short essay on article 370

Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution provided special rights to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It gave most of the power to the government of this state. Centre was left with limited power over J&K.

Article 370 has recently been scrapped making it a historic event which is expected to change the face of the state for good. This move has received mixed reactions from political parties and general public though it has largely been appreciated.

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

Here are long and short essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exams. These Article 370 essay are written in simple English language to easily convey the information, yet it does so effectively. These Article 370 essays will let you have a deeper understanding of article 370, its removal and repercussions.

After going through the following essays you will know about Article 370 and its provisions; history of Article 370; advantages and disadvantages of Article 370; how was it revoked; what will be the consequences of scrapping Article 370; what bills were passed for its revokal, etc.

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Article 370 that came into effect in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1949 was supposed to be a temporary provision; however, it continued for decades even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the county demanded its revocation from time to time.

The article exempted J&K from the Indian Constitution. The state attained the right to make its own laws related to any matter except foreign affairs, communications and defence.

The state government thus went on to draft a separate constitution. It also came up with a separate flag. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution were not applicable in J&K. It had its own set of rights and duties.

The condition of the state hasn’t been very good ever since the enforcement of Article 370. Life of people in the Kashmir region has especially been miserable. The place is prone to terrorist attacks.

Article 370 has been seen as a hindrance in the development of the state. It is also known to be a cause of growing corruption and terrorism in the state.

As per the constitutional order passed by Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 5 th August 2019, Article 370 stands ineffective. The decision has been taken to improve the condition of J&K and its citizens.

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Introduction

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. However, soon after it came to be known as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. It has remained in effect in J&K for decades.

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah in the year 1947. Abdullah had been appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

Abdullah wanted complete autonomy for J&K and demanded that Article 370 must not remain a temporary provision. However, the Centre deemed this demand unreasonable and did not approve of it.

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

As Article 370 came into being, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir gained special power wherein it got the right to recommend the articles of the constitution that should be enforced on the state. It even got the power to annul Article 370 altogether.

Article 35 A and Article 370 together stated that a different set of laws apply for the residents of the state of J&K. The Indian Parliament could only exercise laws related to finance, defence, communications and foreign affairs in the state.

It required the approval of state government for applying all the other laws. The residents of J&K enjoyed completely different laws when it came to ownership of property, laws related to citizenship and fundamental rights.

As per the laws enforced by the state, the Indian citizens from other parts of the country were denied the right to purchase property in Jammu and Kashmir.

The residents of J&K fear that the scrapping of Article 370 may hamper their local business and thus be a threat to their livelihood. Adapting to the changes that are likely to follow this big decision also seems to be a cause of concern for the residents of J&K. Their concerns are genuine. We hope the condition of the place improves henceforth.

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that gave special power to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was annulled on 5 th August 2019. The decision taken by the Centre has been appreciated by several political parties, leaders, celebrities and majority of general public. However, many others have criticized it outright. Article 370 had few advantages and several disadvantages.

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the advantages of Article 370:

1) Article 370 is advantageous for the citizens of J&K. The state gives priority to the interest of its local citizens. There is less competition in the state and greater opportunities for its citizens.

2) J&K boasts of its local handicraft items. The government of this state has kept its culture and local businesses alive. It has always encouraged local businesses over foreign brands.

This is the reason why several local brands are running in the state. This means more work, greater growth opportunities and good income for the locals.

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the disadvantages of Article 370:

1) The state of J&K hasn’t developed as much as the other parts of the country. This is particularly true when we look at the medical facilities here. The condition of the hospitals and healthcare centres in the state are not that good.

2) The law and order in J&K is weak because the centre is not allowed to intervene. This has given rise to terrorism in the state. Terrorism is a major concern here and nothing much is being done to fight it.

3) Corruption in the state is high due to its alienation from the centre. There is no check on the government of J&K. It makes its own laws and works as per its convenience.

4) Article 370 prevented the implementation of Right to Education in the state. This is why students were forced to move to other states.

5) Outsiders cannot establish business in J&K. Professionals and industrialists are not allowed to settle here. This is a major hindrance in the growth and development of the state.

6) This provision is anti- women in nature. It has led to extreme gender bias in the state.

The disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution clearly outweigh its advantages. The atmosphere of tension in the state is a clear evidence of the same. Scrapping of Article 370 seems like a ray of hope for the state that has been gripped by terrorism since long. We hope it sees better times ahead.

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Article 370 is a temporary provision in the Constitution of India. It provides special autonomous status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The provisions of the Indian Constitution that are applicable to other states of India are not applicable to J&K.

The article was adopted in November 1956 and was enforced in the state in January 1957 by Sheikh Abdullah.

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Some special provisions were made in Jammu and Kashmir as Article 370 came into force in the state. These include:

• J&K acquired different national flag.
• Insulting the national flag and national symbols is considered a crime in India. It is a punishable offence. But this rule did not apply in J&K.
• The highest court orders in India did not apply in J&K.
• Jammu and Kashmir citizens enjoyed dual citizenship.
• Women in Kashmir had to abide by the Sharia law.
• The tenure of the Assembly of J&K was 6 years unlike other Indian states in which the Assembly tenure is 5 years.
• RTI, RTE and CAG were not applicable in Kashmir.
• The J&K citizenship of a woman who married a person from another Indian state ended. On the other hand, if a woman from the state married someone from Pakistan, he acquired J&K citizenship.
• If a Pakistani married a Kashmiri girl, he acquired Indian citizenship.
• Article 370 did not allow people from other states to purchase property in J&K.
• The minority group in Kashmir that consists of Hindus and Sikhs did not get 16% reservation.

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

Now that Article 370 has been revoked, Jammu and Kashmir will no longer enjoy the autonomous status. All the special powers that came with this article have been annulled. Here are some of the other changes that are being brought about:

• All the residents of J&K shall be entitled to single citizenship only.
• Article 360 that is enforced during financial emergency is now applicable in J&K.
• People from other states shall be able to purchase property in J&K.
• Duration of Legislative Assembly has been changed to 5 years.
• RTI will be applicable in J&K.
• Minorities will be eligible for 16% reservation.
• Children will benefit from the Right to Education.
• Directive Principle of State Policy shall be applicable.
• J&K will not have a separate flag.

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

J&K’s prominent leaders, Omar Abdullah, Sajjad Lone and Mehbooba Mufti were under house arrest as the bill for abolition of Article 370 was passed in the Rajya Sabha.

Internet and mobile services in Kashmir’s Srinagar district were suspended and a ban imposed on all public gatherings.

With so many changes underway after the revocation of Article 370, it seems like J&K will finally experience peace and prosperity. This is just the first step towards the betterment of the state.

There are miles to go! Whether the decision taken by Centre is right or wrong is still being debated. We hope it proves to be beneficial for the state as well as the country as a whole.

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Article 370 was enforced by Sheikh Abdullah on 26 th January 1957. The article gave special power to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This was a temporary provision.

However, it remained in force for decades. Even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the country suggested its revocation from time to time, it remained intact; however, it has finally been annulled.

Indian President, Ram Nath Kovind issued constitutional order to revoke Article 370 and apply all the rules and provisions of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. This historic move was made on 5 th August 2019.

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, moved a resolution in Rajya Sabha to introduce a bill scrapping all the provisions of Article 370. This was approved by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Shah also introduced bills seeking bifurcation of the State into Jammu and Kashmir as a Union Territory with an Assembly and Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature.

The opposition benches protested against this resolution; however, the decision has been made. Revoking Article 370 of the Indian Constitution had been a major part of BJP’s agenda. Shah’s announcement was thus received with elation by the BJP leaders.

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

While many political parties opposed the decision to scrap Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, several others extended their support to the BJP government.

Parties that Supported the Decision

Among those that showed support to this decision were the Aam Aadmi Party,   Bahujan Samaj Party, Shiv Sena, AIADMK, Shiromani Akali Dal, YSR Congress, Telugu Desam Party, Biju Janata Dal, BPF and AGP. All these parties backed the Centre’s decision.

Many of them mentioned that they awaited this move since long and welcome the decision wholeheartedly. They now look forward to peace and development in J&K. The decision of scrapping Article 370 has been termed as bold and courageous.

BSP member, Satish Chandra Misra was among the first ones in the Rajya Sabha to support this move. Mayawati also extended support to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIADMK mentioned that their leader, Jayalalithaa had always wanted this. Shiv Sena members expressed their joy and support by celebrating outside their party head office.

BJD members said that with this decision, Jammu and Kashmir has become an integral part of the country and they are glad about it.

Parties that Opposed the Decision

The parties those opposed the Centre’s decision to revoke Article 370 include Congress, Trinamool Congress, Nationalist Congress Party, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janta Dal, Left, National Conference, DMK and People’s Democratic Party. All these parties condemned and criticised the resolution.

Congress members mentioned that this was a “catastrophic step” and it should be seen as a “black day” in the constitutional history of our country. It further said that this decision is a publicity stunt by BJP to fetch more votes. Likewise, Left mentioned that it is an attack on the Indian Constitution.

Members of People’s Democratic Party expressed their anger over the decision by shouting slogans and tearing copies of Indian Constitution. National Conference called the decision shocking and unilateral. Trinamool Congress also expressed its objection against the Centre’s decision.

DMK went on to say that this was simply the murder of democracy. It said that BJP is forcing its agenda and that it has no respect for the sentiments of the Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is indeed a big decision. A major change in J&K is likely underway now. We hope things change for good for this beautiful state which has long struggled for peace and justice. The Centre must make special efforts to resurrect J&K and make it a better and safer place to live.

Related Information:

Essay on Article 35A of Indian Constitution

Speech on Article 370 of Constitution of India

Essay on Article 15 of Indian Constitution

Speech on Constitution of India

Speech on National Constitution Day

Essay on National Constitution Day

Essay on Constitution of India

Essay on Section 377 of Indian Penal Code

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• School Education /

Essay on Article 370 for Students in 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Jun 26, 2024

Essay on Article 370: Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave the State of Jammy and Kashmir a special status. However, on 5 August 2019, the Indian Government abrogated this special status and bifurcated the state into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. Left-wing extremists have raised their concerns over the removal of this special status but the government and the Indian Military have welcomed this decision as it will reduce cross-border terrorism in the valley. Today, we will discuss sample essays on Article 370 for school students.

Table of Contents

• 1.1 Historical Context and Provisions
• 1.2 The Need for Change
• 1.3 The Abrogation of Article 370
• 1.4 Impacts of the Abrogation
• 1.5 Challenges and Criticisms
• 1.6 Conclusion

Essay on Article 370 in 500+ Words

On 5 August 2019, the Indian Government issued a Presidential order to remove Article 370, followed by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. This act converted the state into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. This essay delves into the implications of this decision, the historical context of Article 370, and the debates surrounding its abrogation.

