impact of television essay conclusion

Essay on Impact Of Television On Society

Students are often asked to write an essay on Impact Of Television On Society in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Impact Of Television On Society

Introduction to television.

Television is like a big box with pictures and sounds that reaches homes around the world. It shows us different programs like cartoons, news, movies, and sports. People of all ages watch TV to learn new things and have fun.

Learning and Education

TV can be a teacher. It has programs that help kids learn the alphabet, numbers, and about animals. There are also shows that teach older students about history and science. Watching these can make learning enjoyable.

Entertainment

One of the best things about TV is that it entertains us. After a long day at school or work, people relax by watching their favorite shows. There are many types for everyone – comedies, dramas, and game shows.

Family Time

Television brings families together. They sit in the living room to watch movies or play TV games. It’s a time when parents and kids can laugh and talk about what they watch.

News and Information

Television has a big impact on society. It teaches, entertains, brings families closer, and keeps everyone informed. It’s a powerful tool that, when used well, can be very good for everyone.

250 Words Essay on Impact Of Television On Society

Television’s role in society.

Television has become a big part of our lives. Most homes have at least one TV. It’s a way for us to learn new things and to relax after a long day. But, TV also has a strong effect on society.

Learning from TV

TV can be a great teacher. There are channels that show us about animals, space, and different countries. Kids can watch fun programs that also teach them numbers, letters, and good habits. Because of TV, we can learn about things happening all over the world without leaving our homes.

Entertainment for Everyone

People love to be entertained, and TV gives us many choices. We can watch sports, movies, and our favorite shows. Families often spend time together watching TV. It makes us laugh and sometimes cry. TV stories can also make us think and feel for others.

Changing Habits

Yet, TV can change the way we live. Some people might sit and watch TV for many hours and not exercise or play outside. This can lead to health problems. It’s important to balance TV time with other activities.

In summary, television has a big impact on society. It can teach us, entertain us, and even change the way we think and act. It’s up to us to decide how much TV we watch and what programs we choose to see.

500 Words Essay on Impact Of Television On Society

Introduction to television’s role in society.

Television is like a big window in our homes that shows us different parts of the world, stories, and information. It has been around for many years and has become a big part of our daily lives. Most families have at least one television at home. It affects how we think, what we learn, and how we spend our time.

Entertainment and Fun

Television is a great way to have fun and relax. After a long day at school or work, many people like to sit down and watch their favorite shows or movies. There are so many choices, like comedies that make us laugh, dramas that tell us exciting stories, and sports that show us games and competitions.

Watching television can also be a way for families to spend time together. Parents and children can pick a show that everyone likes and watch it as a group. This can make the family feel closer and give them something to talk about and share.

Changes in Behavior

Not all the effects of television are good, though. Sometimes, watching too much TV can lead to bad habits. People might sit for too long and not get enough exercise. Kids might see things that are not meant for them, like violence or bad behavior, and think it’s okay. It’s important for parents to watch what their kids see on TV.

Advertising and Shopping

Television also shows us a lot of ads. These ads try to get us to buy things, like toys, snacks, and clothes. Sometimes they make us want things we don’t really need. It’s important to think carefully before buying something just because we saw it on TV.

Television has a big impact on society. It can teach us, make us laugh, and bring us together. At the same time, we have to be careful with what we watch and how much time we spend in front of the TV. By choosing good programs and watching them at the right times, television can be a helpful tool for learning and fun. It’s up to us to use it in the best way possible.

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Essay on Television in English (150, 200, 250, 500 Words)

Here, we’ve presented essays on “Television” in 150, 200, 250 & 500 word samples. All the essays will be helpful for students of all classes i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & class 12.

Table of Contents

Essay on Television in 150 Words

Introduction.

Television has become an integral part of modern life, shaping our entertainment, education, and even societal norms. Its invention revolutionized how information and entertainment are delivered, impacting cultures worldwide.

Importance of Television in Society

Television serves as a window to the world, providing access to news, events, and diverse cultures. It fosters learning through documentaries, educational programs, and historical dramas, enriching our understanding of the world.

Entertainment Value

One of television’s primary functions is entertainment. From sitcoms to reality shows, it offers a plethora of content catering to various tastes and preferences. Television also serves as a platform for talented individuals, showcasing their skills and creativity to a global audience.

In conclusion, television remains a powerful medium that influences society in multifaceted ways. While it provides entertainment and education, its impact extends to shaping opinions, behaviors, and even societal values. As technology advances, television continues to evolve, ensuring its relevance in an ever-changing world.

Television Essay in 200 Words

Television, a ubiquitous presence in modern households, has transformed the way we consume information and entertainment. Since its inception, it has played a pivotal role in shaping societal trends and cultural norms.

Evolution of Television Technology

Over the decades, television technology has undergone remarkable advancements, from the bulky cathode-ray tube sets to sleek LED screens. These innovations have not only improved picture and sound quality but also enabled new forms of content delivery, such as streaming services and on-demand programming.

Impact on Education

Television serves as an invaluable educational tool, offering a wide range of programs designed to inform and enlighten viewers. Educational channels, documentaries, and science programs not only entertain but also stimulate curiosity and facilitate learning, especially for those with limited access to formal education.

Influence on Popular Culture

Television has a profound influence on popular culture, shaping fashion trends, language, and societal norms. Iconic characters and catchphrases from television shows often become ingrained in the collective consciousness, reflecting and influencing societal values and behaviors.

In conclusion, television remains a cornerstone of modern society, providing entertainment, information, and cultural insights to audiences worldwide. Its impact on education, popular culture, and technology continues to be profound, ensuring its enduring relevance in the digital age.

Essay Writing on Television in 250 Words

Television, since its commercial inception in the 1950s, has become an indispensable part of daily life for billions worldwide. Its influence extends beyond mere entertainment, shaping culture, politics, and social interactions.

The Rise of Television Consumption

According to a recent study by Nielsen, the average American adult spends over four hours a day watching television, highlighting its pervasive role in daily routines. Globally, this trend is mirrored, with countries like China and India witnessing a surge in television viewership, propelled by technological advancements and increased disposable income.

Television as an Educational Tool

Television’s potential as an educational tool cannot be understated. UNESCO reports that educational programs broadcasted on television have led to significant improvements in literacy rates and academic performance in developing nations. From documentaries to instructional shows, television offers a diverse array of educational content accessible to a wide audience.

The Impact of Television Advertising

Television advertising remains a dominant force in the marketing industry, with companies spending billions annually to reach consumers through commercials and product placements. Research by Statista reveals that global television advertising expenditure surpassed $192 billion in 2020, underscoring its enduring effectiveness in influencing consumer behavior.

Diversity in Television Programming

The advent of streaming services has democratized content creation, leading to a surge in diverse television programming catering to niche audiences. From LGBTQ+ representation to stories centered on marginalized communities, television has become a platform for underrepresented voices to be heard and celebrated.

Television’s Influence on Politics

Television plays a pivotal role in shaping political discourse and public opinion. Studies have shown that televised debates and political advertisements have a significant impact on voter perceptions and election outcomes, making television an indispensable tool for political campaigns.

In conclusion, television remains a cornerstone of modern society, with its influence permeating various aspects of our lives. As technology continues to evolve, television’s role in education, advertising, entertainment, and politics will undoubtedly continue to evolve, shaping the worldviews of generations to come.

Writing an Essay on Television in 500 Words

Television, a ubiquitous presence in households worldwide, has evolved from its humble beginnings to become a cornerstone of modern culture and communication. Since its commercial introduction in the mid-20th century, television has undergone significant technological advancements and societal transformations, shaping the way we consume information, entertain ourselves, and perceive the world around us.

The Evolution of Television Technology

The journey of television technology has been remarkable. From the early days of black-and-white sets with limited channels to today’s high-definition, internet-connected smart TVs, the evolution has been profound. According to data from the International Telecommunication Union, there were over 1.6 billion television households globally by the end of 2020, showcasing the widespread adoption of television technology.

Television’s Impact on Society and Culture

Television’s influence on society and culture is undeniable. It serves as a mirror reflecting societal values, norms, and aspirations. According to a report by the World Economic Forum, television is the most popular leisure activity globally, surpassing even social media and internet browsing. This popularity underscores its significance in shaping cultural narratives and fostering social cohesion.

The Educational Potential of Television

Television has long been recognized as a powerful educational tool. Educational programs and documentaries broadcasted on television channels have contributed to increased literacy rates and enhanced learning outcomes, particularly in developing countries. UNESCO estimates that television reaches over 90% of households in some of the world’s poorest regions, highlighting its potential as a tool for equitable education.

