essay word emphasize

Transition Words

As a "part of speech" transition words are used to link words, phrases or sentences. They help the reader to progress from one idea (expressed by the author) to the next idea. Thus, they help to build up coherent relationships within the text.

Transitional Words

This structured list of commonly used English transition words — approximately 200, can be considered as quasi complete. It can be used (by students and teachers alike) to find the right expression. English transition words are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument. The transition words and phrases have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, although some words belong to more than one category.

There is some overlapping with prepositions and postpositions, but for the purpose of usage and completeness of this concise guide, I did not differentiate.

Linking & Connecting Words — Part 1/2

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

Opposition / limitation / contradiction, examples / support / emphasis, cause / condition / purpose, effect / consequence / result, conclusion / summary / restatement, time / chronology / sequence, space / location / place.

The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise , add information , reinforce ideas , and express agreement with preceding material.

in the first place

not only ... but also

as a matter of fact

in like manner

in addition

coupled with

in the same fashion / way

first, second, third

in the light of

not to mention

to say nothing of

equally important

by the same token

identically

together with

comparatively

correspondingly

furthermore

additionally

Transition phrases like but , rather and or , express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alternatives , and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning ( contrast ).

although this may be true

in contrast

different from

of course ..., but

on the other hand

on the contrary

at the same time

in spite of

even so / though

be that as it may

(and) still

even though

nevertheless

nonetheless

notwithstanding

These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions .

in the event that

granted (that)

as / so long as

on (the) condition (that)

for the purpose of

with this intention

with this in mind

in the hope that

to the end that

for fear that

in order to

seeing / being that

provided that

only / even if

inasmuch as

These transitional devices (like especially ) are used to introduce examples as support , to indicate importance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.

in other words

to put it differently

for one thing

as an illustration

in this case

for this reason

to put it another way

that is to say

with attention to

by all means

important to realize

another key point

first thing to remember

most compelling evidence

must be remembered

point often overlooked

to point out

on the positive side

on the negative side

specifically

surprisingly

significantly

particularly

in particular

for example

for instance

to demonstrate

to emphasize

to enumerate

Some of these transition words ( thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth ) are time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was a consequence or an effect .

Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the consequences or effects.

as a result

under those circumstances

in that case

because the

consequently

accordingly

These transition words and phrases conclude , summarize and / or restate ideas, or indicate a final general statement . Also some words (like therefore ) from the Effect / Consequence category can be used to summarize.

as can be seen

generally speaking

in the final analysis

all things considered

as shown above

in the long run

given these points

as has been noted

for the most part

in conclusion

to summarize

by and large

on the whole

in any event

in either case

These transitional words (like finally ) have the function of limiting, restricting, and defining time . They can be used either alone or as part of adverbial expressions .

at the present time

from time to time

sooner or later

up to the present time

to begin with

in due time

in the meantime

in a moment

without delay

all of a sudden

at this instant

first, second

immediately

straightaway

by the time

occasionally

Many transition words in the time category ( consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever ) have other uses.

Except for the numbers ( first, second, third ) and further they add a meaning of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add information or list examples . Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.

These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space . Quite a few of these are also found in the Time category and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.

in the middle

to the left/right

in front of

on this side

in the distance

here and there

in the foreground

in the background

in the center of

adjacent to

opposite to 

List of Transition Words

Transition Words are also sometimes called (or put in the category of) Connecting Words. Please feel free to download them via this link to the category page: Linking Words & Connecting Words as a PDF. It contains all the transition words listed on this site. The image to the left gives you an impression how it looks like.

Usage of Transition Words in Essays

Transition words and phrases are vital devices for essays , papers or other literary compositions. They improve the connections and transitions between sentences and paragraphs. They thus give the text a logical organization and structure (see also: a List of Synonyms ).

All English transition words and phrases (sometimes also called 'conjunctive adverbs') do the same work as coordinating conjunctions : they connect two words, phrases or clauses together and thus the text is easier to read and the coherence is improved.

Usage: transition words are used with a special rule for punctuation : a semicolon or a period is used after the first 'sentence', and a comma is almost always used to set off the transition word from the second 'sentence'.

Example 1: People use 43 muscles when they frown; however, they use only 28 muscles when they smile.

Example 2: however, transition words can also be placed at the beginning of a new paragraph or sentence - not only to indicate a step forward in the reasoning, but also to relate the new material to the preceding thoughts..

Use a semicolon to connect sentences, only if the group of words on either side of the semicolon is a complete sentence each (both must have a subject and a verb, and could thus stand alone as a complete thought).

Further helpful readings about expressions, writing and grammar: Compilation of Writing Tips How to write good   ¦   Correct Spelling Study by an English University

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• Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Published on May 29, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2023.

Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence.

The proposed solution to the problem did not work. Therefore , we attempted a second solution. However , this solution was also unsuccessful.

For clear writing, it’s essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly.

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Table of contents

When and how to use transition words, types and examples of transition words, common mistakes with transition words, other interesting articles.

Transition words commonly appear at the start of a new sentence or clause (followed by a comma ), serving to express how this clause relates to the previous one.

Transition words can also appear in the middle of a clause. It’s important to place them correctly to convey the meaning you intend.

Example text with and without transition words

The text below describes all the events it needs to, but it does not use any transition words to connect them. Because of this, it’s not clear exactly how these different events are related or what point the author is making by telling us about them.

