"...there seems to be no escape from the conclusions that the two types of exams are measuring identical things" (Paterson, 1926, p. 246). This conclusion should not be surprising; after all, a well written essay item requires that the student (1) have a store of knowledge, (2) be able to relate facts and principles, and (3) be able to organize such information into a coherent and logical written expression, whereas an objective test item requires that the student (1) have a store of knowledge, (2) be able to relate facts and principles, and (3) be able to organize such information into a coherent and logical choice among several alternatives.
9.
TRUE
Both objective and essay test items are good devices for measuring student achievement. However, as seen in the previous quiz answers, there are particular measurement situations where one item type is more appropriate than the other. Following is a set of recommendations for using either objective or essay test items: (Adapted from Robert L. Ebel, Essentials of Educational Measurement, 1972, p. 144).
1 Sax, G., & Collet, L. S. (1968). An empirical comparison of the effects of recall and multiple-choice tests on student achievement. J ournal of Educational Measurement, 5 (2), 169–173. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1968.tb00622.x
Paterson, D. G. (1926). Do new and old type examinations measure different mental functions? School and Society, 24 , 246–248.
When to Use Essay or Objective Tests
Essay tests are especially appropriate when:
the group to be tested is small and the test is not to be reused.
you wish to encourage and reward the development of student skill in writing.
you are more interested in exploring the student's attitudes than in measuring his/her achievement.
you are more confident of your ability as a critical and fair reader than as an imaginative writer of good objective test items.
Objective tests are especially appropriate when:
the group to be tested is large and the test may be reused.
highly reliable test scores must be obtained as efficiently as possible.
impartiality of evaluation, absolute fairness, and freedom from possible test scoring influences (e.g., fatigue, lack of anonymity) are essential.
you are more confident of your ability to express objective test items clearly than of your ability to judge essay test answers correctly.
there is more pressure for speedy reporting of scores than for speedy test preparation.
Either essay or objective tests can be used to:
measure almost any important educational achievement a written test can measure.
test understanding and ability to apply principles.
test ability to think critically.
test ability to solve problems.
test ability to select relevant facts and principles and to integrate them toward the solution of complex problems.
In addition to the preceding suggestions, it is important to realize that certain item types are better suited than others for measuring particular learning objectives. For example, learning objectives requiring the student to demonstrate or to show , may be better measured by performance test items, whereas objectives requiring the student to explain or to describe may be better measured by essay test items. The matching of learning objective expectations with certain item types can help you select an appropriate kind of test item for your classroom exam as well as provide a higher degree of test validity (i.e., testing what is supposed to be tested). To further illustrate, several sample learning objectives and appropriate test items are provided on the following page.
Learning Objectives
Most Suitable Test Item
The student will be able to categorize and name the parts of the human skeletal system.
Objective Test Item (M-C, T-F, Matching)
The student will be able to critique and appraise another student's English composition on the basis of its organization.
Essay Test Item (Extended-Response)
The student will demonstrate safe laboratory skills.
Performance Test Item
The student will be able to cite four examples of satire that Twain uses in .
Essay Test Item (Short-Answer)
After you have decided to use either an objective, essay or both objective and essay exam, the next step is to select the kind(s) of objective or essay item that you wish to include on the exam. To help you make such a choice, the different kinds of objective and essay items are presented in the following section. The various kinds of items are briefly described and compared to one another in terms of their advantages and limitations for use. Also presented is a set of general suggestions for the construction of each item variation.
II. Suggestions for Using and Writing Test Items
The multiple-choice item consists of two parts: (a) the stem, which identifies the question or problem and (b) the response alternatives. Students are asked to select the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. For example:
Sample Multiple-Choice Item
(a)
(b)
*correct response
Advantages in Using Multiple-Choice Items
Multiple-choice items can provide...
versatility in measuring all levels of cognitive ability.
highly reliable test scores.
scoring efficiency and accuracy.
objective measurement of student achievement or ability.
a wide sampling of content or objectives.
a reduced guessing factor when compared to true-false items.
different response alternatives which can provide diagnostic feedback.
