proper waste disposal thesis statement

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Improper Waste Disposal: Effects of Public Health and Environmental Safety - A Case Study

The generation of hazardous waste is a necessary side effect of modern industrial production. Factories must cope daily with large accumulations of unrecyclable chemical byproducts generated by normal production techniques. Until recently, industrial hazardous waste was not legally distinguished from municipal garbage and other solid wastes. It was disposed of with ordinary garbage, at very low cost to the generator, mostly in coastal waters or in landfills unfit to adequately contain it. Modern methods of disposal such as incineration and development of sanitary landfills etc., are used to solve the problem. Dumping and burning waste is not acceptable practice from environment and health perspective. This paper will throw some light on the causes and effects of bad habits in terms of industrial waste disposal. It will also state some measures of how can solid waste pollution can be reduced or controlled.

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Any sort of material which has served its purpose over the course of time and is no longer useful to people is termed as waste. There are different categories of wastes but in this article our prime focus is on hazardous waste and also its management, hazardous in simpler terms means toxic. These wastes may cause damage during inadequate storage, transportation, treatment, or disposal operations; therefore they need to be properly treated. Although there are several options available for treatment of these wastes but the most prominent is to reduce the quantity of waste at its source or to recycle the materials for some other productive use. But we all are aware of the fact that waste can't be avoided so there will always be a need for proper treatment of these wastes as they can prove fatal to both human health and environment. All the steps involved in the management of these wastes must be followed in sequence. Also in India there are few well established transport, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF). Furthermore, sources, characteristics, effects and treatment methods are within the scope of this paper. The current status in India pertaining to generation of Hazardous Waste and the TSDF sites is also addressed.

Basavaraj Paruti, B Santhaveeranagoud & Hemalatha K

Municipal solid waste is a problem in most cities due to rapid urbanization, unplanned growth, nil segregation at source and unorganized collection of waste. The existing landfills are getting filled, sites for new landfill are hard to get , per capita waste production is increasing and the cost of waste collection etc. is increasing. Municipal waste arises from Residential, Commercial, Institutional and Industrial sources. It is composed of paper, plastics, glass, cloth, metals, organic waste and ashes etc. Inappropriate solid waste disposal is a major threat to the environments of developing countries since most of the solid waste generated in developing countries end up directly in open dumps which are uncontrolled and overloaded. Air pollution from landfill emissions, ground water pollution from leachates, health problems due to breeding of disease causing pests and social problems such as decreasing land values and aesthetic appeal of an area etc. are some associated problems. This paper presents a review of current practice of solid waste disposal of Bangalore Mahanagar palika. A case study of one of the solid waste dumping site in Mavallipur village, Bangalore Urban Distrct, India, has been conducted by interaction with BBMP officials, householders of village, and NGO of ESG were interviewed to examine current practices and related environmental problems. The overall environmental impacts associated with current practice of waste disposal in Mavallipur dumping site is presented in this paper.

Prof.Dr.Suaad AL-Taai

The study of waste is very important, and its decomposition into toxic substances as well as unpleasant odors. The impact of waste on the environment and public health has become a serious matter, and it is necessary to find an appropriate solution for it. The research sheds light on the definition of waste, the most important factors that contribute to the aggravation of waste accumulation, both in cities and villages, and its most important types, including industrial, agricultural, household, medical, solid, liquid, and others. It discusses essential topics, including the impact of waste on the environment and its significant impact on air, water, and soil pollution, the diseases it causes to humans, and the losses it inflicts on the countries' economies. The research also deals with the most important measures to reduce waste and its collection in cities by educating citizens about the importance of preserving the purity of the environment and human health to reduce pollution.

K. Yaghmaeian , Fatemeh Momeniha

Suad Bećirović

This paper will discuss the problem of environmental pollution and waste management. Everything that surrounds us is directly or indirectly connected to the environment. Not only the man, but also other living beings as well as the nature (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes) have effects on environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is present from the very beginning of life, but today it is a serious problem that threatens the survival of mankind. During the preparation of scientific research, we noticed a problem: “What is the influence of the waste management on the environment?” Today, every person living on planet Earth is worried about environmental pollution because the consequences faced every day, through the air we breathe, the food and water we consume, through pollution and radiation we are exposed to. Also, the consequences of environmental problems are manifested through the lack of natural resources, extinction of plant and animal species, as well as the problems in the global ecosystems and biochemical processes. Based on the research problem we can hypothesize: Yes, waste management has a great impact on the environment.