If we add some transition words at appropriate moments, the text reads more smoothly and the relationship among the events described becomes clearer.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Consequently , France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union initially worked with Germany in order to partition Poland. However , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.

Don’t overuse transition words

While transition words are essential to clear writing, it’s possible to use too many of them. Consider the following example, in which the overuse of linking words slows down the text and makes it feel repetitive.

In this case the best way to fix the problem is to simplify the text so that fewer linking words are needed.

The key to using transition words effectively is striking the right balance. It is difficult to follow the logic of a text with no transition words, but a text where every sentence begins with a transition word can feel over-explained.

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There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential. Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.

Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It’s important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition.

Additive transition words

Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.

Adversative transition words

Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.

Causal transition words

Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express purpose, consequence, and condition.

Sequential transition words

Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it’s the order in which events occurred chronologically or the order you’re presenting them in your text. They can be used for signposting in academic texts.

Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don’t necessarily work the same way grammatically.

Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

Confused use of therefore

“Therefore” and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of, or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies illogical connections.

• We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore , the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

The use of “therefore” in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix this, we simply remove the word “therefore.”

• We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

Starting a sentence with also , and , or so

While the words “also,” “and,” and “so” are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence.

• Also , a second round of testing was carried out.

To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or use a more formal alternative.

• A second round of testing was also carried out.
• Additionally , a second round of testing was carried out.

Transition words creating sentence fragments

Words like “although” and “because” are called subordinating conjunctions . This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.

The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the “although” clause.

• Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers disagree.

We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem, like “however.”

• Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers disagree.
• Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However , other researchers disagree.

And vs. as well as

Students often use the phrase “ as well as ” in place of “and,” but its usage is slightly different. Using “and” suggests that the things you’re listing are of equal importance, while “as well as” introduces additional information that is less important.

• Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my analysis of To the Lighthouse .

In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this mistake, we can use “and,” or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important information comes first. Note that we add a comma before “as well as” but not before “and.”

• Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse .
• Chapter 1 presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse , as well as discussing some background information on Woolf.

Note that in fixed phrases like “both x and y ,” you must use “and,” not “as well as.”

• Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.
• Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.

Use of and/or

The combination of transition words “and/or” should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.

First consider whether you really do mean “and/or” and not just “and” or “or.” If you are certain that you need both, it’s best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.

• Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.
• Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.

Archaic transition words

Words like “hereby,” “therewith,” and most others formed by the combination of “here,” “there,” or “where” with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.

• Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby , we not only see that it is hereditary, but acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement relates to the preceding one.

• Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such , we not only see that it is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

Using a paraphrasing tool for clear writing

With the use of certain tools, you can make your writing clear. One of these tools is a paraphrasing tool . One thing the tool does is help your sentences make more sense. It has different modes where it checks how your text can be improved. For example, automatically adding transition words where needed.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or writing rules make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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• 40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays

To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered.

Developing the language skills to build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them.

It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to your essay-writing skills.

If you’re interested in developing your language and persuasive skills, Oxford Royale offers summer courses at its Oxford Summer School , Cambridge Summer School , London Summer School , San Francisco Summer School and Yale Summer School . You can study courses to learn english , prepare for careers in law , medicine , business , engineering and leadership.

General explaining

Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points.

1. In order to

Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument. Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”

2. In other words

Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”

3. To put it another way

Usage: This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance. Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”

4. That is to say

Usage: “That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”

5. To that end

Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”. Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”

Adding additional information to support a point

Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this.

6. Moreover

Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making. Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”

7. Furthermore

Usage:This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information. Example: “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”

8. What’s more

Usage: This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”. Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”

9. Likewise

Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example: “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.”

10. Similarly

Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example: “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”

11. Another key thing to remember

Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”. Example: “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”

12. As well as

Usage: Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example: “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.”

13. Not only… but also

Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example: “Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.”

14. Coupled with

Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example: “Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other. Example: “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis. Example: “The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”

Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast

When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.

17. However

Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example: “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”

18. On the other hand

Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”

19. Having said that

Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the other hand” or “but”. Example: “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.”

20. By contrast/in comparison

Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example: “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”

21. Then again

Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion. Example: “Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.”

22. That said

Usage: This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example: “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.”

Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example: “Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.”

Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations

Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.

24. Despite this

Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence. Example: “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.”

25. With this in mind

Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something else. Example: “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.”

26. Provided that

Usage: This means “on condition that”. You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. Example: “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”

27. In view of/in light of

Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example: “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…”

28. Nonetheless

Usage: This is similar to “despite this”. Example: “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.”

29. Nevertheless

Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example: “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”

30. Notwithstanding

Usage: This is another way of saying “nonetheless”. Example: “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”

Giving examples

Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.

31. For instance

Example: “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…”

32. To give an illustration

Example: “To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…”

Signifying importance

When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such.

33. Significantly

Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example: “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.”

34. Notably

Usage: This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using it). Example: “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”

35. Importantly

Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example: “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”

Summarising

You’ve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the arguments on both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you.

36. In conclusion

Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example: “In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.”

37. Above all

Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay. Example: “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…”

38. Persuasive

Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example: “Scholar A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s death.”

39. Compelling

Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive” above. Example: “The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”

40. All things considered

Usage: This means “taking everything into account”. Example: “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”

How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below, or get in touch here to find out more about courses that can help you with your essays.

At Oxford Royale Academy, we offer a number of  summer school courses for young people who are keen to improve their essay writing skills. Click here to apply for one of our courses today, including law , business , medicine  and engineering .