Historical Context and Provisions

Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution on October 17, 1949, to grant special autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. This special status was rooted in the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh in 1947, which allowed Jammu and Kashmir to accede to India on matters of defence, foreign affairs, and communications. The state was exempted from the complete applicability of the Indian Constitution and had the power to form its own Constitution. The central government’s power was limited, and certain central laws could be extended to the state only with the concurrence of the state government.

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The Need for Change

Over the decades, Jammu and Kashmir became a flashpoint for conflicts, notably between India and Pakistan, leading to wars in 1947, 1965, 1971, and the Kargil conflict in 1999. The special status under Article 370 contributed to a sense of isolation and alienation among the people of Jammu and Kashmir. Critics argued that this provision hindered economic development, allowed for the perpetuation of outdated laws, and fostered a breeding ground for terrorism.

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The Abrogation of Article 370

On August 5, 2019, the Indian Government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, took a historic step to revoke Article 370. This move was justified on the grounds of integrating Jammu and Kashmir more closely with the rest of India, promoting economic development, and curbing terrorism. The decision was passed by a two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament, reflecting significant political support.

Quick Read: 2-Minute Speech on Article 370

Impacts of the Abrogation

• Economic Development: With the abrogation of Article 370, private investors can now invest in Jammu and Kashmir, leading to job creation and economic growth. The region’s integration into the national market is expected to open up new opportunities.
• Social Integration: The removal of Article 370 aligns Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India, fostering a sense of unity. Citizens of other states can now buy land in the region, promoting social and cultural integration.
• Women’s Rights: The abrogation has rectified gender-discriminatory laws. Previously, women who married non-residents lost their property rights. Now, women have equal property rights regardless of their marital status.

Challenges and Criticisms

• Political Discontent: The decision to abrogate Article 370 has faced significant opposition, particularly from political leaders in Jammu and Kashmir who argue that it undermines the region’s autonomy and unique identity.
• Security Concerns: There have been concerns about increased security risks and unrest in the region. The central government has deployed additional security forces to maintain peace, but the situation remains tense.
• Legal Challenges: Several petitions have been filed in the Supreme Court of India challenging the constitutional validity of the abrogation. The legal battle over Article 370 continues, adding to the uncertainty.

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The abrogation of Article 370 marked a significant turning point in the history of Jammu and Kashmir. While it aimed to integrate the region fully into India and promote development, it also raised important questions about federalism, autonomy, and states’ rights. Understanding the multifaceted impacts of this decision requires a nuanced analysis of its potential benefits and the concerns it raises. As India navigates the post-Article 370 era, the outcomes of this decision will continue to shape the region’s future and the broader national discourse.

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Ans: Jammu and Kashmir, an Indian state, was granted special status under Article 370. This article made it possible for J&K to have a unique government, constitution, and other special statuses. The State of Jammu and Kashmir did not implement the rulings of the Indian Supreme Court or the Indian Government.

Ans: The Indian Constitution’s Article 370 gave the state of Jammu and Kashmir special status. It gave the state the authority to fly its flag, establish its constitution, and run its internal affairs independently. Article 370 was meant to provide Jammu and Kashmir with a provisional, interim framework.

Ans: The same day, Advocate Manohar Lal Sharma filed a petition under Article 32 challenging the constitutionality of the dilution of Article 370.

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• Article 370 Essay

Essay on Article 370

Through this essay on Article 370, one will learn how Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, which is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. This state has been administered by India since 1954.

The Article is drafted in part XXI of the Constitution which is titled as "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions". The Article 370 essay in English will give a clear overview of what actually Article 370 is?

A Long Essay on Article 370 in English

The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir after being established, has been given the power to recommend which Articles of the Indian Constitution can be applied in the state and also to cancel the 370 altogether. After being advised by the State Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, a Presidential order was issued in 1954 that specified the Articles which will be applied to the state. Through this Article 370 essay, one will learn how the Constituent Assembly didn't recommend cancellation of Article 370 before it got dissolved. As a result, the Article was deemed to become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.

Different Laws And Rights

The Article 370 in English essay explains how Article 370  was incorporated to keep the residents of Jammu and Kashmir under a Law that is different from the rest of the Country. The different Laws include those relating to citizenship Rights, ownership of property Rights, and different fundamental Rights. Due to these separate Laws, Indians from other states were forbidden to buy any land or property in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

While the Indian Government was planning out the Constitution of India, they requested the advice of each and every state on the number of constitutions to be incorporated. All the states agreed to have one Constitution in spite of having one for each state except the state assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. The state assembly of Jammu and Kashmir requested that only those Articles of the Constitution will be applied in the state that corresponds to the original instrument to accession and other rules will be incorporated by the state assembly after being formed. But the state assembly got dissolved, and the Article was considered as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. This was confirmed by various rulings of India such as the Supreme Court and High Court.

The essay on Article 370 can help one understand the four Provisions of Article 370:

The state was exempted from the complete applicability of the Constitution of India. The state has the power to form its own Constitution.

The power of the central government in this state is limited to three subjects: defense, foreign affairs, and communications.

Some central government’s constitutional power can be extended to the state only with the concurrence of the state government.

The State Government's power to give concurrence is only active until the State Constituent Assembly was convened. After the scheme of powers is dispersed by the State Constituent Assembly, no further extension of powers is possible.

As studied in the Article 370 essay, it is clear that the state of Jammu and Kashmir has a special status and can incorporate its own Constitution, no other states in the Country have these powers.

Impact On Abolition Of Article 370

With the elimination of Article 370 in 2019, people of J&K will no longer have dual citizenship and would be treated similarly to other Indian citizens. Because the citizenship clause is no longer in force, all of the additional benefits and grounds for discrimination associated with the title are effectively gone. 

One of the most significant advantages was that non-J&K residents were unable to purchase land within the state. As a result, persons living in J&K have plenty of resources that they haven't put to good use in order to have a safe place to live. Women were the worst victims of this equation, as they lost their land Rights if they married someone from outside the state. Furthermore, neither she nor her children were eligible to inherit the land. A Kashmiri man, on the other hand, was free to marry any lady from any state and preserve his property Rights. A non-resident of J&K was not permitted to vote in state legislature elections or to run for office. Non-J&K residents were unable to enrol in postgraduate professional courses since state universities in Jammu and Kashmir require a Permanent Resident Certificate (PRC). Furthermore, they were not eligible for any government help or scholarships to utilize while working for the government since permanent residence is necessary, which was not attainable at the time but is today. 

The state was not automatically rendered subject to any Laws passed by Parliament. As a result, disadvantaged populations in the state, such as SCs and STs, were denied the benefits that the Indian Constitution ordinarily provides. Even within the state, Rights such as the Right to education and the Right to information apply. More than that, the middle did not have the authority to declare a financial emergency within the state, but that is no longer the case; Kashmir now follows the same rules and regulations as the rest of the nation.

Short Essay on Article 370

150 words paragraph on article 370.

In this Article 370 short essay, one will gain some basic knowledge of Article 370. Article 370 was incorporated, especially for the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This Article was formed along with Article 35a. The Article vested some important powers in the hands of the State Constituent Assembly. It restricted the Central Government from interfering with the matters of Jammu and Kashmir. One can gain a lot of knowledge from this essay on Article 370.

Article 370 gave the authority to the State Constituent Assembly to incorporate its own Constitution that will give the state several different Laws. Such separate Laws include citizenship Rights, ownership of land Rights, and many others. People from other states are restricted from buying land in this state.

In this short speech on Article 370 in English, it is clear that the state of Jammu and Kashmir is an important state of India and experiences a special status among all the other states.

The 370 Article essay in English will educate a person on how the instrument of accession affected the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Clause 7 of the Instrument of Accession signed by the Maharaja Hari Singh says that the state of Jammu and Kashmir is not compelled to accept any future Articles of the Constitution of India. The state assembly has the power to incorporate its own Constitution. The state assembly will also decide how much power should be vested in the hands of the Central Government. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was experiencing a special status because of the conflict that was prevailing on the land.The Article 370 paragraph in English explains the special status of the Jammu and Kashmir experiences.

FAQs on Article 370 Essay

1. What powers are vested by Article 370?

From the knowledge we have gained from the Article 370 essay, it is clear that the State Constituent Assembly has the power to make its own rules for the state without getting interfered with by the Central Government. The state government has the power to make separate laws in terms of citizenship, ownership of land, etc.

2. In what subjects the Central Government has power over Jammu and Kashmir?

The central Government has power on a total of three subjects that are defense, foreign affairs and communication according to an essay on Article 370. In spite of these three subjects, the central government is restricted to interfere because of the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. If the state government extents some powers then the centre can interfere.

3. What is the background of Article 370?

When India was about to gain independence and the British were departing, they gave all of India's rulers the Right to reside anywhere they wanted. Internally, this resulted in the development of hundreds of provinces. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel's efforts resulted in all of those regions agreeing to merge to establish a country. However, one province, Jammu & Kashmir, governed by the then-king Hari Singh, was unwilling to join the union. They didn't want to be combined, and they wanted to keep their identity as a separate province. In October 1947, Pakistan attempted to capture Kashmir by invading it with its army. Hari Singh requested India's assistance in combating the Pakistani troops. India assisted on the condition that Kashmir joins India. Under Article 370 of the Indian constitution, India promised to provide it with special status.

4. What are the benefits and drawbacks of Article 370?

People in Jammu and Kashmir held dual citizenship, meaning they were citizens of both Jammu and Kashmir and India. They had a different flag than we had. In J & K, elections were held every six years. In J&K, criticising the Indian flag was not a crime. The Supreme Court of India's regulations were not applicable to J&K. A Kashmiri girl loses her Kashmiri citizenship if she marries a guy from outside the state. And if she married a Pakistani, he was automatically granted citizenship in J&K. The Right to Information Act did not apply to J&K. In J&K, there were no reservations for minorities. Outside of J&K, no one could acquire land there. J&K was exempt from financial emergencies. Kashmir has never had an issue with overcrowding or overpopulation since no one from outside the state may enter and reside there. Because employment possibilities were few in J&K, many young people turned to terrorism. There was a low GDP and a high level of corruption. China had acquired 10% of Kashmir after independence, whereas Pakistan had grabbed 30% of Kashmir. Only 60% of Kashmir is still in India's possession. Article 370 was enacted as a temporary measure, which allowed India to repeal it and eventually unite J&K with the rest of the states.

