types and components of research report pdf

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

Section 1- Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Chapter 6: Components of a Research Report

Components of a research report.

Partido, B.B.

Elements of research report

Introduction	What is the issue?
Methods	What methods have been used to investigate the issue?
Results	What was found?
Discussion	What are the implications of the findings?

The research report contains four main areas:

Introduction – What is the issue? What is known? What is not known? What are you trying to find out? This sections ends with the purpose and specific aims of the study.
Methods – The recipe for the study. If someone wanted to perform the same study, what information would they need? How will you answer your research question? This part usually contains subheadings: Participants, Instruments, Procedures, Data Analysis,
Results – What was found? This is organized by specific aims and provides the results of the statistical analysis.
Discussion – How do the results fit in with the existing literature? What were the limitations and areas of future research?

Research Report: Definition, Types + [Writing Guide]

One of the reasons for carrying out research is to add to the existing body of knowledge. Therefore, when conducting research, you need to document your processes and findings in a research report.

With a research report, it is easy to outline the findings of your systematic investigation and any gaps needing further inquiry. Knowing how to create a detailed research report will prove useful when you need to conduct research.

What is a Research Report?

A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.

In many ways, a research report can be considered as a summary of the research process that clearly highlights findings, recommendations, and other important details. Reading a well-written research report should provide you with all the information you need about the core areas of the research process.

Features of a Research Report

So how do you recognize a research report when you see one? Here are some of the basic features that define a research report.

It is a detailed presentation of research processes and findings, and it usually includes tables and graphs.
It is written in a formal language.
A research report is usually written in the third person.
It is informative and based on first-hand verifiable information.
It is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points.
It always includes recommendations for future actions.

Types of Research Report

The research report is classified based on two things; nature of research and target audience.

Nature of Research

Qualitative Research Report

This is the type of report written for qualitative research . It outlines the methods, processes, and findings of a qualitative method of systematic investigation. In educational research, a qualitative research report provides an opportunity for one to apply his or her knowledge and develop skills in planning and executing qualitative research projects.

A qualitative research report is usually descriptive in nature. Hence, in addition to presenting details of the research process, you must also create a descriptive narrative of the information.

Quantitative Research Report

A quantitative research report is a type of research report that is written for quantitative research. Quantitative research is a type of systematic investigation that pays attention to numerical or statistical values in a bid to find answers to research questions.

In this type of research report, the researcher presents quantitative data to support the research process and findings. Unlike a qualitative research report that is mainly descriptive, a quantitative research report works with numbers; that is, it is numerical in nature.

Target Audience

Also, a research report can be said to be technical or popular based on the target audience. If you’re dealing with a general audience, you would need to present a popular research report, and if you’re dealing with a specialized audience, you would submit a technical report.

Technical Research Report

A technical research report is a detailed document that you present after carrying out industry-based research. This report is highly specialized because it provides information for a technical audience; that is, individuals with above-average knowledge in the field of study.

In a technical research report, the researcher is expected to provide specific information about the research process, including statistical analyses and sampling methods. Also, the use of language is highly specialized and filled with jargon.

Examples of technical research reports include legal and medical research reports.

Popular Research Report

A popular research report is one for a general audience; that is, for individuals who do not necessarily have any knowledge in the field of study. A popular research report aims to make information accessible to everyone.

It is written in very simple language, which makes it easy to understand the findings and recommendations. Examples of popular research reports are the information contained in newspapers and magazines.

Importance of a Research Report

Knowledge Transfer: As already stated above, one of the reasons for carrying out research is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and this is made possible with a research report. A research report serves as a means to effectively communicate the findings of a systematic investigation to all and sundry.
Identification of Knowledge Gaps: With a research report, you’d be able to identify knowledge gaps for further inquiry. A research report shows what has been done while hinting at other areas needing systematic investigation.
In market research, a research report would help you understand the market needs and peculiarities at a glance.
A research report allows you to present information in a precise and concise manner.
It is time-efficient and practical because, in a research report, you do not have to spend time detailing the findings of your research work in person. You can easily send out the report via email and have stakeholders look at it.

Guide to Writing a Research Report

A lot of detail goes into writing a research report, and getting familiar with the different requirements would help you create the ideal research report. A research report is usually broken down into multiple sections, which allows for a concise presentation of information.

Structure and Example of a Research Report

This is the title of your systematic investigation. Your title should be concise and point to the aims, objectives, and findings of a research report.

Table of Contents

This is like a compass that makes it easier for readers to navigate the research report.

An abstract is an overview that highlights all important aspects of the research including the research method, data collection process, and research findings. Think of an abstract as a summary of your research report that presents pertinent information in a concise manner.

An abstract is always brief; typically 100-150 words and goes straight to the point. The focus of your research abstract should be the 5Ws and 1H format – What, Where, Why, When, Who and How.

Introduction

Here, the researcher highlights the aims and objectives of the systematic investigation as well as the problem which the systematic investigation sets out to solve. When writing the report introduction, it is also essential to indicate whether the purposes of the research were achieved or would require more work.

In the introduction section, the researcher specifies the research problem and also outlines the significance of the systematic investigation. Also, the researcher is expected to outline any jargons and terminologies that are contained in the research.

Literature Review

A literature review is a written survey of existing knowledge in the field of study. In other words, it is the section where you provide an overview and analysis of different research works that are relevant to your systematic investigation.

It highlights existing research knowledge and areas needing further investigation, which your research has sought to fill. At this stage, you can also hint at your research hypothesis and its possible implications for the existing body of knowledge in your field of study.

An Account of Investigation

This is a detailed account of the research process, including the methodology, sample, and research subjects. Here, you are expected to provide in-depth information on the research process including the data collection and analysis procedures.

In a quantitative research report, you’d need to provide information surveys, questionnaires and other quantitative data collection methods used in your research. In a qualitative research report, you are expected to describe the qualitative data collection methods used in your research including interviews and focus groups.

In this section, you are expected to present the results of the systematic investigation.

This section further explains the findings of the research, earlier outlined. Here, you are expected to present a justification for each outcome and show whether the results are in line with your hypotheses or if other research studies have come up with similar results.

Conclusions

This is a summary of all the information in the report. It also outlines the significance of the entire study.

References and Appendices

This section contains a list of all the primary and secondary research sources.

Tips for Writing a Research Report

Define the Context for the Report

As is obtainable when writing an essay, defining the context for your research report would help you create a detailed yet concise document. This is why you need to create an outline before writing so that you do not miss out on anything.

Define your Audience

Writing with your audience in mind is essential as it determines the tone of the report. If you’re writing for a general audience, you would want to present the information in a simple and relatable manner. For a specialized audience, you would need to make use of technical and field-specific terms.

Include Significant Findings

The idea of a research report is to present some sort of abridged version of your systematic investigation. In your report, you should exclude irrelevant information while highlighting only important data and findings.

Include Illustrations

Your research report should include illustrations and other visual representations of your data. Graphs, pie charts, and relevant images lend additional credibility to your systematic investigation.

Choose the Right Title

A good research report title is brief, precise, and contains keywords from your research. It should provide a clear idea of your systematic investigation so that readers can grasp the entire focus of your research from the title.

Proofread the Report

Before publishing the document, ensure that you give it a second look to authenticate the information. If you can, get someone else to go through the report, too, and you can also run it through proofreading and editing software.

How to Gather Research Data for Your Report

Understand the Problem

Every research aims at solving a specific problem or set of problems, and this should be at the back of your mind when writing your research report. Understanding the problem would help you to filter the information you have and include only important data in your report.

Know what your report seeks to achieve

This is somewhat similar to the point above because, in some way, the aim of your research report is intertwined with the objectives of your systematic investigation. Identifying the primary purpose of writing a research report would help you to identify and present the required information accordingly.

Identify your audience

Knowing your target audience plays a crucial role in data collection for a research report. If your research report is specifically for an organization, you would want to present industry-specific information or show how the research findings are relevant to the work that the company does.

Create Surveys/Questionnaires

A survey is a research method that is used to gather data from a specific group of people through a set of questions. It can be either quantitative or qualitative.

A survey is usually made up of structured questions, and it can be administered online or offline. However, an online survey is a more effective method of research data collection because it helps you save time and gather data with ease.

You can seamlessly create an online questionnaire for your research on Formplus . With the multiple sharing options available in the builder, you would be able to administer your survey to respondents in little or no time.

Formplus also has a report summary too l that you can use to create custom visual reports for your research.

Step-by-step guide on how to create an online questionnaire using Formplus

Sign into Formplus

In the Formplus builder, you can easily create different online questionnaires for your research by dragging and dropping preferred fields into your form. To access the Formplus builder, you will need to create an account on Formplus.

Once you do this, sign in to your account and click on Create new form to begin.

Edit Form Title : Click on the field provided to input your form title, for example, “Research Questionnaire.”
Edit Form : Click on the edit icon to edit the form.
Add Fields : Drag and drop preferred form fields into your form in the Formplus builder inputs column. There are several field input options for questionnaires in the Formplus builder.
Edit fields
Click on “Save”
Form Customization: With the form customization options in the form builder, you can easily change the outlook of your form and make it more unique and personalized. Formplus allows you to change your form theme, add background images, and even change the font according to your needs.
Multiple Sharing Options: Formplus offers various form-sharing options, which enables you to share your questionnaire with respondents easily. You can use the direct social media sharing buttons to share your form link to your organization’s social media pages. You can also send out your survey form as email invitations to your research subjects too. If you wish, you can share your form’s QR code or embed it on your organization’s website for easy access.

Conclusion

Always remember that a research report is just as important as the actual systematic investigation because it plays a vital role in communicating research findings to everyone else. This is why you must take care to create a concise document summarizing the process of conducting any research.

In this article, we’ve outlined essential tips to help you create a research report. When writing your report, you should always have the audience at the back of your mind, as this would set the tone for the document.

Connect to Formplus, Get Started Now - It's Free!

ethnographic research survey
research report
research report survey
busayo.longe

How to Write a Problem Statement for your Research

Learn how to write problem statements before commencing any research effort. Learn about its structure and explore examples

types and components of research report pdf

Assessment Tools: Types, Examples & Importance

In this article, you’ll learn about different assessment tools to help you evaluate performance in various contexts

21 Chrome Extensions for Academic Researchers in 2022

In this article, we will discuss a number of chrome extensions you can use to make your research process even seamless

Ethnographic Research: Types, Methods + [Question Examples]

Simple guide on ethnographic research, it types, methods, examples and advantages. Also highlights how to conduct an ethnographic...

Formplus - For Seamless Data Collection

Collect data the right way with a versatile data collection tool. try formplus and transform your work productivity today..

Increase Font Size

34 Components of a Research Report

C. Naga Lakshmi

1. Objective

In this module you will learn about writing reports for research, some formats and their use for organizations. Some links and different internet based resources, references are provided at the end of the document.

2. Introduction

Research as a process involves several phases and documents produced in a sequence. The sequence and phases of progress have a definite effect on the quality of the final report and on the research documents produced at all stages. Every research/study is judged for its adequacy, quality and validity, on the basis of four such documents – the research proposal, research summary, research abstract and the research report. Research report is the main document on the basis of which the contribution of the research is judged.