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• Writing Tips

Formatting for Emphasis

• 3-minute read
• 2nd April 2018

In this post, we’ll be looking at four ways to format emphasis in Microsoft Word : italics, bold, underlining, and all-caps. We’ll also look at why you shouldn’t use quote marks for emphasis.

In formal writing , italics are the best way to emphasize text. This includes most business writing and academic work. For example, you might find italics used in a textbook like this:

Here, italicizing “popularize” highlights the distinction between inventing something and making it popular. Italics can also be used to emphasize key parts of a quotation. If you do this, you also need to show that you’ve changed the formatting in the quoted text:

The quote above uses APA rules for adding emphasis, but make sure to check your style guide for how to do this if you’re using a different referencing system.

While bold fonts are mostly used for headings and subheadings in formal documents, they are used for emphasis online and in informal writing. This approach to emphasis is very visually striking:

Here, the words “strobe lighting” have been highlighted so they will stand out even for someone who is skim reading the document.

3. Underlining

In the days of typewriters , which didn’t have bold or italic fonts, underlining was the standard way to emphasize text. Now that we have computers, which offer a range of formatting options, this is less common.

However, you can still use underlining for emphasis if you want, especially in less formal writing. It can also be useful if you need to emphasize one or two words within a highlighted passage. For example:

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In this case, underlining has been used to make “flying monkeys” stand out from the other bold text.

4. ALL-CAPS

You can also emphasize something by capitalizing it, though this can make it SEEM LIKE YOU’RE SHOUTING. This type of emphasis is therefore best saved for when you want something to look loud.

However, all-caps should not generally be used in formal or academic writing.

A Warning About Quotation Marks

One common mistake is using quote marks to emphasize a word. For example, you might see a sign outside a shop that says this:

The idea here is to stress the word “bargain.” But this isn’t correct. And since quote marks can be used to indicate irony (i.e., scare quotes ), it could even seem sarcastic! This sign could therefore suggest that the products are overpriced, which is the complete opposite of the intended message.

As such, you should avoid using quote marks for emphasis to ensure clarity in your written work.

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[ em -f uh -sahyz ]

verb (used with object)

to emphasize a point;

to emphasize the eyes with mascara.

Synonyms: highlight , accentuate , accent

/ ˈɛmfəˌsaɪz /

• tr to give emphasis or prominence to; stress

Other Words From

• hy·per·em·pha·size verb (used with object) hyperemphasized hyperemphasizing
• mis·em·pha·size verb (used with object) misemphasized misemphasizing
• re·em·pha·size verb (used with object) reemphasized reemphasizing
• su·per·em·pha·size verb (used with object) superemphasized superemphasizing
• un·em·pha·siz·ing adjective

Word History and Origins

Origin of emphasize 1

Example Sentences

The pharmaceutical industry and public health officials must emphasize safety first.

“We are not claiming we found life on Venus,” Seager emphasizes.

InMarket also emphasizes third party validation of its audience targeting and attribution methodology, as well as location-data accuracy.

This book emphasizes that nothing is fixed—not intelligence, not capacity, not skill set.

You emphasize how easy it is for anyone to be taken in throughout the series.

Many Americans move to places that de-emphasize the particularities of their local community.

The pictures of Gilkes emphasize, quite rightly and inevitably, his classic good looks.

Sharpton would later emphasize to The Daily Beast that he neither possesses nor desires such power.

In 2014, it appears, the key to winning in a swing state is to avoid talking about issues and emphasize pig castration.

And as if to emphasize their accounts, in early afternoon a U.S. airstrike hit a building in the middle of Kobani.

I have wanted him to do it absolutely on his own, and I could not emphasize this better than by coming right away to Mudros.

The centenary of Petrarch celebrated at Avignon in 1874 tended to emphasize the importance and the glory of the new literature.

Wherefore Bud had deliberately done what he could do to stimulate and emphasize both the surprise and the gratification.

It is only necessary to take all these things for granted, and emphasize certain other things which are peculiar to the sea.

In an ordinary light it is only a few broad planes of value and color without an accent object to emphasize or centre on.

Related Words

Transition words for emphasis to highlight an important point

Transition words are an important part of the English language as they help us structure what we say, show our thought process, and draw attention to particular points.

In this case, we are looking at transition words for emphasis . These are useful for highlighting an important point, accentuating meaning, or helping people focus on what you are saying.

Transition words for emphasis

Adverbial transition words for emphasis.

One easy way to emphasize a point or draw greater attention to it is with the use of adverbs.

There is no set list of adverbial discourse markers for emphasis, as the majority of adjectives can be converted to adverbs and used in this way.

However, to begin with, here are some adverbs that can be used to emphasize or highlight the importance of something:

• Importantly
• Particularly
• Significantly

These can also be called focusing adverbs , as they help focus attention on a particular part of a sentence.

Here are some example sentences using these adverbs as transition words to emphasize:

• The company’s profits have increased notably since the new CEO took over.
• She was laughing so hard, she even cried a little.
• Obviously , the children’s safety is our priority.
• We clearly need to refresh our advertising strategy this quarter.
• Due to a cold front moving through the area, the temperature will drop markedly .

In the sentences above, the adverb does not alter the meaning significantly; it just emphasizes a particular point.

More adverbial transition words to show emphasis

Now, here are some more adventurous adverbs that you could use to accentuate a point. Note that not all of these will be appropriate to use in every situation, so take note of what they actually mean.

