essay on nigeria in post colonial era

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4 Colonial and Postcolonial Historiography of Nigeria

Sati U. Fwatshak, University of Jos

• Published: 18 March 2022
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This chapter discusses colonial and postcolonial Nigerian historiography based on sampling the country’s extensive historical literature. It highlights the Eurocentric orientation, diversity of authors, and themes of colonial historiography. It also highlights the Africanist/nationalist posture, intellectual strands, topicality, decline, and contestations in postcolonial Nigerian historiography. It shows that although colonial and postcolonial historiography shares thematic diversity in common, they differ in several areas, including that while colonial historiography is offensive, postcolonial historiography is reactive; while colonial historiography is partly assumptive and partly empirical, postcolonial historiography is largely evidence-based; and while colonial historiography has largely waned; postcolonial historiography is blossoming.

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Nigeria: Post-Colonial History, Politics, Life and Culture

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Poli Sci and Peace Studies Librarian

Hesburgh Library 148 Hesburgh Library University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, IN 46556

(574) 631-8901 [email protected]

While West African history and culture have not been areas of major study at Notre Dame in the past, the Hesburgh Libraries do have and are collecting many resources that will be of value in such study.  These include general purpose and subject specific databases for scholarly, popular, and journalistic publications; collections of government publications and monographs on general and specific themes related to Nigeria.

These resources will provide background information or context for your project or paper. They will also assist you in identifying key themes, participants, and events as you focus your research.

Themes and Issues

• Gale in context. Global issues (formerly Global issues in context) This link opens in a new window Focuses on broad issues, such as war, genocide, terrorism, human rights, poverty, famine, globalization, world trade, nuclear proliferation, and global warming, as well as more specific events and topics in the news that are related to these broader issues.
• CQ researcher This link opens in a new window Covers the most current and controversial issues of the day with summaries, pros and cons, bibliographies and more, with a United States focus.
• The World Factbook by The United States Central Intelligence Agency Provides information on the history, people, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for 267 world entities.
• Economist Intelligence Unit This link opens in a new window From the top menu bar, select "Country" and then "Nigeria." This source highly valued, reliable analysis of current economic, political and social conditions.
• Political risk yearbook This link opens in a new window "Political Risk Services (PRS) publishes 100 Country Reports that monitor the risks to international business over the next five years, using Coplin-O'Leary methodology."--Home page
• Select "Nigeria" from dropdown menu.
• Select "Download PDF" option.
• Select "Select."
• International year book and statesmen's who's who This link opens in a new window Includes information on countries, territories and federal states; significant international and national organizations; and biographical profiles of significant people.
• Political Handbook of the World (2015) Political Handbook of the World provides thorough and accurate information on the major aspects of each country's government and political party system.

General Interest

• Encyclopedia Britannica online This link opens in a new window Consists of a fully searchable and browsable collection of authoritative references, including Britannica's latest article database, articles not yet in the print Britannica encyclopedia, Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (tenth edition), and the Britannica book of the year.
• Oxford handbooks online. Political science This link opens in a new window "Handbooks contain in-depth articles by scholars at the top of their field. Each chapter surveys contemporary debates in a particular area, offering critical analysis and influential research on the future of the field."

Peace & Conflict

• Oxford international encyclopedia of peace This link opens in a new window An authoritative survey of issues related to peace making, peace keeping and peace building.
• Encyclopedia of war This link opens in a new window Provides an overview of important events, people, and terms associated with warfare, from the Punic Wars to the Mongol conquest of China and the War on Terror; from the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman 'the Magnificent' to the Soviet Military Commander, Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov, and from the crossbow to chemical warfare.
• Encyclopaedia of War, Peace and Global Security Call Number: JZ 5588 .E53 2005 ISBN: 8126121513

Sustainability

• World Atlas of Sustainable Development Call Number: HC 79 .E5 S237 2005
• Sustainable Development Handbook Sustainable development is a concept that incorporates energy, urban management, environmental objectives, policy integration, and the idea that effective solutions can be achieved in a cooperative manner with concerted effort.
• Handbook of Research on Sustainable Development and Economics by Ken D. Thomas (Editor) ISBN: 9781466684348 Publication Date: 2015-04-30 The Handbook of Research on Sustainable Development and Economics explores topics such as poverty, gender equality, health, security, and the environment through global empirical studies and fundamental frameworks.