Television Advertising and Consumer Behavior

Television advertising remains a dominant force in the marketing industry, with companies investing billions in commercials and product placements. According to Statista, global television advertising expenditure amounted to over $192 billion in 2020. Television commercials have a significant impact on consumer behavior, influencing purchasing decisions and brand perceptions.

The Streaming Revolution

The rise of streaming services has revolutionized the television landscape. Platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+ have disrupted traditional broadcasting models, offering on-demand access to a vast library of content. Data from eMarketer shows that over 1.1 billion people worldwide subscribed to a streaming service in 2020, marking a significant shift in viewing habits.

Diversity and Representation in Television

Television plays a crucial role in shaping perceptions of diversity and representation. The increased visibility of marginalized communities and underrepresented voices on television has contributed to greater inclusivity and social awareness. However, challenges persist, with studies showing that certain demographics remain underrepresented both on and off-screen.

Television’s Influence on Politics and Public Opinion

Television has emerged as a powerful tool in shaping political discourse and influencing public opinion. Political debates, news coverage, and campaign advertisements aired on television platforms have a significant impact on voter perceptions and election outcomes. Television’s reach and influence in this arena make it a key battleground for political actors seeking to sway public opinion.

The Future of Television

As technology continues to advance, the future of television is likely to be shaped by innovations such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and interactive content. These developments have the potential to further blur the lines between traditional television and other forms of digital media, offering viewers unprecedented levels of engagement and immersion.

In conclusion, television remains a powerful force in shaping society, culture, and communication. Its evolution from a simple broadcasting medium to a multi-platform, interactive experience reflects the dynamic nature of technological innovation and human creativity. As we look to the future, television’s influence is poised to continue, offering new opportunities and challenges in the ever-changing landscape of media and entertainment.

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Essay on TELEVISION

Updated November 24, 2023

The Medium is the Message

Television is a popular medium that has influenced society’s standards and public opinion while delivering educational information and entertainment. The emergence of streaming services has brought about changes in viewer habits and content production, leading to an evolution in the television landscape. Its ability to serve as both an informational and recreational tool highlights the profound influence of television on culture and communication.

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History of Television

Invention and Early Development (19th-early 20th century): The concept of television can be traced back to the 19th century, with inventors such as Paul Nipkow, who designed the first electromechanical television system in 1884. Early experiments continued through the early 20th century, with inventors such as Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth making significant contributions.
Mechanical Television (1920s): It used rotating disks to scan and transmit images. 1927 Philo Farnsworth successfully transmitted the first-ever television image through a fully electronic system.
Introduction of Electronic Television (1930s): David Sarnoff of RCA played a crucial role in developing electronic television. Regular television broadcasts began in the late 1930s, with the BBC launching the world’s first public television service in 1936.
Impact of World War II (1940s): Resource constraints temporarily slowed Television production and adoption during World War II. After the war, television experienced rapid growth as economies recovered and technology improved.
Golden Age of Television (1950s-1960s): The 1950s saw the popularization of television in households across the United States and Europe. Iconic shows like “I Love Lucy,” “The Twilight Zone,” and “The Ed Sullivan Show” defined this era. Color television was introduced in the 1950s, enhancing the viewing experience.
Remote Control and Cable Television (1960s-1970s): The introduction of the remote control in the 1960s revolutionized viewer interaction. Cable television gained prominence, offering a wider range of channels and specialized content.
Satellite Television and Globalization (1980s-1990s): Satellite technology allowed for global television distribution. The rise of cable news networks such as CNN in the 1980s and 1990s contributed to the globalization of news coverage.
Digital Television and High Definition (2000s): Analog television signals were gradually replaced by digital signals, offering improved picture and sound quality. High-definition television (HDTV) became mainstream, providing a more immersive viewing experience.
Streaming Services and On-Demand Content (2010s-present): Streaming platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime transformed how audiences consume content. The traditional television model shifted as viewers embraced on-demand programming, binge-watching, and original content produced by streaming services.

Impact on Society

Television’s impact on society has been multifaceted, influencing culture, shaping opinions, and altering social behaviors in various ways:

Cultural Influence: Television has played a significant effect in creating cultural norms and values. It reflects societal attitudes and, as a result, impacts them. It serves as a mirror to society, showcasing diverse perspectives, lifestyles, and cultural practices, contributing to a more interconnected world.
Information Dissemination and Public Opinion: News programs and television documentaries profoundly impact public opinion and awareness. They shape perceptions of current events, politics, and societal issues. The presentation and framing of news stories on television can influence viewers’ understanding and opinions on important matters.
Behavioral and Social Impact: Influences consumer behavior and trends. Advertisements and product placements on TV often dictate purchasing decisions and lifestyle choices. Television programming can influence behavior, attitudes, and social interactions, especially for children. Educational programs have a positive impact on learning and development.
Cultural Homogenization and Globalization: It has contributed to cultural homogenization by transmitting common values, trends, and entertainment across borders. It has played a role in globalizing popular culture. Global events and phenomena can quickly reach a worldwide audience through television, fostering a sense of shared experiences.
Entertainment and Escapism: Serves as a primary source of entertainment, offering a wide array of genres and shows that provide an escape from daily life. It can evoke emotions, create cultural icons, and foster community through shared viewing experiences.
Health and Social Implications: Excessive television viewing has been associated with sedentary lifestyles, contributing to health issues like obesity and decreased physical activity. Television content can impact social perceptions and stereotypes, influencing how certain groups or issues are portrayed and perceived.
Economic Impact: It serves as a platform for advertising and generates substantial revenue. The success of television shows and networks significantly impacts the entertainment industry and economies.

Role of Television

Here’s a breakdown of its influence in different areas:

Entertainment Industry: Television is a significant source of entertainment worldwide. It provides diverse programs, including dramas, comedies, reality shows, and documentaries—a platform for creative expression, showcasing acting, directing, writing, and production talents. Reality TV has transformed entertainment dynamics, shaping pop culture and influencing trends.
News and Information Dissemination: Television remains an essential medium for news delivery. It reaches vast audiences with up-to-the-minute coverage of global events. 24-hour news channels and talk shows shape public opinion, influence political discourse, and raise awareness of critical issues.
Advertising and Consumerism: Commercials profoundly impact consumer behavior, promoting products and shaping consumer preferences. Advertisements generate revenue for networks and drive the economy by influencing purchasing decisions.
Education and Learning: This is a supplemental learning tool for children and adults. Educational programming on dedicated channels offers lessons on various subjects, contributing to informal education.
Cultural Influence: Reflects and shapes cultural norms, values, and societal attitudes by portraying diverse characters and storylines. It contributes to the globalization of culture, exposing audiences to different traditions, languages, and perspectives.
Health and Social Behavior: Influences lifestyle choices and social behavior, impacting everything from fashion trends to dietary preferences. Excessive screen time, however, has raised concerns about its effects on physical health and mental well-being.
Sports and Events Coverage: Broadcasts major sporting events, making them accessible to a global audience and enhancing the popularity of various sports. It provides a platform for cultural events, award shows, and ceremonies, fostering community engagement and celebration.
Technological Innovation and Future Trends: Technology continues to evolve, with advancements in high-definition displays, streaming services, smart TVs, and interactive content. Emerging virtual and augmented reality trends reshape viewer experiences, offering immersive and interactive content.

Harming the Youth

Television provides various benefits and entertainment options, but it remains a source of concern regarding its potential negative impact on the youth. Several factors contribute to the argument that television may be harming the youth.

Firstly, prolonged television viewing has been linked to adverse health effects, including sedentary behavior that can contribute to physical health issues such as obesity and poor cardiovascular health. The allure of television content may lead to a decrease in outdoor activities and exercise, exacerbating the risk of health problems among the youth. Television programming may contain violence, inappropriate language, or mature themes unsuitable for younger viewers. Exposure to such content can desensitize youth to violence, influence their behavior, and contribute to the development of aggressive tendencies.

Advertising on television poses a significant risk to the well-being of the youth. Advertisements often promote unhealthy food choices, unrealistic body standards, and materialistic values. The constant bombardment of these messages can contribute to the formation of negative self-images, unhealthy eating habits, and a skewed perception of success and happiness among young viewers. The impact on academic performance is also concerning. Excessive screen time, particularly before bedtime, can interfere with sleep patterns, leading to fatigue and difficulty concentrating. Poor sleep quality and the potential distraction of television during study time may contribute to lower academic achievement among the youth.

Benefits of Watching Television

While there are concerns about the potential adverse effects of excessive television watching, it is essential to acknowledge that television can also provide several benefits regarding education, entertainment, and social connection.