• Compellingly
• Interestingly
• Intriguingly
• Specifically
• Surprisingly

This list is practically endless. You can use this type of adverb, also called adverbs of manner , to add nuance to a statement and even change its meaning.

For example, take the simple sentence “ She looked beautiful. ” Let’s see how adding one of these emphasizing words can alter the meaning slightly:

• She looked surprisingly beautiful.
• She looked strikingly beautiful.
• She looked incredibly beautiful.
• She looked remarkably beautiful.
• She looked curiously beautiful.

This resource has some more powerful adverb ideas and guidance on how to use them effectively.

Discourse markers to emphasize one point above others

Sometimes we use transition words for emphasis to highlight one point or one thing over others . In this case, the following words and phrases are suitable:

• In particular
• Predominantly

For example:

• We want to make sure that everyone gets a chance to speak in class, especially the less confident students.
• I know we are here to have fun, but above all , we are raising money for the orphanage.
• The new company policy is chiefly focused on improving employee productivity.
• Our revenue comes predominantly from online sales.

Emphasizing the indisputability of a point

These emphasis transition words and phrases are used to stress the factual accuracy or indisputability of something (at least, in the opinion of the speaker):

• Indisputably
• Irrefutably
• To say the least
• Undoubtedly
• Unquestionably
• Without a doubt
• Without a second thought
• Without doubt
• Without question
• Without reservation

Here are some example sentences using these emphasis transition words:

• I have been truly overwhelmed by all your kind words.
• He would, without reservation , quit his job to be a stay-at-home Dad.
• Chocolate mint chip is unarguably the best ice cream flavor.
• The video footage confirmed that she had indeed set a new record.
• I have absolutely no problem with letting Mark lead this meeting.
• Mozart is indisputably one of the most influential composers of all time.

Drawing attention back to a previous point

If you wish to emphasize a point that has already been mentioned, to make sure that it has not been forgotten, here are some transition words and phrases to use.

You can also use these to politely bring to mind a piece of general information that your audience should already be aware of.

• It must be remembered that…
• Let’s not forget that…
• Not forgetting that…
• Remembering that…
• Keeping in mind that…
• You may recall…
• We must keep in mind that…
• It’s important to realize that…
• A point often overlooked is…
• May I point out that…

Here are some example sentences using these transition words for emphasis:

• You may recall that last year our profit margin was minus six percent.
• Let’s not forget that independent user trials returned a positive opinion of the new layout.
• Remembering that our budget has been cut this year, let’s focus on cost savings.
• We must keep in mind that most students are relying on public transport to reach the event.
• It’s important to realize that “compostable” plastics only decompose under certain conditions.
• May I point out that our water dispenser has been broken for over three weeks?

Discourse markers for emphasis and order

Finally, some phrases for emphasizing are also used as transition words for order and sequencing . Examples include:

• The first thing to remember is…
• First of all, …
• Let’s turn our attention to…
• Let’s move on to…
• As a matter of fact, …
• May I draw your attention to…

These not only guide the listener or reader on to the next point, but draw attention to it as well. Some of these also merge into the realm of counterclaim transition words. Here are a few examples of how you can use them:

• The first thing to remember is that we all have different opinions about this matter.
• Now, let’s turn our attention to the question of the new building fund.
• I don’t think we have enough coffee left to last us this week. In fact , we have almost run out.

To conclude

Transition words for emphasis can’t be as clearly defined as some other types of signal words, especially when it comes to adverbs, since there is quite some freedom in how you use them.

Still, we hope you have found this article useful and it has given you some fresh inspiration for whatever you are working on.

If you’d like to continue learning about discourse markers, here are some additional resources for you to browse:

Addition transition words Compare and contrast transition words Transition words for similarity Transition words and phrases for concluding

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noun as in importance, prominence

Strongest matches

attention , insistence , intensity , priority , significance , strength , stress , weight

Strong matches

accent , accentuation , force , headline , highlight , impressiveness , moment , positiveness , power , preeminence

Weak matches

decidedness , underlining , underscoring

Related Words

Words related to emphasis are not direct synonyms, but are associated with the word emphasis . Browse related words to learn more about word associations.

noun as in stress or pitch in pronunciation

• accentuation
• articulation
• enunciation
• pronunciation

noun as in articulation of message

noun as in overstatement, embellishment

• aggrandizement
• amplification
• elaboration
• enlargement
• extravagance
• fabrication
• figure of speech
• flight of fancy
• magnification
• misjudgment
• misrepresentation
• overemphasis
• overestimation
• pretentiousness

noun as in verbalization

• announcement
• asseveration
• choice of words
• communication
• declaration
• elucidation
• explanation
• formulation
• interpretation
• phraseology
• pronouncement
• turn of phrase

Viewing 5 / 26 related words

From Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group.

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How to Use Transitions to Start a Paragraph [Tips with Examples]

Transition words are essentially bridges that help you move smoothly from one topic to another, ensuring your writing maintains its flow and relevance. These words and phrases are particularly useful when starting a new paragraph, as they signal a shift to a new aspect of the main topic under discussion. Understanding and using transition words effectively is a subtle yet powerful skill that can significantly enhance the coherence of your writing. As a writer, I'll demonstrate the best ways to incorporate transition words so your passages flow seamlessly and make sense to your readers.

What are Transitions?