A research report is ‘a formal, official statement that contains facts, is a record documentation of findings

and/or is perhaps the result of a survey or investigation’ (Booth 1991). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a report is a statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which definite information is required.

Report writing can be undertaken for purposes such as:

· to present findings

· to keep records of collected information/data

· for documenting organisations’ success and failures

· to write about the progress of a research and/or project

Many of the parts/elements of report writing are generic, but there are themes specific to report writing that make it distinctive. Reports are drafted based on factual information with data and findings. The content is intended to be ‘objective’ and not to be influenced by any personal bias/feelings of the authors.

One can classify reports into several types based on the purpose of research, the funding or sponsoring organization and the area of work. Reports can be documented only for information, very short and concise, for example, budgeting report, and other functions of organisations. Case studies and analysis can be another type of report writing widely used at universities for project documentation. A report for anorganisation’s internal audience can be in an informal format. This report can use informal conversational tone if it is addressing issues such as absenteeism, work plans and processes. For a semi-formal report, such as employee policy, a manual or a task report, the language used can be informal but can have a formalized structure. The third is a formal report with detailed structure and format, and for research, analysis and some inferences.

Writing a report involves the following stages –

· clarifying terms of reference,

· planning the work,

· collecting data and information,

· organising and structuring the collected information,

· writing the first draft, and

· final proof-checking and re-drafting of report.

Report writing is thus a diligent activity, as it involves collating and documenting all the facts collected through field investigation, compiled and documented following a pre-determined research design. Reports require highly structured form of writing and this could be a daunting task sometimes. There are some conventions that have been laid down to produce a common format to suit readership and/or audience. The structure and convention in written reports stress on the process by which the information is gathered to draft the report.

A report can be distinguished from other forms of mainstream/traditional academic research such as the discussion paper, working paper and journal article. For example, the main differences between a report and an essay or academic/research narrative are that the essay format can be at the discretion of the author, but the report has a formal structure approved by the institution or funding agency. Again, a report is used to communicate results or findings of a project/research while an essay is for developing an argument, in-depth via a sequence of paragraphs. Moreover, a report includes some graphic presentations – tables, figures, illustrations but an essay is only a prose. Finally, a report can make some recommendation for future actions but it is unusual for an academic essay to make recommendations for action although some conclusions are drawn.

There is considerable amount of creativity involved in it and use of a great deal of imagery, inventive vocabulary and an elaborate style, as well as academic rigour, so that the readers are engaged and remain interested while reading it.

2.1. Report Writing: Scope and Reason

One can divide report writing into two stages namely planning the report and the actual writing process. A prospective author writing a report must be clear about the following before s/he begins the writing –

· The reason and purpose

· The content of the report

· The primary readership and their expectations from the report

· The impact/benefits of the result – who are the beneficiaries, its utility to the implementing authorities

The reason, purpose and scope of the report are sometimes pre-determined by the organization sponsoring the research or by the author. Important dimensions of a report are thus a) the purpose of the report and b) the scope of the report. Scope of the report includes clarity on what needs to go into the report, some guidelines on format and extent of analysis. The content of the report is also influenced by the concern for maintaining necessary academic rigour and standard even though the author’s or the research team’s writing capabilities very often determine such a standard. Readership and audience for the report is the next important consideration and is discussed in the following section.

2.2. The intended audience and the report structure and style:

The nature of the intended audience (external or internal) is an important factor in determining the length, format, structure, language and tone/pitch for a report. The author/s aim towards dissemination of the report to some perceived audience/readers and the significance of the results documented in the report to be of value to them. Audience can thus broadly be classified as academic/specialised or wider and non-academic. If the report is intended for a largely non-academic audience, the tone and language and style are to be prepared in a user-friendly and simple format.

One key aspect of writing a report is the potential readership’s level of familiarity or experience with the subject/theme of the report. If the report is for lay persons, the report needs to contain additional background information, glossary of terms and theoretical explanation of the theme/subject. If the intended audience is specialized/narrow, and comprises only the group or organization that has commissioned the report, the report has to be written keeping in mind the specific aims and objectives set by the organization or the commissioning body. This sometimes might limit the scope of the report and flexibility for the authors and it is important not to lose sight of the purpose and aims of the commissioning body while structuring the report. Whether it is specific to audience or for a wider readership, the option of writing multiple versions of the report, each catering to specific audience with and without special additional information, tone, font, writing style and explanation of terms and theme is also preferable.

The presentation and content of a report can thus be structured to indicate the main points of decision, presentation of facts and information, and shaping future action to be easily understood and usable for the audience/readers.

To sum up, a report can be written to suit an audience. A popular report must be able to add some increments to their knowledge; help the audience find the right information within the report; know and cater to at least some of the preferences of the intended audience and cater to their usability by designing the report format appropriately.

There are some common errors that a writer should beware of and avoid. They are:

· Excessive jargon

· Verbosity

· Personal bias

· Factual inaccuracies

· Grammatical errors

· Absence of reasoning

· Absence of sequence

· Absence of reference

Self-Check Exercise 1:

Q 1. Can we state that report writing is different from a typical academic style of writing?

Report writing is a unique style and it differs from a typical academic exercise. Very often, the format and style of writing are decided by the sponsoring organisation. However, the reason and scope of the study for which the report is being written as well as the readership to which it is catering to, also give shapes to its style. Whereas a typical academic writing caters to the specialists in the field and is rigorous in presentation, the report can carry some more interesting illustrations and graphic presentations, tables and charts to make it more readable.

Q 2. What are the main concerns for a report writer at the beginning stages?

The main concerns for a report writer are to know the purpose and scope of the report being prepared. Then the writer needs to know the audience to whom the report is being sent. Another important concern is to maintain ethics while writing and avoid plagiarism from any source.

Q 3. How can one classify and adopt an appropriate format for a report?

The writer can adopt an appropriate style of writing and language based on the target audience, whether it is for internal consumption or for the external and specialist audience. The choice then lies in an informal and semi-formal structure and language to a complete formal structure and language for a completely research and data analysis based report.

3. Stages in planning and writing process

The planning and writing process/phases for a report can be divided into three stages each. The planning phases can be divided into three stages – clarifying the brief, doing the research and organising the content. The writing stage can be divided into the analysis stage, drafting and proof reading stage. The tasks in each of these phases and stages are explained in this section.

3.1. Planning

The first stage of planning phase for a report is the clarification of the objective of the report. The specific instructions/guidelines issued by the sponsors or organizers for writing the report are to be fully understood and internalized by the team and authors. It is important to recollect in case there was a meeting/launch of the project (for a formal project that had a launching event) and what was announced as the project objectives and format the report.

Planning stage is followed by the actual data collection and research stage. This is the backbone of the report as quality of any report depends essentially on the quality of data collected and analysed. A study that fails to collect enough and reliable data from various sources would obviously fail to generate useful conclusions.

The next stage is the organisation of the content. Authors need to review the notes made and group them under various heads. At this stage, the authors should retain only the relevant content for the objectives and the brief provided and must discard all the irrelevant content. The order of content should also be logical. Authors should make sure the ideas are paraphrased into words, and should avoid any plagiarising practice.

3.2. Writing

Writing phase entails three stages – analysis, drafting and proof reading. Analysis and writing starts with a simple description of the data gathered and then is critically examined for the evidence for substantiating the research findings. It is important to note the limitations of the research/project at this stage. Drafting the report requires a simple style without superfluous words and unnecessary details. In the content, technical terms are to be used appropriately and make reference to tables, graphs and illustrations. Proof reading stage is the final and most important one as it requires diligence and accuracy. First is to check the flow of report and whether the brief provided initially is being followed. The language, syntax, spellings – all of which are enabled by the word processing software as computers are used. The numbers assigned to illustrations, tables and graphs are to be checked along with the references cited. The layout, contents page, the page numbers and captions also to be checked thoroughly.

Writing needs to follow a structure and can be divided into several components. These are described in the next section.

The structure and components of the reports

The report structure ensures ease of navigation across the document for the readers and organising the data collected.

Usually the components of a report include three parts –

The Introductory (Beginning) section
The Main (Explanatory middle)

III. The End (Appendices & References)

These components of a report are discussed in the next sections.

4.1. The Beginning and Introduction

The first section is obviously an introduction which provides a background for the research study being presented in the report. It contains the following sections:

A title page
Contents list/table of contents
List of illustrations
List of tables
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations/Acronyms
Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary

The arrangement of the sub-sections and the sequence depends on the length and scope of the research.

Lengthy reports require more structuring and sequence.

To begin with, the title page should include a full title of the report, the names and affiliation of the author(s), sponsors or to whom the report is submitted, the name and address of the publisher and the date of publication.

Other details that can be included in later pages are – An ISBN number (if any) and a Copyright (in the inside page). The following figure, is an illustration of a sample of contents of the copyright, permissions and the ISBN details.

Figure 1. Sample of a copyright

Source: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024- 1352909193861/8936935-1356011448215/8986901-1380046989056/WDR-2014_Complete_Report.pdf

The contents list is very significant as helps the reader to identify the main sections of the report. Hence its preparation requires meticulous planning. Each research report shall have a table of contents tailored appropriately as per the theme of research and the topic dealt with. In the above example, the contents are arranged to explain the gender gap, its measurement and the country profiles. Since the cited report caters

to the needs of global readership, it also includes a user’s guide and the associated explanation. The contents can be presented in a simple format as presented in Figure 2.

As against the format stated in figure 2, page numbers of a contents list can be put on the right side. It is a standard practice to state the full page numbers (say from 5-12) of each section and only mention the first page number of a chapter (say 5). A contents list should also mention the following before beginning the Introductory section: List of illustrations, List of tables and figures, Foreword, Preface, Acknowledgements, List of Abbreviations/Acronyms and Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary. It is however not mandatory for any report writer to mention all of them as one may not, for instance, write a Foreword or Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary sub-section in the report. List of illustrations at the outset are numbered or linked to the particular chapter to help the reader. Other sub-sections as mentioned earlier are listed with the related aspects in the following sequence:

a) A foreword and or preface can be used to draw a potential reader into the major theme of the report. This can be written by the research team or author/s, including interesting details of the report or the rationale behind the report in the preface. Many a time, subject experts known for proficiency and in depth knowledge in the central theme of the report or a person with sufficient degree of authority/respect in the discipline do write the foreword.

b) In the acknowledgements section, the authors can express gratitude to all the individuals and organizations who/that were important and contributed to the research and writing, publication and production of the report in its full form. Obviously, it is a well documented practice to acknowledge the contributions of respondents, academicians and intellectuals, funding agency, research team members, support staff, library staff and others.

c) All the abbreviations that are mentioned in the report should be identified and explained in a section prior to the main section primarily to help the reader. It is for the authors to include the section or not if there are no abbreviations.

d) If the report is for general audience, and it includes technical terms, there is a need to include a glossary of terms at the end of the document.

e) Summary/Abstract/Executive Summary is an important part of the report. This should ideally provide the reader with details – aims, objectives of the report, a brief methodological overview, key findings and subsequent conclusions and set of recommendations that emanate from these. It is important to note that all readers may not read the report from cover to cover, they browse the text and focus only on sections which are relevant to their interests and needs. Hence, the summary is the most important section of the report summarizing the overall content and the findings.

