can i do a masters without a dissertation

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Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

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•       Resources       Choosing Between a Thesis or Non-thesis Master's Degree

As of 2015, approximately 25.4 million Americans held advanced degrees , with more citizens joining these ranks each year. As studies continue to show the career advancement and salary benefits of completing a master's degree, more and more students elect to pursue advanced educations. When considering their options, many question whether to enroll in a master's requiring a thesis or not. The following guide examines some of the reasons degree seekers may want to write a thesis while also highlighting why they might not. Students on the fence about this important decision can find expert advice, actionable tips, and relevant guidance to help them make an informed choice in the guide that follows.

Understanding the Master's Thesis

What is the difference between a thesis & non-thesis master's program, the decision not to do a thesis.

As students research various master's programs in their chosen discipline, it's common to find that many degrees require a thesis – especially if they want to enter a research-heavy field. While this word gets thrown around a lot in academia, some learners may want more information regarding what it entails in order to make an informed decision.

What is a Master's Thesis?

The master's thesis is an original piece of scholarship allowing the student to dig into a topic and produce an expanded document that demonstrates how their knowledge has grown throughout the degree program. These documents require significant independent research of primary and secondary sources and, depending on the subject, may require interviews and/or surveys to support the overarching argument.

Individual schools and departments dictate the length of these documents, but they typically range between 60 and 100 pages – or approximately 20,000 to 40,000 words. While tackling a document of such heft may seem overwhelming at first, learners need not fret. Each master's candidate receives a faculty advisor early in their tenure to provide support, feedback, and guidance throughout the process. Because the final thesis is expected to be of a publishable quality, learners seeking the highest marks typically send their supervisor excerpts of the document as they write to ensure they are on the right track.

When picking a thesis topic, no magical formula exists. Students should consider their interests and read extensively on that topic to get a better sense of existing scholarship. They should also speak to other academics working in that sphere to familiarize themselves with ongoing projects. Only after they feel reasonably well-read should they begin looking for uncovered angles or interesting ways of using emerging methodologies to bring new light to the topic.

When considering formatting, degree seekers should check with their specific schools and departments, as they may have unique requirements. To get a general understanding of what to expect, learners can review Simon Fraser University's guidelines on thesis formatting. After completing the thesis, some programs require an oral defense before a committee while others read the document and provide a grade. Check with your prospective schools to get a better sense of procedure.

Format & Components of a Master's Thesis

While this guide attempts to provide helpful and actionable information about the process of deciding whether to follow a thesis or non-thesis track in a master's program, readers should remember that specific components and requirements of a thesis vary according to discipline, university, and department. That being said, some commonalities exist across all these – especially when it comes to what students must include in their final drafts.

As the first section a reader encounters after moving through the table of contents and other anterior text, the introductory allows the writer to firmly establish what they want to accomplish. Sometimes also called the "research question" section, the introductory must clearly state the goals of the paper and the overarching hypothesis guiding the argument. This should be written in a professional yet accessible tone that allows individuals without specializations in the field to understand the text.

This section allows learners to demonstrate their deep knowledge of the field by providing context to existing texts within their chosen discipline Learners review the main bodies of work, highlighting any issues they find within each. Constructive criticism often centers around shortcomings, blind spots, or outdated hypotheses.

Students use this section to explain how they went about their work. While scientists may point to a specific method used to reach conclusions, historians may reference the use of an emerging framework for understanding history to bring new light to a topic. The point of this section is to demonstrate the thought processes that led to your findings.

This section allows for learners to show what they learned during the research process in a non-biased way. Students should simply state what information they gathered by utilizing a specific framework or methodology and arrange those findings, without interpretation, in an easy-to-read fashion.

After providing readers with all the necessary information, the discussion section exists for candidates to interpret the raw data and demonstrate how their research led to a new understanding or contributed a unique perspective to the field. This section should directly connect to the introduction by reinforcing the hypothesis and showing how you answered the questions posed.

Even though the previous sections give prospective degree seekers a better sense of what to expect if they decide to write a thesis during their master's program, they don't necessarily help learners decide whether to pursue a thesis or non-thesis track. The following section highlights some of the reasons students frequently choose to complete a thesis or bypass the process altogether by providing a pros and cons list.

Why a Thesis Program

• Especially when entering a research-heavy discipline, completing a thesis shows prospective schools and employers that you possess the skills needed for researching and writing long-form reports.
• Students hoping to pursue a Ph.D. stand in better stead with admissions panels if they wrote a thesis during a master's program.
• Individuals hoping to enter a field that values syntax and grammar often better their writing skills by completing a thesis.
• Students who write a thesis can submit the final product to various academic journals, increasing their chances of getting published.
• Theses expand students' understanding of what they're capable of, deepen their ability to carry out an argument, and develop their skills in making connections between ideas.

Why a Non-thesis Program

• Because they don't require a significant written product, non-thesis master's tend to take less time to complete.
• Often mirrors a bachelor's program in terms of structure, allowing learners to complete classes and take exams without a great deal of research or writing.
• Students who excel in project-based assignments can continue building skills in this arena rather than focusing on skills they don't plan to use (e.g. research)
• Provides learners the opportunity to work more closely and more frequently with faculty on real-world projects since they don't spend hundreds of hours researching/writing.
• Allows learners to take more classes and gain hands-on skills to fill the time they would have spent researching and writing a thesis.

How to Choose a Master's Program: FAQs

Within some academic disciplines and professional fields, research and writing plays a key role in work done on a daily basis. Because of this, master's programs in these fields require learners to complete theses to compete against peers and be seen as competent in their work. Other disciplines, conversely, rely on other tools to accomplish work and progress ideas – making theses less important.

Yes. Master's programs focused more on application than research typically don't require a thesis – although they may still give students the option. Examples of common non-thesis master's programs include nursing, business, and education.

Even though non-thesis students won't be writing a 100-page paper, that doesn't mean they avoid completing a significant project. In place of a thesis, most applied master's programs require students to take part in at least one internship or complete a culminating project. These projects typically ask learners to take what they learned throughout coursework and create an expansive final project – examples include case studies, creative works, or portfolios.

While students who followed a non-thesis path routinely receive acceptance to Ph.D. programs, those with theses often find the process easier. Even if a learner pursues a Ph.D. in a discipline that isn't research-heavy, admissions panels still want to get a sense of your academic interests and ability to engage in independent, nuanced thought. Students with theses can provide solid proof of these skills, while those without may struggle to demonstrate preparedness as thoroughly.

The answer to this question depends on many factors, but typically it is okay not to do a thesis if you plan to enter a field that doesn't depend heavily on research or writing, or if you don't plan to complete a Ph.D.

Students wanting to work in academic, research, or writing should always opt for the thesis track. They should also follow this path if they have any doctoral degree aspirations.

Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to complete a thesis rests with the individual student. Figuring out how to proceed on this front requires lots of careful consideration, and learners should ensure they consider various aspects before coming to a final decision. The following section helps students consider how they should and should not come to a conclusion.

Dos and Don'ts of Choosing a Thesis or Non-thesis Program

• Consider the longevity of your decision: will you feel the same in 5-10 years or are you making a decision based on current desires?
• Talk to others who with experience in this area. Ask them questions about their decision-making process and if they regret their choice.
• Research potential thesis topics before starting a program. Going in with a game plan can help you feel more confident and settled about the process than if you're scrambling for a topic while in school.
• Reach out to prospective schools to speak with faculty and/or current students following both tracks. This will provide knowledge specific to the school while also expanding your network if you choose to attend there.
• Research Ph.D. entrance requirements to ascertain if the majority expect learners to possess a thesis when applying. This will give you a sense of whether you may experience issues later on if you do not complete one.
• Decide not to complete a thesis simply because you have never taken on such a task and feel overwhelmed or fearful that you will fail.
• Complete a thesis simply because you think it will look good on your resume. Theses require intense devotion over an extended amount of time; learners who complete them without conviction often find the process miserable.
• Forget to research alternatives to writing a thesis. Just because you don't complete a research paper doesn't mean a non-thesis track lacks rigor or challenging coursework.
• Forget to read examples of theses by previous students. If you feel overwhelmed by the task, reading work other people have done can often make the task at hand feel less scary.
• Let yourself off easy by taking the non-thesis path. If you find you have extra time in the program, talk to your advisor about taking more classes, develop meaningful projects for yourself, or see about presenting at an academic conference.

From the Expert

Sudiksha Joshi, Ph.D. is a learning advocate. Her mission is to empower our youth to think bigger, bolder thoughts and forge a career path that will change the world. She taps into her natural curiosity and ability to identify strengths to help students and those in transition find their path from feeling lost in the traditional ways of achieving success to charting their own path. Her work has been featured in Forbes, Huffington Post, Thrive Global, Medium and LinkedIn.

Why might a student decide to follow a thesis track? Why might they follow a non-thesis track?

A student might decide to take a thesis track if she/he wants to pursue a Ph.D. Also, if the students want to focus on careers where research and writing have a strong focus, the students opt for the thesis option. Research assistantships at the graduate level are also more often available to students who opt for the thesis option.

A student who might feel that writing is not one of their strengths might choose to go the non-thesis track. Likewise, a student who has other work commitments may find a non-thesis option more convenient.

Do you have any tips for deciding on a program?

I chose a thesis option because being able to conduct independent research was a big reason to go to graduate school. Also, showing the ability that I could do research was what afforded me research assistantships which meant that my tuition was paid for and I got a stipend that paid for expenses while I was in graduate school. This also allowed me the opportunity to work closely with the faculty mentor that provided me with the support and the accountability I wanted.

I would not recommend taking a non-thesis option if all the degree requires is for you to take courses. You have little to show in terms of your learning other than your grades unless you are already working on something on the side that does that for you and all you need is a certificate.

Opt for a non-thesis option if you can still work closely with a professor or on a project and if you'd rather be involved in multiple projects rather than focus on a single project. If you already have a good (informed) reason for choosing one over the other, go for it.

What's the most important thing to consider when choosing a program?

The most important thing to consider when choosing a program is getting excited about the projects that at least one of the faculty members are involved in. Do some research and see why you are excited about a particular work that at least one of the faculty members have been involved in.

Who should students talk to when considering options?

Students should talk to other students and also reach out directly to the graduate coordinator and even individual faculty members. This means that students should have done prior homework and have some good questions ready. Asking good questions will get you at least halfway through to make the right decision.

• October 15, 2023
• Academic Advice

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs: Which is Right for You?

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Continuing your educational journey within your chosen field is an experience that fosters personal and professional growth. The next milestone in your academic path often involves pursuing a Master’s degree , with options ranging from thesis-based programs to non-thesis alternatives.  Deciding between these two paths is significant as it shapes your academic and career paths.

But how can you decide which is right for you before getting decision fatigue?

Let’s explore the difference between thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs, their unique characteristics, and reasons for choosing one or the other. 

Do You Have to Write a Thesis for Your Master’s Program?

Whether you have to write a thesis for your Master’s program depends on the specific requirements of the program you’re enrolled in. It’s important to note that while not all Master’s programs require writing a thesis, a significant number of them do.

What is a Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

A thesis Master’s program involves completing a large research project spanning over several semesters. Students are expected to conduct original research on a specific topic under a faculty advisor’s guidance, culminating in a thesis likely to be published. Completing and defending the thesis is a crucial part of the degree requirement.

A non-thesis Master’s program doesn’t involve a specific research focus but rather a more coursework and practical experience, allowing students to gain specific skills and knowledge applicable to their field of study. After completing their program’s core course requirements, students can choose any of the electives to meet their degree requirements. Depending on the institution, you may be required to do a Master’s Degree Capstone project, including reviewing previous courses, a comprehensive exam, or a summary project. 

Why Choose a Thesis Master’s Program?

Thesis Master’s programs offer several advantages, be that contributing to new findings in your field, close collaboration with professors and researchers, and standing out to potential employers with your abilities to work independently and analyze complex issues. However, the primary advantages are:

Research Experience

Thesis programs allow you to conduct extensive research on a specific topic that piques your interest.  This way, you’ll gain expertise and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. 

Academic Growth 

Writing a thesis helps sharpen your critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. It also challenges you to think independently, analyze a large amount of data, and draw meaningful conclusions. Furthermore, it prepares you for doctoral studies, familiarizing you with the rigor of independent research and equips you with the necessary skills to succeed.

Why Choose a Non-Thesis Master’s Program?