One significant advantage is the diverse range of entertainment options it offers. From television programs and movies to sports and reality shows, television caters to various tastes, providing a convenient and accessible source of relaxation and enjoyment.

It is also a valuable educational tool. Educational programs, documentaries, and informative channels disseminate information on topics from science and history to art and culture. The educational content can engage viewers and supplement formal education, making learning an enjoyable and accessible experience.

In addition to entertainment and education, it fosters a sense of connection and community. Shared viewing experiences, such as a family gathering around the TV or friends discussing a popular show, contribute to social bonding. it is a common ground for shared cultural references, fostering a sense of connection among diverse individuals.

Moreover, television plays a crucial role in keeping people informed. News programs provide real-time updates on local, national, and global events, helping viewers stay connected to the world around them. This accessibility to information contributes to a well-informed and engaged citizenry. From the convenience of entertainment to the educational and informative aspects, television continues to be a versatile and influential medium that enriches individuals’ lives and contributes to society’s cultural fabric.

Future Trends

Here are some anticipated future trends:

Streaming Dominance Continues: Streaming services are expected to dominate the television landscape further. The convenience of on-demand content and the proliferation of subscription-based platforms will likely redefine how viewers access and consume television.
Rise of Original Content: Streaming platforms investing heavily in original content creation will continue to expand. This trend will likely lead to a surge in high-quality, exclusive programming across genres, further diversifying viewer choices.
Personalized Viewing Experiences: Customization and personalization will become more prominent. AI and machine learning will enable platforms to recommend content based on individual preferences, improving user experiences.
Integration of Interactive Features: Interactive and immersive content will grow, allowing viewers to engage more actively with their favorite shows. This could include interactive storytelling, where viewers influence plotlines or character development.
Convergence of TV and Gaming: The line between television and gaming will continue to blur. Gaming content, live streams, and esports events are increasingly becoming part of television programming, appealing to a broader audience.
Expansion of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies will find more applications in television. Enhanced viewing experiences, interactive storytelling, and virtual environments for immersive content could become more prevalent.
5G and Enhanced Connectivity: The widespread adoption of 5G technology will revolutionize content delivery. Faster speeds and improved connectivity will facilitate seamless streaming experiences and enable the expansion of high-definition and 4K content.
Shift in Advertising Models: Advertising strategies will evolve. Targeted advertising, product integrations, and branded content will likely become more prevalent as traditional ad formats face challenges with ad-skipping and ad-blocking technologies.
Content Accessibility and Global Reach: Television content will become increasingly accessible globally. Streaming platforms expanding their reach to different regions and creating diverse, multicultural content will cater to a more global audience.
Regulatory Changes and Content Curation: Regulatory changes may impact content creation and distribution. Stricter content guidelines and increased efforts for content curation and moderation could influence the type of content available to viewers.

Television has come a long way in terms of the types of programs it offers, largely due to changing audience preferences and technological advancements. While news and dramas have been the traditional formats, reality shows, and streaming platforms have emerged as new and dynamic landscapes. Despite these changes, television has maintained its ability to capture audiences with diverse content. As new technologies continue to shape the medium, television remains a powerful force in shaping cultural narratives and providing entertainment and information to viewers worldwide.

Essay on Television for Students [100, 150, 200, 350 Words]

Essay on Television: Television is one of the most influential innovations of modern times. In this article, you are going to learn to write a paragraph or essay on Television (100, 150, 200 and 350 Words). You’ll learn what are the uses and abuses of television or what are the advantages and disadvantages of television. So, let’s get started.

Table of Contents

Short Essay on Television: 100 Words

Television is based on a highly sophisticated science of vision and sound. A man can see as far the horizon. He hears as far as the sound is audible to him. But television takes his vision to a place far beyond his horizon. He sees a thing or person long beyond his actual physical reach. It brings to him also sound from a very remote place.

In fact, television brings vision and sound together from a distance which is beyond the range of human sight and hearing. It is a powerful and very useful invention of modern science. It has conquered space for human eye-sight. It has brought about a great development in the science of communication. It can well be used for entertainment and knowledge.

Television Essay: 150 Words

One of the latest wonders of science is Television. It is an effective medium of communication and entertainment. We can watch live important political, sports and other events happening at distant places. This enables us to have a direct knowledge of the things, places and events far away. TV has thus brought the whole world into the drawing room.

Television is also a powerful medium of mass education. Educational programmes on healthcare and family planning, general knowledge can be sent to millions of viewers through audio-visual presentation in the TV. It also keeps off loneliness.

But TV has its bad effects too. Watching TV sometimes becomes an addiction, People remain glued to the TV and it makes them idle- particularly the students and young people. They neglect sports and games and their studies. Too much of viewing affects our vision. Programmes, if not properly selected, cast bad effects on young minds. Social visits become very rare and people become unsocial.

Essay on the Television: 200 Words

No other thing is as familiar as Television in our present times. It was invented by John Baird in 1925. It first appeared in India in 1959. It is really a wonder of science today. It is a two-in-one. It is the radio on one side and the cinema on the other. Television is a very useful instrument in many ways. It is a powerful medium for education and recreation. It gives lessons on the subjects like science and mathematics and also on geography and history.

It shows us cinema and live telecast on games and sports. On its screen we have a delightful scenery of nature and thrilling sights of animals roaming in the jungles and in the deep waters of the seas. We can amuse the shows of serials. It is also a mighty medium of advertisement.

Sometimes it has bad effects on children. In most cases, they sit tight with it to witness their favorite items which captivate them greatly. Sometimes they neglect their bounden duties as students. They try to copy the most interesting show-style. In some cases they even face their death. Many things are very good with television but its price is very high and the poor cannot benefit by it.

Television Essay in English: 350 Words

Television is a modern invention. When television was first invented, people of the world were very happy because they had the scope to know the world around them and to entertain themselves in the best possible ways. Television is no doubt something which ushered progress of civilization. Some electronic media like BBC took over the most important role to make the people of the world aware of the society to which they were belonging and the environment by which they were being nourished. It is quite well known that, BBC produced all of the plays of Shakespeare as films. Even this world famous electronic media focused on the two World Wars so much so that people of the world came to know how horrible was war and warfare. Thus social consciousness was an important factor that was first aroused by the aid of television.

But this television is now being abused constantly by some commercially debased people. In West Bengal, television is so abused that the young generation is now misguided. The young people follow the bad culture and become oblivious of the hoary tradition of our country. Mere entertainment has been presented on the different television channels. Meaningless serials and reality shows are heart-throbbing without any moral impact. Crimes and social disorder are presented so crudely that the minds of the young people are overwhelmed with frustration, dilapidation, and despair. It seems that there is no escape from despair. The ultimate result is social alienation which brings about moral dilemma.

Yet, the concerned authority is really callous to the problems. Advertisement, sponsors, etc. are the sources of the economic structure of the different channels. Thus, the producers intend to draw the attention of the businessman by claiming the popularity of the channels. The inevitable result of this kind of commercial debasement is of Course disintegration that causes serious disbelief in the sphere of culture and education. Therefore, we must be conscious of the fact that television is not merely a media for entertainment; rather it is a source of important social and cultural messages.

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Apj abdul kalam essay in english | 100, 200, 300, 500 words, blood donation essay in english | 150, 200, 300 words, my mother essay in english 10 lines [5 sets], essay on mother teresa in english for students [300 words], 3 thoughts on “essay on television for students [100, 150, 200, 350 words]”.

I really enjoyed reading your essay on television. It was very informative and I learned a lot. I especially liked the part about how television can be used to teach different subjects.

Essay on Television for Students and Children

500+ words essay on television.

Television is one of the most popular devices that are used for entertainment all over the world. It has become quite common nowadays and almost every household has one television set at their place. In the beginning, we see how it was referred to as the ‘idiot box.’ This was mostly so because back in those days, it was all about entertainment. It did not have that many informative channels as it does now.

Moreover, with this invention, the craze attracted many people to spend all their time watching TV. People started considering it harmful as it attracted the kids the most. In other words, kids spent most of their time watching television and not studying. However, as times passed, the channels of television changed. More and more channels were broadcasted with different specialties. Thus, it gave us knowledge too along with entertainment.

Benefits of Watching Television

The invention of television gave us various benefits. It was helpful in providing the common man with a cheap mode of entertainment. As they are very affordable, everyone can now own television and get access to entertainment.

In addition, it keeps us updated on the latest happenings of the world. It is now possible to get news from the other corner of the world. Similarly, television also offers educational programs that enhance our knowledge about science and wildlife and more.

Moreover, television also motivates individuals to develop skills. They also have various programs showing speeches of motivational speakers. This pushes people to do better. You can also say that television widens the exposure we get. It increases our knowledge about several sports, national events and more.