For example refer to the web page:

https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/2_assessmenttasks/assess_tuts/reports_LL/summary.html

4.2. The Main Content

A report’s main content can be organized under the following sub-sections –

4.2.1. Introduction/background/Overview:

The introduction should set the context, engage the reader to understand the background of the report. This can include some details on who commissioned the report, when, and for what reasons. Some important terms of reference, resources which were available for the author to prepare the report can be mentioned and sources of information/data and how they were obtained in brief section. The structure of the report and the sub-sections are organized as per the research plan. The introductory part of a report is significant for several reasons. First, it introduces a reader to the basic theme, context and agenda of research. Second, it builds up a platform for development of detail explanation of concepts, variables and subject matter in the rest of the report. By doing so, it also helps the author(s) to critically examine his/her arguments so as to develop new theoretical insights on the subject matter in the conclusion. Finally, it would aim to attract attention of a reader, specialist or general, for detail and elaborate study of the complete report.

4.2.2. The main body of the report

This is the central/middle part and main content of the report. As mentioned in the previous section, it begins with an introduction and should set the background for the reader. It should include sufficient explanation and background details so that the main part of the report shall be fully consumed. The introduction can include the following information:

Details of the origin of the report, who commissioned the report, the time frame, when and why the report was commissioned
The terms of reference for the report
The resources used
Any limitations to the work
A brief note on the sources of information used and how it was obtained
The methodologies employed
The structure of the report

The authors usually structure the reports into parts, to analytically present the theoretical orientation if any and the several modules available for analysis. After the introduction, the main body of the report follows the predetermined structure, and is made clearer by the hierarchy of headings and sub-headings, with numberings. This can be drawn from different styles also. The structure sometimes is dependent on the funding organization’s specifications or directives if any to convey the required message within these hierarchy of headings. The stylistic tools are convenient for the readers to identify and access information within the content. This also allows cross reference and easy navigation.

After presenting the existing modules and a review of literature available and relevant to the report, the report presents its data, and the findings as per the funding organization’s requirement. Notwithstanding differences of approach, it is a customary to begin with the general aspects of the findings like socio-economic background of the respondents and end with critical observations and analysis. In between, the effort gets concentrated to explain reasons and factors responsible for a particular issue being researched. While doing so, the author(s) should try to explain a phenomenon from both quantitative and qualitative points of view. For instance, a table or graph containing vital information may be supplemented by case history or narratives from the field. Such triangulation allows author(s) to delve deep into the issue being researched and come out with logical, valid and reasonable explanations. If an analysis is bereft of say qualitative aspects of social life and relies only on quantitative data, the analysis may remain partial and incomplete. In sociology, in particular, attempts are made to come out with holistic explanation of events, phenomena and processes as social life is complex, heterogeneous, and fluid. This allows sociologists to reveal the limitations of purely statistical or economic analysis.

The following are the examples of some reports from reputed international agencies:

Example 1: Human Development Report 2013 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf

Example 2: World Development Report 2014 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1352909193861/8936935- 1356011448215/8986901-1380046989056/WDR-2014_Complete_Report.pdf

Example 3: The World Economic Forum – The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf

For reports written for funded Projects, there is a detailed structure and presentation. For example, here is a structure of a research project on the work and culture in the information technology industry in India:

Figure 3 – Academic Research report – Example of a structure and table of contents

Source: Upadhya, Carol and Vasavi, AR (2006) Work, Culture and Sociality in the Indian Information

Technology (IT) Industry: A Sociological Study. Project Report. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. http://www.unikassel.de/~tduermei/iksa/readerengl/addtext%2013Updadhya %202006%20Work,%20Culture%20and%20Sociality-1.pdf

The next important type of research reports are written for projects undertaken by the corporate bodies. There is a detailed structure and presentation in this type of reports also. For example, the structure of a research project – A Corporate report – Deloitte – Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu India Private Limited – Resetting horizons Global human capital trends 2013 is available on the following sites – http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomIndia/Local%20Assets/Documents/HC%20trial/HC_Talent_Trends _%20(India)V1.pdf

http://d2mtr37y39tpbu.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/GlobalHumanCapitalTrends_2014.pdf

The report content cited above contains 10 findings of the human capital trends 2014 at a global level suited to the human resource community in organizations at the end of the document. Such formats are suitable for executive level readership in companies as well as general readership. It looks as follows:

Source: http://d2mtr37y39tpbu.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/GlobalHumanCapitalTrends_2014.pdf

Reports based on research, conducted by the corporate houses/companies are creative and include executive summary and recommendations. But they are less emphatic on the theory. One can note that there is a link at the bottom of the page that asks the reader to explore the human capital trends dashboard on the internet.

Conclusions, summary and recommendations form the last section of any report as one can observe in all types of reports. This section also is tailored to the funding organisation’s requirement. Yet, readers expect all conclusions to summarise the basic findings of the study and evolve generalisations to a) reject a theory, b) modify a theory, or c) build a new theory. Hence, it is a normal practice to briefly state the aims and objectives of the research as well as methodology followed to conduct the study in the concluding section before stating the major findings and analysing those critically. This is also because a busy reader might only be interested in reading the conclusion.

4.2.3. The End

After the main section, the last sections are for supplementing it. These include appendices, references and suggestions for further readings. Appendices can be included at the end of the report document and they are in different forms. They should be included if they add value and help reader understand the main text better, with detail that goes beyond the main content of the report. The appendices also are for the specialist/professional audience who seek details such as – methodological frameworks, questionnaires, statistical or technical information, originals of any letters and related documentation referred to in the content of the report. The authors must exercise discretion in deciding whether the material presented is better appended or in the main text. If the authors are of the opinion that the content is to be definitely read, then it must be placed in the main text. If it is not essential, it can be appended, discussed briefly in the main text. References of books, articles, journals and other relevant documents have to be provided following a format or style as required.

The last and final section is the index and this allows readers to look at key words and allows them to get to the depth of the theme or topics otherwise hidden in the main content. This is a daunting task if done manually. However, word processing software is available and enables the authors to compile index with a few commands including cross-referencing.

The last and final step for a research project is publishing, production and dissemination of the report. Research reports produced for specific readership by funding organisations have few constraints in terms of the formats in which the report has to be published and also whether it can be used for articles submitted to journals. If the report is for generalised audience and has to be disseminated on a large scale, there is a need to design an appropriate cover page printed by a commercial publisher, even if it is an expensive consideration. This can be an in-house activity or it can also be outsourced to a publisher. In case of outsourcing, there is a need to strictly monitor the process of production diligently with revisions of versions to ensure quality.Apart from printing, the research reports can also be published on the internet but with copyrights and careful consideration whether it is allowed by the sponsor. Many times, websites of the sponsor present a carefully compiled summary and findings only and seek details of the reader in case he/she wants complete access to the report.

Self-check exercise 2

Q 4. Academic writing and report writing formats have some similarities and contrasts. Do you agree? Explain.

Report writing and academic writing are similar to the extent of presenting a phenomenon to the reader. The sections of methodology, citations and referencing are also similar for both. However, academic writing conventions are universal and the format is common, for example, a journal publication. But report writing has to be done in tune with the requirements of the sponsoring body or by considering the needs of the audience or readership. To this effect, a report can have several formats, one for the specialist and expert audience and another for the general public depending on the institution/sponsoring institution’s directive.

5. Conclusion

To conclude, the research report is the most important output of projects and studies conducted by organizations/individual. The key considerations on the content rest with the sponsoring organizations and the authors with audience-specific formats. The production, publishing and dissemination are also important for the sponsoring/funding organization whether it is through formal academic means, journal articles or on the internet. In all cases, research reports contribute directly or indirectly to the theme and topic concerned and subsequently to the discipline.

Some useful links and e-resource

Baker, Therese, L. Doing Social Research (2nd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
Booth, P.F. Report Writing, Huntingdon: Elm Publications, 1991.
Britt, Steuart Henderson. The Writing of Readable Research Reports. Journal of Marketing Research 8, no. 2 (1971): 262-266.
Bryman, Alan. Social Research Methods (3rd edition). Oxford University Press, 2008.
How to write a good report: Information only, research reports at university, case study analysis reports can be viewed on – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFGNKJruxdg
http://www.cqu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/28578/5ReportWriting.pdf
Writing formal research reports (for Government): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kL2C8Gl_7mE
Online resource – The Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing by Leslie C Perelman, James Paradis and Edward Barrett – Accessed on 10th July 2014 http://web.mit.edu/course/21/21.guide/home.htm
How to add APA source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fm4DI53nB6U
Referencing in Harvard Style:Online Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDgqqPvMn0U (Accessed on 13th March 2014)
Writing Journal articles http://www.faeexmdev.plymouth.ac.uk/RESINED/writingup/A%20guide%20from%20Denis%20Hayes.htm
Writing tips for journal articles http://shadow.eas.gatech.edu/~jean/paleo/Writing_tips.pdf
Some Interesting Videos: Further help:
Videos on Report Writing formats: http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.02%20Reports.htm
Writing tips and reading lists http://www.writersservices.com/

Uncomplicated Reviews of Educational Research Methods

Writing a Research Report

.pdf version of this page

This review covers the basic elements of a research report. This is a general guide for what you will see in journal articles or dissertations. This format assumes a mixed methods study, but you can leave out either quantitative or qualitative sections if you only used a single methodology.

This review is divided into sections for easy reference. There are five MAJOR parts of a Research Report:

1. Introduction 2. Review of Literature 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion

As a general guide, the Introduction, Review of Literature, and Methods should be about 1/3 of your paper, Discussion 1/3, then Results 1/3.

Section 1 : Cover Sheet (APA format cover sheet) optional, if required.

Section 2: Abstract (a basic summary of the report, including sample, treatment, design, results, and implications) (≤ 150 words) optional, if required.

Section 3 : Introduction (1-3 paragraphs) • Basic introduction • Supportive statistics (can be from periodicals) • Statement of Purpose • Statement of Significance

Section 4 : Research question(s) or hypotheses • An overall research question (optional) • A quantitative-based (hypotheses) • A qualitative-based (research questions) Note: You will generally have more than one, especially if using hypotheses.

Section 5: Review of Literature ▪ Should be organized by subheadings ▪ Should adequately support your study using supporting, related, and/or refuting evidence ▪ Is a synthesis, not a collection of individual summaries

Section 6: Methods ▪ Procedure: Describe data gathering or participant recruitment, including IRB approval ▪ Sample: Describe the sample or dataset, including basic demographics ▪ Setting: Describe the setting, if applicable (generally only in qualitative designs) ▪ Treatment: If applicable, describe, in detail, how you implemented the treatment ▪ Instrument: Describe, in detail, how you implemented the instrument; Describe the reliability and validity associated with the instrument ▪ Data Analysis: Describe type of procedure (t-test, interviews, etc.) and software (if used)

Section 7: Results ▪ Restate Research Question 1 (Quantitative) ▪ Describe results ▪ Restate Research Question 2 (Qualitative) ▪ Describe results

Section 8: Discussion ▪ Restate Overall Research Question ▪ Describe how the results, when taken together, answer the overall question ▪ ***Describe how the results confirm or contrast the literature you reviewed

Section 9: Recommendations (if applicable, generally related to practice)

Section 10: Limitations ▪ Discuss, in several sentences, the limitations of this study. ▪ Research Design (overall, then info about the limitations of each separately) ▪ Sample ▪ Instrument/s ▪ Other limitations

Section 11: Conclusion (A brief closing summary)

Section 12: References (APA format)

DSpace JSPUI

Egyankosh preserves and enables easy and open access to all types of digital content including text, images, moving images, mpegs and data sets.