Non-thesis master’s programs also come with numerous advantages for students, including flexibility in scheduling, a range of career opportunities, shorter competition time, etc. Here are the main advantages: 

Non-thesis programs prioritize coursework, fostering the development of practical skills and their real-world application. This approach enables you to actively engage in hands-on learning experiences highly sought after in today’s job market. Critical thinking, communication, problem-solving, and leadership abilities are some of those skills.

Suitability for Professionals

Another advantage to pursuing a non-thesis Master’s program is that it doesn’t take as much time as the thesis Master’s programs. That way you can enter the workforce faster. It’s also well-suited for professionals already established in their field who are seeking to further their education and advance in their careers. 

The Academic and Career Outcomes of Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs

The academic outcomes for the thesis Master’s program graduates involve preparation for Ph.D. programs , opening doors to advanced research and specialized roles in research institutions. This provides solid research skills and helps them publish their work. Common career paths for graduates include research positions in academia, government, or private sectors. Some also pursue teaching careers in colleges and universities. Degree programs that usually require a thesis include sciences, social sciences, engineering, and humanities (history, philosophy, and language studies).

Non-thesis Master’s program graduates typically achieve academic outcomes focused on mastering practical, directly applicable skills within their field. While these programs are more career-oriented, graduates can still pursue a Ph.D. They can benefit from diverse career options in different settings and find employment in managerial, administrative, or specialized roles in their field. Degree programs that don’t usually require a thesis are business, education, healthcare administration, IT management, etc.

Thesis vs. Non-Thesis Master’s Programs, That is the Question 

With their abundance of advantages, choosing between the two can be pretty tricky. So, let’s compare thesis vs. non-thesis Master’s programs and help you make an informed decision. 

Personal and Career Goals

A thesis Master’s program is ideal if you’re interested in furthering in academia and want to pursue a Ph.D ., as these programs can provide the necessary tools to enhance your credentials for research-based careers. Meanwhile, a non-thesis Master’s program will suit you better if you’re seeking to gain practical skills to integrate into the industry immediately, as they can include practical projects or internships according to industry demands. 

Time and Financial Considerations

Thesis Master’s programs can extend the duration of your studies, as researching, writing, and defending the thesis can take several semesters to complete and can cause financial strain due to additional costs like lab fees and materials. In contrast, non-thesis ones can help you enter the job market promptly as they are shorter, allowing you to save time and money.

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Field of Study and Program Requirements

When deciding between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, a crucial element to take into account is the field of study and the program’s specific requirements. A thesis Master’s program is better suited for those pursuing research-oriented fields, while a non-thesis program is a more fitting choice for individuals with a strong focus on their career. Furthermore, program requirements for thesis programs require substantial research to culminate in a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones require capstone projects, internships, or comprehensive exams. 

Switching from a Non-Thesis to a Thesis Master’s Program, or Vice Versa

Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis Master’s program, or vice versa, is possible in many institutions, although the process and requirements may vary. Switching from a non-thesis to a thesis program generally requires getting approval from the academic advisor or department, completing additional research methodology classes, finding a thesis advisor, and applying to the thesis program. 

Switching from a thesis to a non-thesis Master’s program requires having at least a 3.0 GPA, getting approval from the academic advisor, transferring credits of research methodology classes, and formally applying to the thesis program.

Choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program ultimately depends on your career goals, research interests, and personal preferences. Thesis programs provide a robust foundation for research-oriented careers and advanced studies, while non-thesis programs offer practical skills tailored for immediate industry integration. Regardless of your choice, both paths offer unique advantages, ensuring you gain the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in your chosen field. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What is the difference between a thesis vs. non-thesis master’s program.

The key difference between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program is that thesis Master’s programs require original research and completion of a thesis, whereas non-thesis ones focus on coursework and practical experiences. 

Do I have to write a thesis for a Master’s program?

If you’re pursuing a research-oriented Master’s degree in sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, etc., you’ll probably have to write a thesis. Whereas, if you’re pursuing a Master’s degree in education, business healthcare administration, or IT management, you’re more likely not to have to complete a thesis. 

Is a thesis required for all Master’s degree programs?

Although a thesis isn’t required for all master’s degree programs, many programs require one.

What should I consider when deciding between a thesis and non-thesis program?

There are several factors to consider when choosing between a thesis and a non-thesis Master’s program, including your career goals, interest in research, duration of studies, personal strengths and preferences, cost, and program requirements.

Are there any financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs?

There can be financial and duration differences between thesis and non-thesis Master’s programs. Thesis programs can be more expensive as you’ll have to spend additional resources on materials, lab fees, and data collection. In contrast, the main cost for non-thesis programs is tuition fees, which can be slightly lower. Furthermore, thesis programs require additional time to conduct research, write, and defend the thesis. In contrast, non-thesis programs allow students to earn the degree in a shorter period. 

Why should I choose a thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a thesis Master’s program if you’re interested in a research-heavy discipline and want to showcase your knowledge and expertise in an evidence-based, thorough thesis. 

Why should I choose a non-thesis Master’s program?

You should choose a non-thesis Master’s program if you want to enter the workforce earlier, don’t want to spend several semesters collecting data, and want to focus more on application than research.

Can non-thesis Master’s graduates still pursue doctoral studies later?

Yes, non-thesis Master’s graduates can still get accepted into a doctoral program. However, thesis Master’s graduates can go through the process more efficiently, as admissions panels want to gain insight into your academic interests and ability to engage in nuanced thought.

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• PhD Without a Masters

Written by Hannah Slack

Most students will complete a Masters before going on to study a PhD. But can you do a PhD without a Masters?

The journey prior to starting a PhD can be individual and PhD students studying something similar could have very different previous experiences. Some may come straight from their previous degree and others may have years of experience in work. This can feel very confusing when you are trying to work out whether you can apply for a PhD without a Masters.

This page will explain how you can get onto a PhD programme without a Masters, and whether this could be the right choice for you.

On this page

Do you need to get a masters to do a phd.

The short answer is that it is possible to do a PhD without a Masters. The long answer is that it is dependent on your personal experience, your subject area, the duration of your PhD programme and the location, as requirements can vary by country. It's technically possible in any discipline, but much more common in STEM or vocational subjects. Most Arts and Humanities PhDs will require a Masters.

It's worth noting that even when a Masters is not technically a requirement for a PhD, it may still be an advantage if places are particularly competitive.

PhD in Arts and Humanities without a Masters

Though not impossible, it is more uncommon for Arts and Humanities students to make the jump from Bachelors to PhD. As these subjects require students to propose an original research project, they need to be able to justify their work in the context of a wider field before they begin. A Masters degree is designed to give students the research experience and additional taught content to be able to do this.

If a Humanities student wanted to jump straight to a PhD they would need to demonstrate extensive research experience, an advanced knowledge of an academic field and a viable topic that will generate original research.

Can you get a PhD without a Masters in the USA?

In the USA , it's fairly common for students to go straight from their undergraduate degree to a PhD. This is because universities will usually award PhD candidates a Masters degree on their way to achieving their final doctorate. American PhD programmes typically have a large taught element during the first 1-4 years, making them suitable for students who have not previously studied at the postgraduate level.

How do you know whether you need a Masters?

PhDs are typically focused on niche topics, so it’s possible to do a project that you have no direct experience in. Instead, do you have experience of research that is relevant to the subject area you want to study? This could look like independent management of a research project over an extended period of time or particular skills that would suit the type of research you want to do. Although a PhD is a time to learn, it is also worth considering whether you would feel confident in your skills and knowledge without a Masters degree.

To gauge if this could be the route for you, make sure to talk to the right people. Talk to an academic who knows you if you’re currently at university. They will be able to advise if they think you’re ready for a PhD, based on their knowledge of your academic ability. It’s also important to talk to potential supervisors at the institutions you plan to apply for. They will let you know whether they think you would be suitable based on your current academic experience.

How to get a PhD without a Masters

There is no one way to get onto a PhD programme without a Masters. Usually, the route you take will depend on your abilities and your subject’s requirements.

Apply for Integrated PhD programmes

PhDs that are four years in length may include one year of training before moving onto a three-year PhD. These programmes may be advertised as Integrated , 1+3 or as part of a Doctoral Training Programme (DTP). If you secure a position with Research Council funding, then you will be funded throughout the entirety of the programme.

An Integrated programme may include lectures, seminars and practical workshops to help improve your research skills in preparation for a PhD. Some of these programmes may offer the opportunity to complete a Masters of Research (MRes) as part of this. You would be required to finish a substantial research project in the first year of study, likely related to your PhD topic. Most Integrated programmes will assess your progress or MRes project and upon successful completion, you will be automatically enrolled onto the PhD programme.

These programmes are a good option for those struggling with the eligibility requirements to go straight onto a PhD programme. Entry onto these programmes is usually a good undergraduate degree (at least an upper 2.1) in a relevant field. They also limit some of the hassle of doing two separate postgraduate degrees. For example, you won’t have to spend time searching and applying for a PhD during your Masters year.

Looking for an integrated PhD programme?

You can browse four-year integrated PhD programmes here on FindAPhD .

Gain professional experience

The other route that students can take to get on a PhD programme without a Masters is through professional experience.

This could look like an Industrial Experience year as part of an undergraduate degree or one to many years working after completion of your previous degree. This is more common in STEM fields and subjects that are predominantly vocational, such as Social Work, Psychology and Business.

The key to optimising professional experience is to demonstrate your relevant research and transferable skills – after all, to complete a PhD you must be able to contextualise your topic in a larger research field. Usually, applicants taking this route will apply to write about a specific subject theme or case study they have professional experience working with.

What is it like to do a PhD without a Masters?

Read about one student's experience making the leap from undergraduate to PhD .

Develop a strong research CV and show academic prowess

Generally this is a less common route, but a strong research CV and academic prowess may be sufficient in subjects where you apply to an advertised project. This is more common in STEM related topics.

If you’re overachieving throughout your Bachelors degree and know you want to move on to postgraduate study, it’s worthwhile talking to an academic you know or your personal tutor. They will have a better grip on your potential fit to current and future research opportunities. They can also advise you on possible internships or summer projects that could help you be more successful in PhD applications.

The benefits of professional experience or a Masters degree

There are many reasons to consider having professional experience or taking a year (or more) out before starting a PhD.

• Experience of life outside of academia – This will help you to decide whether to do a PhD for the right reasons: such as whether you really want to pursue research on a specific topic and how it might benefit your career.
• Transferable skills from professional experience benefit a PhD – Developing strong time and project management skills can help you balance the demands of a PhD. Usually professional workplaces have set working hours/days and this can teach you to have a good work life balance when working in academia.
• Connections outside of academia – Having a professional network can open up opportunities for collaboration during your PhD or help you in the non-academic job market post PhD.
• Save time and money – An application with relevant professional experience is still a competitive one and you won’t have to fund and spend additional time studying. It’s worth noting that for those that have been in work for some time, the change in earnings during a PhD could be a consideration.

But there are many reasons to consider studying for a Masters degree. It is worth considering these reasons so as to help you decide whether applying for a PhD without a Masters is for you.

• The opportunity to experience postgraduate life – A Masters is more practical and involves more independent work than an undergraduate degree. A PhD builds on this as you are expected to work independently and lead your project. A one year Masters is a good way to assess whether you would want to spend three to four years doing a PhD.
• Skills relevant for a PhD – The skills learned during a Masters could be directly applicable to a PhD in that field or a related one. It can be hard to pick a specific research topic and a Masters could help you confirm your interest or show you whether your interests lie elsewhere.
• Connections within academia – A Masters allows you to experience working with an academic supervisor and puts you in the best location to connect with other academics and PhD students.
• Competitive application – PhD applications are competitive and a Masters degree can offer specific and relevant experience.

Should you do a PhD without a Masters?

Whether you should or should not apply for a PhD without a Masters will depend on you. The first year of a PhD could also prove more difficult for you than others. Without a Masters degree you will have limited (if any) experience of maintaining a supervisor relationship, conducting original research and writing up your findings – all important parts of doing a PhD.

But it is important to remember that while it might initially feel overwhelming, that’s not to say you won’t catch up. And, as someone without a Masters, you shouldn’t face unrealistic expectations from your peers and supervisors. It is possible to have a good PhD experience with either professional experience or a Masters, or both!

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We've answered some of the most frequently asked questions about PhDs, covering course types, applications, funding and the benefits of further study.

Getting ready to apply for a PhD? Our guides explain research proposals, references and entry tests for doctoral programmes.

Understand what a successful PhD research proposal needs to include and how to go about writing one for your project application.

Our guide explains how to contact a potential PhD supervisor to discuss your proposal or ideas with them before applying.