Other Issues

• Encyclopedia of global justice Addresses "the moral consequences of global interdependence and understanding the concepts and arguments that shed light on the myriad aspects of global justice."
• The encyclopedia of global human migration "Provides a complete exploration of the prominent themes, events, and theoretical underpinnings of the movements of human populations from prehistory to the present day."
• Border disputes : a global encyclopedia "This three-volume set provides broad coverage of approximately 80 current international border disputes and conflicts"
• United Nations Statistics Division Compiles and disseminates global statistical information, develop standards and norms for statistical activities, and supports countries' efforts to strengthen their national statistical systems.
• UNESCO Statistics (Themes Portal) provides internationally comparable and reliable data that reflect a selection of major cultural industries and practices. From site The FBI’s UCR Program is a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of more than 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention.
• Human Development Reports From the UN Development Programme. Annual data on development, by country, including measures of equality, education, health, environmental sustainability, and more.
• International Historical Statistics (ebook) This link opens in a new window Collection of statistical data from around the world, covering a wide range of socio-economic topics. Covering the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania.
• World Development Indicators The World Development Indicators' DataBank is an analysis and visualization tool that contains collections of time series data on a variety of topics. You can create your own queries; generate tables, charts, and maps; and easily save, embed, and share them.
• World Bank Data Free and open access to global development data
• International financial statistics online service This link opens in a new window The IFS searchable database contains approximately 32,000 time series covering more than 200 countries starting in 1948.
• OECD iLibrary This link opens in a new window Online library for books, papers and reports published by OECD and the gateway to OECD’s analysis and data. Formerly known as SourceOECD.
• World Christian database This link opens in a new window WCD includes detailed information on 9,000 Christian denominations and on religions in every country of the world.
• World religion database This link opens in a new window "... WRD contains detailed statistics on religious affiliation for every country of the world. It provides source material, including censuses and surveys, as well as best estimates for every religion to offer a definitive picture of international religious demography."
• World Values Survey The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life. ... The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world.
• Regional Atlas on West Africa Nigeria in the context of West Africa Paris : OECD Publishing 2009
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A Historical Appraisal of Development in the Nigerian Society from Pre-Colonial to Post-Colonial Periods

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The Colonial and Pre-Colonial Eras in Nigeria

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/ The Colonial and Pre-Colonial Eras in Nigeria

Published Date

May 1, 2004

This resource was developed in 2004 as part of “Biafra, Nigeria, the West and the World” by David Trask. 

This project is based on the goal of explaining an event in the relatively recent past by working progressively further into the past to uncover more and more information that seems to bear on the issues. Even though the effort to create Biafra came out of the context of the challenges of independent Nigeria, don’t historians need to look further back to see what happened in the (earlier) colonial and precolonial eras to learn more about the world from which Nigeria was created? Of course we do. After all, this is a history course.

Before going further, we need to be aware of the flow of events. For the purposes of this project the “colonial” period is essentially the period between World War I and World War II while the precolonial material presented here covers the 19th century up to World War I. During the precolonial period there is already direct contact with Europeans who operate in port cities such as Bonny as well as indirect contact though the purchase of European goods through trade as well as the production of products intended to be sent to port cities. This commerce of course was added onto the slave trading networks which had existed since around 1500. As a result of a meeting of European powers in Berlin in 1884, the interior of Africa was divided into colonial possessions of European countries. The English move into the land of the Igbo followed shortly thereafter, covering the period from 1889-1914. And, in 1914, northern and southern Nigeria were united for administrative purposes into a single British colony.

World War I was truly a world war with participants drawn from five continents and military actions spread around the globe. There were some specific outcomes and impacts for Africans as a result of WWI. These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. But the war had more concrete consequences. Africans who fought alongside European whites found out that these “masters” were ordinary people, not supermen. Furthermore Africans expected to be rewarded for their service to their colonial masters with social and constitutional changes as well as economic concessions in ways that would improve their living conditions at home. The educated elites followed up on President Woodrow Wilson’s (United States) call to reorganize governments on the basis of national self-determination. The term means that people should be independent and live within political boundaries that corresponded to where they lived.

Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. “The period 1919-1935 was colonial imperialism’s last territorial drive in Africa. By 1935, all those areas that were still holding out against the imperialists and clinging to their sovereignty … were all brought under effective occupation and put under the colonial system. This meant that more Africans were feeling the pinch of colonialism by the 1920s than were by the 1910s. One would therefore expect to see a corresponding change in the scale of anti-colonialist or nationalist activities. Moreover, the new administrative measures and ordinances that were introduced during this period to underpin the colonial system—this was the heyday of the British system of ‘indirect rule’—gave more and more powers to the traditional rulers and the newly created chiefs to the exclusion of the educated elite. Frustration and disappointment therefore grew among the educated elite, and since their number increased during the period, their became reactions not only intensified and anti-colonial but anti-traditional rulers as well.” (Boahen,  African Perspectives on Colonialism , 76-77)

And economic conditions changed. The 1920s and 1930s saw worldwide economic crises which caused the price for those things produced in African countries—raw materials and cash crops—to drop sharply (remember that this is the period of the Great Depression and the events leading into it). At the same time the prices of goods imported from Europe skyrocketed.