Transition words are words or phrases that connect ideas, sentences, and paragraphs to ensure a smooth flow in writing. They serve as bridges, guiding readers from one point to the next without losing coherence. These transitions can indicate relationships such as addition (e.g., "furthermore," "moreover"), contrast (e.g., "however," "on the other hand"), or cause and effect (e.g., "therefore," "consequently").

The importance of transition words in essays cannot be overstated. They enhance the overall structure, making the text more readable and logical. By clearly signaling shifts in ideas or arguments, transition words help readers follow the writer's train of thought and understand the connections between different points. This not only improves comprehension but also keeps the readers engaged, making the writing more effective and persuasive.

Transition Words in Academic Writing

Transition words are valuable in academic writing as they help with the flow of presenting your idea or argument. However, students are often confused, either by not knowing which one to use where or by how many to use. So, while transitions are important, misuse or overuse can both be a nuisance. Let's explore five important categories of transition words for essays and how you can use them effectively in your essays, reports, and research papers.

1. Addition and Emphasis

When you're building your argument or explaining complex ideas, addition and emphasis transition words are invaluable. Use these to introduce new information, provide examples, or stress key points. They'll help you expand on your thoughts and strengthen your arguments, showing your professor that you've thoroughly explored the topic.

2. Cause and Effect

In academic writing, you'll often need to explain how one thing leads to another. Cause and effect transition words help you clearly demonstrate these relationships. Whether you're discussing scientific processes or historical events, these transitions will make your reasoning more logical and easier to follow.

3. Contrast and Comparison

Sometimes you'll need to show how things are similar or different in your assignments. That's when contrast and comparison transition words come in handy. They help you present different ideas side by side, making it easier for your readers to see connections and differences. These transitions are especially useful when you're analyzing literature, comparing historical periods, or discussing pros and cons in a debate.

4. Sequence and Order

Organizing your ideas logically is key to successful academic writing. Sequence and order transition words help you present information in a clear, step-by-step manner. Whether you're describing a process, narrating events, or structuring an argument, these transitions will make your writing more coherent and easier to understand.

5. Summary and Conclusion

As you wrap up your essays or reports, summary and conclusion transition words signal to your reader that you're bringing your thoughts together. Use these to restate your main points, offer final insights, or suggest areas for further research. They'll help you end your writing on a strong note, leaving your professor with a clear understanding of your argument or analysis.

How to Choose the Right Transition Words

Choosing the right transition words can significantly improve the flow and clarity of your writing. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to transition between paragraphs and sentences to help you select the most appropriate transition words:

1.Identify the relationship between ideas

First, analyze how your sentences or paragraphs connect. Are you:

Adding information?

Showing contrast?

Explaining cause and effect?

Providing an example?

Emphasizing a point?

Understanding this relationship will guide you towards the right category of transition words. For instance, if you're adding information, you might use words like "furthermore" or "in addition." If you're showing contrast, "however" or "on the other hand" could be appropriate. For cause and effect, consider "therefore" or "as a result".

2.Consider the purpose of your transition

Think about what you're trying to achieve with your transition. Are you:

Moving to a new topic?

Elaborating on a previous point?

Concluding your thoughts?

This will help you narrow down your choices within the category you've identified. For example, if you're moving to a new topic, you might use "shifting gears" or "turning to." If you're elaborating, "to illustrate" or "specifically" could work well. For conclusions, consider "in summary" or "ultimately."

3.Look at the context

Consider the tone and style of your writing. Some transitions are more formal, while others are more casual. Choose one that fits the overall voice of your essay.

4.Avoid overuse

Don't feel pressured to use a transition word for every sentence. Use them where they truly add value and improve the flow of your writing.

5.Experiment with different options

If you're unsure, try out a few different transition words to see which one sounds best. Reading your work aloud can help you decide.

For example, let's say you're transitioning:

Between two paragraphs:

Transitioning between related ideas

Transitioning from a general idea to a specific example

These examples demonstrate how transition words can improve the flow and coherence of your writing. The "bad" examples aren't necessarily incorrect, but the "good" examples show how transitions can make the connections between ideas clearer and more explicit. Each transition word subtly changes the relationship between the ideas, so choose the one that best represents your intended meaning.

Once we understand the purpose of transition words, using them in essays becomes a lot easier. But then a question that often arises is: how many transition words are appropriate in an essay? The answer is simple: look at the points where you're transitioning from one idea to another. These are your opportunities to use transition words effectively.

This can be a little challenging, which is why I recommend using WPS Office . WPS Office offers an AI spell check feature, which allows students to ensure that not only are there no spelling or grammatical errors in their content, but it also provides checks for clarity, engagement, and delivery.

Let's look at a paragraph I wrote in WPS Office, where I thought I had used a few transition words appropriately. However, when I had it checked by WPS AI spell check, it turned out there were a couple of unnecessary transition words in the article.

This shows how even when we think we're using transition words correctly, there's always room for improvement. Tools like WPS Office can be invaluable in helping us refine our writing and use transition words more effectively.

Using WPS AI to Perfect Your Essay

WPS AI is an AI tool incorporated within the WPS Office suite, offering a multitude of features that leverage advanced artificial intelligence to support your essay writing needs. From helping you refine and build up your ideas to making them more definite, WPS AI assists at every stage of your writing process. If you have already written your essay, it will ultimately help you refine it further.