IGNOU Self Learning Material (SLM)
20. School of Extension & Development Studies (SOEDS)
Master's Degree Programmes
Master of Arts in Adult Education (MAAE)
MES-016 Educational Research
Block-5 Research Reports And Applications

Title:	Unit-22 Research Report: Various Components and Structure
Issue Date:	20-Apr-2017
Publisher:	IGNOU
URI:
Appears in Collections:

File	Description	Size	Format
		1.01 MB	Adobe PDF

Structure of a Research Paper

Structure of a Research Paper: IMRaD Format

I. The Title Page

Title: Tells the reader what to expect in the paper.
Author(s): Most papers are written by one or two primary authors. The remaining authors have reviewed the work and/or aided in study design or data analysis (International Committee of Medical Editors, 1997). Check the Instructions to Authors for the target journal for specifics about authorship.
Keywords [according to the journal]
Corresponding Author: Full name and affiliation for the primary contact author for persons who have questions about the research.
Financial & Equipment Support [if needed]: Specific information about organizations, agencies, or companies that supported the research.
Conflicts of Interest [if needed]: List and explain any conflicts of interest.

II. Abstract: “Structured abstract” has become the standard for research papers (introduction, objective, methods, results and conclusions), while reviews, case reports and other articles have non-structured abstracts. The abstract should be a summary/synopsis of the paper.

III. Introduction: The “why did you do the study”; setting the scene or laying the foundation or background for the paper.

IV. Methods: The “how did you do the study.” Describe the --

Context and setting of the study
Specify the study design
Population (patients, etc. if applicable)
Sampling strategy
Intervention (if applicable)
Identify the main study variables
Data collection instruments and procedures
Outline analysis methods

V. Results: The “what did you find” --

Report on data collection and/or recruitment
Participants (demographic, clinical condition, etc.)
Present key findings with respect to the central research question
Secondary findings (secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses, etc.)

VI. Discussion: Place for interpreting the results

Main findings of the study
Discuss the main results with reference to previous research
Policy and practice implications of the results
Strengths and limitations of the study

VII. Conclusions: [occasionally optional or not required]. Do not reiterate the data or discussion. Can state hunches, inferences or speculations. Offer perspectives for future work.

VIII. Acknowledgements: Names people who contributed to the work, but did not contribute sufficiently to earn authorship. You must have permission from any individuals mentioned in the acknowledgements sections.

IX. References: Complete citations for any articles or other materials referenced in the text of the article.

IMRD Cheatsheet (Carnegie Mellon) pdf.
Adewasi, D. (2021 June 14). What Is IMRaD? IMRaD Format in Simple Terms! . Scientific-editing.info.
Nair, P.K.R., Nair, V.D. (2014). Organization of a Research Paper: The IMRAD Format. In: Scientific Writing and Communication in Agriculture and Natural Resources. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03101-9_2
Sollaci, L. B., & Pereira, M. G. (2004). The introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) structure: a fifty-year survey. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA , 92 (3), 364–367.
Cuschieri, S., Grech, V., & Savona-Ventura, C. (2019). WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Structuring a scientific paper. Early human development , 128 , 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.09.011

Types of Research Reports

What is a Research Report?

A research report is a concise document that summarizes the findings, methods, and conclusions of a research study or investigation. There are various types of research reports available for different purposes.

It typically includes details on the research question, methodology, data analysis, and results, providing a structured and informative account of the research process and outcomes.

Market Research
Experimental
Descriptive
Exploratory
Explanatory

Types of Research Report Writing

Limitations, key highlights.

A research report is a document that gives a quick overview of a research study.
Types of research reports offer a standardized format and structure, making it easier for readers to navigate and comprehend the information.
They are useful in fields like academia, business, healthcare, social sciences, and more.
Different types of report writing determine the report’s primary purpose, i.e., if it should be short, long, or for internal purposes, etc.

Different Types Of Research Reports

1. technical or scientific reports.

Technical and scientific reports communicate research findings to experts and professionals in a particular field.

Start Your Free Data Science Course

Hadoop, Data Science, Statistics & others

Characteristics:

These reports include technical jargon, detailed methodologies, and in-depth analysis.
They often have a standardized format for peer review.

2. Popular Reports

Popular reports are designed for a general audience and aim to inform, educate, or entertain on a wide range of topics.

Includes clear and jargon-free language
Uses storytelling, visuals, and anecdotes to engage readers
Prioritizes readability over deep analysis.

3. Survey Reports

Survey reports include data collected through surveys and focus on presenting insights and opinions on specific issues or questions.

Contains information on survey methodology, including sample size and data collection methods.
Presents statistical summaries like percentages and charts.

4. Market Research Reports

Market research reports provide insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and industry analysis.

Includes market surveys, competitor analysis, and consumer demographics.
Helps businesses in making strategic decisions.

5. Case Study Reports

Case study reports focus on an in-depth examination of a single entity, often to explore complex, real-life situations.

Includes detailed descriptions of the case, data collection methods, and analysis.
Common in business and psychology fields.

6. Analytical Research Reports

Analytical research reports involve a deep analysis of data to uncover patterns, trends, or relationships.

Uses statistical tools and software to analyze data comprehensively
Common in fields like economics and social sciences.

7. Review or Literature Survey Reports

Literature review reports provide an overview of existing research on a specific topic, highlighting gaps and trends.

Synthesizes findings from various sources and provides a historical context
Often offers recommendations for future research.

8. Experimental Research Reports

Experimental research reports involve controlled experiments to test hypotheses and determine if the results support or reject the hypothesis.

Uses random sampling and control groups to minimize bias.
Includes detailed descriptions of the experiment, hypothesis, methods, and statistical analyses.

9. Descriptive Research Reports

Descriptive research reports aim to provide a comprehensive picture of a phenomenon, group, or situation. They seek to answer the “what” and “how” questions.

Typically, it relies on observations, surveys, and content analysis.
Focuses on describing and summarizing data.

10. Exploratory Research Reports

Exploratory research reports are conducted when there is little prior knowledge about a subject. They aim to identify key variables and research questions.

Involves open-ended interviews, focus groups, and literature reviews.
Findings are preliminary, serving as a basis for further research.

11. Explanatory Research Reports

Explanatory research reports seek to understand the relationships between variables and explain why certain phenomena occur.

Uses experimental designs, surveys, and statistical analyses.
Provides in-depth insights into the research problem.

12. Policy or White Papers

Policy or white papers aim to inform policymakers, stakeholders, and the public about specific issues and recommend actions.

Presents research findings in a concise and accessible manner
Often consists of policy recommendations.

Components of Research Reports

These are some common components you must know while writing different types of research reports.

1. Title Page:

Title of the Report
Institutional Affiliation

2. Abstract: Add a concise summary of the research, including the research question or objective, methodology, key findings, and implications. Typically, it should be no more than 150-250 words.

3. Table of Contents: Include a list of sections and subsections with page numbers.

4. List of Figures and Tables: If your research includes numerical data, add all the statistics and tables along with their corresponding page numbers. It is similar to a table of contents for quantitative data.

5. List of Abbreviations and Symbols: Include any abbreviations or symbols you have used in the report and their meanings.

6. Introduction:

Provide background information on the topic.
State the research question or objective.
Explain the significance and purpose of the study.
Provide an outline of the report’s structure.

7. Literature Review:

Review relevant literature and previous research on the topic.
Identify gaps in existing knowledge.
Explain how your study contributes to the field.

8. Methodology:

Describe the research methods and techniques that you used.
Explain the sampling methods, data collection, and data analysis procedures.
Discuss any ethical considerations.

9. Results:

Present the findings of your research.
Use tables, figures, charts, and graphs to illustrate key points.
Include descriptive and inferential statistics as needed.

10. Discussion:

Interpret the results and relate them to the research question.
Discuss the implications of your findings.
Compare your results to previous research.
Address any limitations of your study.

11. Conclusion:

Summarize the main findings and their significance.
Restate the research question and how it was addressed.
Suggest areas for future research.

12. References: Include a list of all the sources cited in your report in a standardized citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

Let us see an example of a research report.

Research Report: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market

This research study explores the profound changes occurring in the labor market due to the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The study examines the potential benefits and challenges AI poses for the workforce, job displacement, and the skills required in the future job market.

List of Figures and Tables

Introduction, literature review, methodology.

Figure 1: Trend in AI Adoption by Industry (Page 7)
Table 1: Summary of Job Displacement Data (Page 9)
Figure 2: Projected Growth of AI-Related Occupations (Page 11)

The introduction section provides an overview of the research topic. It explains the significance of studying the impact of AI on the labor market, outlines the research questions, and previews the structure of the report.

The literature review section reviews existing research on the effects of AI on employment and the labor market. It discusses the different perspectives on whether AI will create new jobs or lead to job displacement. It also explores the skills and education required for the future workforce.

This section explains the research methods used, such as data collection methods, sources, and analytical techniques. It outlines how data on AI adoption, job displacement, and future job projections were gathered and analyzed.

The results section presents the key findings of the study. It includes data on the extent of AI adoption across industries, job displacement rates, and projections for AI-related occupations.

The discussion section interprets the results in the context of the research questions. It analyzes the potential benefits and challenges AI poses for the labor market, discusses policy implications, and explores the role of education and training in preparing the workforce for the AI era.

In conclusion, this research highlights the transformative impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market. While AI brings opportunities for innovation and efficiency, it also presents challenges related to job displacement and workforce adaptation. Preparing for this evolving job landscape is crucial for individuals and policymakers.

Given below are various types of research reports writing that researchers and organizations use to present findings, progress, and other information.


	Outlines a plan for a project or research for approval or funding.	Research proposal submitted to study the impact of climate change on local ecosystems.
	Generated at regular intervals to provide project updates.	Weekly sales reports summarizing product sales figures.
	Detailed, structured reports often used in academic, scientific, or business settings.	Formal business report analyzing a company’s financial performance for the year.
	Less structured reports for quick internal communication.	Email summarizing key takeaways from a team meeting.
	Concise documents offering a brief overview of a specific topic.	A one-page summary of customer feedback from a product launch.
	Comprehensive reports with in-depth analysis and information.	100-page research report on the effects of a new drug on a medical condition.
	Focus on data analysis and provide insights or recommendations.	Market research report analyzing consumer behavior trends and recommending marketing strategies.
	Convey information without providing analysis or recommendations.	Report detailing the steps of a manufacturing process for new employees.
	Flow within the organizational hierarchy, moving up or down.	Report from a department manager to the company’s vice president on department performance.
	Sent between individuals or departments at the same organizational level.	Report from one project manager to another project manager in a different department.
	Created and distributed within an organization for internal purposes.	Internal audit report examining the company’s financial records for compliance.
	Prepared for external audiences, such as clients, investors, or regulators.	A publicly traded company publishes an annual report for shareholders and the general public.

Here is why the different types of research reports are important.