While television comes with a lot of benefits, it also has a negative side. Television is corrupting the mind of the youth and we will further discuss how.

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How Television is Harming the Youth

Additionally, it also makes people addict. People get addicted to their TV’s and avoid social interaction. This impacts their social life as they spend their time in their rooms all alone. This addiction also makes them vulnerable and they take their programs too seriously.

The most dangerous of all is the fake information that circulates on news channels and more. Many media channels are now only promoting the propaganda of the governments and misinforming citizens. This makes causes a lot of division within the otherwise peaceful community of our country.

Thus, it is extremely important to keep the TV watching in check. Parents must limit the time of their children watching TV and encouraging them to indulge in outdoor games. As for the parents, we should not believe everything on the TV to be true. We must be the better judge of the situation and act wisely without any influence.

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Television has a negative influence on kids and should be limited

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You Are What You Watch? The Social Effects of TV

There’s new evidence that viewing habits can affect your thinking, political preferences, even cognitive ability.

By Jonathan Rothwell

Other than sleeping and working, Americans are more likely to watch television than engage in any other activity .

A wave of new social science research shows that the quality of shows can influence us in important ways, shaping our thinking and political preferences, even affecting our cognitive ability.

In this so-called golden age of television , some critics have pointed out that the best of the form is equivalent to the most enriching novels. And high-quality programming for children can be educational. But the latest evidence also suggests there can be negative consequences to our abundant watching, particularly when the shows are mostly entertainment.

The harm seems to come not so much from the content itself but from the fact that it replaces more enlightening ways of spending time.

‘Sesame Street’ as a social experiment

Cognitive ability is a complex characteristic that emerges from interactions between biological dispositions, nutrition and health, parenting behaviors, formal and informal educational opportunities, and culture.

Studying the connection between intelligence and television consumption is far from straightforward, but researchers have developed compelling ways to isolate the effects of television.

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Watching TV: Is It Good or Bad? Essay

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Introduction

Argument for positive effects of tv watching, argument for negative effects of tv watching.

Future fulfilment and success that is enjoyed by people in their adult life depends mainly on the emotional as well as the intellectual development that was experienced in their childhood. The experiences are derived from direct experiences that results from interactions with people around us and indirect experiences that are attributed to the ever growing media sources in the technological world we are living in. In the modern world, the media sources have been taken over by the mass media which incorporates the television; it’s most prominent and prevalent category. Television is attributed to influencing the society’s perception on the real world through the images it depicts. It has however experienced its share of negative and positive criticism. Despite this, it has continued to be adopted throughout the world hence becoming the favourable mass media device. Over the years a lot has been said and written over the impact of television within our society.

The general perceptions and explanations that are attributed to the effects of television in the social life tend to incline on the negative aspects thereby disregarding the other factors that bring about the positive effects of television. Television is considered as a socializing agent (Fisch 112, 113).

One of the functions of the media is to depict the current happenings in the modern world. These happenings are often depicted in the television dramas or the news. For instance while dealing with violence, the media plays its role by indicating the threat it poses and implies the appropriate response that arises from the threat. The focus therefore needs to be shifted from the simple journalistic idea, if the reality which is expected to be captured by the media is to change the motive media of images that are structured to have a role in the determination of social agendas.

Educational Television programs are regarded to have a positive effect on children’s cognitive development as well as social development in adults. There are programs that encourage prosocial behaviours within the society. Positive effects have been identified in the variety of different cultures as they advocate sharing and respect within the society. Among the positive effects of prosocial shows are the increase in interaction levels and a decrease in aggression levels among the viewers as the effects will be will be visible in the real world. Watching TV programs has also been regarded as another way of fostering group identity as teenagers or viewers are known to identify themselves with media preferences (Parke and Clarke-Stewart 307).

According to Straubhaar and LaRose, violent behaviour effects from television have received a lot of attention from researchers than any other antisocial behaviour. Teenagers are regarded to possess the biggest percentage of television viewers. This therefore means that majority of the studies conducted are based on the teenagers within our society. The effect of television on the youngsters and teenagers at large has been an issue of concern in the public domain. This is because it is difficult for the youngsters to comprehend the difference between the current world they are living in and the world they perceive in the small screen. In the current world teenagers tend to spend numerous hours in a day watching the television without supervision. This hence creates room for possibility of harming the young developing mind with contents that are regarded as antisocial behaviour and as well as violent behaviour (Straubhaar and LaRose 407).

According to Martin, majority of the experts laid the blame of increase decay of social behaviours on the television and other forms of the media. It is these forms of media that glorify the unacceptable norms of the society such as drug use and irresponsible sexual behaviours. When these behaviours are seen or encouraged over the televisions the viewers are attracted to them and tend to try the theoretical behaviours practically. This therefore indicates that the viewers imitate what they see or hear over the various sources of media. The fact that the television or the film industries glorify these behaviours, they bear the burden of causing a decline in moral behaviour and increase in moral decay within the society. In the modern world majority of the rap and rock songs are incorporated with messages of violence in their lyrics. This will bound to increase deviance among the teenagers as the forms of entertainment known to them glamorizes the themes that are inclined to deviance behaviours (Martin 89).According to the cultivation theory, television addicts are mainly less concerned with violent acts as they perceive these acts as justified and they can tolerate it. The viewers’ perception on violence is moulded according to what he or she sees on the television thus in time, violence is not viewed as problematic but rather as an acceptable behaviour. The cultivation theory suggests that addicts of the television often perceive the world in a frightening and violent dimension which is contrary to the situation at hand. In addition to this, these viewers tend to be victims of the same violence they are watching. In summation, the violent televised shows are one of the root causes of violent behaviours in the social world as they tend to be more desensitized and aggressive to the aftermath of watching these programs in the sense that they consider the world revolving around them to be fearful, a phenomenon regarded as “mean world syndrome”.

Despite the various factors that contribute to the negative development of behaviours within the society, the one factor that cannot be ignored is the impact the television has in shaping the behaviour of the whole society we are living in. Media violence is one of the factors that are attributed to negative and antisocial behaviours among the developing teenagers and the society as whole. Human beings tend to imitate what they see a process called observational learning. It is at this stage that the youths are normally curious in trying out any kind of behaviour. The observational learning has been described as one of the main psychological process upon which the effects of media violence are based especially in a teenager’s that are developing.

In April 6, 1998 the Time Magazine wrote an article that indicated that a time was coming when the debate on media violence will be put in the same platform as the one the debate on tobacco’s impact on health was kept on. In addition the article went on to condemn researchers who don’t bother in debating over the increased bloodshed over the television that is bound to affect the viewers witnessing it.

Slapstick humour as well as other comedic elements has a way of camouflaging scenes of moral decay. As from its definition, it is regarded as humour achieved from physical action, slapstick humour has been incorporated in various television shows. There are several reasons as to why comedy which is one of the many television shows is regarded to condone violence. Some of the reasons include: 1) in comedies, the seriousness of the violent scenes is downplayed leading to the notion that violence is just another trivial by the viewer; 2) violence is camouflaged by excluding it from the schemas; and 3) when combined together humour and violence will result to downplaying the level of violence.

As regarding the deviant behaviours some of the entertainment shows are centrally focus on portraying a negative perception. The music entertainment shows that depict singers advocating on the use of drugs such as marijuana are bound to instigate negative and deviant behaviours among the teenagers. Majority of these singers are depicted in a lavished life of comfort that is yearned by majority of the teenagers and the moment they portray the use of drugs and other negative sexual behaviours as a common way of life, the teenagers will incline to the newly acquired way of life by trying out the same behaviours shown on the TV.

A lot of the attention from the researchers while conducting their researches has mainly been focused on the negative effects that television has as opposed to its positive effects. While considering the due care that is needed in showing the various programs to the viewers, it must be noted that television when used sensibly will give rise to numerous benefits. However the current form of media has been used to instigate negative social behaviours within the society we are living in.

Fisch, M. Shalom. Children’s learning from educational television: Sesame Street and beyond. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 2004.

Martin, Gus. Juvenile justice: process and systems. CA: Sage Publication Ltd. 2005.

Parke, D. Ross. and Clarke-Stewart, Alison. Social Development. NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011.

Straubhaar, D. Joseph. Media now: understanding media, culture, and technology. CA: Thomson Corporation. 2006.

Communication and Media: Home Town Media Project
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Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Television

Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Television

500+ words essay on advantages and disadvantages of television.