Here’s how WPS AI can assist you in crafting an outstanding essay:

1.Check the Grammar and Syntax

WPS AI meticulously checks your essay for grammatical errors and syntax issues. It ensures that your writing is free from common mistakes, such as incorrect verb tenses, misplaced commas, and subject-verb disagreements. By providing suggestions for corrections, WPS AI helps you maintain a high level of professionalism and clarity in your writing.

2.Rewrite Your Statement for Clarity

WPS AI can improve the clarity and coherence of your essay by rewriting complex or awkwardly phrased sentences. It identifies areas where your writing may be ambiguous or convoluted and offers alternative phrasing that enhances readability. This feature ensures that your ideas are communicated effectively and your arguments are presented logically.

To access this function, simply look for the WPS AI list of options and click on "Improve Writing". This will generate a more refined version of your essay, making your writing more polished and professional.

3.Automatically Expand Content

When you need to elaborate on a point or expand a section of your essay, WPS AI can automatically generate additional content. This feature helps you continue writing seamlessly, providing suggestions and content that align with your essay's theme and tone. It’s particularly useful for developing supporting arguments, providing more examples, or elaborating on complex ideas.

To use this function, simply click on the "Continue Writing" option from the WPS AI list of options. This will generate additional content that extends your current paragraph or section.

1. Can using too many transition words be a problem?

Overusing transition words can diminish the quality of your writing. These words are meant to link sentences and ideas, but using them too much can make your writing repetitive and dull. Striking a balance in their application ensures your writing remains concise and effectively communicates your ideas without unnecessary repetition.

2. Can transition words be used in formal writing?

Transition words and phrases are essential in formal writing as they promote coherence, navigate readers through arguments, and improve the overall flow of your text, guaranteeing clarity and logical progression.

Transitions 101: Your Guide to Smoother, Clearer Writing

Once you get the hang of transition words, you can bet you can write an essay in its full flow. But even if you're short on time, you can use WPS AI to help with where and how you want to add transition words.

With WPS Office, you get these advanced features and more, all designed to support your academic writing needs. Its AI-powered tools help you write, edit, and refine your essays, ensuring they are polished and professional. Plus, WPS Office is free, making it an accessible and invaluable resource for students and academics. Download WPS Office today and take your essay writing to the next level!

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Home > Blog > Best Transition Words for Essays (With Examples)

Best Transition Words for Essays (With Examples)

• Smodin Editorial Team
• Updated: August 13, 2024
• General Guide About Content and Writing

Most essays require you to discuss more than one idea. However, transitioning into a new idea abruptly can be sudden and jarring for the reader. This is where transition words come in. Even if writing essays isn’t your strong suit , it’s pretty easy to learn how to use transition words and phrases.

So, what are transition words? They are words and phrases that show a link between two elements. They might show that you’re pivoting to a new topic, introducing new evidence, or summing up your points. They can even link paragraphs together with ease and improve your writing flow . Sprinkling these throughout your essay helps the reader understand your argument more clearly.

Essentially, transition words for essays are crucial to improve the flow of your writing. But you still need to know how to wield them effectively if you want top marks.

How to Use Transition Words in Essays

A transition word signals a change in your writing. You use them as part of transition sentences, which contain either two opposing topics or connect similar ideas.

You don’t need transition words in every sentence. Just re-read our introduction–not every sentence has one. Not even every paragraph has them! But including them throughout your work can really help the reader understand where they’re at in the text.

Consider this example:

• The experiment was successful. We decided to conduct further research.
• The experiment was successful. Therefore, we decided to conduct further research.

The second sentence highlights the connection between these two ideas. The connection could be contrasting ideas, similar ones, or a sequence. As a result, the reader understands a more logical flow within the text. Although the first sentence is still grammatically correct, it’s a little jarring.

And this is a crucial thing to note about transition words. Sometimes, the connection is obvious. Words and phrases like “however” and “for example” appear completely logically in the text. In the same way, sequential transition words like “first”, “next,” “last”, and so on are obvious choices. However, other transition words are less obvious–their primary goal is just to improve flow. They keep your writing organized.

Most transition words and phrases appear at the beginning of sentences, paragraphs, or clauses. Although, they can sometimes appear in other places, too.

It’s also worth noting that you need to choose the right transition word. Let’s explore some examples below.

Examples of Transition Words for Essays

Depending on the essay you’re writing, you might find that it calls for different transition words. Some transition words and phrases introduce new content ideas , while others highlight that two ideas are equally important.

In fact, you might need several of these types in any academic writing you do. Let’s explore eight types of transition words that you might need.

Transition Words for Contradictions

In many essays, you’ll need to weigh up an argument with a counter-argument. There are individual words and phrases that can highlight this contrast, moving from one idea to its opposing one.

Contradiction words include:

• On the other hand
• Nevertheless
• On the contrary

You can say something like:

• Conversely, an alternative method proved effective.
• However, this approach has its limitations.

This is great for analytical essays where you’re including a comparison.

Transition Words for Additions

Most essays require you to demonstrate your reasoning. As a result, you need to illustrate the evidence you have for a particular point. You might even need more than one point.

There are several transition words for this purpose:

• Additionally
• Furthermore
• In addition

You could say:

• Additionally, he brings a positive attitude alongside his skills.
• Furthermore, the research supports this conclusion

Both of these sentences can help you add onto your previous statement, hammering your idea home. Often, you can use these words to show that two ideas are equally important, too. It provides a simple addition, rather than making one seem more important than the other.