Namita Saxena

Industrial policies, since independence fostered the growth of industries in India. The rapid industrialization has been key to the economic growth. Majority of these industries are inherently polluting in nature and have significant environmental consequences in terms of liquid effluents, air emissions and hazardous wastes. Hazardous waste is term applied to those wastes that because of their chemical reactivity, toxicity, explosiveness, corrosiveness, radioactivity or other characteristics constitutes a risk to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste management is a very important issue and is assuming significance globally. The adverse impacts caused due to the indiscriminate disposal of hazardous wastes are considered as technological disasters. Environmental policy encouraging hazardous waste reduction began in 1976 with an Environmental Protection Agency statement promoting source reduction as the preferred method of hazardous waste management. In order to best protec...

Human Rights

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRSET

Proper treatment and disposal of Hazardous waste (HW) is the need of the hour as industrial development is happening at a rapid phase. Improper disposal of waste poses a serious threat to the environment. Until 1997 there was hardly any scientific landfill facility in the country for disposal Hazardous Waste (HW). At present, almost all the states in India have their own waste disposal facilities. Presently there are about 41 well-established treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF) located in 17 States/ Union territories in the country. Necessary regulatory mechanisms are formulated by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India and implemented by State Pollution Control Boards. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has formulated guidelines and standards for facilitating better site selection for TSDF and operation of its facilities. The Hazardous Waste Management (HWM) comprises several aspects including identification, quantification, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste. As disposal of Hazardous Waste is the last option, both regulators and industries are supporting its utilisation in co-processing. Co-processing in cement industries has been identified as a better option to convert hazardous waste as it offers dual benefits of utilizing the waste as a supplementary fuel as well as an alternative raw material. About 7.81 million tonnes of hazardous waste are generated annually from 47,103 units in India. Out of 36 states and Union territories, the top 5 waste generating states are Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh contributing to about 23%, 21 %, 10 %, 8% and 7 % respectively. This paper aims to analyse the current status, problems and challenges in HW Management and future strategies for improvement. The paper also focuses on impact of hazardous waste landfill site to explore environmental impacts relating to disposal facility.

GJESR Journal

The solid waste generated from industrial sources contains a large number of chemicals, some of which are toxic in Bilaspur. The waste is considered toxic, if the concentration of the ingredients exceeds a specified value. Although the levels of some ingredients may occasionally exceed the permissible level, the waste as such is considered to be toxic only if the average value of ingredients exceeds the toxicity level. Various criteria and tests have been devised by different agencies to determine the toxicity of a given substance. It is necessary to know the properties of the waste so as to assess whether its uncontrolled release to the environment would lead to toxic effects on humans or other living organism in ecosystem of Bilaspur area. It is noteworthy that the construction of the waste treatment facilities incurs high investment cost, and once the facility is established, it would be difficult to get rid of it before the end of the payback period. A careful evaluation on the environmental impacts of different waste management facilities is thus recommended, in particular for incineration

Atang Arumbinang

Asian developing countries have increased their population, urbanization and industrialization which contribute to solid waste (SW) generation. For example, in India it was between 0.2 kg/capita/day and 0.5 kg/capita/day with 217 million people . Most of SW composition in the cities of developing countries is biodegradable organics. For examples, it was 65% in Jakarta and 72.41% in Surabaya . Whereas, in the Asian developed countries, such as in Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea, these values were generally less than 45% . The World Bank classified countries in the world based on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. The classification of countries were low income (GNI of $1,005 or less); lower middle income (GNI of $1,006 - $3,975); upper middle income (GNI of $3,976 - $12,275); and high income country (GNI of $12,276 or more). Some developing countries in Asia, such as Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Iran, and Nepal, were commonly in the range of low- income to lower middle income. Developing countries in Asia have the same existing conditions. The SW generation was high, because of the population and the main component of SW is decomposable organic. For examples, the decomposable organic was 61.5% in Malaysia, and in Indonesia of 68.12% to 72.41% . On the other hand, the common problems are lack of collection coverage, and open dumped landfill as the final disposal method. This disposal method gave the environmental pollution, such as the pollution of soil, surface and groundwater caused by leachate and GHGs emission caused by the waste decomposition process. The main objective of this paper is to review the condition and current problems of solid waste management (SWM) in Asian developing countries, and to find out alternative solutions to reduce the waste generation. The population growth in Indonesia is one of the highest in ASEAN countries, about 235 million and growth rate of 1.3% per year based on the central statistic agency. In 2008 Indonesian population is increase in most major city in Indonesia, based on data source from Ministry of Environment. The population growth brings about the increasing amount of the waste which becomes a problem facing the government also it has created poor environmental living conditions that significantly affect sanitary conditions. The Government Regulation No. 81 of 2012 Concerning Waste Management gives definition about waste management. From Article 1 point 3 states that waste management is the activity that systematic and continuously which included reduce and waste handling. One of the factors that cause environmental damage that is still remains a major problem for Indonesia is a garbage disposal. The rubbish was transported by special trucks and dumped or stacked away in a place that has been provided without any unharmed again. It certainly affects the environment in which the environment becomes dirty and rotting garbage would be the seeds of disease in later life. Although it proved trash can harm if not managed properly, but there are side benefits. This is because in addition can be disastrous for the people, rubbish can also be converted into useful goods. The usefulness of this waste is inseparable from the use of science and technology in handling and also the awareness of the people to manage it.