In today’s world, communication is a crucial aspect of life. Technological advancements made communication more accessible and cheaper. Among all the communication devices such as smartphones, radios, and emails, television is the prominent and common medium for communication. We get to see television in every household. It is an integral part of our society that significantly impacts our social, educational, and cultural life. It reaches a mass audience and provides information about the daily happenings in the world. Furthermore, it is a common source of entertainment among family members.

John Logie Baird invented the television in the 1920s. The word “tele” means distance, and “vision” means to see, which means to watch it from a distance. When television was invented, it showed only pictures of low resolution. But, later on, televisions were modified with the latest technologies. Televisions that we purchase today come with multiple features. We can connect our phone, laptop, tab, and internet access various online apps, HD/UHD quality pictures, 4k-8k resolutions, etc.

We can also watch various educational channels on television. It also keeps us updated by providing news about the world through different news channels. Along with information, it also entertains us with movies, serials, dramas, reality shows, music channels, yoga channels, etc.

So, having a television at home seems to be a great advantage, but the disadvantages are also threatening. The time it consumes from our day-to-day life is more. You can see people going out of routine or postponing schedules if they become addicted to watching television.

Here, in the essay, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of watching television.

Advantages of Television

Television comes with enormous advantages. The most important is it gives us information about current affairs and events across the globe. This information is broadcasted through various news channels, which helps us to keep ourselves updated about recent happenings. It also shares information about multiple programmes or facilities launched by the government. The government also take the help of news channels to communicate with the mass.

We can watch daily soaps, reality shows, music channels, movies, etc. We can also watch food channels and try out recipes at home. During the morning time, if you switch on the television, you will get to watch telemarketing ads. Specific channels broadcast only ads for multiple products, and people can also buy them.

Children can watch various cartoons on the television. Some cartoons teach children about moral values and lessons. It also keeps us informed about the economic condition and the stock market. We also get to watch various fashion shows and keep updated about the latest trends on television.

Earlier, television was costly, but now it comes at an affordable price with multiple features. Now, we get the option to subscribe to our favourite channels and only need to pay for those channels. Educational programmes are also available on television. We can also watch live cricket shows and cheer for our country. Television also telecasts interviews of various political leaders, celebrities, influencers, famous personalities, etc. We can also gain knowledge by watching various quiz programmes.

Television provides opportunities to spend time with our family and friends. We can enjoy watching a movie together. Various channels telecast comedy shows that help us keep positivity in our lives. We also watch movies in different regional languages like Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, etc. It helps us connect with people from diverse backgrounds.

Nowadays, we can also play games on the television and watch agricultural programmes specially designed for the farmers. It promotes national integration.

Disadvantages of Television

There are advantages of watching television, but it also comes with disadvantages. Watching too much TV affects our mental and physical health. When we watch television continuously, it affects our eyes and makes us lazy. Even there are some programmes which are not suitable for kids. We even compromise our sleep to watch TV. Children lose their concentration on their studies by watching too much television. Children prefer to watch TV over reading books to spend their leisure time.

Conclusion of Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Television

There are advantages and disadvantages of television. If television is helpful, it is harmful too. One should not watch television excessively.

We hope you found this essay on the advantages and disadvantages of television helpful. Check BYJU’S for more such CBSE Essays on different topics. You can also find CBSE study materials and resources for Classes 1 to 12.

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The Impact of Television, Essay Example

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The influence of television in society is so pervasive and multifaceted that there can be no clear idea of it as either a beneficial or negative force. Since the 1950s, television has been a staple in virtually every American home, and one affecting daily life is ways both obvious and subtle. Some effects, such as the ability of people everywhere to witness important events, are certainly positive, yet these effects themselves set the stage for negative consequences. Political and other agendas may be expressed through the medium, and even in its most casual programming. In all of this, TV remains a presence as fixed as anything else within the culture. It is not an entity apart from the society, but something interwoven into the actual being of the society. Ultimately, then, TV defies classification as either good or bad because it is always a reflection and part of the complete society itself.

In defense of the medium, there is no doubt that TV gained vast popularity because it entertains. With the advent of TV, people everywhere were able to experience in their homes entertainments never before accessible, becaus Television has changed over the years and there are varying thought patterns as to whether the changes are negative or positive. While many of the changes have been cited as a decrease in moral content, there are others that suggest that these changes are relevant with a person’s Constitutional rights. There are two distinct and oftentimes very controversial thought patterns on the issue of the impact of television on today’s society. First, those that suggest that television creates a positive effect on society note the increased ability of individuals to multi-task (Smart 45). It is not uncommon for people to engage in more than one activity and some credit the television with this success. For years people have been watching television while cooking, studying and sometimes even engaging in social activities. According to Smith and Kiger, the “TV” dinner was invented simply with the act of watching television in mind (Smith and Kiger). This ability to multi-task has created a definite positive through the advancements in technology, that started with a simple boxed dinner.

Another commonly cited positive of television is a person’s ability to relax and engage in entertainment. Many people find that they need to relax after work and comical programs or those that take their mind off their day are an effective way for them to relax. Some of the most important historical events, such as the Apollo II Moon Landing and presidential debates have been brought to the public by television (Bower). Along with the various informational sources are also entertainment in which individuals can find relaxation in their favorite programs. According to Bower, programs such as “Dallas and MASH” create an entertainment source that is invaluable to most.

On the flip side of the argument are the negatives that come along with television. The advancements of television have introduced many “controversial” topics into mainstream America. Many researchers have found that the violence and negative content placed on television create negative feelings in viewers (Szabo & Hopkinson 57). There is a great deal of violence, drug and alcohol content on television, which promotes that type of behavior to the youth that is watching. Children are very impressionable and when they see their favorite actors, superstars of even cartoon characters engaging in inappropriate behavior, they are more likely to desire that type of behavior. With an increase in drugs and alcohol content, some are fearful that addiction and other criminal activity could increase as a result ((Russell & Russell 110).

While both theories of thought have good and valid points, it seems that television has both a positive and negative affect on society as a whole. Individuals should be able to engage in entertainment without the worries of offending another person. As stated above, there is a Constitutional right of “freedom of speech”. On the other hand, it is also important for children to be protected and ensure that they are not inappropriately influenced by materials on television. I feel that television has both positives and negatives; for those that are concerned about negative influences, they have the ability to employ restrictions. It is important that freedoms remain however there should also be laws and guidelines that programmers have to follow to protect society as a whole.

Works Cited

Bower, Meredith. “Landmarks in Television”. 30 May 2012 [http://www.csupomona.edu/~cgbates/202/television.pdf]

Perry, Colin. “TV Makeover.” Art Monthly 352 (2011): 11-14.

Russell, Cristel Antonia, and Dale W. Russell. “Alcohol Messages In Prime-Time Television Series.” Journal Of Consumer Affairs 43.1 (2009): 108-128.

Smart, John M. “Tomorrow’s Interactive Television.” Futurist 44.6 (2010): 41-46.

Smith, Martin and Patrick J. Kiger. “Television – Thaws and Effect”. 30 May 2012 [http://experimentationcgbates/202/television.pdf]

Szabo, Attila, and Katey L. Hopkinson. “Negative Psychological Effects Of Watching The News In The Television: Relaxation Or Another Intervention May Be Needed To Buffer Them!.” International Journal Of Behavioral Medicine 14.2 (2007): 57-62.

e images and sound were combined. Then, and from its earliest days to today, TV has a powerful motive to entertain: revenue. The more attractive a program is to the public, the more viewers will tune in, and the more advertising revenue is generated. This enables creative competition and, despite criticisms of poor content, the reality nonetheless exists that TV has always brought at least some measure of high quality drama, comedy, and music to the public. Also, and an obvious and highly important level, television gives ordinary people the opportunity to witness and take in events about which they would be largely ignorant. In no uncertain terms, TV exposed millions to world-changing events, such as the 1969 moon landing and the devastation of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (Bower). Then, by means of its “intimacy” within the home, it takes news beyond news. For example, it is certain that other media would have carried the news of 9/11 to the nation, but two factors render TV unique. The first is its immediacy, an element now further in place in hand-held devices and through internet capabilities. Then, technology allowed the news to be broadcast visually in homes and offices everywhere, and in a way promoting what TV can do: establishing drama and empathy (Strozier 118). Mood, as well as information, is provided.

This power, however, brings into question the responsibilities and strategies of those behind the TV cameras, and this has long been a controversial issue. In the 1960s and 1970s, even as TV reported on the civil unrest occurring nationally, TV itself was under extreme scrutiny. Just how the medium was conveying “information” was suspect, and TV in these years was attacked as catering to public appetites for violence and sensationalism. At the same time, minority groups were outraged by what they felt were stereotypical and racist programs and advertisements (Neuman xii). That these feelings, if not outright manipulation of the medium, have been voiced is inevitable because of the extraordinary omnipresence of TV itself. If the power to reach millions with a message is not exploited, it is nonetheless likely that discontented members within society will perceive this to be the case.