Transition Words for Introducing Examples

In the same way, there are other transition words that you can use specifically for examples. These are great (and easy) ways to introduce your evidence. They include:

• For example
• For instance

Your sentence might look like this:

• For example, the evidence illustrates that…
• Namely, adding elements like humor can engage readers.

It’s a good idea to write down a list of these that you can use throughout your essay. That way, you’re not using the same transition words throughout.

Transition Words for Conditions and Cause and Effect

Sometimes, a transition word can denote causality between two things. This is like the example we saw before, using “therefore.” These transition words are not always as obvious, but they can vastly improve the flow of your writing.

They include:

• Consequently
• As a result

If you’re writing a history essay or trying to show a consequence, these transition words are your best friends. Think of these example sentences:

• Therefore, it’s crucial to follow guidelines.
• Hence, the project was delayed.

Again, try writing these down to include throughout your essay.

Transition Words for Extra Clarification

The right transition word can also help you clarify your points or add emphasis. Often, it just takes a single word to change the meaning of your sentence and add some emphasis. For example:

• Undoubtedly

Often, these words and phrases are great for stressing the importance of a point you just made. For instance, you could say:

• Indeed, the findings are significant.
• Clearly, this approach is more effective.

Be careful how you use these transition words, though. Depending on how convincing your argument is, your reader might draw a different conclusion. So, don’t use words like “undoubtedly” unless you’re really sure!

Transition Words for Summarizing

At the end of your essay, you need to provide a summary of all your points. Launching straight into the conclusion can be sudden, which is why you need a transition word to announce the summary. Try these:

• In conclusion
• To summarize
• All things considered
• To conclude

All of these words are great for introducing the final paragraph. They show the reader that you’re about to recap your key points. You’ll often see sentences like this:

• In conclusion, the study supports the hypothesis.
• To summarize, the benefits outweigh the costs.

Adding these words or phrases is a great way to introduce your final analysis.

Transition Words for Time Relations

Whenever you read a recipe, you’ll find transitions that show time relationships. This is because recipes come in steps, where each point follows immediately after the previous. However, there are also other ways to use these transition words. First, let’s look at some of the options:

• Subsequently

Here are two examples of these words in use, one from a step-by-step and another from an essay:

• First, gather all the necessary materials.
• Subsequently, the researchers analyzed the data.

As you can see in the second example, you can use these transitions in analysis, too.

Transition Words for Series and Sequences

Sequential transition words are very similar to what we discussed previously. In fact, there’s some overlap. However, these words appear in an exact sequence:

• In the first place
• In the second place

And so on. You can use each one to illustrate where you are in a specific process. For example:

• First, we need to address the main issue.
• In the first place, the policy needs revision.

Again, you can use these for sequential events like recipes, but also to lead the reader through your argument. Remember, every essay should have a beginning, middle, and end. So, you can use transition words like this to signpost where you are in your argument.

How Smodin’s AI Writer Can Help with Transition Words

Still struggling with transition words and phrases? There’s a tool for that! Smodin’s AI writer can help you generate content in line with your ideas. It’s an advanced essay writing tool that writes academic papers to a high standard. And it seamlessly integrates transition words! By using a variety of single words and phrases, Smodin creates engaging text with a great flow.

Here’s an example:

• Without Smodin’s AI Writer: “Climate change is a pressing issue. Many countries are implementing green policies.”
• With Smodin’s AI Writer: “Climate change is a pressing issue; therefore, many countries are implementing green policies.”

And, Smodin’s AI writer meets rigorous academic standards. Compared to other generative AI tools, Smodin is far better for academic work. It has a much more specific database of high-quality academic work, allowing it to write texts of a similar grade.

This ensures that the transition words and phrases used are appropriate for formal writing. The tool understands the nuances of academic language, suggesting transitions that elevate the quality of your essay.

Key Features of Smodin’s AI Writer

Smodin has several key features that can help you create essays of high standard, such as:

• Enhanced Flow and Coherence: The AI suggests transition words that enhance the readability and logical flow of your essay.
• Contextual Suggestions: Based on the context of your writing, the AI provides suitable transition words and phrases.
• Tailored to Academic Standards: Smodin’s AI ensures that the transitions used are appropriate for academic writing, adhering to formal standards.

So what are you waiting for? See how Smodin’s AI writer can effortlessly enhance your essays through both structure and flow. With Smodin, you can get higher grades and a better understanding of your work.

Use the Best Transition Words for Essays

Using transition words in essays is crucial for creating a smooth and coherent flow of ideas. These words and phrases are the bridges that guide your readers through your arguments. Without them, it’s harder to understand the connections between different points. So, effective use of transition words not only improves the readability of your essay but also strengthens your overall argument.

Smodin’s AI Writer is an invaluable tool for incorporating transition words seamlessly into your essay. This advanced tool suggests contextually appropriate transitions, ensuring your essay flows logically and meets high academic standards.

Don’t let the challenge of finding the right transition words hinder your writing. Explore Smodin’s AI Writer to elevate your essay writing skills and produce top-quality academic papers. Perhaps you’re a student aiming for higher grades or a writer seeking to improve the flow of your work. Smodin’s AI Writer is here to help. Try Smodin today and experience the difference in your writing!

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College student who used the n-word 200 times in drunken attack on Black classmate faces jail after pleading guilty

Rosing agreed to make a guilty plea after sitting for a mediation session with the woman she attacked, article bookmarked.