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Improper Trash Disposal and Its Impact on Human Health Essay

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Waste management has been an issue for even developed countries for a long time. Waste disposal is one of the core issues in this regard. Countries and organizations across the globe are working on new techniques and technologies to find out ways of proper waste and trash disposal. The disposal practices how ever differ for developing nations and developed nations or even between rural and urban areas of the same country.

With the growth of the world economy the production of waste has also grown. Europe produces in 1995 used to produce more than 2.5 billion tons a year and ever day people of New York threw away trash around 26000 tons (UNEP, n/a). Now the figures have increased even more. People have become more environmentally and health wise conscious about problems related to waste and its proper management. No more can rivers be used as waste dumping sites or rubber is burnt to dispose it off.

Common waste disposal techniques used are landfills which are areas where waste is buried in the ground and incineration which is combustion of waste. Techniques such as recycling or source reduction are not disposal methods. They are ways of making reducing the amount of disposable waste. Of course there are drawbacks related to each method of waste disposal. For example incineration causes global warming, green house gases and release of toxic chemicals etc. Landfill sites are a source of production of methane gas and other toxic chemical substances (Gibson & Mallon, p. 5). Landfill dumping also eats up available land space and cause direct environmental pollution.

Improper disposal of waste does cause serious health problems. Proper disposal of garbage and trash is important to ensure safety from health hazards. A lot of consumer and industrial goods, including fuels, fertilizers, pesticides, paints, and household cleaning disinfectants, have dangerous substances. Inappropriate dumping of these materials leads to unanticipated releases of chemicals that are harmful to humans and environment. Open burning of tires produces noxious fumes. Diseases such as hepatitis, dysentery, typhoid, gastro intestinal problems etc and many other diseases are passed on from one person to another because of the fecal pollution of water and food caused by inappropriate dumping of human wastes. Ground water pollution causes contamination of drinking water. This ground water pollution is caused by improper disposal of sewage (Geophysics, p. 24). Correct sewage discarding means are extremely necessary to manage disease-causing bacteria, to eliminate crude materials, evade the chances of drinking water contamination and lessen obnoxious odors and unattractive appearance (Ship, p. 1).

Improper disposal of waste near landfills or open dumping causes release of harmful chemicals and gases which result in global warming due to the green house effect (EPA, p. 1). This results in unexpected storms, floods, land precipitation etc. Moreover these chemicals are also a cause of acid rain and when this rain falls on the vegetables and fruits we eat, they become dangerous for our health. The oceans have also been used as dumping sites for a long time. However people did not realize that disposal of waste in oceans is a direct route for toxic compounds to gain entry in the food chain (UNEP, n/a).

Thus we see that improper disposal of garbage does cause serious health issues and should not be neglected. Proper trash disposal is a duty of governments, if you leave it to the citizens alone, it will always be improper (Bechtel, p. 10). Waste should always be discarded in such a manner that it does not cause contaminations, is not reachable by insects and rodents, give rise to toxic chemicals or gases etc. By following these rules, we can save our communities from health hazards cause by improper disposal of garbage.