A checklist of the things you'll need to do when making an international PhD application, from meeting the entry requirements to sorting out your visa.

What documents you need for a complete study abroad application, what they are and what they should and should not include.

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Can you get a Ph.D. without doing a thesis or a dissertation?

Can a thesis be the same as a dissertation?

Although their precise meanings can fluctuate depending on the nation and academic institution, “thesis” and “dissertation” are frequently used synonymously. While “dissertation” is traditionally linked with research projects finished at the doctoral level, in other places, such as the United States, “thesis” is frequently used to refer to a research project completed at the master’s level. However, the terminology may be used differently or the distinction between them may not be as obvious in other nations or settings.

It’s crucial to remember that these phrases can have different meanings in different academic fields and settings. The word “thesis” may be used by some organizations or professions to refer to both master’s and doctoral-level research projects, whereas “dissertation” may be used in other instances. Consequently, it’s better to

To appropriately define and refer to your research topic, it is therefore best to refer to the specific rules and jargon that your institution uses.

In conclusion, although the terms “thesis” and “dissertation” are sometimes used interchangeably, their precise definitions and usage rely on a variety of variables, including the academic level, nation, academic institution, and topic of study.

Is a Ph.D. just a dissertation?

A Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degree is not just a dissertation. While a dissertation is a significant component of a Ph.D. program, completing a dissertation is one of the requirements for obtaining a Ph.D. degree.

A Ph.D. program involves several other components and requirements, including coursework, comprehensive exams, research seminars, and possibly teaching or other academic responsibilities. These components are designed to provide students with a broad understanding of their field, develop their research and critical thinking skills, and prepare them for independent scholarly work.

The dissertation is the culmination of a Ph.D. program and is an original research project that contributes new knowledge to the field. It requires an in-depth exploration of a specific research question or topic, often involving data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The dissertation demonstrates the student’s ability to conduct independent research, make a significant scholarly contribution, and communicate their findings effectively.

While the dissertation is a substantial part of earning a Ph.D., it is not the only aspect of the degree. Ph.D. programs are rigorous and comprehensive, encompassing coursework, research, and other academic activities, all of which contribute to the development of a well-rounded scholar.

Which doctorate does not require a dissertation?

While most traditional doctoral programs typically require a dissertation or an equivalent research project, some alternative doctoral degrees may not have a dissertation as a requirement. These alternative doctoral degrees often focus on applied or professional practice rather than original research. Here are a few examples:

Doctor of Education (EdD) : The EdD degree is primarily geared towards professionals in the field of education and focuses on applied research and practical applications. While some EdD programs may require a research project or capstone project, they generally place less emphasis on a traditional dissertation compared to a Ph.D.

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) : The DBA is a professional doctorate in the field of business and management. It typically focuses on applied research and the practical application of knowledge in business settings. While some DBA programs may require a research-based dissertation, others may substitute it with a final project, case study, or a portfolio of professional work.

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) : The DNP is a terminal degree in nursing practice and is designed for advanced practice nurses seeking to enhance their clinical expertise and leadership skills. The DNP often emphasizes practical applications and evidence-based practice rather than a traditional research-based dissertation.

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) : The PsyD degree is an alternative to the research-focused Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in psychology. The PsyD typically emphasizes clinical practice, counseling, or professional applications of psychology. While some PsyD programs may require a doctoral project or clinical dissertation, they may place less emphasis on original research compared to a Ph.D.

Final Verdict

In most traditional academic settings, earning a Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degree typically requires the completion of a thesis or dissertation, which is a substantial research project that contributes new knowledge to the field. However, there are alternative routes to obtaining a doctoral degree that may not involve a traditional thesis or dissertation.

Some professional doctorate programs, such as the Doctor of Education (EdD), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and Doctor of Psychology (PsyD), often focus more on applied research, practical applications, or professional practice rather than extensive original research. These programs may require a doctoral project, a portfolio of professional work, or a capstone project instead of a traditional thesis or dissertation.

Additionally, there are other non-traditional doctoral programs that do not require a thesis or dissertation. These programs often have specific requirements and alternative research or project components that allow students to demonstrate their expertise and make a scholarly contribution in different ways. These alternative routes are designed to meet the needs of students pursuing careers in specialized fields or professional practice.

It’s important to note that the availability of non-thesis or non-dissertation Ph.D. programs can vary depending on the country, institution, and field of study. It is advisable to carefully research and consider the specific requirements of the doctoral programs you are interested in to determine if they align with your academic and career goals.

Overall, while it is possible to obtain a Ph.D. without a traditional thesis or dissertation, the options and requirements will depend on the specific program and institution offering the degree.

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Can you do a PhD without a master’s degree?

Study tips Published 5 Apr, 2022  ·  6-minute read

If you want the most straightforward answer to the question ‘can you get a PhD without a master’s degree’, it’s yes. Should you apply to study a PhD without a master’s though? Let’s unpack that.

There are quite a few entry requirements you need to meet to apply for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). At the core of it, all these requirements are about proving you’re ready to embark on the long (3-4 years full time) and challenging – but incredibly rewarding – process of conducting research and writing a thesis. PhD prerequisites are there to assess your preparedness for this type of study.

So, let’s have a look at what the PhD prerequisites are in Australia and the questions we’re commonly asked about them.

Can I do a PhD without a degree?

In Australia, you’ll need to have completed a degree (undergraduate or postgraduate) relevant to your proposed research topic and approved by the university to be considered as a candidate. However, the good news is, for those of you wondering ‘can you get a PhD without a bachelor’s?’ the answer is yes – it is possible at some universities.

Say you finished high school and went straight into the workforce. You built experience in your field over years of hard work. After a while, you decide that you’d like a qualification to solidify your knowledge and skills, or to upskill in your area and open even more doors. So, you apply for postgraduate studies.

Many universities in Australia will consider applicants for postgrad study (typically graduate certificates) based on proof of extensive professional experience and other post-secondary studies (certificates from TAFE, for example) in a relevant field, rather than the traditional completion of bachelor’s level studies.

Admission into a graduate certificate without a bachelor’s degree is very much dependent on your study area of choice and the institution at which you wish to study. Always check the specific prerequisites of the institution and program.

In most cases, if you want to study a PhD and you don’t have a bachelor’s degree, but you do have a lot of industry and research experience in your field, you’ll need to start your journey by enrolling in a graduate certificate and working your way up to a master’s and then a PhD. It’s possible to get into a PhD program with a graduate diploma (and no bachelor’s or master’s degree), but you’ll need extensive documentation proving former research experience to support your application – plus a decent GPA. This type of application is assessed on a case-by-case basis by some universities and can be extremely competitive.

Do you need a master’s for a PhD?

As we said earlier, no – you don’t need a master’s to apply for a PhD. And if you're wondering more specifically ‘is an MPhil required for a PhD?’, the answer is also no. It may make logical sense at face value to complete a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and then go on to study a Doctor of Philosophy, but in reality, it tends to work a bit differently.

All these types of postgraduate degrees and higher degrees by research can be a little confusing to keep track of, so let’s break it down into simpler terms.

So, here’s how some of the pathways through these degrees work.

• Some students decide to study and complete a Master of Philosophy, as it’s shorter than a PhD but still allows them to delve into a research project and produce a thesis (~40,000 words).
• Other students begin studying an MPhil then find they’d like to take their research further and apply to upgrade to a PhD program, adding a few more years onto their studies and producing an 80,000-word thesis.
• Many students aim big from the get-go and apply directly to a PhD program after having completed either a bachelor’s degree with honours or a master’s by coursework.

This is by no means an extensive list of ways in which you can order your studies; it’s just a few of the most common paths taken by university students interested in postgraduate studies and higher degrees by research.

The benefits of studying a master’s before a PhD

Now we’ve established that you can apply to study a Doctor of Philosophy without a master’s degree, let’s address the next big question: should you? Here are just a handful of the reasons why completing a master’s before moving onto a PhD is generally a good idea:

• It gives you a competitive edge compared to other applicants.
• It will provide you with a taste of what it’s like to conduct long-form research and reveal what it takes to be a good PhD student .
• You'll have a chance to explore a research topic to see if there’s enough scope to turn it into your PhD, or you may find offshoot topics that could be explored in more detail.
• You'll experience what it’s like to work with a supervisor and better understand if this process suits your personality type.

Can I go straight from bachelor’s to PhD?

Yes. Most universities will accept applications from students who have a bachelor’s degree with honours (typically at least IIA) as their highest level of completed study. Some universities may accept a bachelor’s degree without honours but with several years of relevant research experience, or a bachelor’s degree without honours but followed by a relevant graduate certificate or graduate diploma.

As we've emphasised above, there are definite benefits to completing further studies after your undergraduate degree to prepare you for your PhD. It’s understandable that you might want to fast-track your way to your Doctor of Philosophy, but remember that going in as prepared as possible will help you get the most out of your research.

If you don’t want to commit to a master’s program after your undergraduate degree but you still have your heart set on a PhD, talk to your course convener about fitting research units into your study plan during your bachelor’s program. Completing a graduate certificate or diploma following your bachelor’s, with a focus on the research area you wish to pursue with a PhD, will help you get a clearer idea of potential research topics too.

There are opportunities for undergraduate and postgraduate students to apply for one of UQ’s summer and winter research programs . These programs can help to boost your knowledge and skills in research and your field of study – and better prepare you for PhD studies.

When considering whether or not to apply for a PhD without a master’s degree, remember that the process is competitive, and it can take time to find the right supervisor . Having a master’s degree could put you ahead of other applicants and secure you that valued place as a PhD candidate.

Want to know more about how a PhD works? How do you find a supervisor? What are the best tips for writing your proposal? Find answers by reading our comprehensive guide: How to get a PhD.

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Can You Get a PhD without a Masters?

• Applying to a PhD

Yes, it’s possible to get a PhD without first having a Masters degree .

The conventional route for someone who earns a PhD is to pursue a Bachelor’s degree, followed by a Masters degree and then a PhD. However, several students opt to bypass a Master’s degree by enrolling onto a doctoral programme as soon as they complete their undergraduate degree.

Before we discuss how this can be done, it is worth mentioning the advantages and disadvantages of this route.

Advantages of Applying to a PhD without A Masters

The motivations for undertaking a PhD immediately after an undergraduate course are largely in saving money and time. This is because you will essentially eliminate a year of study. Another advantage of immediately enrolling onto a doctorate degree is project availability. If you find a project that you’re really interested in, it’s unlikely that it will still be available in a years’ time. Therefore, bypassing a Masters and enrolling directly into a PhD will increase your chances of securing the research project before it becomes unavailable.

Disadvantages of Applying to a PhD without A Masters

Although a Masters degree will add a year onto your academic journey, it can be incredibility helpful for your development and can help prepare you for a doctoral degree.

Not having a Master’s degree may prove to be a hindrance during your application process. This is because many other students will also apply to the same research projects, and it’s likely that the majority will hold a Masters. This will put you at a disadvantage to them.

Besides this, the dissertation project you’ll be required to undertake on a Master’s programme will provide you with a taste of what it is like to work on a research-based project. In addition to this, it’s likely that you’ll be able to select your own dissertation topic. As such, you can explore a specific field you’re interested in in further detail. This is a great way to confirm that both research-based work and the specific field you’re interested in are right for you before committing the next few years to it via a PhD.

Another advantage to the dissertation project associated with a Masters degree is the opportunity it provides you with to work closely with a project supervisor. This will help you understand the PhD student-supervisor relationship and communication frequency that works best for you. You can then use this knowledge to find supervisors who would compliment you when it comes time to find a PhD project to apply to. For tips on how to find a great PhD supervisor, check out our supervisor guide .

PhD without a Masters – How Does It Work?

To be considered for a PhD without a Master’s, at a minimum you will be expected to have a Bachelors degree. For students looking to enrol onto a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) PhD, a relevant Bachelors in a 3-year undergraduate course is usually expected. However, this is not the case for students looking to apply to non-STEM PhDs. Rather, students looking to apply to doctorates in subjects such as those surrounding Arts and Humanities are usually expected to have a relevant Bachelors from a 4-year course.

In addition to this, you will need to have demonstrated strong academic performance during your undergraduate course. This means that your Bachelors will need to be at least a UK Upper Second-Class Honours (2.1) for nearly all institutions to consider you.