Research reports are a primary means of sharing new knowledge and insights with the academic and scientific community. They contribute to the growth of human understanding in various fields.
They provide a detailed and structured account of the research process, including methods, data, analysis, and conclusions. This documentation is crucial for transparency, replication, and future reference.
These reports hold researchers accountable for their work. They provide a transparent record of the study, allowing others to assess the validity and reliability of the research.
These often influence policy decisions, business strategies, and practical applications. For instance, medical research informs healthcare practices, while market research guides business decisions.

Listed below are some limitations of different types of research reports.

Research reports can be influenced by the researcher’s biases, preferences, or the funder’s interests. It’s essential to assess the methodology critically.
Findings in research reports may not always be directly applicable to other contexts or populations.
Certain research reports are not available to everyone due to several barriers, making it hard for people to access important information.
The process of conducting research, writing a report, and getting it published can be time-consuming.

Final Thoughts

Different types of research reports are important for sharing knowledge, making smart choices, and moving forward in different areas of study. It’s vital for both researchers and those who use research to grasp the different kinds of reports, what goes into them, and why they matter.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. Are research reports the same as research papers? Answer: Research reports and research papers share similarities but have distinct purposes and structures. Research papers are often more academic and can vary in structure, while research reports are typically more structured and cater to a broader audience.

Q2. How do I choose the right type of research report for my study? Answer: The choice of research report type depends on your research goals, audience, and the nature of your study. Consider whether you are conducting scientific research, market analysis, academic research, or policy analysis, and select the format that aligns with your objectives.

Q3. Can research reports be used as references in other research reports? Answer: Yes, research reports can be cited and used as references in other research reports as long as they are credible sources. Citing previous research reports adds depth and credibility to your work.

See More About

Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.

Academic Medicine
Acid Base, Electrolytes, Fluids
Allergy and Clinical Immunology
American Indian or Alaska Natives
Anesthesiology
Anticoagulation
Art and Images in Psychiatry
Artificial Intelligence
Assisted Reproduction
Bleeding and Transfusion
Caring for the Critically Ill Patient
Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography
Climate and Health
Climate Change
Clinical Challenge
Clinical Decision Support
Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Consensus Statements
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Critical Care Medicine
Cultural Competency
Dental Medicine
Dermatology
Diabetes and Endocrinology
Diagnostic Test Interpretation
Drug Development
Electronic Health Records
Emergency Medicine
End of Life, Hospice, Palliative Care
Environmental Health
Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
Facial Plastic Surgery
Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Genetics and Genomics
Genomics and Precision Health
Global Health
Guide to Statistics and Methods
Hair Disorders
Health Care Delivery Models
Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment
Health Care Quality
Health Care Reform
Health Care Safety
Health Care Workforce
Health Disparities
Health Inequities
Health Policy
Health Systems Science
History of Medicine
Hypertension
Images in Neurology
Implementation Science
Infectious Diseases
Innovations in Health Care Delivery
JAMA Infographic
Law and Medicine
Leading Change
Less is More
LGBTQIA Medicine
Lifestyle Behaviors
Medical Coding
Medical Devices and Equipment
Medical Education
Medical Education and Training
Medical Journals and Publishing
Mobile Health and Telemedicine
Narrative Medicine
Neuroscience and Psychiatry
Notable Notes
Nutrition, Obesity, Exercise
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Occupational Health
Ophthalmology
Orthopedics
Otolaryngology
Pain Medicine
Palliative Care
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Patient Care
Patient Information
Performance Improvement
Performance Measures
Perioperative Care and Consultation
Pharmacoeconomics
Pharmacoepidemiology
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Physical Therapy
Physician Leadership
Population Health
Primary Care
Professional Well-being
Professionalism
Psychiatry and Behavioral Health
Public Health
Pulmonary Medicine
Regulatory Agencies
Reproductive Health
Research, Methods, Statistics
Resuscitation
Rheumatology
Risk Management
Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine
Shared Decision Making and Communication
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Stem Cell Transplantation
Substance Use and Addiction Medicine
Surgical Innovation
Surgical Pearls
Teachable Moment
Technology and Finance
The Art of JAMA
The Arts and Medicine
The Rational Clinical Examination
Tobacco and e-Cigarettes
Translational Medicine
Trauma and Injury
Treatment Adherence
Ultrasonography
Users' Guide to the Medical Literature
Vaccination
Venous Thromboembolism
Veterans Health
Women's Health
Workflow and Process
Wound Care, Infection, Healing

Get the latest research based on your areas of interest.

Others also liked.

Download PDF
X Facebook More LinkedIn

Chuang M , Chen J , Wang H , Jiang Z , Wu V. Clinical Outcomes of Tirzepatide or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(8):e2427258. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.27258

Manage citations:

Permissions

Clinical Outcomes of Tirzepatide or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes

1 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
2 Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
3 Department of Sports Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
4 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei

Question What is the association of tirzepatide vs glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) treatment with all-cause mortality and adverse cardiovascular or kidney events in US patients with type 2 diabetes?

Findings In this cohort study of 140 308 patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with tirzepatide was associated with significantly lower hazards of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular and kidney events compared with GLP-1 RA.

Meaning These findings suggest that treatment with tirzepatide may confer additional clinical benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Importance Despite its demonstrated benefits in improving cardiovascular risk profiles, the association of tirzepatide with mortality and cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) remains unknown.

Objective To investigate the association of tirzepatide with mortality and adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with GLP-1 RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used US Collaborative Network of TriNetX data collected on individuals with type 2 diabetes aged 18 years or older initiating tirzepatide or GLP-1 RA between June 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023; without stage 5 chronic kidney disease or kidney failure at baseline; and without myocardial infarction or ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke within 60 days of drug initiation.

Exposures Treatment with tirzepatide compared with GLP-1 RA.

Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), the composite of MACEs and all-cause mortality, kidney events, acute kidney injury, and major adverse kidney events. All outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results There were 14 834 patients treated with tirzepatide (mean [SD] age, 55.4 [11.8] years; 8444 [56.9%] female) and 125 474 treated with GLP-1 RA (mean [SD] age, 58.1 [13.3] years; 67 474 [53.8%] female). After a median (IQR) follow-up of 10.5 (5.2-15.7) months, 95 patients (0.6%) in the tirzepatide group and 166 (1.1%) in the GLP-1 RA group died. Tirzepatide treatment was associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.45-0.75), MACEs (AHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.91), the composite of MACEs and all-cause mortality (AHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84), kidney events (AHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.37-0.73), acute kidney injury (AHR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.88), and major adverse kidney events (AHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.67). Treatment with tirzepatide was associated with greater decreases in glycated hemoglobin (treatment difference, −0.34 percentage points; 95% CI, −0.44 to −0.24 percentage points) and body weight (treatment difference, −2.9 kg, 95% CI, −4.8 to −1.1 kg) compared with GLP-1 RA. An interaction test for subgroup analysis revealed consistent results stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate, glycated hemoglobin level, body mass index, comedications, and comorbidities.

Conclusions and Relevance In this study, treatment with tirzepatide was associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality, adverse cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, and adverse kidney events compared with GLP-1 RA in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings support the integration of tirzepatide into therapeutic strategies for this population.

Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are prevalent in patients with diabetes, causing substantial morbidity and mortality. 1 - 3 Many hypoglycemic agents have been evaluated for cardiovascular and kidney protection beyond their originally designed hypoglycemic effects. 4 Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) were found to improve kidney and cardiovascular outcomes, 5 , 6 with new trials ongoing and results emerging.

Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) RA, was developed in view of the synergistic effect of both receptors in achieving negative energy balance besides facilitating glucose-dependent insulin secretion. 7 Studies have shown tirzepatide’s superiority over semaglutide in reducing glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) and weight (additional reductions of 0.15-0.45 percentage points in HbA 1c and 1.9-5.5 kg in body weight) in patients with type 2 diabetes. 8 Compared with insulin glargine, tirzepatide has been shown to ameliorate annual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline by 2.2 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and to reduce the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio by 31.9%. 9 , 10 Favorable effects on additional cardiovascular risk factors, including atherogenic lipoproteins and blood pressure, were also observed with tirzepatide compared with semaglutide (increase of 6.8%-7.9% vs 4.4% in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, decrease of 17.5%-23.7% vs 11.1% in very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decrease of 4.8-6.5 mm Hg vs 3.6 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure). 8 However, whether these metabolic improvements lead to benefits in survival and kidney or cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear.

One meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) reported noninferiority of tirzepatide for cardiovascular safety compared with the control groups, 11 though the included studies were highly heterogenous regarding their comparators (ie, placebo, insulin, GLP-1 RA) and trial participant characteristics, thus precluding a solid conclusion. 11 Notably, there is a lack of studies directly comparing tirzepatide with GLP-1 RAs, thereby necessitating further investigation in this context. Hence, we investigated the association of tirzepatide with mortality and adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with GLP-1 RAs in US patients with type 2 diabetes.

This cohort study used data from the TriNetX database, which collects deidentified, patient-level data from electronic health records. Information in the TriNetX database comes from health care organizations (HCOs), typically academic health care centers, that collect data from their main and satellite hospitals and outpatient clinics. Available data include demographics, diagnoses (based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes), procedures (classified by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision Procedure Coding System or Current Procedural Terminology ), medications (Veterans Affairs Drug Classification System and RxNorm codes), laboratory tests (organized using Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes), and health care utilization records. We used the US Collaborative Network in TriNetX, which includes data from more than 100 million patients from 62 HCOs in the US.

Patient-level data were analyzed using the built-in statistical tool on the TriNetX platform, which is based on Java, version 11.0.16 (Oracle); R, version 4.0.2 (with packages Hmisc, version 4.1-1 and Survival, version 3.2-3) (R Project for Statistical Computing); and Python, version 3.7 (with the libraries lifelines, version 0.22.4; matplotlib, version 3.5.1; numpy, version 1.21.5; pandas, version 1.3.5; scipy, version 1.7.3; and statsmodels, version, 0.13.2) (Python Software Foundation), with the outputs validated using independent, industry-standard methods. The results were provided to investigators in summarized format. Details regarding the database can be found online 12 and as previously described. 13 , 14

Ethical approval for using the TriNetX database in this study was granted by Chi Mei Hospital’s institutional review board, and institutional review boards from all hospitals involved. Informed consent was waived because this study was conducted using only aggregated statistical summaries of deidentified information. This study was conducted adhering to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki 15 and adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology ( STROBE ) reporting guideline.

Patients aged 18 years or older with type 2 diabetes and prescribed tirzepatide or a GLP-1 RA during June 1, 2022, through June 30, 2023, were included because tirzepatide was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on May 13, 2022. Individuals with acute myocardial infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, or cerebral infarction within 60 days before the index prescription date were excluded to avoid misidentifying incident outcomes. The patients were divided into tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA groups, excluding those previously given medications from the counterpart groups (ie, GLP-1 RA for the tirzepatide group and tirzepatide for the GLP-1 RA group) within 6 months before or any time after the index prescription. To achieve an incident user design, patients with prior use of a GLP-1 RA or tirzepatide before the index date were excluded. To mitigate misinterpretation, individuals with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), or receiving dialysis at baseline were excluded from the major adverse kidney event (MAKE) outcome analysis.

