects, famous examples of biographical works, difference between biography, autobiography, and memoir, examples of biography in literature, example 1:  savage beauty: the life of edna st. vincent millay  (nancy milford).

One of the first things Vincent explained to Norma was that there was a certain freedom of language in the Village that mustn’t shock her. It wasn’t vulgar. ‘So we sat darning socks on Waverly Place and practiced the use of profanity as we stitched. Needle in, . Needle out, piss. Needle in, . Needle out, c. Until we were easy with the words.’

Example 2:  The Invisible Woman: The Story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens  (Claire Tomalin)

The season of domestic goodwill and festivity must have posed a problem to all good Victorian family men with more than one family to take care of, particularly when there were two lots of children to receive the demonstrations of paternal love.

Example 3:  Virginia Woolf  (Hermione Lee)

‘A self that goes on changing is a self that goes on living’: so too with the biography of that self. And just as lives don’t stay still, so life-writing can’t be fixed and finalised. Our ideas are shifting about what can be said, our knowledge of human character is changing. The biographer has to pioneer, going ‘ahead of the rest of us, like the miner’s canary, testing the atmosphere , detecting falsity, unreality, and the presence of obsolete conventions’. So, ‘There are some stories which have to be retold by each generation’. She is talking about the story of Shelley, but she could be talking about her own life-story.

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Biography and Autobiography

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• First Online: 10 October 2019
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• Wayne J. Urban 2  

Part of the book series: Springer International Handbooks of Education ((SIHE))

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The areas of biographical and autobiographical study are not exceptionally popular as approaches to historical research in education. The reasons for this are several but all likely related to the penchant for historians of education, like other researchers in education, to favor a social scientific approach to their work. Education as a discipline is generally seen as one of the applied social sciences. Given this, an approach to scholarship that favors social scientific concerns such as generalization, hypothesis testing, and larger data sets that support these priorities is dominant in historical study in education as well as the larger field of educational research. This emphasis is further enhanced recently by an orientation toward educational policy and practice that demands results that address policy concerns such as accountability and data driven decision-making. Biography and autobiography speak tangentially at best to these concerns and quite often question the legitimacy of things like generalization, best practices, and policy goals and objectives.

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Introduction

Lost in Enthusiasm? An Elementary Qualitative Analysis of 44 Years of Research in Order to Show Why Even Today Educational Historiography is Not an Unnecessary Luxury

Bond HM. The education of the Negro in the American social order. New York: Prentice-Hall; 1934.

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Bond HM. Education for freedom: a history of Lincoln University. Princeton: Princeton University Press for Lincoln University; 1976.

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Harlan LR. Booker T. Washington: the making of a black leader. New York: Oxford University Press; 1972.

Harlan LR. Booker T. Washington: the wizard of Tuskegee. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983.

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Urban WJ, editor. Leaders in the historical study of American education. Rotterdam/Boston/Taipei: Sense Publishers; 2011.

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The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

Wayne J. Urban

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Correspondence to Wayne J. Urban .

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Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia

Tanya Fitzgerald

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Urban, W.J. (2019). Biography and Autobiography. In: Fitzgerald, T. (eds) Handbook of Historical Studies in Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0942-6_55-1

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0942-6_55-1

Received : 30 November 2018

Accepted : 13 February 2019

Published : 10 October 2019

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-10-0942-6

Online ISBN : 978-981-10-0942-6

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Biography: A Very Short Introduction

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Biography: A Very Short Introduction looks at the origins and development of biographical writing. Why do certain people and historical events arouse so much interest? How can biographies be compared with history and works of fiction? Does a biography need to be true? Is it acceptable to omit or conceal things? Does the biographer need to personally know the subject? Must a biographer be subjective? This VSI considers the cultural and historical background of different types of biographies, looking at the factors that affect biographers and whether there are different strategies, ethics, and principles required for writing about one person compared to another.

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• Biography: A Very Short Introduction | Hermione Lee

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Theoretical Discussions of Biography Theoretical Discussions of Biography

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Robert Dion

Prepublication of the introductory article of an issue of _Cercles, revue pluridisciplinaire d'études anglophones_. The biographical turn, as we find convenient to call the renewed interest in biography and biographic approaches that has been taking place over the last decades, converging from several disciplines of the humanities, appears like a paradigmatic debate of sorts, that both calls for a new definition of biography in the larger sense of the term, and generates a theoretical demand.This article positions biographical studies within the perimeter of life-writing considered as an emerging crossroads discipline in the humanities. It analyses some of the causes of the so-called "resistance to theory" of biography. It argues that the very reappraisal of the central concept of the subject operated by the philosophy of deconstruction and analytic philosophy has entailed the emergence of life-writing, and created the intellectual need to theorize biography in this la...

[in:] Marcin Kafar (ed.), Scientific Biographies: Between the "Professional" and "Non-Professional" Dimensions of Humanistic Experiences (pp. 7-19), series: "Biographical Perspectives", vol. I, Lodz - Krakow: Univeristy of Lodz Press, Jagiellonian University Press

Marcin Kafar

Theoretical Discussions of Biography

Hans Renders

Henning Trüper

article in Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

Theoretical Discussions of Biography Approaches from History, Microhistory, and Life Writing

The development of biography often has been associated with shifts in historiography and literature. Theoretical publications on the biographical enterprise however offer opportunities to chart changes in the genre since the midnineteenth century as driven by developments in journalism. The influence of journalistic methods on biography has largely been underestimated until now. Another key area for exploration is the tension between fictionalised biography and the genre as approached by historians. While an artificial distinction is sometimes posited between those whose primary focus is literary on the one hand, and scholarly writers on the other, writing well is just as important to non-fiction writers as it is to novelists. Biography belongs to the non-fiction-genre.

Robin Fleming

Harry Oldmeadow

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Biography in Theory

Key texts with commentaries.

• Edited by: Wilhelm Hemecker and Edward Saunders
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• Language: English
• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Copyright year: 2017
• Audience: Students and teachers of Literary Studies and History
• Front matter: 8
• Main content: 288
• Keywords: Biography ; literary theory ; historiography ; life writing
• Published: August 7, 2017
• ISBN: 9783110516678
• ISBN: 9783110501612