Should you be accepted into a PhD programme without a Masters, the usual process will be to first register you as an MPhil student. You will then have a year to prepare and submit a thesis. Your thesis will need to detail the research you have carried out within that year and outline how you intend to continue it into a full PhD study. There are three outcomes of this MPhil thesis review:

• Failure and you’re not awarded anything.
• You pass, however, the supervisor doesn’t believe you’ve demonstrated strong research skills. You’re awarded an MPhil but they do not upgrade your course to a PhD programme.
• You pass and the supervisor believes you have proven yourself as a capable researcher. Your course is upgraded to a PhD as opposed to you being awarding an MPhil.

For more information on these outcomes, read the outcomes section of our PhD Viva guide .

Integrated PhD

Some universities offer Integrated PhD degree programmes (also known as an Integrated Masters degree). These are four-year programmes comprising of a one-year Masters degree immediately followed by a three-year PhD degree. These can prove a great option for graduate students who are looking to undertake a PhD without a Masters but are struggling to meet the eligibility requirements. You can read about the many benefits of  integrated degrees here .

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

PhD without a Bachelors – Is It Possible?

Yes, it is possible to get a PhD without a Bachelor’s, however, this is extremely uncommon.

When this occurs, it is almost always reserved for very mature individuals. For example, an individual may not be in active academia but still may have significantly contributed to their field. This contribution could be through the work they have undertaken as part of their career, or as part of a long-term study project, they have undertaken out of self-interest.

In either case, the individual would need to prove that they have extensive experience in their field and have directly contributed to new knowledge within it. The key factor here is that their work has pushed the boundaries of existing knowledge. It is not enough for an individual to be regarded as an expert in their field – they must have contributed something new and meaningful. It’s common for individuals awarded a PhD through this means to have produced several publications within their lifetime. It’s also common for the individual to have gained several professional accreditations within their field before even being considered suitable for a PhD research degree.

Universities Offering PhD without a Masters

Unfortunately, there is not a centralised list of universities which offer PhDs without a Master’s degree. The reason for this is that the edibility requirements differ from PhD to PhD and from department to department.

Therefore, you will need to check the guidelines for each individual university and the requirements for each specific PhD you’re interested in.

Should you find a PhD programme you can apply to with a Bachelors, make every effort to make your application as strong as possible. This is because you will be competing against other candidates, most of who will have a Master’s degree.

Not only can you strengthen your application by having a Bachelors with a First-Class Honours (1st), but you can also do so by showing the traits of a successful researcher. This includes showing a genuine interest in the project, a high work ethic, and exceptional communication skills.

Additionally, a strong letter of recommendation from a respected university lecturer will prove very beneficial. This is especially true if the lecturer supervisors his or her own PhD students. This is because the lecturer will understand the skills required for an adept research student.

For more advice on how to apply to a PhD degree, check out our Application Process Guide.

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• Masters Degree FAQS – Common Questions About Postgraduate Study

Masters Degree FAQs – Common Questions About Postgraduate Study

Written by Mark Bennett

A Masters degree, or other postgraduate course, can feel like a big step. Whether you're applying straight from your undergraduate degree or coming back to university after a period in work, you probably have questions. So we've created this page to help you answer them.

Below you can find some of the most frequently asked questions about postgraduate study, covering everything from course types and costs to applications and funding.

We've divided them into sections introducing Masters study and postgraduate course types , explaining how to choose , apply for and fund your course, and looking at what you can do with a Masters .

Introducing postgraduate study

Not sure what postgraduate study involves and whether it's for you? The questions in this section can help explain how Masters degrees and other courses work.

You can find out more information about what a Masters degree is in our guide.

What is a Masters degree?

A Masters degree is a postgraduate university degree, usually studied after an undergraduate Bachelors degree. The most common types of Masters are the MA (Master of Arts) and the MSc (Master of Science).

How do you get a Masters degree?

A Masters degree involves at least one-year of full-time study, concluding with a dissertation or extended project. Masters programmes usually entail a combination of a taught modules with seminars and lectures, as well as individual research.

What's the difference between postgraduate and undergraduate?

Postgraduate is the study level above undergraduate so you would usually complete an undergraduate degree (such as a Bachelors) before moving onto a Masters. For example, if you completed a BA (Hons) in English Literature and you were really interested in the linguistical side of language you might decide to take a Masters in that particular specialism to increase your knowledge.

What's the difference between 'Masters' and 'postgraduate'?

A Masters is one type of postgraduate degree (more advanced courses, usually studied by people who already have undergraduate qualifications). Some other types of course , such as Postgraduate Certificates and Diplomas , aren't full Masters degrees.

What's the difference between a Masters and a PhD?

Masters and PhDs are both postgraduate qualifications, but a PhD is more advanced. Masters degrees explore existing subject knowledge in greater detail. PhD study focusses on original research that adds significant new knowledge to a subject.

Is postgraduate study the same as graduate study?

'Postgraduate' and 'graduate' generally mean the same thing when used to describe university degrees:

• Postgraduate study is a British term for courses that begin after someone has already graduated from a Bachelors (a post-graduate degree)
• Graduate study is a North American term for courses that begin once someone is a graduate (having finished a Bachelors degree)

So, basically, a Masters in the UK is referred to as a postgraduate degree, but a Masters in the USA is referred to as a graduate degree.

Is a Masters a graduate degree?

Yes. Masters degrees are classified as 'graduate' level degrees in the USA and North America, and are usually studied within universities' graduate schools, or graduate programs. In the UK and Europe, a Masters is commonly referred to as a 'postgraduate' degree instead.

What level is a Masters?

A Masters degree is a second-cycle degree, above a Bachelors but below a PhD (or other doctorate). Most people study a Masters as a postgraduate student, having already finished an undergraduate degree.

How many credits is a Masters?

A UK Masters degree is worth 180 credits. Elsewhere in Europe a Masters is worth 120 ECTS credits .

What's the difference between a taught and research Masters?

Most Masters degrees are taught courses, consisting of lectures and seminars followed by a dissertation project.

Research Masters involve much more independent work, but the exact difference between a taught and research Masters varies. An MRes (Master of Research) usually involves longer (or multiple) dissertation tasks. An MPhil (Master of Philosophy) is entirely research based and may form part of a PhD.

Research Masters are less common outside the UK.

What is a postgraduate student?

A postgraduate student is someone who is studying a postgraduate degree (such as a Masters or PhD ). Postgraduate students have normally already completed an undergraduate degree (such as a Bachelors).

How long it takes to get a Masters degree

How long is a Masters degree, and when can you expect to graduate? This section answers these questions, as well as exploring the difference between a part-time and a full-time Masters.

For more information, see our guides to: international Masters study , studying a Masters part-time .

How long is a Masters degree?

A full-time Masters is usually 1-2 years long. Most Masters degrees in the UK take one year, but programmes in other countries are often longer.

A part-time Masters in the UK usually takes two years. However, you may be able to complete your Masters over up to six years, depending on your university and the pace you choose to work at.

When do Masters students graduate?

Masters students in the UK normally have their graduation ceremony in the winter after they’ve handed in their dissertation (typically between November and January). Technically speaking, you’ll count as having graduated after you’ve received your results and a passing grade.

When do Masters courses finish?

In the UK, if you begin a one-year taught Masters in the autumn, you’ll usually finish your modules at the end of spring, and then write your dissertation over the summer holidays.

What it's like to study a Masters

The section explains what's expected of you as a Masters student, including how many hours per week you'll be expected to work, whether you'll need to take exams and how many contact hours you'll have.

For more information, see our guide: what's postgraduate study like?

How many days a week is a Masters degree?

This depends on the subject and type of Masters you’re studying. The schedule for a laboratory-based Masters could be the equivalent of a full-time working week, with students expected to be on-campus Monday to Friday. If you’re studying a taught Masters, meanwhile, your contact hours might only require you to attend university two or three times a week. Of course, you’ll still be expected to do plenty of reading and independent research outside of seminars and lectures.

How many contact hours for a Masters?

For classroom-based taught Masters, students will usually have between five and 10 contact hours per week, through a combination of seminars, lectures and workshops. Laboratory-based Masters will have more contact hours – often around 20 hours a week.

How many hours do you need to work on a Masters?

It depends on your course, but you will need to spend more time working independently to be successful as a postgraduate student. You should be prepared to study for at least 20-25 hours per week, in addition to your timetable of classes and lectures.

How hard is a Masters?

Masters degrees tackle more advanced material than Bachelors degrees and students are expected to study more independently. But anyone who has completed an undergraduate degree should be prepared for postgraduate study.

Is postgraduate study harder than undergraduate study?

Masters degrees are more advanced, but you should be prepared if you've already done a Bachelors. The main difference between undergraduate and postgraduate study is the requirement to work more independently during your programme. You'll also need to produce a more substantial dissertation at the end of your degree.

Do you need to do a dissertation for a Masters?

Yes. All Masters degrees end with a dissertation , thesis or equivalent. This usually takes up the third semester of your course as well as part of the summer. Courses that don't include a dissertation are usually Postgraduate Diploma or Certificate level.

How long is a Masters dissertation?

A Masters dissertation (or thesis) is usually around 15,000-20,000 words. Most are divided into three to four individual chapters, plus an introduction, conclusion and bibliography.

Do Masters degrees have exams?

Assessments for Masters degrees vary by subject. Courses in Arts and Humanities will usually be assessed through essays and coursework. STEM subjects may also have formal exams to test knowledge of key concepts and practices.

Can you work during a Masters?

Some students do work part-time during a Masters. The limited contact time for some courses can make it easier to balance work and study, but you should resist the temptation to take on too many working hours: a Masters requires much more independent study time than a Bachelors.

International students should also check that working hours aren't restricted by their visas. A Student Route visa (previously known as the UK Tier 4 student visa) only allows 20 working hours per week in term time.

Can postgraduate students live in halls?

Some universities provide accommodation for Masters students. This might consist of dedicated postgraduate halls of residence, or rooms in standard student dormitories. Accommodation for postgraduates may be more limited than for undergraduates though, so it's a good idea to enquire early.

Postgraduate course types

There are far more courses available at postgraduate level than there are at undergraduate level, and lots of flexible ways to study. This section will help explain your options.

For more detailed information, see our guide: Types of Masters Degrees

What's the difference between an MA and an MSc?

An MA (Master of Arts) is normally awarded in Arts, Humanities and some Social Science subjects. An MSc (Master of Science) degree is normally awarded in Science, technology Engineering, Medicine and Mathematics subjects. They're both equivalent to each other, last for the same time and involve similar types of study; it's just the degree subject that's different.

Is an LLM a Masters?

An LLM (Master of Laws) is a specialised Masters degree in Law, offering advanced training in different legal topics. An LLM is generally worth the same as other Masters degrees, but some programmes also include a professional LPC (Legal Practice Course).

Is an MBA a Masters?

An MBA (Master of Business Administration) is a very prestigious professional Masters degree designed for experienced Business Management professionals.

MBAs are usually longer than other Masters and are often completed part-time. Alternative Business Masters degrees such as the MIM (Masters in Management) are available for people coming straight from an undergraduate degree.

Is a PGCE a Masters?

A PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) is a postgraduate teacher training qualification , for people who want to qualify to teach in UK schools. A PGCE is worth less credits than a Masters, though some students complete extra course components to earn a Masters with their PGCE.

What is a PGCert?

A PGCert (Postgraduate Certificate) is a short postgraduate course, worth 60 credits in the UK. PGCert courses usually include one term (or the equivalent) of Masters-level material, with no dissertation.

What is a PGDip?

A PGDip (Postgraduate Diploma) is a short postgraduate course, worth 120 credits in the UK. PGDip courses usually include two terms of study: roughly equivalent to a Masters degree without a final dissertation.

What is an integrated Masters?

An integrated Masters is an undergraduate degree that combines a Bachelors and a Masters. Students normally study the Bachelors portion of their course for three years before moving on to a final Masters year.

Some Masters such as the MEng (Master of Engineering) are routinely offered as integrated undergraduate degrees. Four-year Masters qualifications are also common at some Scottish universities .

What is a postgraduate conversion course?

A conversion course provides professional training for people who wish to change career or qualify for a job that isn't related to their existing qualifications. The GDL (graduate Diploma in Law) and PGCE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education) are examples of postgraduate conversion courses.

Can you study a Masters by distance learning?

Yes. Most universities offer distance learning Masters degrees (some specialise in this). Studying in this way means that you won't need to attend regular lectures or seminars, though you may still come to campus occasionally to meet tutors or use libraries and facilities.

Can you study a Masters online?

Yes. Some universities offer online Masters degrees . Unlike distance learning Masters, these courses are delivered entirely over the internet, with virtual discussion groups, electronic assessments and no need to attend a physical campus.