5. What is the end result of Article 370?

Article 370's revocation will have a favourable influence. It has the potential to help both the people of J&K and the rest of India. People in J&K will suddenly have a plethora of job options. A number of business opportunities will arise. Girls from J&K can now marry anyone in India. Their gross domestic product will rise. People from other states can now invest in J&K. They can establish manufacturing units, resulting in more work prospects for individuals in J&K. Foreign investors were also looking forward to the repeal of Article 370, therefore we should see an increase in FDI in J&K. Let us all wish for a strong, united, and prosperous India.

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Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay | Article 370 Essay for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Article 370 Essay:  One of the highly controversial topics in the country from last year was the abrogation of article 370. Given the depth of the impact it will have on the Indian subcontinent as well as on the people of Kashmir, lots of debates have happened over this particular article in the Indian constitution. It has created a political and legal storm in the county.

In this particular article 370 of the Indian constitution essay, we shall be talking about what the article is, a brief history of the law, and what will be the future of Kashmir and India with respect the abrogation of the law. A comprehensive article 370 of the Indian constitution essay can be used by students aspiring for IAS or IPS (UPSC Civil services) examination in the country.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution for Students and Kids in English

If you are searching for a detailed, informative and comprehensive essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution, then we have provided two different essays, each with good content in it. A 600-word article 370 of the Indian constitution essay is helpful for students of classes 7,8,9 and 10, and a 200-word essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution is provided below for students of class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. This model essay can also be used by UPSC civil services aspirants as well.

Long Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 600 Words in English

When India obtained its independence from the British rule in the year 1947, many states such as the Deccan, Mysore region and Madras presidency joined the Indian union. Some were forced to join and others were given a choice of sorts. Kashmir, given the population of Muslims in the region, was reluctant to join either of the forces on their sides i.e, India or Pakistan. In the year 1949, October article 370 was added to the Indian constitution on a temporary basis under Maharaja Hari Singh and congress leader Sheikh Abdulla.  And ever since that day, article 370 has been a part of Jammu and Kashmir rule until 2019 when it was abrogated.

What is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution?

Article 370 of the Indian constitution is a special provision in the Indian constitution which allows the state of Jammu and Kashmir to draft its own constitution and put curbs on the power of the Indian Union over the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Basically, it granted a high amount of autonomous powers to the Jammu and Kashmir legislature.

Except for defence, communication, foreign affairs and financier, the Jammu and Kashmir leaders had enormous power over the states without the impending influence of the Indian central government. Leaders have used the powers of article 370 to form their own laws and put in place restrictions for the people of Jammu and Kashmir. This special status will empower the state with a separate constitution, flag and national anthem. Also, the people of Jammu and Kashmir will be eligible for dual citizenship. The assembly of the state can make its laws for land and properties, and they have banned people outside Jammu and Kashmir to buy land in the state.

All this came to a sudden halt when article 370 was abrogated in 2019. As this article 370 of the Indian constitution essay in being written, a curfew is imposed all over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, for over a year now, to prevent unrest and violence in the state as a result of the abrogation of article 370.

Now that the special powers are taken away from the government of Jammu and Kashmir, two new union territories in India is formed, which are a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil. The whole region is under the control of the Indian central government and AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act), which gives powers to the Indian army to detain anyone suspicious without any kind of accountability and trial, is put in place in certain sensitive regions of the state.

Some say the abrogation was unconstitutional and authoritarian in nature. But the fact of the matter is that abrogation has caused enormous amounts of unrest in the state with curfews being imposed for over a year now and an unspeakable amount of humanitarian crisis looming over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Why was article 370 abrogated?

There are plenty of reasons that the central government has given to the people asking the reason for the abrogation of the article. Some of the reasons are:

• To prevent terrorist operation across the border
• To prevent human rights violations happening in the state
• To maintain law and order properly
• To develop a sense of inclusion for the people of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India
• To develop the state economically and make it socially stable

These were a few of the reasons that the central government gave in defence of the abrogation of article 370.

Irrespective of what the future holds of Kashmiris, they’ve been under humanitarian crisis and turmoil for more than 6 decades now. With or without article 370, an entire generation of Kashmiris has been bearing the brunt of military power, both from the Indian army as well as the Pakistani army.  Kashmir should not be a guinea pig for a bigger diplomatic war between India and Pakistan.

Thousands of people (both civilians and soldiers) have been killed and thousands of crores of money has been spent on military resources in the state. Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the country. A proper and long-lasting solution has to be found out for the people of Jammu and Kashmir so that they prosper and grow in the future.

Short Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 200 Words in English

Find below a 200-word essay on  article 370 of the Indian constitution essay for students of classes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, and also for UPSC civil services aspirants

Article 370, which was introduced to the Indian constitution first in the year 1949, has been in place for more than 6 decades now. The instrument of accession was signed by the then Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This helped the state of Jammu and Kashmir to accede to the Indian union. And ever since 1949, article 370, which was supposed to be a temporary provision in the Indian constitution, has been in place for more than 6 decades now. Article 370 empowers the state of Jammu and Kashmir to have its own constitution and laws which fall under both concurrent and union list, except for the matter of finance, communication, defence and foreign affairs. This article has given the leaders of Jammu and Kashmir region enormous powers and autonomy from the Indian union. While some say this article was misused by leaders to collaborate with Pakistan and increase terror operation in India, some argue that autonomy has helped the people of Kashmir.

In 2019, article 370 was abrogated by the Central government and turned the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories namely, a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil.

10 Lines on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay

• Article 370 gives special powers and status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Article 370 of the Indian constitution was formed in the year 1949, 17th of October.
• It empowers the state to form its own constitution other than the Indian constitution.
• It empowers the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to take decisions independently on all fronts except in the matters of communication, defence, foreign affairs and finance.
• Article 370 of the Indian constitution was abrogated in 2019 by the Indian government.
• Kashmir problem, where both India and Pakistan exercises its right over the territory, is the reason why article 370 was formed.
• The autonomous power that is given to Jammu and Kashmir resulted in increased terrorist operations across the borders.
• State of Jammu and Kashmir was removed and two new union territories were formed which are a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil.
• Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the whole world.
• Kashmir has been in curfew for a year now, since the abrogation of article 370.

FAQ’s on Article 370 Essay

Question 1. What happens if article 370 is removed?

Answer: Special powers will be taken away from the government of Jammu and Kashmir and the state will be obligated to abide by all the clauses in the Indian constitution

Question 2. What are the advantages of removing article 370?

Answer: Ownership of land, decrease in terror operations and increased control by the Indian government over cross border infiltration are some the advantages of removing article 370

Question 3. Why does Pakistan want Kashmir?

Answer: Kashmir is a diplomatically and strategically apt location for both counties to establish their power. Also, Kashmir is rich in natural resources, which is why Pakistan wants Kashmir to be part of their country

Question 4. Why is Kashmir the most militarized zone in the world?

Answer: To prevent civil unrest and cross border terrorism, the Indian Army has deployed soldiers in high numbers in sensitive regions of Kashmir

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Essay on Article 370

Students are often asked to write an essay on Article 370 in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Article 370

Introduction.

Article 370 was a unique law in the Indian constitution, granting special autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was added in 1949.

Special Provisions

Under Article 370, the Indian Parliament required the state government’s concurrence to apply laws, except in defense, foreign affairs, and communications.

Controversy and Abrogation

Article 370 was contentious, with critics arguing it hindered Jammu and Kashmir’s integration with India. In August 2019, the Indian government abrogated Article 370, aiming for complete integration.

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250 Words Essay on Article 370

Article 370 is a significant part of the Indian constitution that has been the subject of intense debate and controversy. It was an article that granted special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Historical Context

Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution in October 1949. This special status was a result of the conditions under which the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India after the partition in 1947. It was designed to protect the region’s distinct culture and autonomy.

Provisions and Implications

The article allowed the state to have its own constitution, flag, and control over internal administrative matters. However, defense, foreign affairs, and communications remained under the Indian government’s jurisdiction. It also restricted the Indian Parliament’s legislative power within the state.

The article has been controversial, with some arguing that it hindered Jammu and Kashmir’s integration with the rest of India. Others contended that it was essential for preserving the unique cultural identity of the region. The debate reached its peak in August 2019 when the Indian government abrogated Article 370, effectively revoking the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.

The abrogation of Article 370 has opened a new chapter in the history of Jammu and Kashmir. The long-term implications of this decision are yet to be seen. It remains a complex issue, intertwined with questions of federalism, cultural identity, and national integration.

500 Words Essay on Article 370

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is a unique piece of legislation that has been a subject of intense debate and controversy since its inception. Initially intended as a temporary provision to manage the political complexities of Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India, it eventually solidified into a semi-permanent arrangement, leading to a complex web of legal, political, and social implications.

The Genesis of Article 370

Article 370 provided Jammu and Kashmir with a special status, allowing it to have its own constitution, a separate flag, and autonomy over the internal administration of the state. This meant that the Indian Parliament could only make laws on subjects specified in the Instrument of Accession, unless the state government gave its consent.

This special status led to a dichotomy in the constitutional relationship between Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India. Critics argue that it created a psychological barrier, fostering a sense of separatism among the people of the state. Supporters, however, assert that it was essential to respect the unique circumstances of the state’s accession and to protect its distinct cultural identity.

Abrogation of Article 370

The abrogation, however, sparked a heated debate. Critics argue that it undermines the democratic process, as it was done without consulting the state’s representatives. Supporters, on the other hand, believe that it paves the way for the full realization of rights and opportunities for the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

The debate surrounding Article 370 is complex and multi-faceted, involving constitutional law, political science, and socio-cultural dynamics. It is an issue that demands careful thought and nuanced understanding. As India navigates its way forward, it is crucial to ensure that the aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir are respected, and that the path to development and integration is paved with justice and fairness. The future of Article 370, or rather its absence, will continue to shape the destiny of the region and its relationship with the rest of India.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Article 370: Decoding the Supreme Court Verdict

• 13 Dec 2023
• 14 min read
• GS Paper - 2
• Indian Constitution

This editorial is based on “Today, a clean canvas for every child in J&K” which was published in The Indian Express on 12/12/2023. The article argues that the verdict is a historic and landmark judgment that upholds the sovereignty and integrity of India and the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.