We conducted 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) that involved 48 variables covering demographics, comorbidities, medications, and laboratory results. Patients in both groups were followed for a maximum of 21 months or until data analysis on May 2, 2024. Details regarding the codes used to identify the demographics, diagnoses, procedures, medications, and laboratory results are provided in eTable 1 in Supplement 1 .

Covariate selection was guided by clinical relevance, encompassing major comorbidities and risk factors that could contribute to mortality, cardiovascular or kidney outcomes, and baseline health status in accordance with current knowledge. We considered the following variables to adjust for imbalances in baseline characteristics between the tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA groups: age; sex; race and ethnicity (as documented in the electronic health record); cardiovascular disease; dementia; chronic lower-respiratory disease; autoimmune disease; CKD; chronic hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; anemia; HIV; neoplasms; socioeconomic status and psychosocial-related health hazards; diabetic complications; and medicines including diuretics, lipid-lowering agents, hypoglycemic agents, and hypotensive agents. We further adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, HbA 1c , and eGFR. Additional details on the categorization and codes adopted to define the covariates are provided in Table 1 and eTable 2 in Supplement 1 .

The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during the follow-up period. Secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including myocardial infarction, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, or cardiac death; kidney events, including stage 5 CKD, ESKD, or need for dialysis; and MAKEs, including stage 5 CKD, ESKD, need for dialysis, or death.

Additionally, we investigated acute kidney injury (AKI) and the composite of all-cause mortality and MACEs. To establish a baseline for comparison, we included hernia, traumatic intracranial injury, sensorineural hearing loss, skin cancer, and lumbar radiculopathy as negative control outcomes, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and simethicone as negative control exposures. Each component of the composite outcomes was also evaluated for consistency of effect direction. Changes in HbA 1c and body weight were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 months after the index date. The diagnostic, visit, and procedural codes used to define these outcomes are provided in eTable 3 in Supplement 1 .

We performed prespecified subgroup analyses based on baseline eGFR (≥45 or <45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ); HbA 1c (≥7% or <7%); BMI (≥30 or <30); presence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or proteinuria; use of metformin, insulin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis), or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs); or previous GLP-1 RA use in the tirzepatide group. To investigate potential differences based on drug indications, such as glycemic control or weight reduction, we also stratified the patients by HbA 1c level and BMI as follows: normal BMI of less than 25 (may have received the medications for diabetes control), BMI of 25 or higher and HbA 1c less than 7% (may have been treated for weight loss given that their HbA 1c was below the target per current treatment guidelines 16 ), and BMI of 25 or higher and HbA 1c greater than 7% (may have been treated for both weight loss and glycemic control).

The potential dose effect was evaluated by comparing different tirzepatide doses (maximum ≤7.5 mg or ≥10 mg) with the maximal doses of GLP-1 RA. To investigate the robustness of our findings, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by incorporating individuals without follow-up outcomes into PSM and survival analysis.

Baseline characteristics of the tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA groups were presented as means with SDs or counts with percentages. Categorical variables were compared by χ 2 test and continuous variables by independent 2-sample t test. One-to-one PSM was performed using the greedy nearest neighbor algorithm with a caliper of 0.1 pooled SDs to balance baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. Variables were considered adequately matched if the between-group standardized difference was less than 0.1. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival probabilities after PSM. Adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) with 95% CIs and P values were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models for all outcomes. The quantitative effect of unmeasured confounding was analyzed using the E-value method, which assesses the effect magnitude required for unaccounted confounders to elucidate the observed variances between the 2 groups. An E-value of x indicates that the observed association could be explained away only by an unmeasured confounder associated with both the treatment and the outcome by a risk ratio of at least x -fold each, beyond the measured confounders. 17 Proportional hazard assumption was tested using Schoenfeld residuals. Missing data regarding the outcomes were addressed by excluding the respective cases. Likewise, patients lost to follow-up were excluded to avoid bias or inaccuracies from incomplete data. All tests were 2-sided with P < .05. For the 6 primary and secondary outcomes, Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons, with α set at .0083, providing an overall type I error rate of .0488. Statistical analyses were conducted using the analytic tool on the TriNetX platform and R, version 4.2.2.

Within the cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes, 14 834 received tirzepatide, while 125 474 were prescribed a GLP-1 RA during the study time frame ( Figure 1 ). The numbers of patients excluded due to lack of follow-up after the index date were 348 of 15 182 (2.3%) prescribed tirzepatide and 4141 of 129 615 (3.2%) prescribed a GLP-1 RA. The characteristics of patients lost to follow-up were similar between groups, including younger age, a high proportion of male and Black individuals, high HbA 1c , and few comorbidities (eTable 4 in Supplement 1 ). Following PSM, each group included 14 832 individuals for our outcome analyses ( Table 1 ).

Before PSM, tirzepatide-treated patients were younger (mean [SD] age, 55.4 [11.8] years) compared with the GLP-1 RA group (mean [SD] age, 58.1 [13.3] years) ( P < .001). Additionally, the tirzepatide group had a higher percentage of White patients (67.3% vs 60.4%; P < .001), whereas the GLP-1 RA group had higher percentages of Black (20.1% vs 17.0%), Asian (3.6% vs 2.3%), and Hispanic or Latinx (9.3% vs 6.5%) patients; and a higher percentage of female patients (56.9% vs 53.8%; P < .001), whereas the GLP-1 RA group a higher percentage of males (42.5% vs 37.5%). Patients in the tirzepatide group also had lower prevalence rates of CKD or anemia, and fewer were using statins, biguanides, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, β-blockers, ARBs, or calcium channel blockers. After PSM, the 2 groups were balanced, with standardized differences for all the included covariates being less than 0.1 ( Table 1 ).

The overall cohort was followed up for a median of 10.5 months (IQR, 5.2-15.7 months). During the follow-up period, 95 patients (0.6%) in the tirzepatide group and 166 (1.1%) in the GLP-1 RA group died. We observed a lower hazard of all-cause mortality in patients given tirzepatide compared with GLP-1 RA (AHR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.45-0.75; P < .001) ( Table 2 ; Figure 2 ; Figure 3 ). The test for proportionality showed no violation of the proportional hazards assumption (Schoenfeld test P = .94).

The hazard of MACEs was lower among patients treated with tirzepatide (AHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.91; P < .001), as was the hazard of kidney events (AHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.37-0.73; P < .001), AKI (AHR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.88; P < .001), MAKEs (AHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.67; P < .001), and the composite of MACEs and all-cause mortality (AHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84; P < .001), favoring tirzepatide ( Table 2 ; Figure 2 ). Our E-value analysis indicated an unlikely significant influence from unmeasured confounders (E-values of the point estimates [upper limits of the CI] for all-cause mortality, MACEs, and kidney events were 2.82 [1.99], 1.79 [1.44], and 3.24 [2.09], respectively) ( Table 2 ). The hazard of each MACE component (ie, myocardial infarction, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, cardiac death) and MAKE component (ie, stage 5 CKD or ESKD) was consistently lower with tirzepatide compared with GLP-1 RAs, with AHRs ranging from 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.91) to 0.91 (95% CI, 0.56-1.45) for MACE components and from 0.45 (95% CI, 0.25-0.82) to 0.49 (95% CI, 0.35-0.67) for MAKE components (eTable 5 in Supplement 1 ). Sensitivity analysis incorporating patients without any follow-up into PSM and survival analyses showed consistent results with our main analysis (eTable 6 in Supplement 1 ).

Compared with GLP-1 RA treatment, tirzepatide treatment was associated with greater reductions in HbA 1c (treatment difference, −0.34 percentage points; 95% CI, −0.44 to −0.24 percentage points) and body weight (treatment difference, −2.9 kg; 95% CI, −4.8 to −1.1 kg) over 20 months. The most significant HbA 1c decrease occurred within the first 4 months and stabilized after 8 months, while weight reduction persisted through 16 to 20 months (eTable 7 and eFigure 1 in Supplement 1 ).

Results comparing tirzepatide vs maximal doses of GLP-1 RA closely matched the main analysis, with similar AHRs and corresponding 95% CIs (eFigure 2A in Supplement 1 ). When stratified by tirzepatide dose, treatment with 10 mg or more was associated with lower hazards of all-cause mortality, MACEs, and MAKEs compared with 7.5 mg or less (eFigure 2B and C in Supplement 1 ).

Our study revealed no significant differences in the hazard of negative control outcomes between the tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA groups for hernia, traumatic intracranial injury, sensorineural hearing loss, lumbar radiculopathy, and skin cancer. Results were consistent when selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and simethicone were introduced as negative control exposures (eFigure 3 in Supplement 1 ). The interaction test revealed no significant effect differences across all subgroups stratified by eGFR; HbA 1c ; presence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, proteinuria, or diabetic complications; use of metformin, insulin, SGLT2is, ACEis, or ARBs; previous use of GLP-1 RAs; potential treatment indications (body weight loss, glycemic control, or both); LDL cholesterol level; or BMI (all interaction test P > .05) (eFigures 4-9 in Supplement 1 ).

From this retrospective cohort study of 140 308 US patients with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide or GLP-1 RAs, we have for the first time to our knowledge presented evidence substantiating that tirzepatide therapy is associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality, MACEs, MAKEs, and AKI compared with GLP-1 RA therapy after a median follow-up of 10.5 months. Consistent results were found in subgroup analyses stratified by eGFR; HbA 1c ; presence of cardiovascular disease, proteinuria, or diabetic complications; use of metformin, insulin, SGLT2is, ACEis, or ARBs; previous GLP-1 RA treatment; potential indications; LDL cholesterol level; and BMI.

The association of tirzepatide with less all-cause mortality and MACEs may be attributable to tirzepatide’s efficacy in improving the cardiovascular risk profile, including blood pressure, LDL, triglycerides, HbA 1c , 8 , 18 cardiovascular risk biomarkers, 19 and body weight in patients with obesity. 18 , 20 Consistently, a network meta-analysis comparing various GLP-1 RAs and dual and triple receptor agonists showed that tirzepatide was the most effective in reducing HbA 1c , fasting glucose, triglyceride level, and waist circumference compared with all other GLP-1 RAs. 21 The meta-analysis also ranked tirzepatide second for weight loss, surpassed only by cagrilintide-semaglutide, another dual receptor agonist under development. Our analysis similarly showed an association of greater HbA 1c and weight loss with tirzepatide, and the trajectories aligned with those reported in previous trials, 8 suggesting a potential mediatory role for these factors. This finding is in line with a recent report in which withdrawing tirzepatide led to substantial weight regain. 22 Nonetheless, studies on the efficacy of tirzepatide in reducing adverse cardiovascular outcomes have yielded inconsistent results, suggesting that GIP may have both beneficial 23 , 24 and untoward cardiovascular effects, 25 , 26 though the results may be due to reverse causality.