Choosing a Masters

Wondering what to look for in postgraduate study, or how to choose between different Masters degree qualifications? Here are some things to consider.

For more detailed information, see our guides to: Finding a Masters

What are the most popular subjects for a Masters?

The most popular postgraduate subjects in the UK are: Business Studies, Education, Nursing, Economics and Biological Sciences. There are a huge range of Masters degrees out there though, so take the time to find the right one for your interests and career plans.

Can you get a Masters in any subject?

Yes, you can study a Masters in pretty much any subject you can think of. In fact, the nature of a Masters means that it’s more common to specialise in a particular topic within a subject or discipline. As such, you can expect to find Masters programmes in more niche academia areas than would be available at Bachelors level.

Do rankings matter for Masters degrees?

Overall university rankings are based on broad metrics that don't necessarily say how good a university's Masters courses are. To use rankings for postgraduate study you should 'zoom in' on specific metrics or look at rankings for your subject (as these will say more about the quality of a Masters in that field).

Should you do your Masters at a different university?

You should choose postgraduate study at a university with the best Masters course for you. Staying at your current university can have advantages (you'll be familiar with the campus and teaching style) but you should always look at other Masters degrees too – you never know: there might be a great opportunity out there that you weren't aware of.

What is the best subject to study for a Masters?

The best postgraduate subject for you will depend on what you want to achieve with your Masters degree. Some professional Masters degrees can prepare you for specific careers, but more academic Masters degrees can also be a chance to spend more time studying a subject you love whilst learning to work more independently, think critically and tackle more complex ideas.

Can you take a gap year before postgraduate study?

Yes. Some students do take a postgraduate gap year between finishing a Bachelors and starting a Masters. This can be an opportunity to get a break from university, travel and save some money towards your postgraduate fees.

How do you choose a Masters degree?

There are lots of factors to consider when choosing a Masters:

• Relevance – does the course cover the sorts of material you're looking for? Are the modules and dissertation options interesting?
• University rankings – does the university have a good record and reputation in your subject?
• Cost – fees for Masters degrees vary between universities and some are quite a bit more expensive than others

Is it worth going to a postgraduate study fair?

If you aren't sure what kind of course you're looking for, or have questions about Masters study, a postgraduate study fair or open day can be a great way to get more information. These events are free to attend and happen all year round.

Applying for a Masters

Applying for postgraduate study is a little different to going to university the first time around. Here are answers to some of the questions you might have.

For more detailed information, see our guides to: Masters Degree Applications

What grades do you need for a Masters?

You'll normally need a relevant undergraduate degree for admission to a Masters. A 2.1 or higher is the standard entry requirement , but it can be possible to do a Masters with a lower class degree .

What GPA do you need for a Masters?

Universities in the USA may look at your undergraduate GPA (grade point average) score when considering Masters degree applications. A GPA of 3.0 or higher is usually considered 'good' – and is roughly equivalent to a UK 2.1. Universities in the UK and Europe don't usually use the GPA system.

Can you apply for a Masters with a 2.2 or a third?

It can be possible to apply for a Masters with a lower class degree . You may need to explain how your skills, experience and enthusiasm have equipped you for postgraduate study (and make a stronger case for this in your personal statement ). Having a 2.2 or third will probably make it harder to apply for more competitive postgraduate funding.

Do you need a Bachelors to apply for a Masters?

Most universities expect applicants for Masters study to have an undergraduate degree in a related field. However, you may be able to apply without a Bachelors if you can demonstrate relevant experience and your overall postgraduate application is very strong.

Do you need an IELTS score for a Masters?

If you're applying to study a Masters abroad in English, and English isn't your first language, you may need to take an IELTS test for postgraduate study . Exceptions may be made for international students who have already completed a degree in English. Alternative language tests include the TOEFL (below).

Do you need a TOEFL score for a Masters?

If you're applying to study a Masters abroad in English, and English isn't your first language, you may need to take a TOEFL test for postgraduate study . Exceptions may be made for international students who have already completed a degree in English. Alternative language tests include the IELTS (above).

Do you need a GMAT for a Masters?

The GMAT (Graduate Management Admissions Test) is a graduate entry test used for some applications to MBA programmes and other Business Masters degrees. It checks whether you have the right critical thinking skills and management knowledge to succeed on these courses.

The GMAT is often part of applications to more selective Business Schools in the UK and USA, but isn't required at all universities.

Do you need a GRE for a Masters?

The GRE (Graduate Record Examination) is a graduate entry test used for a wide range of subjects (though the GMAT is more common for Business and Management programmes). It tests your critical thinking, literacy and numeracy skills to assess how prepared you are for postgraduate study.

The GRE isn't a common requirement in the UK and Europe, but is used at more selective universities in the USA and other countries.

What do you need for a Masters application?

Applications for postgraduate study are usually handled directly by universities and most will require some (or all) of the following:

• Evidence of your final (or predicted) undergraduate grades
• A personal statement , explaining why you want to study this course
• One or two references (ideally including previous course tutors)
• Information on how you expect to fund postgraduate study
• Evidence of language ability (if you are studying in a second language)
• Scores from graduate admissions tests (if you are applying for more selective / competitive programmes)

Some universities interview applicants to check they have chosen the right course or to select from a shortlist of candidates for programmes with limited places.

How many Masters degrees can you apply for?

In most countries there's no limit on the number of Masters degrees you can apply for at the same time. That said, postgraduate applications do take time and you should make sure you tailor each one to the specific course (particularly when it comes to writing your personal statement ).

Do you need to use UCAS for Masters applications?

No. A small number of UK universities use a UCAS postgraduate service for their Masters degrees, but the majority accept applications directly from students. Using UCAS is not compulsory for postgraduate study.

Is there a fee for postgraduate applications?

There is usually no fee to apply for Masters degree (or PhD) in the UK. Some other countries may charge small fees for postgraduate applications.

When should you apply for a Masters?

There isn't usually a set application deadline for Masters degrees in the UK . However, you should make sure you apply in plenty of time for the course start date which will usually be September. If you're applying to study in your home country you should usually start the process in the spring or summer. If you're applying to study a Masters abroad you should start earlier to allow time for your visa application.

Do you need to have an interview for a Masters application?

Most of the time formal interviews aren't required for Masters degree applications. However, some universities will use Masters interviews to select applications for more competitive courses. Others may also invite you to visit them more informally and check that the degree and university you've chosen are a good fit for you.

Can you start a Masters in January?

Most postgraduate courses in the UK begin in the autumn (September / October) but there are some Masters degree programmes with a January start date .

Funding a Masters

Masters fees vary and postgraduate student loans won't cover all of your costs. The following answers will help you make sense of funding.

For more detailed information, see our guides to: Masters Degree Funding

How much does a Masters degree cost?

Average UK Masters fees are between £7,000 and £9,000 per year (for full-time study), though clinical subjects and MBAs can be much more expensive. The cost of a Masters varies in other countries around the world.

Is it cheaper to study a Masters part-time?

Annual fees for part-time postgraduate programmes are usually cheaper. You'll probably pay around 50% of the rate of an equivalent full-time student.

Bear in mind though that you'll also study for longer and will probably pay the same fees in the long run. You'll also have to cover the cost of living whilst studying for longer.

Can you study a Masters for free?

Some countries charge no fees for Masters degrees . This isn't quite the same as studying for 'free' though – you'll still need to cover living costs and other expenses to do with your degree.

Can you get a student loan for a Masters?

Postgraduate loans are available across the UK , but the amount you can get depends on which part of the country you're from:

• England offers postgraduate loans of up to £11,836
• Scotland offers postgraduate loans of up to £10,000
• Northern Ireland offers postgraduate loans of up to £5,500
• Wales offers postgraduate loans and grants of up to £18,430

Some other countries also offer their own postgraduate funding.

Who funds Masters degrees?

Masters degree funding in the UK is available from several sources, including:

• Student loans
• University scholarships, studentships and bursaries
• Charities and trusts
• Research Councils

What postgraduate funding can international students get?

International students aren't usually eligible for UK Masters degree loans, but international funding is available from universities, charities and government scholarship schemes.

Is it cheaper to study a Masters abroad?

Some countries charge relatively little (or nothing) for postgraduate study, so it's worth comparing different destinations . Bear in mind though that you'll still need to pay for accommodation and living costs during your degree.

Do postgraduate students pay Council Tax?

Full-time Masters students are exempt from paying Council Tax in the UK, just the same as undergraduate students. If everyone in your household is a full-time student, you won't pay any Council Tax. If you live with non-students your household will qualify for a Council Tax discount .

Does postgraduate study affect your benefits?

You can still claim some benefits as a postgraduate student in the UK. However, you should be aware that your entitlement to student loans can affect your income for any means-tested benefits.

Career prospects

Whatever your reason for considering a Masters degree, it's normal to have questions about career prospects, earnings and other potential outcomes. We've answered some of these below.

For more detailed information, see our guide to: Masters Degrees, Employment and Earnings

Are all Masters degrees worth the same?

All properly accredited and awarded Masters degrees are respected academic qualifications (an MA is worth the same as an MSc, and so on).

Will you earn more with a Masters?

There's good evidence to suggest that people with a Masters degree do earn more than other graduates . That said, there's no guarantee that a Masters will definitely boost your salary on its own.

Will you get a better job with a Masters?

There aren't many jobs that specifically require a Masters degree. That said, having a postgraduate qualification demonstrates that you can tackle more advanced material, can work more independently and will have a deeper knowledge of your subject. Evidence also suggests that some subjects so produce very employable (post)graduates.

Do you need a Masters degree to do a PhD?

You don't necessarily need to have a Masters to apply for a PhD , but it's often beneficial. Arts and Humanities subjects prefer students to have some experience of postgraduate-level work before starting a doctorate. STEM subjects are more likely to accept applications straight from undergraduate level, but having a Masters could increase your chances of winning a funded place.

Can a Masters degree leave you overqualified?

Employers will generally respect postgraduate qualifications (even if they aren't looking for them) and your Masters subject doesn't necessarily have to fit exactly with the job you apply for afterwards.

That said, you should always be able to explain why you chose to study a degree (at any level) and communicate what you got out of the experience.

How are Masters degrees graded?

The standard grades for a Masters in the UK are:

• Distinction (equivalent to a 1st)
• Merit (equivalent to a 2.1)
• Pass (equivalent to a 2.2 or third)

Other countries use their own systems. Universities in the USA and Canada are more likely to calculate a GPA (Grade Point Average) score than award a set degree classification.

When do you graduate from a Masters?

Postgraduate students often graduate separately to undergraduates. This is because Masters degrees finish later (as you spend the summer doing your dissertation ).

Is it 'Masters degree' or master's degree?

Strictly speaking, 'master's degree' is correct. The word 'master's' is a possessive noun (so it gets an apostrophe) but not a proper noun (so it doesn't need to be capitalised).

Here at FindAMasters we write Masters to make things easier to read and to fit with the title of our website (a URL with an apostrophe in it wouldn't really work).

Looking for more information?

Hopefully we've managed to cover some of the main questions you have about postgraduate study. You can check our advice , funding and study abroad sections for more detailed guides to all of these topics.

Don't forget that you can also subscribe to our free postgraduate study newsletter : we'll send you details of new Masters courses and open days, plus the best posts and latest news from our blog.

Find your perfect Masters!

Search from over 20,000 Masters degrees on our website to find one that is right for you

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

Thinking of applying for a Masters? Our guide explains the process, personal statements, references and deadlines for Masters applications.

A Masters is an advanced academic degree that takes place at postgraduate, or 'second-cycle', level, building on existing undergraduate study.

Your personal statement may be an important part of an application for a Masters degree or other postgraduate course. Our guide explains how to write one.

The main requirement to apply for a Masters is usually a Bachelors degree in a relevant subject. Our guide explains the admissions requirements for postgraduate courses.

Will studying a Masters degree help you earn a higher salary? And will postgraduate qualifications get you a better job? We've looked at the facts and figures.

This page uses official data to find out which Masters subjects are most in demand by employers, as well as Masters graduate salaries for several disciplines.

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Do You Need a Masters to Get a PhD [2024 Guide]

Do you need a masters to get a PhD? It is possible to earn your PhD without a masters program being completed first. This direct entry bachelor’s to PhD option can be a helpful way to reduce the time and money required to complete your education.

Earning a PhD degree may put you on the path to exciting and rewarding career opportunities in a variety of fields. It may also specifically prepare you for a career in research and teaching.

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While in many cases it is possible to earn your PhD without a masters, completing a masters program may sometimes be a better fit for your personal educational journey and career objectives.