For Prelims: Articles 370 and 35A , Supreme Court , Special Status , Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , SR Bommai v Union of India, 1994 , Prime Minister's Development Package (PMDP) , Industrial Development Scheme (IDS),

For Mains: Articles 370 , Supreme Court’s decision, Reasons behind abrogation of Article 370, impact of abrogation of Article 370

On 11 th December 2023, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India delivered a historic judgment on the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A . Through its judgment, the Court has upheld the sovereignty and integrity of India , something that every Indian cherishes. The Supreme Court observed that the decision taken on 5 th August 2019 to abrogate Article 370 which ended the special status of the erstwhile state of J&K, was done to enhance constitutional integration and not disintegration. The Court has also recognised the fact that Article 370 was not permanent in nature.

What was Article 370 About?

• It was drafted by N Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, and was added to the constitution as a ‘temporary provision’ in 1949.
• It allowed the state to have its own constitution, flag and autonomy over most matters except defence, foreign affairs and communications.
• It was based on the terms of the Instrument of Accession, which was signed by the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, Hari Singh, in 1947 to join India after an invasion by Pakistan.

How did the Government Repeal Article 370?

• Presidential Order: In the 2019 Presidential orders, Parliament brought a provision giving new meaning to “constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir”, to mean “Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir”, and then assumed the powers of the Legislative Assembly through the President's rule to revoke Article 370.
• Resolutions in Parliament: Concurrent resolutions were passed by both houses of the Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, on 5th and 6th August 2019, respectively. These resolutions revoked the remaining provisions of Article 370 and replaced them with new provisions.
• Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act: The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , was passed by Parliament on 5th August 2019. This act bifurcated the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

What did the Court Say?

• It served a transitional purpose which was to make an interim arrangement to establish a Constituent Assembly of J&K which would draft the State Constitution.
• It was meant to ease the integration of J&K into the Union of India in the light of the prevailing war-like situation in the State back in 1947.
• The CJI said that the governor (President in J&K’s case) can assume “all or any” roles of the state legislature and such action must be tested judicially only in extraordinary cases.
• It further said that there was no requirement for the President to secure the concurrence of the State government in this regard as mandated by the provisos to Article 370(1)(d).
• The court also observed that the views of the State legislature regarding the proposed reorganisation are recommendatory in nature and not binding on the Parliament.
• The Court also held that when a Proclamation under Article 356 is in force, there are innumerable decisions which are taken by the Union Government on behalf of the State Government for the purpose of day-to-day administration.
• Opening up challenge to every decision would lead to chaos and uncertainty.
• Conduct Elections & Restore Statehood: The court stated that J&K’s statehood should be restored as soon as possible, it ordered that elections to the legislative assembly of J&K should be held by 30th September 2024.
• Establishment of ‘Truth and Reconciliation Commission’: Justice Kaul in his concurring opinion mooted the constitution of a Truth-and-Reconciliation Commission along the lines of the one set up in South Africa after apartheid to address human rights violations both by state and non-state actors in Jammu and Kashmir since the 1980s.

Why was the Article 370 Abrogated?

• It was believed that full integration would allow for better access to resources, infrastructure, and opportunities for the people of J&K.
• National Security: Article 370 was exploited by Pakistan to support terrorism and separatism in the region. The abrogation would strengthen national security by allowing the Indian government to have more control over the region and crack down on terrorist activities.
• Ending Discrimination: Article 370 discriminated against women, Dalits, and other marginalized groups in Jammu and Kashmir. The abrogation would bring them under the umbrella of Indian laws and provide them with equal rights and opportunities.
• Transparency and Accountability : Article 370 created a lack of transparency and accountability in the governance of Jammu and Kashmir. The abrogation would bring the state under the purview of the Central Vigilance Commission and the Right to Information Act , leading to better governance and accountability.
• Economic Prosperity : Article 370 hindered economic development in Jammu and Kashmir . The abrogation would allow for greater investment, tourism, and job creation in the region.

What has been the Impact of Article 370 Abrogation?

• According to official data, the number of terrorist incidents has decreased by over 50% and security forces have killed over 300 militants in the last four years.
• This can be attributed to a combination of factors, including increased security measures, better intelligence gathering, and a decline in public support for militancy.
• These initiatives have led to increased investment, job creation, and economic growth in the region.
• The UT witnessed tax revenue growth of 31%. During 2022-23, the GSDP of J&K grew at 8% at constant prices, as against 7% at the national level.
• These improvements have made it easier for people to travel and do business within the region.
• According to a report, the region of Jammu and Kashmir has seen 1.62 crore tourists in 2022, the highest in India's 75 years of independence.

The recent judgment by the Supreme Court has not only upheld the principles of 'Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat', but it has also served as a powerful reminder of the importance of unity and a collective dedication to good governance. This decision showcases the court's commitment to strengthening the fabric of our nation and reinforcing the values that define us as a society.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Years’ Questions (PYQs)

Q. Siachen Glacier is situated to the (2020)

(a) East of Aksai Chin (b) East of Leh (c) North of Gilgit (d) North of Nubra Valley

Q. Which one of the following is the largest (areawise) Lok Sabha constituency? (2008)

(a) Kangra (b) Ladakh (c) Kachchh (d) Bhilwara

Q. To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “Temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss The future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (2016)

Q. Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)

Q. The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-islaami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs. (2019)

Essay on Article 370

In this Article 370 essay, we will learn about article 370 Kashmir, who drafted article 370 & when was article 370 removed.

On 5 August 2019, the President of India issued the Constitution (Application for Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 in the exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of Article 370 of the Constitution.

By this, the Government of India has amended Article 370 itself (not revoked it).

With this, the Indian government has dramatically revised relations between the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the Indian Union.

Taking a historic decision, the central government proposed to remove Article 370 of the Constitution from the state of Jammu and Kashmir and divide the state into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

Article 370 Essay:

Article 370 became a part of the Constitution of India on 17 October 1949 and was added as a ‘provisional provision’ that gave exemption to Jammu and Kashmir, in order that it may draft its constitution and the Indian Parliament within the state Prohibit legislative powers.

It was introduced by N. Gopalaswamy Iyenga within the draft constitution.

Under Article 370, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir was empowered to recommend which articles of the Indian Constitution should apply within the state.

The Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly was dissolved after drafting the state structure.

Article 3 of Article 370 provides the President of India the facility to amend its provisions and scope.

Article 35A stalks from Article 370 and was applied through an order of the President in 1954 on the advice of the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly.

In this essay, we additionally talk about Article 35A empowers the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to define permanent residents of the state and their privileges.

Why was Need for Change in Article 370?

Article 370 was added to the Indian Constitution to provide sovereignty to Jammu and Kashmir, but it failed to do upright to Kashmiris.

Because of this Kashmir has been suffering from radicalism and violence for a long time.

It has served to widen the gap between Kashmir and other nations.

Due to this, India’s security challenges from neighbors like Pakistan and China were becoming more complicated.

Current Decision of Center on Article 370:

• Now only clause 1 of article 370 will continue, the remaining clauses have been eliminated.
• Section-1 was also implemented by the President and it can also be removed by the President.
• Jammu and Kashmir are not privileged.
• Single citizenship.
• One nation one flag.
• Article 360 ​​(Financial Emergency) is now in force.
• People from other states can buy land in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir have separate union territories.
• Tenure of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly – 5 years.
• RTI and human rights rules apply.

Constitutional Challenges:

• The President’s order which seeks to abolish the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, according to Article 370 (3), the President will require the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir for such a change.
• However, in the order of the President of 2019, a sub-clause has been added to Article 367, which replaces the conditions:
• “Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir” means “Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir”.
• “Government of Jammu and Kashmir” means “to act on the advice of the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the Council of Ministers”.
• The government wanted to amend the Constitution to reduce autonomy under Article 370, which would require a two-thirds majority in Parliament.
• This provision is currently challenged in the Supreme Court on the ground that it added Article 35A to the Indian Constitution only through an order of the President.
• Transforming Jammu and Kashmir into a Union Territory is a violation of Article 3, as the Bill was not sent to the President by the State Assembly.
• In the reorganization of the state, the President’s order also requires the consent of the state’s government.
• Although, Jammu and Kashmir is currently under the Governor, the Governor’s consent is considered to be the Government’s consent.

Potential Consequences:

• Increase in terrorism- Article 370 has been marked by Kashmiris as their separate identity and autonomy.
• There is a possibility of widespread protests and violence as a reaction to the weakening of Article 370.
• Terrorist elements of Pakistan can easily use Kashmir to spread terrorism in India.
• Unrest in Kashmir can affect its democratic progress.

Way Forward:

For the upliftment of Kashmir, a strategy of about 10 years should be implemented for education and employment.

To solve the crisis of legitimacy in Kashmir, a Gandhian path of non-violence and peace should be adopted.

The government can reduce the challenges posed by the removal of Article 370 by launching a comprehensive outreach program for all Kashmiris.

In this situation, to solve Kashmir problem, Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s design of Kashmiriyat, Insaniyat, Jamhooriyat (inclusive culture of Kashmir, Humanism and democracy) should be made the foundation for reconciliation in the state.

RELATED ESSAY:

INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM ESSAY | ESSAY ON GST | MAKE IN INDIA ESSAY

Conclusion for Article 370 Essay:

There are strong arguments against and supporting retraction of Article 370.

While one clause argues that Article 370 is the only constitutional link between the state and the rest of India, others feel that it is a 70 year old offense that prevents India from becoming an integral part.

But the truth is that since the creation of India and Article 370, Kashmiri people have been suffering from this issue.

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Essay on Article 370 | Removal of Article 370 Essay

Essay on Article 370 in English: If you want to write an essay about Article 370 Removal, then first of all you should know some important details about Article 370. In this article, we will know how to write an essay on Article 370. That is why if you want to write a good essay on the Removal of Article 370, then you must read this article till the end.

The essay on article 360 will be discussed in this post. The first essay is a long essay on article 360 in English (1000 words). This long Article 370 essay is suitable for students of classes 7, 8, 9 and 10, 11, 12 and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on article 360 in English of 300 words. These are suitable for students and children in classes 3, 4, 5, 6.

1000+ Words Essay on Article 370 in English 

Long essay on Article 370 in English For Students of classes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and also Competitive exam aspirants.

Article 370 Essay – Article 370 was included in the Constitution of India on October 17, 1949. Jammu & Kashmir were exempted from the Indian Constitution (except Article 1 and Article 370 only). This allowed Jammu and Kashmir to draft their constitution and restricted the legislative powers of Parliament concerning Jammu and Kashmir. Article 370 itself mentions Article 1, which includes Jammu and Kashmir in the list of states and has been described as a tunnel through which the Constitution is applied to Jammu & Kashmir. Article 3 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution declares Jammu and Kashmir an integral part of India.

Jammu and Kashmir have 3 main geographical areas – Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh. Kashmir is the most affected area among these three, but it adversely affects the entire Jammu and Kashmir. In this context, abolishing Article 370 is considered a historic step, but the question arises as to why Jammu & Kashmir was given special status from other states of India under Article 370 and Article 35A.