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A former University of Kentucky student who was accused of hurling racial slurs and attacking a Black schoolmate while drunk has pleaded guilty to assault and other charges.

Sophia Rosing , 23, admitted four counts of fourth-degree assault, one count of disorderly conduct, and one count of public intoxication, according to the Lexington Herald-Leader .

She was arrested and charged in 2022 after she attacked a Black student working at a campus residence hall while she was drunk.

The attack was caught on video and went viral on social media. The victim in the attack, Kylah Spring, says in the video that Rosing struck her numerous times and kicked her in the stomach. As Spring is explaining what happened to her, Rosing can be heard yelling at her in the background, calling the Black student the n-word and a "b****" throughout the footage. She uses the racial slur approximately 200 times over the course of the video.

Rosing was ultimately indicted by a grand jury on six counts, according to WKYT . Shortly after the attack, the University of Kentucky banned her from the campus and announced Rosing would be ineligible to re-enroll.

"As a community working wholeheartedly to prevent racist violence, we also must be committed to holding people accountable for their actions. The processes we have in place are essential," the university president, Eli Capilouto, said in a video the school released after the attack.

She faces up to a year in jail and 100 hours of community service, according to her attorney, Fred Peters.

The 23-year-old reportedly decided to plead guilty after participating in a mediation session with the victim.

"A lot of things got said, apologies were made and we worked it out," Peters said. "She has had a lot of time to think about what she has done, and she wrote a nice letter of apology."

Spring, the woman Rosing attacked, had a less rosy view of the meeting. She told WLEX that she did not believe Rosing to be genuinely remorseful.

"I feel that a person that is remorseful takes actions that are moving towards proving they are remorseful," Spring told the outlet. "Not just words."

Spring said the mediation hearing also provided her with the opportunity to address Rosing directly.

“I told her that she didn't break my spirit,” Spring said. “That was one of the things I said the first time I ever spoke about what happened and that rings true today.”

Rosing initially pleaded not guilty when she was arraigned in November 2022. Her sentencing hearing is scheduled for October 17.

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Democracy challenged

‘A Crisis Coming’: The Twin Threats to American Democracy

Credit... Photo illustration by Matt Chase

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By David Leonhardt

David Leonhardt is a senior writer at The Times who won the Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the Great Recession.

• Published Sept. 17, 2022 Updated June 21, 2023

Listen to This Article

The United States has experienced deep political turmoil several times before over the past century. The Great Depression caused Americans to doubt the country’s economic system. World War II and the Cold War presented threats from global totalitarian movements. The 1960s and ’70s were marred by assassinations, riots, a losing war and a disgraced president.

These earlier periods were each more alarming in some ways than anything that has happened in the United States recently. Yet during each of those previous times of tumult, the basic dynamics of American democracy held firm. Candidates who won the most votes were able to take power and attempt to address the country’s problems.

The current period is different. As a result, the United States today finds itself in a situation with little historical precedent. American democracy is facing two distinct threats, which together represent the most serious challenge to the country’s governing ideals in decades.

The first threat is acute: a growing movement inside one of the country’s two major parties — the Republican Party — to refuse to accept defeat in an election.

The violent Jan. 6, 2021, attack on Congress , meant to prevent the certification of President Biden’s election, was the clearest manifestation of this movement, but it has continued since then. Hundreds of elected Republican officials around the country falsely claim that the 2020 election was rigged. Some of them are running for statewide offices that would oversee future elections, potentially putting them in position to overturn an election in 2024 or beyond.

“There is the possibility, for the first time in American history, that a legitimately elected president will not be able to take office,” said Yascha Mounk, a political scientist at Johns Hopkins University who studies democracy.

Vote Margins by State in Presidential Elections since 1988

Senate representation by state.

Residents of less populated states like Wyoming and North Dakota, who are disproportionately white, have outsize influence.

1 voter in Wyoming

has similar representation as

1 voter in North Dakota

6 voters in Connecticut

7 voters in Alabama

18 voters in Michigan

59 voters in California

has similar

representation as

Landslides in 2020 House Elections

There were about twice as many districts where a Democratic House candidate won by at least 50 percentage points as there were districts where a Republican candidate won by as much.

Landslide (one candidate won

by at least 50 percentage points)

Barbara Lee

Calif. District 13

Jerry Nadler

N.Y. District 10

Diana DeGette

Colo. District 1

Donald Payne Jr.

N.J. District 10

Jesús García

Ill. District 4

Landslide (one candidate won by at least 50 percentage points)

Presidential Appointments of Supreme Court Justices

Supreme Court appointments

Presidential election winners

Popular vote

Electoral College

Party that nominated a justice

David H. Souter (until 2009)

Clarence Thomas

Ruth Bader Ginsburg (until 2020)

Stephen G. Breyer (until 2022)

John G. Roberts Jr.

Samuel A. Alito Jr.

Sonia Sotomayor

Elena Kagan

Neil M. Gorsuch

Brett M. Kavanaugh

Amy Coney Barrett

Ketanji Brown Jackson

Supreme Court

Presidential election

nominated a justice

Souter (until 2009)

Ginsburg (until 2020)

Breyer (until 2022)

State Legislators and Election Lies

The share of Republican state legislators who have taken steps, as of May 2022, to discredit or overturn the 2020 presidential election results

Pennsylvania

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