Do You Need a Masters to Get a PhD?

No, a master’s degree is not always required to earn a PhD. A number of schools may allow you to enroll in a PhD-level program without having previously obtained your master’s degree if you meet the school’s and program’s admission criteria.

In some cases, Ph.D. programs may allow you to skip the need to obtain a master’s degree. These programs allow direct enrollment from a bachelor’s degree program into a PhD or doctorate program. Other schools may offer dual programs. These programs allow you to obtain a master’s graduate degree while you complete coursework for a PhD.

However, a growing number of universities now offer one year masters programs that may be beneficial to you and some of the highest paying masters degrees may be worth exploring before considering direct-entry PhD programs.

The availability of direct entry bachelor’s to PhD programs and dual master-PhD programs may vary from school to school. So, it can be helpful to research specific schools and fields of interest before applying.

Pros and Cons of Earning a PhD Without a Master’s

Earning a PhD without a master’s can offer some unique benefits, but depending on your career goals and personal objectives, it may come with some cons as well.

• Save time . Earning your PhD without a master’s will often save you time, as you won’t need to complete the 1 to 3 years required of a master’s education.
• Save money . Skipping a masters program may also save you money, as you get to avoid the tuition costs of a masters program.
• Enter the workforce more quickly . Attending a direct entry PhD program may allow you to enter the workforce more quickly and achieve advanced positions in your field sooner than other educational routes.
• PhD not always required . Depending on your career goals, a PhD may not be necessary or helpful in achieving your target. In these instances, earning a doctoral degree may simply increase the time it takes for you to begin working in your field of choice.
• Master’s degrees can offer clarity and experience . Earning a master’s may offer perspective in terms of choosing a trajectory for your studies in a PhD program. A master’s also allows you to experience postsecondary studies that are more self-directed than bachelor degree programs.
• Master’s degrees can offer competitive advantage . In some cases, it may be more challenging to compete with other students who have completed a master’s program when it comes to being accepted into a PhD program or competing for certain research topics.

Enrolling in a direct entry bachelors to PhD program may not be right for everyone. It may be a good option for you, though, if you’re interested in obtaining your PhD and finishing your educational journey in less time and at lesser cost.

If you are interested in changing careers and you do decide that a masters degree is right for you, you may want to consider the best master’s degrees for career change that many universities offer their grad students.

Can You Get a PhD Without a Masters?

Yes, you can get a PhD without first obtaining a master’s degree. A number of universities offer direct entry to PhD programs from undergraduate or bachelor degree studies.

In some cases, specific schools or programs may prefer that applicants hold a master’s degree. Other options that may exist are dual master and PhD programs, which are available from certain universities.

Admission criteria to a PhD program will vary from school to school. Criteria may include the completion of an application form, submission of GRE or GMAT scores, payment of an application fee, and a written statement of purpose.

Other criteria for admission to a PhD without masters program could include submission of a resume, letters of reference, and transcripts from previous postsecondary studies, such as your bachelor’s degree.

How Hard Is It to Get into a PhD Program?

Entry requirements for doctorate degrees vary from school to school and across programs.

Some common requirements, though, that you may come across include the completion of a bachelor’s degree program, a letter of interest, and a submission of a CV or resume. Some schools may require you to submit GRE or GMAT scores, but this requirement is becoming less common among accredited programs and institutions.

Once accepted into a PhD program, you may be required to undertake a significant amount of self-directed study and research, complete advanced coursework in your field of study, and fulfill a dissertation requirement.

What Can You Do with a PhD?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , there are a number of rewarding careers that may be available to you with a PhD. Some career fields in which a PhD is valuable include health, education, finance, management, and governance. Postsecondary health education and physical therapy are among the highest paying PhD degrees available.

Some positions that you may qualify for with a PhD include psychologist, economist, postsecondary teacher, political scientist, anthropologist, archeologist, and biochemist. Other positions could include engineer, historian, and chemist.

Understanding what a PhD degree is can help you plan your career goals. It is common for a PhD education to lead to careers in research, where you can contribute to the existing breadth of knowledge and understanding in a particular field. Teaching is another professional area common to PhD graduates, including teaching at universities and colleges.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD Without a Masters?

Completing a master’s degree generally takes anywhere from 1 to 2 years, depending on the type of program and attendance schedule.

Obtaining a PhD without a masters degree is a unique opportunity that may allow you to shorten your academic journey. Traditionally, a bachelor’s degree takes 4 years to complete while PhD degrees can take anywhere from 3 to 5 years, depending on the program and school you attend.

Earn Your PhD Online

Earning your PhD online without a master’s may be a beneficial way for you to achieve advanced level education. You may complete a terminal degree in your field of choice while saving time and money. You may also benefit from advancement early in your career.

There are a variety of direct entry and accelerated PhD programs online available from accredited schools. You may find that obtaining your PhD without first earning a master’s degree allows you to enter into your profession of choice much quicker than expected.

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Do You Need a Master’s to Get a PhD? Not Necessarily

If you’re thinking about becoming an expert in your field by getting a PhD, you might already know how long the road ahead of you may be. Many people dream of getting a PhD, but they often get put off by the time commitment and cost involved before they can even get started.

After all, PhDs can take anywhere from 3 to 8 years  to finish — and in some cases, even more. Getting a PhD can be quite a difficult endeavor for people who have jobs , families, and other financial responsibilities to balance along the way.

If you want that coveted PhD without compromising your other responsibilities, you might find yourself asking, “do you need a master’s to get a PhD?”

The short answer is: not necessarily .

Although the traditional route to a PhD often involves getting a master’s degree first, many direct to PhD programs allow academics to skip an MA altogether. Even those with bachelor’s degrees have a decent chance at getting into a PhD program. However, going directly for a doctorate still has its advantages and disadvantages.

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How to Get a PhD Without a Master’s Degree

The minimum requirement to be considered for a PhD is a bachelor’s degree, but your chances of getting accepted will depend on how well you tender your application .

Educational institutions won’t freely advertise that they offer doctorates without master’s degrees. It becomes your task to look into the core beliefs of the universities you’re interested in to see whether you have a chance at success.

When putting together your application, you’ll have to check the universities’ requirements to ensure that your previous academic performance qualifies. The better your qualifications and recommendation letters are, the higher your chances of being considered.

Of course, you may be able to eliminate many of your troubles by going the direct to PhD route, which takes you from undergrad straight into a doctorate program.

PhD Without a Master’s – How Does it Work?

PhD programs that consider candidates who don’t already have a master’s will expect you to have at least a bachelor’s degree.

The expectation can vary depending on the doctorate, but the bare minimum requirement is generally:

A three-year undergraduate degree in a related discipline for STEM PhDs

A relevant four-year undergraduate degree for PhDs in the arts and humanities.

To be considered for a PhD without a master’s, you’ll also need to have a strong academic record from your undergraduate studies. Universities are highly selective when admitting PhD candidates without master’s, so you’ll need to show academic transcripts with a high GPA.

The first way you can study a PhD without a master’s is by applying to a program that allows a direct route from bachelor’s to PhD. There are a number of doctoral programs, especially online ones, that only require you to have an undergraduate degree to apply. Be aware that even if a master’s is not required, you’ll need to submit a strong application, including a compelling research proposal, in order to stand out from other applicants, many of whom may have master’s degrees.

Even if the program normally requires a master’s as a prerequisite, you may be able to get around this by first pursuing an MPhil. Under this process, you’re given a year to prepare a thesis, which outlines your initial research and how you plan to expand on it for a full PhD dissertation. If successful, your MPhil will be upgraded to a doctorate, you’ll become a PhD candidate, and eventually be able to earn a PhD. If you don’t demonstrate strong enough research skills, you may also pass and be awarded an MPhil degree, but won’t be upgraded to a PhD student.

Another option would be to pursue an integrated PhD program, sometimes known as an integrated master’s degree. These are specific courses offered by some colleges that combine a master’s and PhD: if you’re successful, at the end of the course you’ll be awarded both qualifications. Typically, integrated PhD programs last for four years, covering a one-year master’s and a three-year PhD.

How Long Does it Take to Get a PhD Without a Master’s?

Studying a PhD program without a master’s will typically add an extra year to the usual timeline , as you’ll need to spend an additional year either completing an MPhil or as part of an integrated PhD program. Therefore, as most doctorates take three to five years to complete, a PhD without a master’s will usually take between four and six years.

On the other hand, if you choose a PhD program that only requires a bachelor’s degree to join, it will only take the standard length of time for that program, usually three to five years.

Which Universities Offer PhDs Without a Master’s?

Unfortunately, most universities don’t advertise PhD programs without master’s, as candidates are generally accepted on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, admission requirements for PhD programs are usually set by the school or department, so even if one PhD program accepts candidates without master’s degrees, this may not be the case across the university.

If you want to pursue a PhD without a master’s, you’ll need to contact the admissions committee of the programs you’re interested in, and check their requirements.

Is it Possible to Get a PhD Without a Bachelor’s Degree?

It is not impossible to get a PhD without first having a bachelor’s degree, but it is very uncommon. In some rare cases, universities may accept candidates for doctoral programs with extensive professional experience in lieu of an undergraduate qualification.

If you’re able to demonstrate significant contributions to your field through either work or self-directed study, and that you’ve directly contributed new knowledge to the discipline, you may be accepted into a PhD program. You’ll be more likely to be accepted if you’ve been published, preferably multiple times, and have a number of professional accreditations.

Advantages of Going Straight to PhD

The biggest advantage of bypassing a master’s degree is easily the amount of time and money you can save in the process.

An MA can take as short as a year or as long as three to obtain. And when doctorates usually take anywhere from 5-7 years, shaving 1-3 years off can make a huge difference — especially for busy people who want to get ahead in their careers quickly.

Of course, you also won’t need to pay thousands of dollars in tuition fees for an MA. These savings alone are usually enough to convince many people to go for a PhD without master’s degrees slowing them down along the way.

Other benefits you may encounter are:

• Grants and Stipends – Another advantage of joining a direct-entry doctorate program is the possibility of obtaining outside funding (if you qualify). Many PhD programs offer students financial assistance in the form of partial funding or full tuition waivers. If you can benefit from financial aid, you might be glad to know that some programs also offer stipends on top of the tuition grants.
• Research Projects  – As a doctoral candidate, you might want to start or join certain research projects that may be time-sensitive. In cases like these, it’s usually advisable to go directly for PhDs to increase your chances of securing your dream project. If the project you’re looking at is a long-term endeavor, a doctoral program may also be the best route to allow for more in-depth fieldwork and experiments during your studies.
• Less Stress and Hassle  – Choosing not to go for a master’s degree might help eliminate stress and hassle, such as school applications and potential relocations. Going direct to PhD means you’ll likely only need to move once (if at all) to your chosen school’s area.

Disadvantages of Skipping a Master’s Degree

Although the answer to the question “can you get a PhD without a master’s?” is a resounding yes, it doesn’t always mean that it’s the right choice for everyone.

Going from undergraduate studies straight into a PhD program can be quite a huge adjustment. The program might suddenly expect you to get familiar with new techniques, work, and professional relationships — and fast!

This adjustment period may put you at a disadvantage compared to other doctorate candidates who have previously completed a master’s degree.

Other hindrances you might encounter are:

• Difficulty During Applications Process  – PhD programs are competitive and often only take the best-qualified applicants. If you’re competing with other students who have master’s degrees, it may affect your chances of securing a spot. However, if you go for a direct to PhD program  (undergraduate straight into PhD), it may be possible to avoid this problem.
• Less Experience in Research and Dissertation Work  – A thesis or dissertation is a major requirement of completing a master’s degree. Skipping an MA means you’re missing out on all of the experience you’d otherwise get in research and fieldwork. You’ll also have less experience actually writing a dissertation.
• Less Time to Confirm Your Interests  – Working on your master’s thesis will allow you to select a topic that interests you. You usually spend about a year working on your thesis, during which you can explore the topic further to confirm whether it’s really what you want to go into. By skipping the MA, you’re potentially giving up the chance to verify if the field truly interests you before you fully commit to it for the duration of your PhD. Going straight into a doctoral program may also mean that you miss out on the chance to choose your own topic and create your own research proposal.
• Missing the Opportunity to Work with a Thesis Supervisor – When doing a master’s degree, postgraduate students work with a thesis supervisor who provides guidance and advice for their projects. Going direct to PhD means you miss out on the experience of working with a supervisor and finding the right types of communication, schedules, and professional relationships for your needs. This means you’ll have to figure all of this out during your doctorate program, which can add to your stress.