When the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act, 1947, British sovereignty over all the princely states, including Jammu & Kashmir ended. Now, these princely states had the right to merge with the Dominion of India or Pakistan or to maintain their independent existence. The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh decided to remain independent, but on 20 October 1947, the Pakistan-backed Azad Kashmir Army invaded Kashmir.

As a result, Maharaja Hari Singh accepted a merger in favour of India to deal with this crisis. On 26 October 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the merger letter, according to which Jammu and Kashmir accepted the supremacy of the Indian Union on three subjects – Defence, foreign affairs, and communications while retaining its autonomy in the remaining matters.

After the signing of this merger letter, the then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru said that the people of Jammu and Kashmir would make their constitution through their own Constituent Assembly and determine how much and how the Indian Union’s authority over Jammu and Kashmir should be. During this time, the constitution of India will only make interim arrangements concerning Jammu and Kashmir. To give legal form to this interim system, Article 370 was included in the Indian Constitution, under which the privileges of Jammu and Kashmir were given.

Introduction

The special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution has been removed with the Presidential notification dated August 5, 2019. This is a bold move by the present Narendra Modi government reflecting strong political will. Jammu & Kashmir has further been divided into two Union Territories – Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh. Both union territories will come into existence on October 31.

President Ram Nath Kovind , in his Independence Day speech, expressed confidence about the new and bifurcation benefits of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The changes made in J&K and Ladakh will enable people to use and enjoy the same rights, privileges, and facilities as their citizens in the rest of the country. Jammu & Kashmir has also become the largest union territory (UT) in India in terms of the area while Ladakh has become 2 nd largest union territory after it comes into force. With the abrogation of Article 370, the tenure of the Jammu & Kashmir state Assembly has now become five years as in other parts of the state which till now had a special status with 6-year tenure.

Indian Panel Code (IPC) replaced the Ranbir Penal Code (RPC) to deal with criminal matters. With the addition of two new union territories, the total number of union territories is now 8 – Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Andaman, and Nicobar Island, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Delhi, Puducherry, Daman Diu, and Dadar & Nagar Haveli.

Abolition of privilege in Jammu and Kashmir

According to constitutional experts, two things have been said in the Constitution to abolish Article 370 – First, that the President can remove Article 370 with the consent of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. Whereas the second provision is that under Article 368 of the Constitution, Parliament can abolish it by a two-thirds majority, because Article 368 empowers Parliament to amend or remove any Article of the Constitution.

Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act 2019

The Jammu and Kashmir State Reorganization Bill, presented by the current Home Minister of India Amit Shah, was passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 5, 2019, and in the Lok Sabha on 6 August 2019 and the President signed the bill on 9 August 2019, after which it took the form of an act. After the enactment of this Act, the rights enjoyed by Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and Article 35A were abolished.

Effect of Removal of Article 370

The people of J&K do not have dual citizenship. They are now only the citizens of India. All central laws are applicable in Kashmir now. Now there is no separate law for Jammu and Kashmir. People from states can purchase land there. There is now a single flag, the Indian National Flag. Elections will be held every five years. The Indian Constitution laws will be 100 per cent applicable in Jammu and Kashmir.

Post the repeal of Article 370, doors to private investment in Jammu & Kashmir are opened, which helps in increasing the potential for development there. Increased investment leads to further improvement in employment generation and socio-economic infrastructure in the state.

Short Essay on Article 370 in English for Students

This short essay on Article 370 is suitable for students and children in classes 3, 4, 5, 6.

Regarding Kashmir, a poet has said that if there is a heaven on earth, then it is in Kashmir, but after independence and partition, Kashmir, which is called the heaven of the earth, has become a disputed region for many reasons. Article 370 has been one of the major controversies. The present government decided to establish peace in Kashmir by abolishing Article 370 in August 2019.

The special status given to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution has been removed with notification of the President on 5 August 2019 . This is a bold move by the government reflecting strong political will. Henceforth, the Constitution of India will be fully applicable to Jammu and Kashmir , and any special exception provided later shall be abolished.

According to this act, Jammu Kashmir is divided into two parts, first Jammu Kashmir and second Ladakh . Jammu and Kashmir will have 4 seats in the Rajya Sabha, 5 seats in the Lok Sabha, and a total of 114 seats in the assembly. The Governor can nominate 2 women members in the Legislative Assembly.

Under this Act, the provision of dual citizenship, a separate constitution, and a separate flag of Jammu and Kashmir have been abolished. Disrespecting the tricolour and national symbols will now be considered a crime. Now any citizen of the country can buy property here, can do business, as well as get a job.

The police of the state have come under the authority of the centre, that is, being a union territory, the law and department will be controlled by the centre. Under Article 239A of Jammu and Kashmir, the Union Territory was created along with the Legislative Assembly of Puducherry, whose administration would be run by the Lieutenant Governor. Its tenure will be 5 years.

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Speech on Article 370 for Students in English | 3 Minutes Speech

December 10, 2020 by Sandeep

Speech on Article 370: Article 370 of the Indian constitution offers special powers to J&K. The land in J&K is widely disputed; therefore, special provisions were created. Citizenship, fundamental rights and land property rights have exclusive representations in article 370. Non-J&K residents didn’t have any rights to buy land in the state. On August 5th, 20219, a landmark judgement was passed for the abrogation of Article 370. This led to the division of J&K into two separate states- J&K and Ladakh regions.

Speech on Article 370 in 500 Words

Below we have provided a speech on Article 370 in English, written in easy and simple words for class 7, 8, 9 and 10 school students.

A warm welcome to everyone present here. Today I am here to share my thoughts on Article 370. It is one of the most discussed topics nowadays. Article 370 acknowledges the special status of Jammu & Kashmir, which is different from the rest of the residents of Indians. It always created discrimination between the residents of Jammu & Kashmir & rest of the Indians. It came into force in 1949.

Let me throw some knowledge on the history of the same. Back in 1947 when India got independence from the Britishers, Jammu & Kashmir was a princely state which did not agree to unite with India. Hari Singh then ruled the province. But soon after independence in October 1947, Pakistan tried to attack Jammu & Kashmir to acquire it fully. Hari Singh then asked India help to fight with the Pakistan Army.

India did help under the condition that it will come along & unite with India. India promised to give it a special status under Article 370 of the constitution. Since then, Jammu & Kashmir has been the subject of the clash between India & Pakistan for the full control of the territory. India & Pakistan subsequently went into several wars, with which each came to control different parts of the territory with a ceasefire line agreed.

Now let me tell you how this special status impacted people? All the provisions which were applicable for all other states of India were not applicable for Jammu & Kashmir until & unless it has been passed in the state assembly. This was applicable for all the laws except for defence, foreign affairs, finance & communication. The people of J & K live under a different set of laws regarding citizenship, property & fundamental rights.

The residents were given dual citizenship. The election was conducted at an interval of every six years, not in five years. Many more other laws were different from the rest of the country. Now Article 370 also had drawbacks. No one from outside the state can settle there, so which resulted in deficient job creation—several other problems like corruption, slower economic growth & many more.

Article 370 was a temporary provision & on 5th August 2019 government of India revoked it. Repealing of Article 370 has given equal opportunity to the residents of Jammu & Kashmir as other citizens of India. Now all the measures can be taken to improve the economic status of Jammu & Kashmir. It is now part of India without under any special provision; it is same as all the other states. We all have the same nationality, same law & rights. We all are proud to be Indians.

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ARTICLE 370 OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Explore the importanc and implication of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, which granted special autonomous status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir, until its abrogation in 2019. Understand the historical context, legal ramifications, and socio-political dynamics surrounding this constitutional provision.

Introduction to the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was a provision in the Constitution of India that granted a special autonomous status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). It was included in Part XXI of the Indian Constitution under the heading “Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.”  

Article 370 granted the state of Jammu and Kashmir significant autonomy, allowing it to have its own constitution, flag, and autonomy over internal affairs, except for matters such as defence, foreign affairs, finance, and communications , which were under the jurisdiction of the Indian government. This article also restricted the application of Indian laws in the state.

On August 5, 2019 , the Government of India announced the abrogation of Article 370 through a presidential order. This move was accompanied by the reorganization of the state into two separate Union Territories: (J&K) and Ladakh.

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Inclusion of Article 370 in the Constitution

Article 370 was included in the Constitution of India primarily to address the unique circumstances surrounding the accession of the princely state of J&K to the newly independent India in 1947. 

Key factors that led to the inclusion of Article 370:

• Instrument of Accession: Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession, agreeing to accede to India. Article 370 was seen as a temporary provision to honor the terms of this accession.
• Autonomy and Special Status: J&K had a distinct cultural, religious, and political identity, and its leaders sought assurances that its autonomy and special status would be preserved within the Indian Union.
• Negotiations and Compromise: The inclusion of Article 370 was a result of negotiations between the leaders of Jammu and Kashmir and the framers of the Indian Constitution. 
• Temporary Provision: It was envisaged that over time, the special status of Jammu and Kashmir would gradually diminish as the state integrated further with the rest of India. 

Historical context of Article 370

The historical background of Article 370 spans several decades, from its inclusion in the Constitution of India in 1949 to its eventual abrogation in 2019. 

Here’s an overview of the key events and developments during this period:

• 1949 (Inclusion in the Constitution): Article 370 was included in the Constitution of India primarily to address the unique circumstances surrounding the accession of the princely state of J&K to India in 1947.
• The C onstitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 extended Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. 
• 1954 (Special Rights and Privileges): In 1954, through a presidential order, Article 35A was added to the Constitution, which empowered the state legislature of J&K to define “ permanent residents ” of the state and grant them special rights and privileges, including the Right to own property and access to government jobs and scholarships.

• 1960s-1980s (Political Developments and Strains): There were tensions between the central government and the state government over issues such as autonomy, governance, and representation. 
• According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), the insurgency resulted in the deaths of over 40,000 people, including civilians, security forces, and militants.
• According to Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 , the state was bifurcated into two separate Union Territories : J&K, and Ladakh.

Process of Abrogation of Article 370

The abrogation of Article 370 and Article 35A involved a multi-step process, including legal, constitutional, and political actions:

• Presidential Orders: On 5th August 2019, President of India in the exercise of the powers conferred by Clause (1) of Article 370 of the Constitution had issued the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 . Through this, Government of India has made modifications in Article 370 itself (not revoked it). It has replaced Presidential Order of 1954.
• Parliamentary Approval: Concurrently with the presidential orders, the Government of India introduced resolutions in both houses of Parliament. Subsequently, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019 , passed by Parliament divides the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two new Union Territories (UTs): J&K, and Ladakh.
• Presidential Assent: After being passed by Parliament, the bills were sent to the President of India for his assent. Once the President gave his assent, the bills became law namely Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 .