Furthermore, this period saw the rise of efforts by African Americans and others of African descent outside of Africa to link the condition of colonized Africans to universal concepts of justice, natural rights, and human rights with the goal of eliminating colonialism by promoting independence. This Pan-African movement attempted to gain a hearing immediately after World War I by issuing a manifesto that called for … well, why not read some excerpts  yourself.

In the midst of these events the British inaugurated a system of “indirect rule” as the most effective way to manage their colonies. This system represented the backdrop to the post-World War II move to create an independent Nigeria and represented the framework for relationships between all Nigerians and the “mother country.” Before looking at more evidence, we need to look a little more fully into the ways colonies were ruled by looking at  material on Indirect Rule .

Collaboration

As you look at the different topics offered for small group study and collaboration, keep these questions in mind:

• How do you think Africans responded to the English approach to government?
• What would be an African critique of these policies?

The readings in this section deal with Igbo memories of life before or outside the direct presence of Europeans in their society and with a famous riot/rebellion. From these readings you can not only gain some additional understanding of British ideas but you will also gain a lot of insight into who the Igbo were and how they saw themselves as a people. These concepts represent 1) a critique of British assumptions about their colonial subjects and 2) reasons why the Igbo would want to develop their own literature and to have an independent state. Can you also find in these readings any indications of the issues that will trigger civil war?

• This event around 1930 caused significant concern among colonizers because it was a rebellion of women who took actions into their own hands in reaction to their belief that England was expanding its colonial role by issuing a new tax.
• This excerpt, written in 1944, adds a new dimension to the discussion with a strong criticism of Africans who were the first Africans to hold positions in England’s colonial administration and trading companies.

Igbo Voices

• Igbo Democracy
• These three readings are excerpts from a book that seeks to recover the history of the Igbo people in the nineteenth century on the eve of colonialism. While #2 is a travel report from 1840, the other two readings are partial transcripts of oral histories of old people taken in the 1970s. These documents represent views of village life at a time when European influence was minimal or absent.

The European Perspective

• European View of the Igbo, 1840
• This reading is drawn from a contemporary account by George Douglas Hazzledine describing conditions in northern Nigeria from the perspective of someone who wants the English to become more involved in the affairs of northern Nigeria.

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Post-colonial Period in the History of Africa: Development Challenges

• First Online: 17 September 2021

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• W. M. Kassaye Nigusie 8 &
• N. V. Ivkina 8  

Part of the book series: Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development ((AAESPD))

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The process of gaining independence in Africa was accompanied by the intensified colonial liberation movements, elite struggle for power, and the formation of new state borders. Having received formal sovereignty, African countries faced the challenge of building their own identity. However, most metropoles continued to actively intervene in the affairs of the former colonies under the pretext of assisting them in state-building, forming of the economic and military systems. Therefore, metropoles managed to subsequently control development process. A new type of colonialism was launched, characterized by a low level of predictability and foresight. This trends mainly fit with neo-patrimonialism, which focuses on the legitimacy search and artificial statehood creation. The emergence of a new African political elite in the postcolonial period, formed at the expense of the army and senior military officials, was accompanied by the search for an effective development path and attempts to assure a fragile balance between tradition and modernization. This served to aggravate economic, and then political dependence of African states on global economic institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. One of the key challenges of the postcolonial period in Africa is the blurring of borders and, as a consequence, the rise of ethno-religious problems. Attempts to resolve this kind of threats lead to the intervention of both intra-regional non-state actors and external powers.

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Kassaye Nigusie, W.M., Ivkina, N.V. (2021). Post-colonial Period in the History of Africa: Development Challenges. In: Vasiliev, A.M., Degterev, D.A., Shaw, T.M. (eds) Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations. Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77336-6_3

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AFRICAN LITERATURE IN THE MAKING: FROM PRE-COLONIALISM TO POST-COLONIALISM

This paper attempts to trace the various vicissitudes of the evolution and development of African Literature: from oral literature, through pre-colonial literature, colonial literature, to post-colonial literature. African literature is defined as ‘literature of and from Africa’. However, though cursory reference is made to non-English African literatures as well, the focus of this paper is literature of English ‘black Africa’. A special page is devoted to African-American literature because of its unique historical position in the development of African literature. The foundations of modern African literature as an intellectual ‘school’ are traced back to the middle of the 18th century. Modern African literature emerged as a resistance platform, an instrument of struggle against oppression and exploitation. Unfortunately, more than a couple of centuries on, African literature is still faced with formidable challenges, including lack of freedom of expression imposed by political authoritarianism and socio-cultural reactionarism. Even though a great deal of achievement has been recorded since its inception in the 18th century, African literature still has a long way to go in the struggle to fulfill its mission to foster socio-political justice and true liberty for the common people of Africa.

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