Works Cited

• Bechtel, W. and Luckhardt, C. (1994). How to do things with logic. Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Geophysics Research Forum. (1984). Ground water contamination. Published by National Academies Press
• Environmental Protection Agency. Climate change and waste.
• Gibson, A and Mallon, J. (2005). Landfill as a Waste Management Technique : A Case Study of Belfast.
• Ship, S. (1998). Environmental safety in the community and the home.
• United Nations System-Wide Earth Watch. (1996-2007). UNEP.
• Recycling Practices Among Latinos in the U.S.
• Waste Management in Developing Nations: A Need Assessment Plan
• Realizing the Emerging Importance of Recycling
• Trash Management System in San Antonio
• Solid Waste Management in the Dubai Municipality
• Types of Secondary and Tertiary Packaging
• Electronic Waste and Recycling Fees
• Waste Reduction in the United Arab Emirates
• Waste Collection, Cairo: History and Current Status
• Aluminium Cans Recycling
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Waste Management Dissertation Topic Ideas

Published by Owen Ingram at January 2nd, 2023 , Revised On August 11, 2023

Choosing an ideal waste management dissertation topic can be challenging. In order to ensure a healthy environment, we must learn to manage waste in a responsible manner. Contribute to the body of knowledge in the field, capture the reader’s attention in an important area that is usually overlooked, and maintain an academic tone by choosing a relevant and unique waste management thesis topic from the list below.

For you to avoid the headache and have a pleasant dissertation writing experience, our subject matter experts have compiled a free list of the top custom waste management dissertation topic ideas.

You can quickly select one that appeals to you and conduct your research on it by reviewing the following list of possible waste management dissertation topics:

List of Waste Management Dissertation Ideas

• Investigating how decision-making affects waste management optimization.
• Determining the elements that might reduce risk in situations involving the handling of hazardous waste.
• An examination of the impact of environmental legislation on garbage from building
• Identifying the potential environmental risks associated with solid waste management and greenhouse emissions.
• An original investigation of the influence of gender on attitudes and perceptions of trash management in the UK.
• Should we mine landfills for their valuable metals as part of the waste-to-resources process? Weighing the risks and the profits
• Examine the population’s compliance with trash management in urban vs Rural parts of the UK.
• A study of the significance of managing nuclear waste.
• An evaluation of the impact of industrial waste metals in the UK on agricultural output and soil fertility and the harmful consequences of these items on consumers’ health.
• Impact of oil spills on coastal waters: a comprehensive analysis. A thorough examination of each oil leak incident between 2000 and 2020, including an environmental impact assessment.
• High-level versus low-level radioactivity wastes are compared regarding safety regulations for managing radioactive waste.
• An innovative study on recycling garbage into usable, ecological building materials. How will it affect the UK’s building industry, and is it practical?
• A comparison of textile waste from pre- and post-consumer sources.
• Focus on developing nations for the effects of toxic animal manure on human health and the environment.
• An investigation into the UK’s regulations for treating industrial wastewater from companies near rivers, lakes, and the sea.
• A comparison and analysis of the ongoing argument between waste minimization and waste management. Weighing the benefits and drawbacks.
• Economic benefits of better treatment plant construction for sustainable solid waste management.
• Implementation and policy of solid waste management in emerging and rich economies are compared.
• Waste management techniques in the fashion industry: possible difficulties and necessary solutions.
• How virtual and visual aids can be used to teach waste management at the university level?
• Focusing on X countries, local government involvement in municipal solid waste management policy.
• Comparative examination of e-waste management practices in the world’s poorer nations.
• Descriptive research looks into waste management methods’ effects on human health.
• Using a descriptive method, we investigate polymer waste’s biodegradation, incineration, and recycling.
• Creation of a hypothetical waste management strategy for a project in a developing nation during construction.

For your convenience, our senior industry professionals have also compiled a list of fantastic waste management dissertation topic ideas that you can use to create your own topic. However, if you still need further help in dissertation writing, our expert writers are available to help you out.

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• Examine waste reduction strategies.
• Consider economic implications.
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Improper Waste Management Essay

Non-biodegradable is a type of waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms. Acknowledgement The researchers would like to thank their parents who were always supporting them in all of their needs and activities doing their research and survey and they would like also to thank their teacher-in-charge Ms. Lily Quench for her support and understanding in their time of needs in their research and survey. They would like also to thank the research and survey teams who made it possible for this to be a success because without them working as one this would not have been possible.

Essay Example on Thesis Statement About Improper Waste Disposal

Table of Contents pages ; Introduction ; Review of Literature ; Methodology 2 3 ; Results and findings ; Conclusion ; Recommendation ; Biology 4 5 6 7 As the member of people increases in a certain place, the state of being industrialized is also increasing. So, it tells us that the waste management is becoming a serious problem not only in the Philippines but also all over the world.

Proper way of waste disposal is the most crucial issue to the public, especially to the health of people and the effect of it in the environment.