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Need of Abrogation of Article 370

The decision to abrogate Article 370 was driven by several factors and perceived needs, according to the Indian government:

• Integration: One of the primary reasons cited for the abrogation was to integrate the state of J&K more fully with the rest of India. 
• Development: By revoking Article 370, the Indian government aimed to promote economic growth, infrastructure development, and job creation in the region, bringing it at par with other states in India.
• Equality and Rights: Article 35A was criticized for being discriminatory and which prevented the full integration of the region’s residents with the rest of the country.
• Security Concerns: The special status of J&K had been used to justify separatist movements and provided a legal framework for separatist sentiments. 
• Political Will: The decision to abrogate Article 370 and Article 35A was also seen as a manifestation of the political will of the ruling party and government to fulfill its electoral promises and assert its vision of national unity and development.

Positive Impacts of Abrogating Article 370:

• Integration with India: The removal of Article 370 allowed J&K to be fully integrated with the rest of India. It eliminated the special status that had kept Kashmir somewhat separate from the Indian legal framework.
• Unified Constitution: Previously, Kashmir maintained its own constitution, distinct from the Indian constitution. Now, there is a single constitution for the entire country, promoting unity and uniformity.
• Economic Opportunities: With the abrogation, Indian citizens can now invest in Kashmir, purchase land, and participate in economic activities. This can lead to economic growth, job creation, and increased educational opportunities. 
• Equal Rights: The removal of Article 370 ensures that all Indian citizens, regardless of their location, have equal rights. It eliminates the distinction between Kashmiri residents and other Indians.
• Infrastructure Development: The removal of Article 370 has opened up opportunities for infrastructure development in Kashmir. Investments in roads, bridges, and other essential facilities can now be made more effectively. 
• Increased Tourism: The number of tourists visiting J&K has increased significantly since the abrogation of Article 370.
• Educational Reforms: With the integration into the Indian education system, Kashmiri students now have access to a broader range of educational institutions and courses. This can lead to improved educational outcomes. 
• Gender Equality: Previously, Article 35A had discriminatory provisions related to gender . Women who married non-Kashmiris lost their property rights. The abrogation ensures equal rights for women across the board.
• According to official data, the number of terrorist incidents has decreased by over 50% and security forces have killed over 300 militants in the last four years.

Challenges Associated with Abrogation of Article 370

• India and Pakistan downgraded their diplomatic ties following the abrogation. Pakistan expelled the Indian High Commissioner and suspended bilateral trade.
• Practical Difficulties: Repealing Article 370 created practical difficulties due to the numerous presidential orders issued under it. The sudden change disrupted established systems and governance structures.
• The Kashmir Institute of Conflict Studies (KICS) reported a rise in civilian fatalities in 2019 compared to previous years.
• Local Autonomy Eroded: The special status granted by Article 370 provided a degree of autonomy to Kashmir. Its removal has led to concerns about the erosion of local decision-making power.
• Social Unrest: The abrogation triggered protests and unrest in the region. Some Kashmiris felt their identity and rights were threatened, leading to tensions and clashes. 
• Uncertainty and Legal Challenges: The legal implications of the abrogation are still being debated. There are ongoing legal challenges, and the situation remains uncertain.

Recent Developments Related to Article 370

The most recent development regarding Article 370 was the Supreme Court of India’s verdict delivered on December 11th, 2023. Here’s a breakdown of the key points:

• Upheld Abrogation: The court upheld the central government’s 2019 decision to revoke Article 370, effectively ending the special status of J&K.
• Temporary Provision: The judgement clarified that Article 370 was not a permanent right, and the President’s order applying it to J&K was modifiable.
• Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act Validated: The court validated the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act of 2019, which bifurcated the state into two Union Territories – J&K and Ladakh.
• Statehood and Elections: The Supreme Court emphasized the need to restore statehood and recommended holding elections by September 2024.
• Federalism Concerns: Justice Kaul, part of the bench, expressed concerns that bypassing the state legislature in the abrogation process set a worrying precedent for federalism in India.

Way forward  

• Defining a clear timeline, addressing logistical challenges, and ensuring security for conducting fair elections are crucial areas for further work.
• Delimitation Commission Report: The Delimitation Commission report is a key step before elections. Addressing any concerns and ensuring a fair demarcation process is important.
• Political Participation: Encouraging political participation across all sections of society in Jammu and Kashmir is essential for a smooth transition to statehood.
• Normalization: This involves addressing security concerns, ensuring civilian safety, and fostering a peaceful environment.
• Human Rights: There need to address potential human rights violations that may have occurred. Independent investigations and ensuring accountability are vital.
• Economic Development: Focusing on economic development in Jammu and Kashmir, creating jobs, and improving infrastructure are important for long-term integration.
• For example, The Indian Army has undertaken an initiative named Operation Sadbhavana which involves various programs that promote interaction and trust-building between the army and Kashmiri civilians.
• Addressing Grievances: Listening to and addressing any remaining grievances related to the abrogation of Article 370 can help build trust and a sense of belonging.
• Open Communication: Maintaining open communication between the central government, state administration, and the people of Jammu and Kashmir is crucial for transparency and fostering trust.
• Monitoring the Situation: Monitoring the situation on the ground in Jammu and Kashmir, including human rights concerns, and adapting policies based on feedback is vital for a successful transition.

Supreme Court Upholds Article 370 Abrogation 

The abrogation of Article 370 and Article 35A marked a significant turning point in the history of Jammu and Kashmir, with far-reaching implications for its governance, integration with India, and socio-political dynamics. Since the abrogation, there have been both positive developments and challenges. 

The Supreme Court of India’s recent verdict upholding the abrogation reaffirms the legality of the government’s actions and provides clarity on the status of J&K. Furthermore, the court’s emphasis on restoring statehood and holding elections by September 2024 signals a commitment to democratic principles and the empowerment of the region’s residents.

However, challenges remain, including security concerns, social unrest, and the need to address grievances. Moving forward, it is essential to focus on restoring normalcy, promoting economic development, and fostering social cohesion in Jammu and Kashmir. The principle of Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat , which promote national integration and unity, should guide efforts to strengthen the bonds between J&K and the rest of India. By embracing diversity, fostering dialogue, and addressing the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders, India can realize its vision of a united and prosperous nation. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is article 370 of indian constitution, when was article 370 was abrogated, which state got special status under the article 370, what is the benefits of removing article 370, how was article 370 removed from upsc.

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RSTV: THE BIG PICTURE- ARTICLE 370- ABROGATION AND IMPLICATIONS

In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir, Home Minister Amit Shah announced in Rajya Sabha that the government has repealed Article 370 of the Constitution which grants special status to J&K. The government also decided to bifurcate the state into two Union territories – Jammu and Kashmir, which will have a legislature, and Ladakh, which will be without a legislature. Shah’s announcement was immediately followed by massive uproar in the Upper House with opposition MPs protesting in the Well of the House. Back in the Valley, three of Jammu and Kashmir’s most prominent politicians — Mehbooba Mufti, Omar Abdullah and Sajjad Lone are under house arrest amid a massive security-build up in the state. Internet services and mobile services have been suspended in several places and all public gatherings are banned in Srinagar district as section 144 was imposed from midnight.

What is article 370 Guaranteed By Constitution of India?

The Article 370 is defined under Part XXI of the Indian Constitution which deals with Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions .

Though in this part (Part XXI) special provision are given to the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa, the special power and provision of J & K are nowhere when compared.

Article 370 restricts Indian parliament to make any laws for the state and it can only preside over the subjects like Defence, External Affairs, and communication.

Laws related to union and concurrent list in J & K can be passed only after consultation with the state government.

Brief Background of Article 370:

Article 370 of the Indian constitution is an article that gives autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The article is drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution : Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.

The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, after its establishment, was empowered to recommend the articles of the Indian constitution that should be applied to the state or to abrogate the Article 370 altogether.

After the J&K Constituent Assembly later created the state’s constitution and dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370 , the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution .

While the article was created to give temporary, transitional, special provisions , it has become a Permanent feature .

In the years since Independence, this article was to be removed. But due to unwell administration and wars between India and Pakistan, this article has not been touched.

What is Article 35A?

Article 35A is a provision incorporated in the Constitution giving the Jammu and Kashmir Legislature a carte blanche to decide who all are ‘ permanent residents ’ of the State and confer on them special rights and privileges in public sector jobs, acquisition of property in the State, scholarships and other public aid and welfare.

The provision mandates that  no act of the legislature coming under it can be challenged for violating the Constitution or any other law of the land .

How did it come about?

• Article 35A was  incorporated into the Constitution in 1954 by an order of the then President Rajendra Prasad on the advice of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cabinet.
• The controversial  Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order of 1954 followed the 1952 Delhi Agreement entered into between Nehru and the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah, which extended Indian citizenship to the ‘State subjects’ of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The Presidential Order was  issued under Article 370 (1) (d) of the Constitution . This provision allows the President to make certain “exceptions and modifications” to the Constitution for the benefit of ‘State subjects’ of Jammu and Kashmir.
• So,  Article 35A was added to the Constitution as a testimony of the special consideration the Indian government accorded to the ‘permanent residents’ of Jammu and Kashmir.

Critical side of Article 35A:

How Article 35A is against the “very spirit of oneness of India” as it creates a “class within a class of Indian citizens”?

• It treats non-permanent residents of J&K as ‘second-class’ citizens .
• Non-permanent residents of J&K are  not eligible for employment under the State government and are also debarred from contesting elections .
• Meritorious students are denied scholarships and they cannot even seek redress in any court of law.
• Further, the issues of refugees who migrated to J&K during Partition are still not treated as  ‘State subjects’ under the J&K Constitution .
• It was inserted unconstitutionally, bypassing Article 368 which empowers only Parliament to amend the Constitution.
• The laws enacted in pursuance of Article 35A are  ultra vires of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution, especially, and not limited to, Articles 14 (right to equality) and 21 (protection of life) .

Ending Jammu & Kashmir’s special status in the Indian Union, the government has extended all provisions of the Constitution to the State in one go, downsized the State into two Union Territories and allowed all citizens to buy property and vote in the State .