So Can you Get a PhD  Without a Master’s? Yes, But Not Always

You don’t necessarily need a master’s in order to pursue a PhD. Some PhD programs accept candidates with a bachelor’s degree only, or you may be able to get around a master’s prerequisite by signing up for a MPhil or an integrated PhD program.

The “ideal” doctorate program doesn’t come along often. If you find yourself faced with a choice between pursuing a master’s degree  or trying to get into your dream doctoral program, you might want to skip the master’s degree altogether.

Although you may miss out on an MA qualification, often, a finished PhD supersedes the need for one anyway.

Getting a PhD without a master’s degree can be difficult, but it’s certainly not impossible! For more inspiration, take a look at our guides to the highest-paying PhD degrees  and the best one-year online PhD programs .

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you skip a master’s and get a phd.

Yes, there are a few ways you may be able to get into a PhD program without completing a master’s first. You could opt for a PhD program that doesn’t require master’s as a prerequisite, or go for a MPhil or integrated PhD program. However, keep in mind that not all universities or programs allow you to apply for a PhD without a master’s.

Can I apply for a PhD after my bachelor’s?

In some cases, you can apply to a PhD program as soon as you’ve finished your undergraduate degree. Some doctoral programs accept candidates with a bachelor’s degree only, though you’ll probably need to have an excellent academic record and a strong research proposal.

Is a PhD better than a master’s?

PhD and master’s degrees are valuable in different ways, so it’s not really fair to say that a PhD is better than a master’s. Although a PhD is a more advanced degree, there are roles and professions that would prefer you to have a master’s rather than a PhD. Master’s programs usually have a more practical, real-world focus, which can be more useful  for many roles in the business, non-profit, and government sectors. On the other hand, a PhD is strongly rooted in in-depth research, so prepares candidates to work in research and academia.

Lisa Marlin

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A PhD Without A Masters Degree

The PhD usually came after the Bachelor’s degree for many years in the United Kingdom. There was no real need to successfully gain a Master’s degree before embarking on this mammoth task of empirical research. Whilst some undergraduate degrees still lead to a Master’s qualification, and many people still complete Master degrees, it is possible to do a PhD without a Masters degree .

Firstly, your creative ideas are novel which allows for innovative, fresh approaches, in addition to exerted interest and enthusiasm for an area of study. Secondly, a Master’s degree can be quite expensive and although there are bursaries and schemes available they often still require costly personal financial contributions. Thirdly, pursuing a PhD without a Master’s degree reduces the amount of time on your studies, allowing you to follow a desired career path that motivates and excites you.

Disadvantages

The Master’s degree exists to show that the student can study at a higher level and this qualification allows you to practice the necessary research skills. This also determines if committing to a large research project is right for you. Additionally, the Master’s dissertation forms a part of the PhD in several British universities, so you are potentially gaining one to two extra years to make your original contribution to the field of study.

Applications

As with any PhD application , it is important to check your eligibility with the universities you have chosen to apply to. Different institutions have varying regulations, and in some cases, a Master’s degree might be compulsory. Also, make sure you have lots of evidence in your application about why you would make a good doctoral student by presenting concrete examples of your work at the equivalent of Master’s degree level. Additionally, be clear that you are motivated and determined to add to a body of knowledge through innovative, empirical research that requires stamina, hard work, determination and collaboration.

Coping strategies

The first few months can be overwhelming, but it is important to remember that you have been accepted as a doctoral student. This confirms that a panel of experts believe that you can achieve such a prestigious degree.

In your first term try and reread your research proposal once a week and review it critically. The nature of research is that it changes but it is also useful to remember what you proposed to do. Critical thinking is essential throughout the process.

Avail of the PhD support within the university. Regularly meet with supervisors and other doctoral researchers as support is necessary during this journey, especially in year one. Sign up to university workshops about PhD research – many run one-day skills sessions covering everything from communication to project managing. As a PhD student, you are part of a community of other doctoral researchers and this can be a great source of advice and wisdom, plus a great way of meeting new people.

In your first term, you should have regular and consistent supervision meetings. This allows your research team to set clear time goals and confirm milestones which you can work towards.

And remember, with consistent hard work, dedication, determination, collaboration and a critical mind, you will achieve your PhD .

Find your PhD here .

What is a PhD and Why Should YOU do one?

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Reader Interactions

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21st April 2020 at 11:04 am

To whom it concerns. During this enforced Covid Lockdown I explored the possibility of undertaking a Master’s in English Literature by distance learning. My Thesis has explored the topic of “Discrimination of Women in the Literature because of their gender”. As yet I am not affiliated with a University as my exploration is in earl. y stages. I have a Primary Honour’s Degree from my local University in Galway, Ireland. My query is can I bypass the Master’s and undertake a P.H.D in English Literature? I am familiar with the steps necessary to undertake the proposed course of study.

19th December 2020 at 6:03 pm

Good evening. Hope you are doing well inshaAllah. My wife wants to apply for a PHD program nearby london area. Do you have any suggestions on where to apply? She will need to apply for a student visa first in order to enrol into a graduate school. How can she apply for a student visa ? What type of governmental funding is available to her wife? My wife is a USA citizen and she already has her undergraduate degree from New York university. Plz advise me which university will be the best for my wife to enrol into a PhD program.

3rd March 2021 at 5:57 pm

I want to register fie for PHD, i only have law degree, i have no Masters degree

15th January 2022 at 3:30 pm

I want to apply for PhD. I have already have and degree and postgraduate diploma. Please advise

15th January 2022 at 3:32 pm

I have already a degree and a post graduate diploma

11th April 2022 at 10:13 am

Please advice to me where to start. I have degree in Public Administration and Political since graduated 2012 on South East European University in Skopje, in 2012 I make NARIC UK Recognized my foreign degree in UK comparable. In 2018 I have applied on South East European University Master in Business Administration and Management – Sub field Management. And I have finished all my exams on master degree but started this Pandemic Period with covid19 and I have no chance to make defend my master decertation in public defend. I am here in UK more then 10 years I am passion to study. I have EU Settled Status. I was in search for Integrated PhD ( Master and PhD ) in one. Because I have transcript but I don’t hold certificate in Master degree make me break this process. Please advice to me how to continue.

4th February 2023 at 6:47 pm

I am interested in completing a PhD, but only have a Social Science BA 2:1. Is this possible?

14th November 2023 at 2:38 pm

Firstly, you will have to improve your spelling and grammar before you apply for a PhD degree (even more so since you are a lawyer)!!!

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5 routes to getting a Doctorate

While most of those studying for a PhD take the PhD by thesis pathway, there are five viable routes to achieving a Doctorate, with both full-time and part-time options available

PhD by thesis

This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal .

A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions. For instance, the University of Glasgow's College of Social Sciences expects a thesis to be 70,000 to 100,000 words including references, bibliography and appendices, while the University of Cambridge has set an upper limit of 80,000 words.

Once completed, you'll need to defend your PhD thesis in front of a panel of examiners during your viva voce .

Doctorate by publication

This route involves submitting previously published work - such as books, book chapters and journal articles, which together form a coherent body of work and show evidence of an original contribution to a particular field of study.

The PhD by publication route is often taken by mid-career academics that haven't had the opportunity to undertake a standard Doctorate degree.

Generally, a minimum of five to eight published pieces are required, but this varies between institutions and depends on their length. The published work will be assessed to the same rigorous standards as a traditional PhD by thesis.

You must also provide a written supporting statement, which typically ranges from 5,000 to 15,000 words.

For instance, the University of Westminster asks for a commentary of 5,000 words (science and technology subjects) or 10,000 words (arts, social sciences and humanities). On the other hand, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh requires 12,000 to 15,000 words on the rationale and theoretical context for the portfolio of published work.

The work will then be presented to an academic committee. A supervisor will assist you with selecting which publications to submit, as well as guidance on the supporting statement.

Some universities accept only their own graduates for a PhD by publication, while others restrict this route to their academic staff. In general, you should have graduated from your first degree at least seven years ago to be eligible.

For example, The University of Manchester has published its own Guidance for the PhD By Published Work , with eligibility only extending to current members of staff.

Professional Doctorate

This type of Doctorate includes a significant taught component and a smaller research project, and is geared primarily towards current professionals in vocational sectors such as:

• engineering and manufacturing
• teaching and education .

Professional Doctorates are often taken on a part-time basis and can last between two and eight years. Like their standard PhD counterparts, they usually begin in October or January.

While you won't typically be looking to get an academic job , your research is expected to contribute to theory as well as professional practice. Projects often revolve around a real-life issue that affects your employer.

Several professional Doctorates, such as the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy), are accredited by a professional body - for instance, the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and The British Psychological Society (BPS) - and may also lead to a professional qualification .

Common titles for graduates of professional Doctorate degrees include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD).

Unlike many professional Doctorates, the EngD is typically offered as a full-time course and is aimed at young engineering graduates with little or no professional experience.

Integrated PhD

This four-year qualification, also known as the New Route PhD, involves studying a one-year research Masters degree (MRes) before progressing onto a three-year PhD.

Offered by a select number of universities across the UK, integrated PhDs are supported by the government and the British Council through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) .

Visit Research Council funding for further information on research and funding for different types of PhD.

The integrated PhD involves a combination of taught materials, practical experience and advanced research. This allows you to learn subject-specific methodologies, while building the transferable skills that will enable you to become a leader in your chosen profession.

Institutions can also develop personalised integrated PhD programmes to meet each student's needs. For example, universities may offer you the opportunity to gain a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education - perfect if you're considering a career as a higher education lecturer .

Online/distance learning PhD

As PhDs are based primarily on independent research rather than time spent in lectures and seminars, distance learning has always been a viable route for many Doctoral students.

PhDs by distance learning offered by course providers such as The Open University are therefore a good option to consider if you've got family or work commitments or are an international student - as this gives you the chance to undertake Doctoral research without having to live close to your chosen institution. It's also a suitable mode of study if your subject requires you to be based in a specific location away from the university.

For the most part, you'll be in touch with your supervisor by phone, email or Skype/Zoom. You'll need to bear in mind that even if you opt for this form of research, you'll generally still need to attend university for one or two weeks of each academic year for meetings and to receive research skills training. Your final exam may be undertaken either face-to-face or virtually.

With online PhDs, you can usually register as a full or part-time student. The level of fees you pay varies between institutions - some charge the same as for a standard PhD while others offer a reduced rate.

Check that any funding you plan to apply for is available to distance learning students, as this isn't always the case.

Search for online/distance learning PhDs .

Find out more

• Discover what is a PhD?
• Sort out funding for postgraduate study .
• Consider what to do after completing your PhD .

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Can I get a PhD if I did research without being enrolled in a PhD program?

I have been working under the supervision of a Professor at a german University for a couple of years on a research project that could be published soon with me as a first author.

However I am not enrolled in any PhD program. Is it possible to get a PhD if I were to write a PhD thesis based on the work I have done so far without having to enroll on a program.

It seems now like a waste of time to enroll into a PhD program and have to do an additional 3 or so years.

• publications

• 8 PhD is more than just publishing papers; a lot of undergrads co-author papers by the time they finish their B.Sc, but does that mean we should give them a PhD degree also? –  Our Commented May 6, 2020 at 10:10
• I think it is definitely different to co-author a paper than to be first author. Also, the undergraduate student has not been working full time for several years as the project leader ( under the supervision of the Professor that is) –  LenaMi Commented May 6, 2020 at 10:17
• 14 Talk to the professor, but you should also study the Promotionsordnung of that university. Some universities require you to be enrolled, some just require the dreaded "Credits" from course work, some have no such requirements. Also, there might be procedural requirements. I remember that I had to "register" my thesis topic at least a year before submitting the thesis. –  user9482 Commented May 6, 2020 at 11:55
• 6 This makes me quite curious about your situation. How did you end up working on a multi-year research project with a professor without enrolling in a PhD program. Were you employed by the professor in some other capacity or were you volunteering? It seems like a really strange situation. And neither you nor the professor brought up finding you a PhD position at all? –  Kvothe Commented May 7, 2020 at 11:03
• 1 @Kvothe I know it is a weird situation. I did my master thesis in this lab, however I did not want to commit to the PhD because I wanted to go back to being a practicing physician. For that I need to have my medical title recognized in Germany ( a long process). I was employed then by the professor to continue with the project I was working on in the meantime...this "meantime" turned out to be already 2 years and a half and counting... –  LenaMi Commented May 12, 2020 at 10:54

8 Answers 8

Your best bet is to talk to the professor that is supervising you. Course work is less of an issue in Germany, so you might be able to speed up the process considerably if the professor is willing to accept your research as a basis for the thesis. Whether or not that project is suitable as a basis for a PhD thesis depends on the research that happened and your exact role in it. Maybe your work can count as an entire thesis, maybe it can count as an entire thesis if you do some extra work on, maybe it can count as a chapter, and you need two or three other projects to complete it, maybe it is just not suitable. We don't know, but your supervisor can tell you.