Not surprisingly, TV has also long been accused of creating a culture of mindlessness. It is frequently referred to as an intellectually vacuous, addictive, and utterly passive experience (Tichi 105). It has been attacked as the “electronic babysitter,” enabling parents to abandon their responsibilities in raising their children correctly. Long before the Internet was targeted as generating herd-like mentalities and obsessions with empty images, TV was the target for such accusations. There is some validity to these objections, simply because no medium which relies on commercial income to sustain itself can be free of motivations to please as many people as possible, and consequently appeal to a lowest common denominator.

Ironically, as TV has become over decades firmly a part of living and society, the influence persists as both immense and continually questioned. News programs are criticized for blatantly catering to certain ideologies, yet they boast vast popular support from fans. “Reality” programs are the subjects of jokes nationally, yet they draw millions of viewers and remain successful. In all of this, what becomes evident is that TV itself can never be defined as good or bad because, like the society it serves, instructs, misleads, entertains, and informs, it is only as good or bad as the society chooses it to be.

Bower, Meredith. “Landmarks in Television History.” Television. Web. http://www.csupomona.edu/~cgbates/202/television.pdf

Neuman, Susan B. Literacy in the TV Age: The Myth of the TV Effect . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1995. Print.

Strozier, Charles B. Until the Fires Stopped Burning: 9/11 and New York City in the Words and Experiences of Survivors and Witnesses . New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Print.

Tichi, Cecelia. Electronic Hearth: Creating an American Television Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Print.

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Published: 24 August 2024

Effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of pregnant women in Robe and Goba Towns, Southeast Ethiopia, using a cluster randomized controlled trial

Girma Beressa 1 , 2 ,
Susan J. Whiting 3 &
Tefera Belachew 2

Scientific Reports volume 14 , Article number: 19706 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Maternal malnutrition is pervasive throughout the world, notably in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of pregnant women in urban settings in Southeast Ethiopia. A community-based two-arm parallel cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among 447 randomly selected pregnant women attending antenatal care (224 intervention and 223 control). We used a multistage cluster sampling technique followed by systematic sampling to select the pregnant women. Pregnant women who participated in the intervention arm received six nutrition education sessions. Women in the control group received standard care. A nonstretchable mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) tape was used to measure the MUAC. A linear mixed effects model (LMM) was used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on MUAC, accounting for the clustering. The net mean ± standard error of MUAC between the intervention and control groups was 0.59 ± 0.05 (P < 0.0001) . The multivariable LMM indicated that having received nutrition education interventions (β = 0.85, 95% CI 0.60, 1.12, P < 0.0001) improved the MUAC measurement of pregnant women. Thus, nutrition education during pregnancy will combat undernutrition among pregnant women.

Trial Registration : Clinicaltrials.gov (PACTR202201731802989), retrospectively registered on 24/01/2022.

A comprehensive intervention package improves the linear growth of children under 2-years-old in rural Bangladesh: a community-based cluster randomized controlled trial

Inadequate dietary diversity practices and associated factors among pregnant adolescents in the West Arsi Zone, Central Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

Effect of nutrition counseling on nutritional status and gestational weight gain of pregnant adolescents in West Arsi, Central Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Introduction.

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy influences fetal growth, development, and intrauterine programming 1 , 2 . It impacts child survival, chronic illness risk, and future human capital development 3 . Poor maternal nutrition prior to and throughout pregnancy is also significantly connected to an increased risk of maternal anemia, mortality, and unfavorable birth outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth, although the mechanism for this link is complex 4 . Despite substantial achievements and hints of progress over the last decade, maternal under nutrition continues to be a major public health concern in Ethiopia 5 , 6 . Maternal and child mortality rates in Ethiopia remain high, being in the order of 412 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births and 67 child deaths per 1000 live births 5 . This could be associated with the high prevalence of under nutrition among pregnant women in Ethiopia, ranging from 14.4 to 47.9% 7 , 8 . Maternal undernutrition contributes significantly to maternal mortality and morbidity, unfavourable birth outcomes, and intergenerational transmission of undernutrition 9 . In Ethiopia, maternal undernutrition accounts for more than half of newborn and child fatalities 10 .

Fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is recommended as part of a nutrient-dense diet; however, intakes are frequently lower than recommended levels, including during pregnancy globally 11 . Furthermore, the most common public health issues in Ethiopia are macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women, and FV is a food group that is often low. The consumption of vitamin-A-rich FV among women in the Oromia region and Addis Ababa was only 3.9% and 2.8%, respectively. However, the consumption of other FVs among women in the Oromia region and Addis Ababa was 8.4% and 10.4%, respectively 12 .

Nutrition education and counselling are often utilized strategies to enhance women's nutritional status during pregnancy 13 . Nutrition education is critical in nutrition behavior change attempts because it improves participants' nutrition and food literacy. Food literacy encompasses both nutrition literacy and the capacity to apply that knowledge to make sound decisions, whereas nutritional literacy is the set of skills required to comprehend and analyze information about food and its nutrients 14 . In addition, nutrition education interventions that enhance maternal nutritional status are among the most successful mother and child health promotion techniques 15 .

The first step in promoting nutrition education to produce favorable effects is to choose an acceptable model for counselling pregnant women. The Health Belief Model (HBM) includes themes such as perceived vulnerability, severity, advantages, obstacles to behaviour, signals to action, and self-efficacy that influence people's motivation to prevent sickness 16 . The theory of planned behavior (TPB) considers intention to be the primary factor determining behaviour. Intention is influenced by a person's attitude towards a behaviour, social influences from influential persons, and perceived control over the behavior 17 . Nutrition education based on an integrated HBM and the TPB increases women’s diet knowledge during pregnancy, dietary diversity, nutritional status, and pregnancy outcomes 18 . The study found that guided counselling using the HBM and TPB was effective in improving the nutritional status of pregnant women. It is a low-cost intervention that can improve knowledge, dietary practices, and nutritional status 19 . As a result, the HBM and TPB were employed in this study during the nutrition education intervention. The HBM comprises a number of key principles that predict why people take precautionary measures to avoid sickness. The TPB considers intention to be a direct driver of behavior. In turn, a person's attitude towards a given behavior, an individual's perception of social pressures caused by important people in practicing or not practicing a specific behavior, and perceived behavioral control all influence intention 16 . There is a variation in Ethiopian pregnant women's socio-cultural, economic, educational status, and geographic, which affects Ethiopian pregnant women 20 , 21 , 22 .

Previous observational studies on maternal nutritional status have been undertaken in Ethiopia, and nutrition interventions are advocated 20 , 23 , such as counselling on the consumption of nutrient-rich, locally available foods, food and nutrient supplementation (for example, iron-folic acid (IFA), calcium, and multiple micronutrients), as well as on weight to ensure a healthy weight gain 24 . However, evidence on the effect of theory-based nutrition education on the undernutrition of pregnant women is lacking in the context of low-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status (measured by the mid-upper arm circumference, MUAC) of pregnant women in urban settings in Southeast Ethiopia.

Study design, setting, and participants

A community-based, two-arm, parallel cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among pregnant women receiving prenatal care at health facilities in Robe and Goba towns, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia, from February to December 2021. Details of this study have been published 25 . In brief, cluster randomization was used over individual-level randomization to decrease information contamination and for pragmatic reasons, as urban health extension workers (UHEWs) operate in clusters 26 . Robe and Goba towns, located 430 and 444 km from Addis Ababa city, respectively, were the chosen sites. In the municipalities of Goba and Robe, there were 1832 and 2048 pregnant women, respectively. The source population was all pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in the Robe and Goba towns. The study population included all first- and early-second-trimester (the time between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation) pregnant women attending ANC in the Robe and Goba Towns. First- and early-second-trimester (the time between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation) pregnant women who were permanently residents of the study area were included in the study. Pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus or pregnancy –induced hypertension were not included in the study.

Sample size estimation and techniques

Using G-Power software version 3.1, the sample size was calculated by making the following assumptions: an effect size of 0.25, a 95% confidence level (CI), a precision of 0.05, and a power (1 − β) of 80% 27 . The calculated sample size was 120. The ultimate sample size was 264 after taking the largest sample size into account, along with a design effect of 2 and a 10% non-response rate. Nonetheless, 454 were drawn (intervention group = 227, control group = 227) since the computed sample size for one of the broader study's other objectives was higher 25 . Data on births compiled by UHEWs were used to estimate the number of pregnant women in each cluster. Robe and Goba towns have 36 and 24 clusters, respectively. Using a probability proportional to size allocation, the sample size was assigned to each cluster. The systematic sampling technique was used to select pregnant women. In the event that a woman missed her interview due to being out of home, the next eligible pregnant woman in the serial number was contacted. The pregnant woman who had been absent from the interview was contacted the next day (Supplementary Fig. 1 ).