In this regard, Union Minister for Home Affairs, Shri Amit Shah, introduced two bills and two resolutions regarding Jammu & Kashmir (J&K). These are as follows:

• Constitution (Application to Jammu & Kashmir) Order, 2019 {Ref. Article 370(1) of Constitution of India} – issued by President of India to supersede the 1954 order related to Article 370.
• Resolution for Repeal of Article 370 of the Constitution of India {Ref. Article 370 (3)}.
• Jammu & Kashmir (Reorganisation) Bill, 2019 {Ref. Article 3 of Constitution of India}.
• Jammu & Kashmir Reservation (2nd Amendment) Bill, 2019.

  Key changes:

• The President had used his powers under Article 370 to fundamentally alter the provision , extending all Central laws, instruments and treaties to Kashmir. However, the drastically altered Article 370 will remain on the statute books .
• While the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will have a legislature , the one in Ladakh will not.
• The notification by the president has effectively allowed the entire provisions of the Constitution, with all its amendments, exceptions and modifications, to apply to the area of Jammu and Kashmir .
• The Bill proposes wide powers to the Lieutenant Governor of the proposed Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and makes it the “duty” of the Chief Minister of the Union Territory to “communicate” all administrative decisions and proposals of legislation with the LG.
• All Central laws and State laws of J&K would apply to the new Union Territories of J&K and Ladakh .
• Assets and liabilities of J&K and Ladakh would be apportioned on the recommendation of a Central Committee within a year.
• Employees of State public sector undertakings and autonomous bodies would continue in their posts for another year until their allocations are determined.
• The police and public order is to be with the Centre .
• The notification amends the expression “ Constituent Assembly ”, contained in the proviso to clause (3) of Article 370, to mean “Legislative Assembly”.

Legislative powers of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir:

• The Legislative Assembly may make laws for the whole or any part of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the state list except on subjects “public order” and “police” which will remain in the domain of the Centre vis-a-vis the LG.
• In case of inconsistencies between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislative Assembly, earlier law shall prevail and law made by the Legislative Assembly shall be void.
• The role of the Chief Minister will be to communicate to the L-G all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of affairs of the Union Territory and proposals for legislation and to furnish such information relating to the administration of affairs as the L-G may call for.

Role and powers of the Lieutenant Governor:

• The Bill specifies that the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and the Union Territory of Ladakh will have a common Lieutenant Governor.
• Appointment of L-G in Ladakh: The President shall appoint the L-G under article 239. The L-G will be assisted by advisors appointed by the Centre since the Union Territory will not have a Legislative Assembly.
• In the case of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the L-G shall “act in his discretion” on issues which fall outside the purview of powers conferred on the Legislative Assembly, in which he is required to exercise any judicial functions, and/or matters related to All India services and the Anti-Corruption Bureau
• The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the L-G who will also appoint other ministers with the aid of the CM. The L-G shall also administer the oath of office and of secrecy to ministers and the CM.
• The L-G will have the power to promulgate ordinances which shall have the same force and effect as an act of the Legislative Assembly assented by the L-G.
• The tabling of the proposed Reorganisation Bill is also proof that the long reign of the 1954 Order has ended. The 1954 Order had introduced a proviso to Article 3, namely that “ no Bill providing for increasing or diminishing the area of the State of Jammu and Kashmir or altering the name or boundary of that State shall be introduced in Parliament without the consent of the Legislature of that State “. That power of the State Legislature to give prior consent does not exist anymore. This has provided a free hand to the Centre to table the Reorganisation Bill.
• With the removal of the 1954 Order, the power of the State Legislature ceases to exist and Parliamentary laws, including that of reservation, would apply to Jammu and Kashmir as it does in other parts of the country.
• The government called this the end of “ positive discrimination” and the closing of the “chasm” between residents of J&K and citizens of other parts of the country .
• The removal of the 1954 Order further also negates a clause which was added to Article 352 . The Order had mandated that no proclamation of Emergency on grounds “only of internal disturbance or imminent danger shall have effect” in the State unless with the concurrence of the State government.

Rationale behind this move:

• Article 370 has prevented J&K to merge with India rather than being a basis of its merger.
• Article 370 was seen as discriminatory on the basis of gender, class, caste and place of origin.
• Post the repeal of the Article 370, doors to private investment in J&K would be opened , which would in turn increase the potential for development there.
• Increased investments would lead to increased job creation and further betterment of socio-economic infrastructure in the state.
• Opening of buying of lands would bring in investments from private individuals and multinational companies and give a boost to the local economy .

Criticism :

• The reduction of the state to a union territory will give a fillip to the concept of constitution being more unitary
• The mechanism that the government used to railroad its rigid ideological position on Jammu and Kashmir through the Rajya Sabha was both hasty and stealthy. This move will strain India’s social fabric not only in its impact on Jammu and Kashmir but also in the portents it holds for federalism, parliamentary democracy and diversity.
• The passing of legislation as far-reaching as dismembering a State without prior consultations has set a new low.
• The entire exercise of getting Article 370 of the Constitution effectively abrogated has been marked by executive excess .
• A purported process to change the constitutional status of a sensitive border State has been achieved without any legislative input or representative contribution from its people.

Challenges ahead:

• The move will be legally challenged on grounds of procedural infirmities and, more substantively, that it undermines the basic feature of the compact between Delhi and Srinagar that was agreed upon in 1947.
• Law and order maintenance challenge.
• The President’s power under Article 370 has been used both to create an enabling provision and to exercise it immediately to modify the Order, thereby dispensing with the role envisaged for the State Assembly.
• While it is true that in 1961 the Supreme Court upheld the President’s power to ‘modify’ the constitutional provisions in applying them to J&K, it is a moot question whether this can be invoked to make such a radical change: a functioning State has now been downgraded and bifurcated into two Union Territories.
• But beyond the legality, the real test will be on the streets of Srinagar, Jammu and Delhi once the security cordon is lifted from the State.
• What was unbecoming is the unwillingness to enter into consultation with the mainstream political leaders; in no other State would former Chief Ministers have been dealt with so cavalierly.

Conclusion :

The special status of J&K was meant to end, but only with the concurrence of its people. The Centre’s abrupt move disenfranchised them on a matter that directly affected their life and sentiments. Moreover, that this was done after a massive military build-up and the house arrest of senior political leaders, and the communications shutdown reveals a cynical disregard of democratic norms. Whatever its intent in enabling the full integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India, this decision to alter the State’s status could have unintended and dangerous consequences.

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Speech on Article 370 for Students and Children

Speech on article 370.

Hello All. I am here to deliver a speech on article 370. This has been the most discussed topic in recent times. Since Independence, It gave special status to J & K. We all Indians use to subconsciously think about it, majority of us had apprehensions about it, we wanted it to be scrapped, we wanted it to get removed as it used to create discrimination between natives of J & K with rest of the Indians. Finally, it happened on 05.Aug.2019.  The government of India revoked it. Now all the Indians including J & K people are equal, all are now covered under the constitution of India. All of us now have a single nationality, single flag, and common laws.

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Background of Article 370

  In 1947, when India was about to get freedom and when the British were leaving India, they give the freedom to all the kings in India to live wherever they wish to. This caused the formation of hundreds of provinces internally.

By the efforts of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, all those provinces agreed to unite to form a nation. But one province i.e. Jammu & Kashmir, which was ruled by the then king Hari Singh, was not ready to get united.

They did not want to get merged & wanted to maintain their identity as an independent province. Pakistan tried to acquire Kashmir forcefully by invading its forces in it in October 1947. Hari Singh asked India for help in fighting with the Pakistani army.

India did help under once condition that Kashmir needs to come with India. India did promise to give it a special status under Article 370 of the constitution of India.

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Benefits and Drawbacks of Article 370

People in Jammu and Kashmir had dual citizenship, which is the citizenship of J & K as well as India. They had a different flag. The elections were conducted every 6 years in J & K. Criticising the Indian flag was not a crime in J & K. The rules of the Supreme court of India were not applicable to J&K.

If a Kashmiri girl married any man outside J&K, she lost her J&K citizenship. And if she married any Pakistani, then that man used to get J&K citizenship. The RTI act was not applicable to J&K. No reservations for minorities were there in J&K. No one outside J&K could buy land over there. Financial emergencies were not applicable to J&K.

Kashmir never faced the problem of over crowing or overpopulation, as no one from outside can get and settle into J&K. Employment opportunities were very low in J&K, and hence a lot of youth were heading towards terrorism.

Low GDP was there and corruption was very high. After independence, China had acquired 10% of Kashmir & Pakistan had acquired 30% of Kashmir. India has only 60% of Kashmir left with it. Article 370 was implemented as a temporary provision, that’s why India could scrap it, and hence could finally unify J&K with all the states.

Revocation of article 370  will have a positive impact. It can have many benefits, both to J&K people as well as to the rest of the Indians. J&K people will now have ample career opportunities. The business opportunities will increase. J&K girls can now freely marry to anyone in India. Their GDP will increase.

Other states people can now invest in J&K. They can set up manufacturing units, hence increasing job opportunities to J&K people.  Foreign investors were also eyeing on the scrapping of article 370, hence we can expect the increase in FDI in J&K. Let us all wish our India to be strongly unified & flourish.

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There is quite a noise over the approach of central government on the issue of article 370. This sounds to be very obvious when the article has to deal with the only muslim majority state and the government is considered to be a hindu right wing party. The newly elected government is in its first month and it has already surged up controversies. The issue of abrogation of article 370 has created a distress in the valley and as well as n the political scenario. Amidst all these, the controversial statements by the newly appointed ministers have launched a series of confrontations between veteran leaders. Not only this, but the issue of article 370 has questioned the governments motives and timing of controversy.

Article 370 starts with stating that it is a temporary provision which is introduced to preserve the idea of integrating J&K like other states of the union but this could happen only when the people of the state accept it. It was introduced because in 1940's Kashmir, unlike other princely states was in a condition of abnormality as tribes from Pakistan raided and captured a part of it. Article 370 being an outcome of an undesirable scenario envisages empowerment and security to the people of the state. The significance of this article is that Kashmir being the only muslim majority state refused to merge with Pakistan. With the judgement of 2002, the problem of gender bias was also abdicated making it even for both the genders.

However the article 370 cannot be bluntly supported. A deeper and more pragmatic look explains an altogether different approach. Special status is given to various other states but Kashmir enjoys more autonomy than any other state and people are made to believe by separatists that people of the state are not integral part of India. Moreover J&K belongs not only to kashmiris but also Shias and Buddhists of ladakh.