There are three different things you need to figure out independently:

• Does the 'Prüfungsordnung" (rules of examination) of the university/departement allow this? There will be a few paragraphs what the requirement are to receive a 'Doktor' degree (German Universities usually cannot issue PhD, might be nitpicking, but some ppl here are very serious about it). SOmetimes the only requirement is to have been immatriculated for 1 semester.
• Assuming this is allowed, is your Professor willing to accept such a thesis?
• There is a bit of a catch 22 also: A Doktorarbeit has to be novel. If you published in a journal, it might not be considered novel anymore. Some departements allow cumulative thesis (stapeling your 3-4 papers together, and writing an introduction). A lot of departments dont allow this

Expect your thesis to be under more scrutiny, and remember during defense the board of examineers is allowed to ask any question on the science subject you want to get your degree in. The question might be more probing if you are 'external' (because they dont know your level of competency). Be prepared for question you last heard (apart from you defense preparation) last time as an undergrad (or master student).

While this might sound discuraging, it is not meant to. Go for it! (but you must address each of these points)

• Could you please expand a little bit on the "German Universities usually cannot issue PhD" vs "Doktor"? I thought that it is just a translation (Doktor in German, Docteur in French, ... vs PhD in English (they also have "doctorate")) EDIT: I had a look at the Wikipedia pages ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate#Germany , fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorat#Allemagne but they not really shed a light) –  WoJ Commented May 7, 2020 at 11:04
• @WoJ Generally a PhD also contains coursework (thats why a masters is not a prerequisit in the US), a Dr (in Germany usually doesnt contain coursework, thats why usually a Masters degree is mandatory). Its like legal terms which cannot be translated because the concept ist different. (But PhD is the closest analog to German Dr, probably the best would be to say PhD is like Dr+Master). Until a few years back people from the US doing research in Germany called themselfs Dr, this (as I heard) lead to court cases, since the translation was illegal. (Now there are exceptions which allow this) –  lalala Commented May 7, 2020 at 11:35
• 1 @SamT yes. I meant US. From what you write UK PhD is founded on the same priciples as German Dr. –  lalala Commented May 7, 2020 at 14:47
• 3 I'd be very much astonished if any Promotionsordnung would consider a publication by the candidate as contrary to novelty (unless the publication is about the Master thesis, but then the Master thesis anyways cannot be used as part of a PhD thesis). –  cbeleites Commented May 7, 2020 at 17:48
• 1 @cbeleitesunhappywithSX here the worst I could find: weihenstephan.de/fileadmin/pdf/dokumente/MerkblattAblauf.pdf section 4. Which basically says 'pre-(thesis)submission publications are not destroying novelty (which is essential for the thesis) if immediately after publication notification to the examineers office is filed with mentioning of the current doctoral examination procedure). To me this means, if you dont report it on time it will kill the phd. –  lalala Commented May 7, 2020 at 20:13

Talk to your professor.

I got my PhD (technically Dr. rer. nat.) at the University of Hamburg and only officially enrolled about a year before I defended my thesis, even though I actually started working on my research about 3 years before that at a Max Planck Institute.

Your mileage will vary. Talk to your professor.

I would imagine it depends quite heavily on the department. In Denmark at the Department for Social Sciences, you may submit a Phd-thesis without being enrolled in a Phd programme. But I would imagine the barrier being quite high, so you should probably be able to show quite an excellent academic performance through your thesis.

https://samf.ku.dk/phd-skolen/english/applicants/submitting_a_phd_thesis_pursuant_to_section_15_2/

It depends on the university (or even the department). You need to read the exact regulations ('Promotionsordnung', etc.)

In most German universities, enrollment is optional. (I would even say, it is not very common.) You rather just submit a thesis; sometimes there is a requirement to indicate your intention to submit a thesis some months in advance. In any case, you need to name a supervising professor.

Whether or not your university/department requires additional publications or exams is very different. Often, the requirements to submit a thesis are (intentionally) left underspecified, which means that it's up to your supervisor to decide whether or not your past research is enough to make a thesis. If your supervisor thinks that 3 more years of research were appropriate, then it's their proper judgement that that time is not 'wasted.'

• 1 I'm not really sure if it's adequate to say that obligatory enrollment is optional and not very common. Practically every Promotionsordnung that I've seen so far requires candidates to be enrolled at the time they open the formal degree process (usually by handing in their thesis and the associated paperwork). The minimum number of semesters may vary (one or two semesters seem to be frequent), but I'm not aware of any PO that doesn't require that candidates are also students. Of course, this may differ between disciplines, but I'd be honestly surprised if what you write is generally true. –  Schmuddi Commented May 7, 2020 at 10:00
• The relevant paragraph of the Promotionsordnung where I graduated (an earlier version was in place for me) reads "Doktorandinnen oder Doktoranden, die nicht bereits aufgrund eines Beschäftigungsverhältnisses oder der Immatrikulation in einem Studiengang Mitglieder der Freien Universität Berlin sind, müssen sich an der Freien Universität Berlin sind, müssen sich an der Freien Universität Berlin als Studierende zur Promotion einschreiben." This explains why I remember it as optional (I was employed). Still, I think that it's essentially a formality. –  Carsten S Commented May 7, 2020 at 16:25
• 2 @Schmuddi: e.g. the Promotionsordnung maths/natural sciences at TU Dresden ( tu-dresden.de/mn/postgraduales/promotion/promotionsordnung ) explicitly says that a doctorate thesis may even be done without supervision (true, as exception, but it's explicitly possible). I eventually handed in my thesis that I started at TU Dresden at FSU Jena, there I had to formally enroll as PhD candidate (enrolling as student was not necessary but would have been possible) before handing in my thesis. I did that a few weeks before handing in the thesis. (of course, theprocedure may have changed meanwhile) –  cbeleites Commented May 7, 2020 at 18:18
• 1 @cbeleitesunhappywithSX: Indeed, what I wrote above turns out to be too broad. The picture is apparently more varied than I thought , so it really depends on the Promotionsordnung that will apply to the candidate. –  Schmuddi Commented May 8, 2020 at 5:34
• @Schmuddi In Ba-Wü, it´s (or was) a law that you can´t be a regular student if you have a 50% or larger position. Some of my former colleagues convinced the administration to make their 1/2 position 49% for that reason. ;-) –  Karl Commented May 8, 2020 at 18:30

I would be very surprised if a university allowed you to get a PhD without being enrolled in a program. When universities give out degrees without enrollment, it is generally in the form of things like "honorary doctorates" which are frequently given to commencement speakers and very different from a real PhD. That said, prior work can greatly expedite the process, particularly if you are working with the same advisor. For example, there was a medical doctor who had been doing research with my graduate department who enrolled in our PhD program. He was able to get his PhD by basically continuing the work he had been doing with our department for another two years. He also took a few classes and of course did the milestones such as qualifiers and orals, but it was significantly expedited compared to the 5-7 years which is typical for that department.

However, I would question your motivation for taking this route to a diploma. In my experience people who have done research with PhD labs who do not have PhDs fall into one of two categories 1) people who are still developing 2) people who have gained expertise through another route.

People in category 1) are the most common. These are individuals who have gained some research experience by working in academia. However, in most cases, while they may have the same number of publications as might be expected of a graduate student,the process of getting those publications is very different. They have generally been given a project that is better defined and with a clear path forward. A PhD student on the other hand would have had a higher level of expectation define their own project and a will likely have to try more avenues before finding one that works out. If this is the case for you, then your experience will certainly help you out, but it is not sufficient to receive a PhD. In fact, many PhD departments (such as my own) consider this type of research and publication record a prerequisite for enrolling in the PhD program.

The people in category 2 are more unusual. These individuals really are thought leaders in their fields who have made a significant impact in those fields. Despite not having a PhD, they are sought out as collaborators and are frequently asked to give talks in their area of expertise. This is the category I would put the medical doctor I previously described in. In general, these people don't really need PhDs as the recognition of expertise that it conveys has already been granted to them by the members of that academic community. While I certainly could understand the desire for the title, it is unlikely their career will be significantly impacted by holding it. If this is the case for you, you should have no trouble finding an institution who will jump at the opportunity to collaborate with you in exchange for an expedited PhD process.

• 1 Are you actually answering from a background in Germany? I'm chemist who did both undergrad studies and doctorate in Germany and at the chemistry departments where I know the procedure, no whatsoever enrollment was necessary until the thesis was handed in. You may look at the formal sign up for the exam proceedings as some kind of enrollment, though. In some departments, enrollment may be preferrable since part of the oral exam (the rigorosum) can be replaced by grades from grad study coursework, but that's purely a choice the student makes. –  cbeleites Commented May 7, 2020 at 17:55
• "PhD programs" like in the anglo-saxon (US actually) world do not (or rarely, and very newly) exist in Germany. You start working on your doctorate after your diploma/masters, and the lecture program outside of you actual own scientific work is an extra . Doctoral candidates are expected to already be fully educated scientists. Of course reality varies strongly. ;) –  Karl Commented May 8, 2020 at 17:28

Until a few years ago, "PhD programs" were unknown in Germany, and I am not aware that any large number of faculty boards in Germany have abolished the classic Individualpromotion . Actually all these novel (or often not so novel) "programs" I know are just a recommended addon, on which nobody formally forces you.

You can apply to be accepted as Doktorand by your Fakultät (or "Fachbereich", the department, not the university) on one day, and submit your thesis on the next. Maybe the board will find it a bit weird to vote on both on the same meeting. ;)

I would be surprised if submitting a thesis based on a single paper were enough.

In North America, the cover page of the thesis usually indicates that the work is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. The other requirements are usually courses; it’s not so uncommon to have talented undergraduate publish as a first author, but this does not grant them a PhD.

It is regrettable that you should think it a waste of time to enrol in a PhD program. Learning is best done through contact with a mentor, and through discussion with others. Publishing is overly focused to provide the fully enriching perspective achieved through the patient training that is recognized by the degree.

• 2 I'm afraid that your answer doesn't really apply to well to the German academic environment that the OP is involved in. While it's true that most (if not all) German universities will require that PhD candidates are enrolled as students, typically this doesn't mean that there will be any large number of obligatory courses. In most departments that I'm aware of, the thesis and the defense are practically the only requirements for the degree, and the only things that will be recorded on any official certificate. –  Schmuddi Commented May 7, 2020 at 9:48
• 1 @Schmuddi I am not aware of any university that requires enrollment as a student in Germany. Firstly because the university traditionally has nothing to say in the process of awarding a doctorate, but only your faculty board. –  Karl Commented May 7, 2020 at 23:14
• 3 @Karl: I thought I could easily prove my point by quoting from several Promotionsordnungen , but interestingly, it turns out that the picture is much more heterogeneous than I thought. My sample of four pseudo-randomly chosen departments has two departments requiring enrollment (History at Uni Hamburg, Mathematics at Uni Köln) and two that don't (Medicine at Uni Erlangen, Sociology at Uni Marburg). The takeaway from this is probably that any good answer to the OP will suggest carefully reading the Promotionsordnung . –  Schmuddi Commented May 8, 2020 at 5:25

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• How to raise a vector to powers contained in a vector, change the list into a product, and do this for all the lines of a matrix, efficiently?
• Calculate the sum of numbers in a rectangle
• Who gave God the name 'Jealous' as referred to in Exodus 34:14?
• Retroactively specifying `-only` or `-or-later` for GPLv2 in an adopted project
• How can rotate an object about a specific point that I know the coordinates of
• Why are swimming goggles typically made from a different material than diving masks?
• According to Catholic theology, did Eve have Original Sin, or only her own personal sin?
• Visualizing histogram of data on unit circle?
• In the US, can I buy iPhone and Android phones and claim them as expense?
• Drawing an arc on a rectangle
• How is Nationality Principle applied in practice?
• How to remove a file which name seems to be "." on an SMB share?
• Should I be worried about this giant crack?
• Did anyone ever ask Neil Armstrong whether he said "for man" or "for a man?"
• \includegraphics not reading \newcommand
• How can flyby missions work?
• Postdoc supervisor has stopped helping