Randomization, intervention allocation, and blinding

The gestational age was calculated by asking about the beginning day of the last menstrual period, and the pregnancy was confirmed using a urine human chorionic gonadotropin test. Robe and Goba towns were chosen at random. Clusters were randomly allocated to the intervention and control groups. Pregnant women residing in Robe Town received the intervention, whereas those residing in Goba Town did not receive the nutrition education interventions. After pregnant women were evaluated for eligibility, the primary author randomly assigned clusters to the intervention and control groups in a 1:1 ratio to make a balance of clusters. The allocation sequence was produced using simple randomization techniques, including coin tossing.

Nutrition education interventions

Nutrition education was delivered in Afan Oromo and Amharic. An organized work schedule, counselling cards, and nutrition education were provided to the intervention group. The core messages for the lessons were generated utilizing the health belief model (HBM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) theoretical principles 16 , 28 . These messages were taken from those recommended by the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ethiopia 29 .

Following the gathering of baseline data, pregnant participants in the intervention group received nutrition education for six sessions. Not all women received all 6 sessions; however, nearly 96 out of 100 received 5 of 6. Recruitment was done during the period when animal-source foods were allowed (i.e., during the non-fasting period). Following recruitment at their homes in each cluster, respondents received nutrition education for 30–45 min per session. Six nurses with Bachelor of Science (BSc) degrees delivered nutrition education, while two Master of Public Health (MPH) specialists supervised the nutrition education sessions. The core contents of the session were: increasing knowledge about iron-rich food sources, IFA, iodized salt, meal frequency, and portion size with increasing gestational age; food groups; taking day rest; reducing heavy workloads; enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption; increasing utilization of health services; and interrupting the intergenerational life cycle of malnutrition; increasing pregnant women’s perceptions of under nutrition and factors leading to it; poor eating practices causing inadequate dietary intake and disease; a diet adjustment; a food-based strategy; diversifying, enriching, and standardizing knowledge regarding FV intake; identifying obstacles and finding solutions to them. By engaging pregnant women in the assessment and analysis of their own FV difficulties using participatory approaches, learning by doing encourages pregnant women to devise their own solutions. Customize the strategy to address barriers such as cost, accessibility, preparation, time, and taste preferences. For example, consider inexpensive FV choices; lowering the perceived obstacles to creating an FV; motivating participants to find solutions to the obstacles; specific food taboos (meat and eggs); enhancing participants' perceptions of control and intention; enhancing participants' hand washing proficiency; and enhancing participants' knowledge and attitudes on the capacity of pregnant women to adjust feeding patterns (Supplementary Table 1 ).

Nutrition education sessions included presentations, discussions, demonstrations, and picture-based exercises. Key messages, realistic activities, and the GALIDRAA (greet, ask, listen, identify, discuss, recommend, agree, and make follow-up appointments) processes were all identified by the trainers as crucial counselling abilities. However, no concealment was adopted in the trial due to the distinctive features of the cluster RCT and the nature of the intervention being studied. Because the two towns were so far apart, the study was not blinded. Pregnant women were made aware of the intervention yet were blinded to the research hypothesis. After the pregnant women were enrolled, reasonable attempts were made to encourage their retention and full follow-up for the duration of the trial by providing them with incentives to reduce missing data. Periodic conversations about compliance with the intervention during routine meetings and home visits by trainers served to retain interest in the study. After two weeks of nutrition education sessions, post-intervention measurements were assessed at 36–38 weeks. Moreover, home visits were planned to lessen the strain of follow-up visits among pregnant women.

No set schedule was given to the control groups. They did, however, receive standard health care. At the end of the trial, a brief intervention was given to the control group to ensure fairness and achieve a high level of postrecruitment satisfaction. Family health (family planning, nutrition, and vaccination services), disease prevention and control (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, and first aid care), hygiene and sanitation, waste disposal management, water supply, food hygiene and safety, control of insects and rodents, personal hygiene, and health education are among the 16 components of Ethiopia's routine health extension programme packages 30 .

Data collection

An interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The data collection was paper-based. The data collection instruments were modified from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and previous studies 5 , 31 , 32 , 33 . For the two groups, baseline and final assessments were performed. Prior to the intervention, information on sociodemographic, economic, substance abuse (alcohol, smoking, tea, or coffee), and reproductive history was gathered. Before and after the intervention, data on nutritional issues, intimate partner violence, physical exercise, healthcare delivery systems, knowledge, practice, HBM, and TPB tools were gathered.

The dietary diversity score (DDS) was computed using a qualitative 24-h dietary recall, as previously described 25 . The DDS score was determined using nine food categories to reflect the sufficiency of the diet’s micronutrients. All food and beverages consumed the previous day, both inside and outside of participants' houses, were asked to be recalled. Food groups that were consumed during the reference period were given a score of "1", and those that were not consumed were given a score of "0" for the nine groups: (1) starchy foods; (2) dark green leafy vegetables; (3) vitamin-A-rich fruits and vegetables; (4) other fruits and vegetables; (5) beans, nuts, and seeds; (6) meat and fish; (7) fats and oils; (8) milk and milk products; and (9) eggs. The food groups ingested during the reference period were added together and ranked into tertiles, with the highest tertile denoting a high DDS and the two lower tertiles denoting a low DDS 34 .

Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to generate a wealth index. Twenty-one variables entered into PCA included the availability of a water source, a latrine, a bank account, different types of living houses, livestock, agricultural ownership, and items of household property 5 , 35 . Details are published elsewhere 25 .

Twenty-seven previously approved questions were used to assess the state of food security. Families with fewer than the first two, two to ten, eleven to seventeen, and more than seventeen food insecurity indicators, respectively, were classified as food secure, mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure, respectively 36 , 37 .

Perceived susceptibility (3 questions), perceived severity and perceived benefits (4 items each), perceived barriers (5 items), cues to action and self-efficacy (4 items each) were individually evaluated using the sums of a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) 28 and TPB constructs: attitude and subjective norms (3 items each), perceived behavioral control (2 items), and behavioral intention (7 items) 18 . The factor scores were summed and divided into tertiles. Perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit, barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy, positive attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were all labelled "yes" in the highest tertile but "no" in the two lower tertiles.

The importance of fruits and vegetables was also assessed using a ten-item knowledge test 38 . A respondent received a 1 if they responded correctly; otherwise, they received a 0. The scores were then calculated and ordered in tertile order. Last, a high degree of nutrition knowledge was assigned to the top tertile, while a low level of nutrition knowledge was assigned to the two lower tertiles. After the data collectors were trained, they measured the MUAC of pregnant women. After 36 weeks and up to the time of birth, end-line data were obtained.

Outcome assessment

Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured in this study to estimate the nutritional status of the women 39 , 40 . Because MUAC changes minimally during pregnancy, it is considered a better indicator of pregnant women's nutritional status than body mass index (BMI), because pregnancy-related weight gain affects the reliability of using BMI to assess pregnant women's nutritional status. MUAC measurements were taken on the left arm of subjects to the nearest 0.1 cm using flexible and nonstretchable measuring tape, using standard procedures 40 . Pregnant women with MUAC ≥ 23 cm were considered well-nourished, while those with MUAC < 23 cm were classified as undernourished 40 , 41 . Details have been described (Supplementary Table 2 ).

Data quality control

The questionnaire was initially created in English, translated into the local languages, "Afan Oromo" and "Amharic," and then back-translated into English by language specialists to guarantee the consistency of the results. The questionnaire was pretested on 5% of the total sample size of study participants, and the questionnaire's face and content validity were examined by an epidemiologist and a biostatistician 25 . Eight BSc data collectors and two MPH professionals each received training on the study's goals, data collection tools, and ethical considerations to minimize interviewer bias. Supervisors rigorously monitored the data collectors every day to ensure that the questionnaire was successfully completed, and they promptly intervened if it was not. To increase the response rate, the study participants were questioned at their residences.

Data processing and analysis

The data were checked for completeness, consistency, and accuracy and entered into, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 20 and STATA version 14. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and standard errors, were generated for the selected predictors and covariates. Details of model assumptions have been described (Supplementary Table 3 ). The baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups were assessed using the chi-square test. The independent sample t test and paired t test were used to compare MUAC between and within the intervention and control groups, respectively. The difference in difference (DID) estimated the difference in the change in the mean value of the end-line and baseline of MUAC 42 .