Article 370 as applied is not the same today. 5 decades have eroded the essence of the provisions of article 370. Presidential orders have made most of the rules of the union applicable to the state. Even the historical judgement of 2002 about right to property of the women marrying non permanent resident of Kashmir is not well implemented and still remains a debatable issue. Today practically all the jurisdiction is applied onto the state. The article 370 in present era is just a trail of what was implied by the drafting committee. This somewhere marks the significance of the fact that may be the discontentment and fallacy of article 370 is due to its policy adulteration. The improper channel between the state and the union is also pushing the beliefs of the separatists in the valley.

Issue of abrogation of article 370 unilaterally is possible but involvement of UN has made it an international issue and enemies would not just bare a chance to create a social turmoil in the country. J&K being the only muslin majority state, the repeal of article 370 can be given the face of communalism and can be another blot over the Modi led government after 2002. Government should call for an open live debate through proper channels and make the country aware of its motives. Re-establishing article 370 with provision that would do well to both the nation and state might be the most fool proof strategy to avoid any chaos. The government thus has to not only maintain the pluralistic culture of the country rather it has to make sure that none of its decision proves to be an abuse to the history. The approach must be anti confronting and cooperation friendly to keep the beauty of the valley intact. Even the government will not make decision in haste and maintain the slogan of JHUMURIYAT, KASHMIRIYAT and INSANIYAT.

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Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English for Children

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Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution:

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Article 370 of the Indian Constitution provided special rights to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It gave most of the power to the government of this state. Centre was left with limited power over J&K.

Article 370 has recently been scrapped making it a historic event which is expected to change the face of the state for good. This move has received mixed reactions from political parties and general public though it has largely been appreciated.

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

Here are long and short essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exams. These Article 370 essay are written in simple English language to easily convey the information, yet it does so effectively. These Article 370 essays will let you have a deeper understanding of article 370, its removal and repercussions.

After going through the following essays you will know about Article 370 and its provisions; history of Article 370; advantages and disadvantages of Article 370; how it revoked; what will be the consequences of scrapping Article 370; what bills passed for its revokal, etc.

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Article 370 that came into effect in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1949 was supposed to be a temporary provision; however, it continued for decades even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the county demanded its revocation from time to time.

The article exempted J&K from the Indian Constitution. The state attained the right to make its own laws related to any matter except foreign affairs, communications and defence.

The state government thus went on to draft a separate constitution. It also came up with a separate flag. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution were not applicable in J&K. It had its own set of rights and duties.

The condition of the state hasn’t been very good ever since the enforcement of Article 370. Life of people in the Kashmir region has especially been miserable. The place is prone to terrorist attacks.

Article 370 has been seen as a hindrance in the development of the state. It is also known to be a cause of growing corruption and terrorism in the state.

As per the constitutional order passed by Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 5 th August 2019, Article 370 stands ineffective. The decision has been taken to improve the condition of J&K and its citizens.

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Introduction.

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. However, soon after it came to be known as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. It has remained in effect in J&K for decades.

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah in the year 1947. Abdullah had been appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

Abdullah wanted complete autonomy for J&K and demanded that Article 370 must not remain a temporary provision. However, the Centre deemed this demand unreasonable and did not approve of it.

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

As Article 370 came into being, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir gained special power wherein it got the right to recommend the articles of the constitution that should be enforced on the state. It even got the power to annul Article 370 altogether.

Article 35 A and Article 370 together stated that a different set of laws apply for the residents of the state of J&K. The Indian Parliament could only exercise laws related to finance, defence, communications and foreign affairs in the state.

It required the approval of state government for applying all the other laws. The residents of J&K enjoyed completely different laws when it came to ownership of property, laws related to citizenship and fundamental rights.

As per the laws enforced by the state, the Indian citizens from other parts of the country were denied the right to purchase property in Jammu and Kashmir.

The residents of J&K fear that the scrapping of Article 370 may hamper their local business and thus be a threat to their livelihood. Adapting to the changes that are likely to follow this big decision also seems to be a cause of concern for the residents of J&K. Their concerns are genuine. We hope the condition of the place improves henceforth.

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that gave special power to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was annulled on 5 th August 2019. The decision taken by the Centre has appreciated by several political parties, leaders, celebrities and majority of general public. However, many others have criticized it outright. Article 370 had few advantages and several disadvantages.

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the advantages of Article 370:

1) Article 370 is advantageous for the citizens of J&K. The state gives priority to the interest of its local citizens. There is less competition in the state and greater opportunities for its citizens.

2) J&K boasts of its local handicraft items. The government of this state has kept its culture and local businesses alive. It has always encouraged local businesses over foreign brands.

This is the reason why several local brands are running in the state. This means more work, greater growth opportunities and good income for the locals.

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the disadvantages of Article 370:

1) The state of J&K hasn’t developed as much as the other parts of the country. This is particularly true when we look at the medical facilities here. The condition of the hospitals and healthcare centres in the state are not that good.

2) The law and order in J&K is weak because the centre is not allowed to intervene. This has given rise to terrorism in the state. Terrorism is a major concern here and nothing much done to fight it.

3) Corruption in the state is high due to its alienation from the centre. There is no check on the government of J&K. It makes its own laws and works as per its convenience.

4) Article 370 prevented the implementation of Right to Education in the state. This is why students forced to move to other states.

5) Outsiders cannot establish business in J&K. Professionals and industrialists not allowed to settle here. This is a major hindrance in the growth and development of the state.

6) This provision is anti- women in nature. It has led to extreme gender bias in the state.

The disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution clearly outweigh its advantages. The atmosphere of tension in the state is a clear evidence of the same. Scrapping of Article 370 seems like a ray of hope for the state that has gripped by terrorism since long. We hope it sees better times ahead.

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Article 370 is a temporary provision in the Constitution of India. It provides special autonomous status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The provisions of the Indian Constitution that are applicable to other states of India are not applicable to J&K.

The article adopted in November 1956 and was enforced in the state in January 1957 by Sheikh Abdullah.

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Some special provisions made in Jammu and Kashmir as Article 370 came into force in the state. These include:

• J&K acquired different national flag.
• Insulting the national flag and national symbols considered a crime in India. It is a punishable offence. But this rule did not apply in J&K.
• The highest court orders in India did not apply in J&K.
• Jammu and Kashmir citizens enjoyed dual citizenship.
• Women in Kashmir had to abide by the Sharia law.
• The tenure of the Assembly of J&K was 6 years unlike other Indian states in which the Assembly tenure is 5 years.
• RTI, RTE and CAG were not applicable in Kashmir.
• The J&K citizenship of a woman who married a person from another Indian state ended. On the other hand, if a woman from the state married someone from Pakistan, he acquired J&K citizenship.
• If a Pakistani married a Kashmiri girl, he acquired Indian citizenship.
• Article 370 did not allow people from other states to purchase property in J&K.
• The minority group in Kashmir that consists of Hindus and Sikhs did not get 16% reservation.

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

Now that Article 370 has revoked, Jammu and Kashmir will no longer enjoy the autonomous status. All the special powers that came with this article have annulled. Here are some of the other changes that brought about:

• All the residents of J&K shall be entitled to single citizenship only.
• Article 360 that is enforced during financial emergency is now applicable in J&K.
• People from other states shall be able to purchase property in J&K.
• Duration of Legislative Assembly has changed to 5 years.
• RTI will be applicable in J&K.
• Minorities will be eligible for 16% reservation.
• Children will benefit from the Right to Education.
• Directive Principle of State Policy shall be applicable.
• J&K will not have a separate flag.

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

J&K’s prominent leaders, Omar Abdullah, Sajjad Lone and Mehbooba Mufti were under house arrest as the bill for abolition of Article 370 was passed in the Rajya Sabha.

Internet and mobile services in Kashmir’s Srinagar district suspended and a ban imposed on all public gatherings.

With so many changes underway after the revocation of Article 370, it seems like J&K will finally experience peace and prosperity. This is just the first step towards the betterment of the state.

There are miles to go! Whether the decision taken by Centre is right or wrong still debated. We hope it proves to be beneficial for the state as well as the country as a whole.

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Article 370 enforced by Sheikh Abdullah on 26 th January 1957. The article gave special power to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This was a temporary provision.

However, it remained in force for decades. Even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the country suggested its revocation from time to time, it remained intact; however, it has finally annulled.

Indian President, Ram Nath Kovind issued constitutional order to revoke Article 370 and apply all the rules and provisions of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. This historic move made on 5 th August 2019.

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, moved a resolution in Rajya Sabha to introduce a bill scrapping all the provisions of Article 370. This approved by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Shah also introduced bills seeking bifurcation of the State into Jammu and Kashmir as a Union Territory with an Assembly and Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature.

The opposition benches protested against this resolution; however, the decision has made. Revoking Article 370 of the Indian Constitution had a major part of BJP’s agenda. Shah’s announcement thus received with elation by the BJP leaders.

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

While many political parties opposed the decision to scrap Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, several others extended their support to the BJP government.

Parties that Supported the Decision

Among those that showed support to this decision were the Aam Aadmi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Shiv Sena, AIADMK, Shiromani Akali Dal, YSR Congress, Telugu Desam Party, Biju Janata Dal, BPF and AGP. All these parties backed the Centre’s decision.

Many of them mentioned that they awaited this move since long and welcome the decision wholeheartedly. They now look forward to peace and development in J&K. The decision of scrapping Article 370 has been termed as bold and courageous.

BSP member, Satish Chandra Misra was among the first ones in the Rajya Sabha to support this move. Mayawati also extended support to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIADMK mentioned that their leader, Jayalalithaa had always wanted this. Shiv Sena members expressed their joy and support by celebrating outside their party head office.

BJD members said that with this decision, Jammu and Kashmir has become an integral part of the country and they are glad about it.

Parties that Opposed the Decision

The parties those opposed the Centre’s decision to revoke Article 370 include Congress, Trinamool Congress, Nationalist Congress Party, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janta Dal, Left, National Conference, DMK and People’s Democratic Party. All these parties condemned and criticised the resolution.

Congress members mentioned that this was a “catastrophic step” and it should seen as a “black day” in the constitutional history of our country. It further said that this decision is a publicity stunt by BJP to fetch more votes. Likewise, Left mentioned that it is an attack on the Indian Constitution.

Members of People’s Democratic Party expressed their anger over the decision by shouting slogans and tearing copies of Indian Constitution. National Conference called the decision shocking and unilateral. Trinamool Congress also expressed its objection against the Centre’s decision.

DMK went on to say that this was simply the murder of democracy. It said that BJP is forcing its agenda and that it has no respect for the sentiments of the Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is indeed a big decision. A major change in J&K is likely underway now. We hope things change for good for this beautiful state which has long struggled for peace and justice. The Centre must make special efforts to resurrect J&K and make it a better and safer place to live.

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Photographs by Lucía Vázquez

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