While 1 meta-analysis of 7 RCTs reported no significant difference in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and MACE risk between tirzepatide and a mix of comparators, including placebo, 2 insulin formulations, and GLP-1 RAs, 11 another study of 8 RCTs contrarily showed a significant decrease in all-cause mortality and MACE risk with tirzepatide treatment compared with the control group receiving placebo or active comparators. 27 The disparity may be due to differences in the included studies, comparators, sample sizes, baseline patient characteristics, and outcome definitions. Both studies carried high clinical heterogeneity in participant inclusion criteria and comparator selection. Of note, previous trials on tirzepatide and GLP-1 RAs for cardiovascular and mortality outcomes had median follow-ups of 1.6 to 3.8 years, 28 , 29 but the survival curves for composite primary cardiovascular outcomes began diverging as early as 8 weeks to approximately 6 months, 28 - 31 suggesting potential early benefits after treatment initiation.

Both GLP-1 and GIP belong to the incretin system that regulates hormone secretion in response to carbohydrate intake. 32 Although the effect of GIP has been found to be greatly attenuated in patients with type 2 diabetes, 33 subsequent research has shown that islet β-cell sensitivity to GIP may be restored with glycemic control. 34 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide acts in the central nervous system by blocking nausea and emesis from GLP-1 agonism without affecting satiety or energy intake reduction, 35 thereby improving overall treatment tolerability. In animal studies, dual GLP-1 and GIP coagonists synergistically reduced fat mass and improved metabolic profiles superior to selective GLP-1 agonist, contrary to selective GIP agonist, which was weight neutral. 36 Subsequent clinical trials confirmed that tirzepatide was more effective than selective GLP-1 agonists in increasing insulin secretion and sensitivity, improving meal tolerance, and suppressing glucagon secretion, 37 with similar suppression of appetite and calorie intake. 38 Additionally, nutrition-independent regulation of the GIP pathway through inflammatory stimuli may stabilize atherosclerosis plaques by inhibiting monocyte and macrophage activation 39 and suppressing cardiomyocyte enlargement, apoptosis, and interstitial fibrosis. 40 The potential superiority of GIP and GLP-1 RAs over GLP-1 RAs for MACEs and mortality, as suggested by our findings, indicates that combined activation of GIP and GLP-1 receptors may provide additional benefits over the activation of GLP-1 receptors alone.

The kidney-protective effect of tirzepatide was first shown in post hoc analyses of the SURPASS-4 (Tirzepatide vs Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes and Increased Cardiovascular Risk) trial, which recruited patients with type 2 diabetes, overweight, and established or high risk for cardiovascular disease. Patients treated with tirzepatide added to insulin had less eGFR decline 10 , 41 and proteinuria progression and fewer composite kidney end points compared with the insulin group. 10 These findings align with studies on selective GLP-1 agonists. 42 Notably, our study is the first, to our knowledge, to directly compare the association with kidney outcomes between tirzepatide and selective GLP-1 RAs. Preclinical studies suggested that GIP may attenuate local adipose tissue inflammation and reduce proinflammatory cytokine levels, 43 which may act favorably on the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. 44 On the other hand, GLP-1 receptors are present on preglomerular vascular smooth muscle, glomerular, and tubular cells and, thus, may directly affect the kidney. 45 , 46 Proposed mechanisms include afferent arteriole vasodilation, proximal tubular diuresis, and inhibition of glomerular hyperfiltration. 45 , 47 Importantly, pharmacokinetic studies showed that tirzepatide exposure was not significantly affected by kidney function impairment 48 and represented a viable therapy for patients with stage 4 and 5 CKD, for whom few options existed. 49 Treatment with tirzepatide or a GLP-1 RA might pose a risk of AKI due to dehydration from gastrointestinal adverse effects. 50 , 51 Although our analysis found a lower hazard of AKI in the tirzepatide group compared with the GLP-1 RA group, this result should be interpreted with caution since we could not identify the cause of these AKI events or their chronologic association with tirzepatide or GLP-1 RA use.

The interaction test from subgroup analyses revealed no significant discrepancies in our primary and secondary outcomes among different subgroups. Of note, most patients included in this study were relatively healthy, with an eGFR of at least 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; no history of ischemic heart disease or heart failure; and not taking metformin, insulin, SGLT2is, ACEis, or ARBs. Accordingly, the null results from our subgroup analyses may be partly due to reduced statistical power from smaller sample sizes. Nevertheless, for individuals already benefiting from efficacious treatments, the integration of GIP agonists surpassed the efficacy of existing therapeutic regimens in specific combinations. The potential dose-response relationships observed in our analysis stratified by tirzepatide dose also support tirzepatide’s possible efficacy.

Our findings also provide directions for future research in other target populations. The observational nature of our data precluded inference of causality, which might be confirmed in future research, such as in ongoing RCTs evaluating the efficacy of tirzepatide in improving cardiovascular and kidney outcomes compared with GLP-1 agonists 52 and in treating patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. 53

This study has some limitations. First, data from TriNetX were registry based, and therefore, misidentification and underrepresentation of mild cases or of individuals not engaged with the health care system may exist and influence the results. The reliance on diagnostic codes to identify variables and outcomes may also result in misclassification, potentially biasing the results. To address this information bias, we conducted specificity tests comparing unrelated events between the tirzepatide and GLP-1 RA groups and found no significant differences, indicating little registration bias. Second, the duration of treatment could not be ascertained from the database, precluding analysis of a long-term carryover effect. While we observed clinical benefits, their effect sizes were relatively imprecise when interpreting the confidence intervals and require further investigation. Third, unmeasured variables may have contributed to the studied outcomes, introducing additional confounding. Given the observational nature of this study and that some baseline characteristics differed between the groups, residual confounding cannot be eliminated entirely. To address potential bias, we juxtaposed unrelated events among GLP-1 RA and tirzepatide users, finding no discernible disparities and indicating that bias from residual confounding may be negligible. We also used comedication and biochemical results as proxies for disease severity to mitigate potential confounding. Higher E-values that surpassed the hazard ratios indicated that minor unaccounted confounders could not counteract the observed association, thus increasing the potential for causality. Fourth, although consistent results were found in sensitivity analyses incorporating individuals lost to follow-up into survival analysis, much of the nonsummarized data and their changes over time were restricted from investigators to safeguard the detailed health information from potential misuse in identifying and tracking specific individuals, thereby precluding further imputation methods. Fifth, information directly related to socioeconomic status, including education, income, and insurance status, was not documented, limiting further investigation into their contributions. Finally, this study comprised patients with type 2 diabetes, of whom most were relatively healthy without underlying cardiovascular or advanced kidney diseases, so the applicability of our findings to other clinical settings remain to be explored.

In summary, this cohort study provided evidence supporting the association of tirzepatide treatment, compared to GLP-1 RAs, with lower hazards of all-cause mortality and adverse cardiovascular or kidney events through a head-to-head comparison in patients with type 2 diabetes. These insights advocate for the integration of tirzepatide into therapeutic strategies for managing type 2 diabetes and highlight its potential to enhance current clinical practice.

Accepted for Publication: June 13, 2024.

Published: August 12, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.27258

Corresponding Author: Vin-Cent Wu, MD, PhD, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Rd, Zhong-Zheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Drs Chuang and Wu had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Chuang, Wang, Wu.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Chuang, Chen, Jiang.

Drafting of the manuscript: Chuang, Chen, Jiang.

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Chuang, Wang, Wu.

Statistical analysis: Chuang, Jiang.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Chen, Jiang.

Supervision: Wang, Wu.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2 .

Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles
Access PDFs of free articles
Manage your interests
Save searches and receive search alerts

Skip to main content
Skip to search
Skip to footer

Produkte und Services

Catalyst 9300 Series Switches and Cisco Catalyst Center user interface on laptop screen

Switches der Cisco Catalyst 9300-Serie

Ein sicherer arbeitsplatz – immer und überall.

Passen Sie Ihr Netzwerk an die Anforderungen der hybriden Arbeit an. Schaffen Sie eine sichere Grundlage, die optimierte Automatisierung und Einfachheit sowie umfassende Einblicke ermöglicht.

Machen Sie Ihr Netzwerk fit für die Zukunft

Ermöglichen Sie ein sichereres, nachhaltigeres Anwendungserlebnis, bei dem Geschwindigkeit und Skalierbarkeit mit erweiterter Automatisierung und detaillierten Analysen kombiniert werden.

Transformation für Ihren Arbeitsplatz

Erhalten Sie die Bandbreite, Geschwindigkeit und Skalierbarkeit, die Sie benötigen, um hybride Teams bei dem von ihnen gewählten Arbeitsmodell zu unterstützen.

Integrierte Netzwerksicherheit

Optimieren Sie Ihr Netzwerk mit integrierter Verschlüsselung und erweiterten KI-/ML-Lösungen für durchgängige Sicherheit nach dem Zero-Trust-Konzept.

Flexibles Netzwerkmanagement

Mit der Cisco Catalyst Center-Plattform oder dem Cloud-Monitoring für Catalyst können Sie herausragende Netzwerkerfahrungen bereitstellen.

Nachhaltiges Netzwerkdesign

Nutzen Sie das Netzwerk als Grundlage für intelligentere, nachhaltigere Gebäude, die energieeffizient sind und das Wohlbefinden der BewohnerInnen fördern.

Modelle der Catalyst 9300-Serie

C9300X-xx HX/HXN/TX SKUs

Catalyst 9300X (Kupfer)

Ausgelegt auf sicheren Hochgeschwindigkeits-Netzwerkzugriff, Aggregation und schlanke Zweigstellen mit 24 x oder 48 x 10-G-Multigigabit-Ports

Optionen: nur Daten (kein PoE) und 90 W Cisco UPOE+
Modulare Uplinks mit 100 G/40 G, 25 G/10 G/1 G oder 10 mGig
Stacking-fähig bis zu 1 Tbit/s

C9300X-12Y/24Y SKUs

Catalyst 9300X (Glasfaser)

Ausgelegt auf sicheren Hochgeschwindigkeits-Netzwerkzugriff, Aggregation und Bereitstellungen für schlanke Zweigstellen

12 x oder 24 x Ports mit 25-G-/10-G-/1-G-Glasfaser
Modulare Uplinks mit 100 G/40 G, 25 G/10 G/1 G oder 10 G mGig

C9300-24UB/UBX, C9300-48UB SKUs

Catalyst 9300 für besonders hohe Leistung

24 x oder 48 x Ports mit doppelten Puffern, MAC- und IP-Adressenskalierung und höherer ACL(Access Control List; Zugriffskontrolllisten)-Skalierung

1 G/2,5 G/5 G/10 G mGig und 90 W Cisco UPOE+
Modulare Uplinks mit 1 G, 10 G, 25 G, 40 G oder 10 G mGig
Stacking-fähig bis 480 Gbit/s

C9300-xx H/UX/UXM/UN SKUs

Catalyst 9300 UPOE+

Optimiert für konvergenten kabelgebundenen und Wireless-Zugriff, mit 24 oder 48 Ports

1 G oder 10 G Multigigabit mit 90 W Cisco UPOE+

C9300-xx T/P/U/S SKUs

Catalyst 9300 1 G

Grundlage für Intent-based Networking mit 24 x oder 48 x Ports mit 1 G für Daten

PoE+, Cisco UPOE und SFP-Glasfaser
Modulare Uplinks mit 1 G, 10 G, 25 G, 40 G oder Multigigabit

C9300L and C9300LM SKUs

Catalyst 9300L/LM 1 G

Ideal für den Einsatz in geschäftskritischen Zweigstellen mit wenig Platz

24 x oder 48 x Ports mit 1 G für Daten, PoE+ und Multigigabit
Feste Uplinks mit 4 x 1 G, 4 x 10 G, 2 x 40 G
Stacking-fähig bis 320 Gbit/s

Sehen Sie sich den Catalyst 9300X-Switch genauer an.