We employed a linear mixed effect model (LMM) to evaluate the intervention effect on MUAC, accounting for the clustering effect. The identification of clusters and respondents was analyzed as a random effect in the analytic model. The intervention's effectiveness was evaluated using time and intervention interaction.

Four models were fitted. The null model (model without predictors), model I (MUAC + group), model II (MUAC + group, time, group × time), and model III (MUAC + groups + predictors and covariates) were all fitted. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for MUAC in the null model was 0.795, indicating the variability of the conditions attributed to the clustering effect. The Deviance (− 2 LL), Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values were used for model comparison. The deviance value for Model III was the lowest, indicating that the full model for MUAC was a best-fit model. As a result, Model III was used to make interpretations. The effect size was expressed as an estimate (β), along with the SE and 95% CI. Sensitivity analysis using per protocol analysis was conducted. However, there was no difference in the effect size. Initially, randomly assigned pregnant women were examined in the groups to which they were assigned (intention-to-treat analysis principle). Pregnant women who discontinued due to adherence failure or relocation were included in the intention to treat analysis. The statistical significance of the association was declared at a p value of less than 0.05, and tests were two-sided.

Ethical approval

The current study was ethically approved by Jimma University's Institutional Review Board before it began (Protocol #: IRB000296/2012). The health offices provided an authorization letter. All methods were carried out in according with the relevant tenets of Helsinki Declaration and good clinical practice 43 . Each respondent provided informed written consent. The respondents' privacy and confidentiality were ensured throughout the data collection and administration procedures. The trial for the study was retrospectively registered on Pan African Clinical Trials.gov with a registration number of PACTR202201731802989 on 24/01/2022. The study was reported following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement 44 (Related manuscript Table 1 ).

Sociodemographic and economic factors of the participants

A total of 224 (98.7%) and 223 (98.2%) pregnant women were successfully interviewed and had MUAC measured in the intervention and control groups, respectively (Fig. 1 ). This was due to the inability to provide end-line data as the study subjects changed locations. The mean (± SD) age of the respondents was 25.93 (± 5.52) years for the intervention group and 24.24 (± 4.24) years for the control group. There was no substantial difference in baseline characteristics between the intervention and control groups (P value > 0.05) (Table 1 ).

Flow diagram of study subjects.

Health belief model and the theory of planned behavior scores

There was a significant improvement in the score of the HBM and TPB constructs except for perceived benefit and cues to actions among the intervention group before and after the intervention (P-value < 0.0001). Furthermore, with the exception of perceived severity and cues to action, there was a significant difference in the dimensions of the HBM and TPB in the end-line data (Table 2 ). Moreover, the HBM and TPB constructs revealed a strong correlation with MUAC (Supplementary Table 4 ).

Mid-upper arm circumference

There was no difference between the control and intervention groups at baseline in terms of MUAC (P-value < 0.056). The end-line results did, nevertheless, reveal a significant difference between the control group and intervention group (P < 0.0001). The net mean MUAC difference (difference in differences) between the intervention and control groups was 0.59 ± 0.05 cm, which was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) (Table 3 ).

The variance of the residual errors at the individual level of the average MUAC was determined to be 0.41. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The intraindividual correlation coefficient was 0.795, revealing the relevance of accounting when fitting four-level models. The multivariable linear mixed model revealed that having received nutrition education intervention was positively associated with MUAC (β = 0.85, 95% CI 0.60, 1.12, P < 0.0001) (Table 4 ).

We aimed to assess the effect of nutrition education interventions on nutritional status among pregnant women in Robe and Goba Towns, Southeast Ethiopia. The study’s findings revealed that nutrition education interventions were positively associated with MUAC among pregnant women. The net mean MUAC difference between the intervention and control groups was 0.59 cm. The MUAC of the pregnant women in the intervention group significantly improved compared to that of control group. This study’s findings supported those of other studies conducted in rural Ethiopia 19 , 45 . The possible explanation might be that nutrition education leads to favorable attitudes and, thus, changes in nutrition behavior.

Nutritional education interventions increased MUAC by 0.85 cm in urban pregnant women. The results agreed with those of studies conducted in rural Ethiopia 19 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 and Rwanda 49 , in which there was a substantial improvement in MUAC among pregnant women after the intervention. This might be because nutrition education provided by public health specialists was effective in improving the MUAC of pregnant women. Our study's findings would add to a body of knowledge as it was conducted in urban settings.

This study used nutrition education strategies. Nutrition educators employed education guides, the health belief model (HBM), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and trimester-based education. In contrast, the healthcare system's current education does not include counselling guides, a health behavior model, or a theory. Similarly, this study’s finding agreed with a study conducted in Iran 50 . This could be because nutrition education interventions increase the awareness of nutrition intake of pregnant women.

Nutrition education interventions in our study were based on the HBM and TPB, two of the most commonly used health behavior models and theories 16 . Nutrition interventions based on an integrated HBM and the TPB increase pregnant women's diet knowledge, dietary diversity, and nutritional status 18 .

A previous study found a significant favorable effect of using HBM and TPB constructs during prenatal counselling to encourage healthy eating behavior 51 . This could be because women who attend nutrition education using the HBM believe that the repercussions of malnutrition are severe, and they also believe that they are perceived to suffer the consequences of malnutrition. In addition, the pregnant women perceived that the benefits of consuming enough and diverse food outweighed the hurdles to obtaining it. Their perspective can then influence their attitude and actions. These components also have an important role in raising women's intentions to eat a balanced diet, which directly contributes to increasing MUAC among pregnant women 19 .

Nutrition education can increase nutrition knowledge, but its effectiveness in changing actual eating behaviors and practices is often limited. This highlights the complex nature of nutrition interventions and the need for multifaceted approaches 52 . Education alone may be ineffectual if the environment does not encourage healthy behaviours. Nutrition education attempts frequently result in only modest or short-term improvements, with long-term behaviour change being more difficult to achieve with education alone. While education can help with knowledge and some behaviours, it may not be as effective as direct supplementation in treating critical nutrients deficits. Seasonality, distance to markets, family poverty, gender inequities, and cultural or religious traditions that influence food consumption can all have an impact on nutrition education's efficacy 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 . It's worth noting that a mix of education and supplementing strategies may be most effective in treating complicated nutritional concerns 58 . Furthermore, building an enabling atmosphere in which individuals can apply what they've learned is critical to the success of nutrition education programmes 52 .

Interventions to combat undernutrition during pregnancy can improve the mother’s and child’s health, as optimal nutrition decreases short-term impacts on mothers (adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, anemia, and adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and stillbirth) and long-term impacts (stunting, micronutrient deficiencies, and chronic diseases) later in life 59 .

The findings have significant practical ramifications. The results indicated that tailoring current nutrition policies, strategies, and initiatives is justified to integrate the health behavior model and theory into nutrition education within Ethiopia's current health system. Moreover, enhancing maternal dietary diversity in Ethiopia urgently needs interdisciplinary cooperation and a comprehensive strategy.

The main advantage of our study was that it was a community-based, cluster-randomized, controlled trial in which encouraging the consumption of fruits and vegetables was integrated with the HBM and TPB, both of which are applicable to relevant and conventional ANC. Cluster randomized controlled trials need to have both internal and external validity to be generalizable 60 . The cluster character of the study was taken into consideration during both the selection of the sample size and the data analysis. Evaluation of program execution and adoption, or the degree to which the setting is representative of the general population, could similarly be used to measure external validity 60 . However, recall bias and social desirability bias could have influenced the findings of our study. Despite this, efforts were made to probe pregnant women numerous times over the course of 24 h to improve dietary recall. Self-reporting, on the other hand, is frequently used in nutrition assessments and has been shown to have more predictive ability than objective assessments 61 . The nutrition education intervention was trimester-based, promoting improved dietary diversity, including increased fruit and vegetable intake during pregnancy.

The results showed that nutrition education interventions substantially improved mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) among pregnant women. Integrating health belief model (HBM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) are effective in improving MUAC among pregnant women. Moreover, it could be an important nutrition education intervention initiative in urban settings.

Data availability

All relevant data for this work are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude to Jimma University and local administrative officials for their support. Our thanks also go to the supervisors, data collectors, and pregnant women for their participation.

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Girma Beressa

Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Girma Beressa & Tefera Belachew

College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Susan J. Whiting

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Beressa, G., Whiting, S.J. & Belachew, T. Effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of pregnant women in Robe and Goba Towns, Southeast Ethiopia, using a cluster randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 14 , 19706 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70861-1

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Television Negative Effects on Society

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