In order to prevent this kind of problem in our society, we must learn proper disposal of garbage. As what the researchers had observed, the Bury. Equiangular is trying to maintain the cleanliness of their surroundings to made it more beautiful and far from diseases. The researchers provide a questionnaire that was related to their topic and to be answered by the residents to know how the people of Bury.

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Equiangular manage their garbage in everyday ways and they also take some pictures during their survey to show how the particular place look like.

The researchers gave a survey form survey form or a questionnaire to every resident in the particular place where the researchers held their survey to know how the residents manage their garbage in their everyday ways. They worked with the respondents of orgy. Equiangular and many of them is high school graduate and only few residents are college graduate. The residents of Bury. Equiangular should keep their surroundings clean to They organized and recorded the experimental data by tallying the opinion of the residents and making a graph to show the result Of their survey.

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• How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .

Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.

You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:

• Start with a question
• Write your initial answer
• Develop your answer
• Refine your thesis statement

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Table of contents

What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.

A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.

The best thesis statements are:

• Concise: A good thesis statement is short and sweet—don’t use more words than necessary. State your point clearly and directly in one or two sentences.
• Contentious: Your thesis shouldn’t be a simple statement of fact that everyone already knows. A good thesis statement is a claim that requires further evidence or analysis to back it up.
• Coherent: Everything mentioned in your thesis statement must be supported and explained in the rest of your paper.

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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.

You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.

You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?

For example, you might ask:

After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .

Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.

In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.

The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.

In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.

The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.

A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:

• Why you hold this position
• What they’ll learn from your essay
• The key points of your argument or narrative

The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.

These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.

Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:

• In an argumentative essay , your thesis statement should take a strong position. Your aim in the essay is to convince your reader of this thesis based on evidence and logical reasoning.
• In an expository essay , you’ll aim to explain the facts of a topic or process. Your thesis statement doesn’t have to include a strong opinion in this case, but it should clearly state the central point you want to make, and mention the key elements you’ll explain.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

• It gives your writing direction and focus.
• It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :

• Ask a question about your topic .
• Write your initial answer.
• Develop your answer by including reasons.
• Refine your answer, adding more detail and nuance.

The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .

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Healthcare Waste Management for Hospitals in Resource-Constrained Settings: What Determines Effective Implementation?

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• January 19, 2022
• Affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management
• The effective management of healthcare waste is a critical component of a hospital’s infection control program and is central to occupational safety for healthcare workers and the health of the environment and community. In low-income countries, where hospital administrators are burdened by resource constraints and struggle to maintain basic health services, healthcare waste management (HCWM) can be a significant challenge. There are, however, examples of hospitals in low-income countries that are effectively implementing HCWM systems that use new technology and practices and focus on reducing, reusing and recycling their waste. This research aimed to identify the determinants of effective implementation of the HCWM systems in three such hospitals located in Kathmandu, Nepal. This study utilized a multiple case study design with a mixed methods approach. A conceptual model for implementation effectiveness of complex innovations in organizational settings was used to guide the study design. The key findings from this study identified four determinants that facilitated effective implementation across all sites including 1) the presence of an innovation champion within the hospital who advocated for use of the system; 2) a strong perception of the primary users (nurses and ward attendants) that use of the system contributed to fulfillment of their group values such as doing no harm to patients and service to the community; 3) a partnership with a technical organization; and 4) strong implementation policies and practices. The study identified one determinant that acted as a barrier to effective implementation across all sites; hospital staff perceived that it was difficult for hospital visitors to comply fully with policies that required visitors to segregate all waste at source. There were differences in motivation to adopt and implement HCWM systems depending on the type of hospital (private, public, non-profit). The length of implementation and management engagement were also found to influence the level of implementation effectiveness. The findings suggest that large hospitals in low-income countries like Nepal can effectively manage their waste through systems that minimize harm to the environment, hospital staff and surrounding communities. The study provides recommendations for the type of support and inputs needed for effective implementation.
• August 2015
• medical waste
• healthcare waste management
• infection control
• implementation science
• hospital management
• Health services administration
• Environmental health
• Public health
• https://doi.org/10.17615/3jwb-bh64
• McPherson_unc_0153D_15671.pdf
• Dissertation
• In Copyright
• Babich, Suzanne
• Rutala, William
• Weiner, Bryan
• Robinson, Janet
• Doctor of Public Health
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School
• Chapel Hill, NC
• There are no restrictions to this item.
• January 21, 2016

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