Cisco Catalyst 9000 access point and Cisco Catalyst 9000 switch with Cisco Meraki dashboard

Testen Sie unsere Cloud-Monitoring-Lösung für Ihr Switching-Netzwerk

So einfach und flexibel kann ortsunabhängiges Arbeiten sein – entdecken Sie unsere Cloud-Monitoring-Lösung für Cisco Catalyst Switches auf dem Cisco Meraki Dashboard.

Unterstützung während des gesamten Lebenszyklus

Netzwerkdienste

Beschleunigen Sie die Transformation Ihres Netzwerks

Erhalten Sie wertvolle Expertise und Einblicke für den Aufbau eines sicheren und flexiblen Netzwerks – vom Design bis hin zu Implementierung und Optimierung.

Supportservices

Ziehen Sie größeren Nutzen aus Ihren IT-Investitionen

Sorgen Sie mit fachkundiger Unterstützung dafür, dass Ihre IT und Ihr Unternehmen auf Kurs bleiben. Dazu bieten wir Ihnen rund um die Uhr Zugriff auf fundiertes technisches Wissen, umfassende globale Erfahrungen und digitale Intelligence, um Störungen und Risiken zu reduzieren.

Nehmen Sie an einer Demo teil

Vereinfachen Sie die Netzwerkverwaltung mit den Automatisierungs-, Assurance- und Analysefunktionen der Cisco Catalyst Center-Plattform. Nehmen Sie an einer Demo teil, um mehr darüber zu erfahren.

IMAGES

7 Components of Research Report
Components of Research Report
Purpose, Types and Components of Research Report
Parts of Research Report
Components of Research Reports
Layout of the Research Report

COMMENTS

PDF 22 RESEARCH REPORT: VARIOUS COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE
us components. Besides this, the significance of aresearch report and different t. tanding about the format of a research article, anabst. act, a thesis and dissertation. es for research journals and to prepare a compl. report after conducting a research worwproject.
(PDF) Research Components
In a research report th ese components are arranged succ essively in the body. sections consisting of introduction, literature review, method, results, discussion, and. conclusion. In addition t o ...
PDF How to Write an Effective Research REport
Abstract. This guide for writers of research reports consists of practical suggestions for writing a report that is clear, concise, readable, and understandable. It includes suggestions for terminology and notation and for writing each section of the report—introduction, method, results, and discussion. Much of the guide consists of ...
PDF Writing a Research Report
Use the section headings (outlined above) to assist with your rough plan. Write a thesis statement that clarifies the overall purpose of your report. Jot down anything you already know about the topic in the relevant sections. 3 Do the Research. Steps 1 and 2 will guide your research for this report.
Research Report
Thesis. Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master's or Doctoral degree, although it ...
PDF GUIDE TO WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
Idea 1: The problem to be investigated. This should be 1-2 sentences that sum up why this study was conducted. For example: "Several studies have suggested that rampart craters on Mars form in regions with high soil volatile contents - namely, water ice.". Idea 2: The purpose of the study.
PDF The Structure of an Academic Paper
Paper www.communicate.gse.harvard.edu Academic papers are like hourglasses. The paper opens at its widest point; the introduction makes broad connections to the reader's interests, hoping they will be persuaded to follow along, then gradually narrows to a tight, focused, thesis statement.
Chapter 6: Components of a Research Report
What are the implications of the findings? The research report contains four main areas: Introduction - What is the issue? What is known? What is not known? What are you trying to find out? This sections ends with the purpose and specific aims of the study. Methods - The recipe for the study. If someone wanted to perform the same study ...
(PDF) Chapter 13 Writing a Research Report: Organisation and presentation
address of the author/ s and the date. The report's title should be no longer than 12- 15 words and in a larger font size (e.g. 16-20 point) than the rest of the text on the cover page. Make ...
PDF A quick guide to report writing
There are three main forms of reports: factual, instructional and persuasive; each has a different purpose and will require different arguments and evidence to achieve that purpose. It will help you write good reports if you know what you are trying to achieve before you start your report. Factual. Instructional. Persuasive.
Research Report: Definition, Types + [Writing Guide]
A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.
Components of a Research Report
Writing a report involves the following stages -. · clarifying terms of reference, · planning the work, · collecting data and information, · organising and structuring the collected information, · writing the first draft, and. · final proof-checking and re-drafting of report.
Writing a Research Report
.pdf version of this page. This review covers the basic elements of a research report. This is a general guide for what you will see in journal articles or dissertations. This format assumes a mixed methods study, but you can leave out either quantitative or qualitative sections if you only used a single methodology.
PDF UNIT 3 REPORTING RESEARCH
The research reports of students of M.Sc., M.Ed., MA(DE), M.Phil. or Doctoral programmes take the form of a thesis or dissertation. In the following sections we shall discuss the main components of a research report. The entire research report is mainly divided into three major divisions — the beginning, the main body and the end (please see ...
(Pdf) Writing Research Report
Simply, a research paper/report is a systematic write up. on the findings of the study including methodologies, discussion, conclusions etc. following a definite. style. T he resea rch report ...
eGyanKosh: Unit-22 Research Report: Various Components and Structure
eGyanKosh preserves and enables easy and open access to all types of digital content including text, images, moving images, mpegs and data sets ... Unit-22 Research Report: Various Components and Structure: Issue Date: 20-Apr-2017: ... Description Size Format ; Unit-22.pdf: 1.01 MB: Adobe PDF: View/Open: Show full item record Items in eGyanKosh ...
Research reports
An outline of the research questions and hypotheses; the assumptions or propositions that your research will test. Literature Review. Not all research reports have a separate literature review section. In shorter research reports, the review is usually part of the Introduction. A literature review is a critical survey of recent relevant ...
Research Guides: Structure of a Research Paper : Home
Abstract: "Structured abstract" has become the standard for research papers (introduction, objective, methods, results and conclusions), while reviews, case reports and other articles have non-structured abstracts. The abstract should be a summary/synopsis of the paper. III. Introduction: The "why did you do the study"; setting the ...
12 Types of Research Reports in Research Report Writing
Comprehensive reports with in-depth analysis and information. 100-page research report on the effects of a new drug on a medical condition. Analytical. Focus on data analysis and provide insights or recommendations. Market research report analyzing consumer behavior trends and recommending marketing strategies.
PDF Qualitative Research Design: The Five Essential Components
ntial Components11. Goals. Why is your study worth doing? Why do you want to co. ct. this study, and why s. ould we care about the results? 2. Conceptual Framework. What do you think is going. on with the issues, settings, or people you plan to study? What theories, beliefs, and prior research findings. r.
Purpose, Types and Components of Research Report
This document provides an overview of research reports, including their purpose, types, and components. A research report communicates the purpose, methodology, findings, and conclusions of a research project. It has several key sections: an introduction that establishes the background and purpose of the research; a literature review that summarizes previous work on the topic; a methodology ...
(PDF) Research Methodology WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
A research report should normally be written in the third person and aoid use of pronouns like, 'I', 'Me', 'My' etc. 5. The report should facilitate the reader with systematic ...
7 Components of Research Report
7 components of Research Report - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. A research report is a reliable source to recount details about a conducted research and is most often considered to be a true testimony of all the work done to garner specificities of research.
Clinical Outcomes of Tirzepatide or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2
Both GLP-1 and GIP belong to the incretin system that regulates hormone secretion in response to carbohydrate intake. 32 Although the effect of GIP has been found to be greatly attenuated in patients with type 2 diabetes, 33 subsequent research has shown that islet β-cell sensitivity to GIP may be restored with glycemic control. 34 Glucose ...
PDF 2023 1internet Crime Report
from $3.31 billion in 2022 to $4.57 billion in 2023—a 38% increase. The second-costliest type of crime was business e-mail compromise (BEC), with 21,489 complaints amounting to $2.9 billion in reported losses. Tech support scams, meanwhile, were the third-costliest type of crime tracked by IC3.
Ruthenium isotopes show the Chicxulub impactor was a carbonaceous-type
OCs are by far the most common type of stony meteorites arriving at Earth. OCs, ECs, and RCs are fragments of siliceous (S-type) asteroids that formed in the inner Solar System, in the same region as the rocky planets (31, 32).The Ru isotope signatures of NC meteorites (OC, EC, RC, and most NC irons) are less distinct from the Ru isotope composition of Earth ().
Switches der Cisco Catalyst 9300-Serie
Switches der Cisco Catalyst 9300-Serie sind auf Sicherheit, IoT und die Cloud ausgelegt. Schaffen Sie eine sichere Grundlage, die optimierte Automatisierung und Einfachheit sowie umfassende Einblicke ermöglicht.

Chapter 6: Components of a Research Report

What is a Research Report?

Features of a Research Report

Types of Research Report

Nature of Research

Target Audience

Importance of a Research Report

Guide to Writing a Research Report

Structure and Example of a Research Report

Tips for Writing a Research Report

How to Gather Research Data for Your Report

Step-by-step guide on how to create an online questionnaire using Formplus

Conclusion

How to Write a Problem Statement for your Research

Assessment Tools: Types, Examples & Importance

21 Chrome Extensions for Academic Researchers in 2022

Ethnographic Research: Types, Methods + [Question Examples]

Formplus - For Seamless Data Collection

34 Components of a Research Report

Uncomplicated Reviews of Educational Research Methods

Share this:

DSpace JSPUI

Structure of a Research Paper

Structure of a Research Paper: IMRaD Format

Types of Research Reports

What is a Research Report?

Table of Contents

Types of Research Report Writing

Different Types Of Research Reports

2. Popular Reports

3. Survey Reports

4. Market Research Reports

5. Case Study Reports

6. Analytical Research Reports

7. Review or Literature Survey Reports

8. Experimental Research Reports

9. Descriptive Research Reports

10. Exploratory Research Reports

11. Explanatory Research Reports

12. Policy or White Papers

Components of Research Reports

List of Figures and Tables

Final Thoughts

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Recommended Articles

See More About

Get the latest research based on your areas of interest.

Manage citations:

Clinical Outcomes of Tirzepatide or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes

Produkte und Services

Switches der Cisco Catalyst 9300-Serie

Machen Sie Ihr Netzwerk fit für die Zukunft

Transformation für Ihren Arbeitsplatz

Integrierte Netzwerksicherheit

Flexibles Netzwerkmanagement

Nachhaltiges Netzwerkdesign

Modelle der Catalyst 9300-Serie

Catalyst 9300X (Kupfer)

Catalyst 9300X (Glasfaser)

Catalyst 9300 für besonders hohe Leistung

Catalyst 9300 UPOE+

Catalyst 9300 1 G

Catalyst 9300L/LM 1 G

Testen Sie unsere Cloud-Monitoring-Lösung für Ihr Switching-Netzwerk

Unterstützung während des gesamten Lebenszyklus

Beschleunigen Sie die Transformation Ihres Netzwerks

Ziehen Sie größeren Nutzen aus Ihren IT-Investitionen

Nehmen Sie an einer Demo teil

IMAGES

COMMENTS