Limitations in Using Multiple-Choice Items
Multiple-choice items...
are difficult and time consuming to construct.
lead an instructor to favor simple recall of facts.
place a high degree of dependence on the student's reading ability and instructor's writing ability.
Suggestions For Writing Multiple-Choice Test Items
1. When possible, state the stem as a direct question rather than as an incomplete statement.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
2. Present a definite, explicit and singular question or problem in the stem.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
3. Eliminate excessive verbiage or irrelevant information from the stem.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
4. Include in the stem any word(s) that might otherwise be repeated in each alternative.
Undesirable:
5. Use negatively stated stems sparingly. When used, underline and/or capitalize the negative word.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
Item Alternatives
6. Make all alternatives plausible and attractive to the less knowledgeable or skillful student.
Undesirable
Desirable
7. Make the alternatives grammatically parallel with each other, and consistent with the stem.
Undesirable:
8. Make the alternatives mutually exclusive.
Undesirable:
The daily minimum required amount of milk that a 10 year old child should drink is
9. When possible, present alternatives in some logical order (e.g., chronological, most to least, alphabetical).
Undesirable
Desirable
10. Be sure there is only one correct or best response to the item.
Undesirable:
11. Make alternatives approximately equal in length.
Undesirable:
12. Avoid irrelevant clues such as grammatical structure, well known verbal associations or connections between stem and answer.
Undesirable: (grammatical clue)
of water behind the dam.
13. Use at least four alternatives for each item to lower the probability of getting the item correct by guessing.
14. Randomly distribute the correct response among the alternative positions throughout the test having approximately the same proportion of alternatives a, b, c, d and e as the correct response.
15. Use the alternatives "none of the above" and "all of the above" sparingly. When used, such alternatives should occasionally be used as the correct response.
A true-false item can be written in one of three forms: simple, complex, or compound. Answers can consist of only two choices (simple), more than two choices (complex), or two choices plus a conditional completion response (compound). An example of each type of true-false item follows:
Sample True-False Item: Simple
The acquisition of morality is a developmental process.
True
False
Sample True-False Item: Complex
Sample true-false item: compound.
The acquisition of morality is a developmental process.
True
False
Advantages In Using True-False Items
True-False items can provide...
the widest sampling of content or objectives per unit of testing time.
an objective measurement of student achievement or ability.
Limitations In Using True-False Items
True-false items...
incorporate an extremely high guessing factor. For simple true-false items, each student has a 50/50 chance of correctly answering the item without any knowledge of the item's content.
can often lead an instructor to write ambiguous statements due to the difficulty of writing statements which are unequivocally true or false.
do not discriminate between students of varying ability as well as other item types.
can often include more irrelevant clues than do other item types.
can often lead an instructor to favor testing of trivial knowledge.
Suggestions For Writing True-False Test Items
1. Base true-false items upon statements that are absolutely true or false, without qualifications or exceptions.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
2. Express the item statement as simply and as clearly as possible.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
3. Express a single idea in each test item.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
4. Include enough background information and qualifications so that the ability to respond correctly to the item does not depend on some special, uncommon knowledge.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
5. Avoid lifting statements from the text, lecture or other materials so that memory alone will not permit a correct answer.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
6. Avoid using negatively stated item statements.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
7. Avoid the use of unfamiliar vocabulary.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
8. Avoid the use of specific determiners which would permit a test-wise but unprepared examinee to respond correctly. Specific determiners refer to sweeping terms like "all," "always," "none," "never," "impossible," "inevitable," etc. Statements including such terms are likely to be false. On the other hand, statements using qualifying determiners such as "usually," "sometimes," "often," etc., are likely to be true. When statements do require the use of specific determiners, make sure they appear in both true and false items.
Undesirable:
required to rule on the constitutionality of a law. (T)
easier to score than an essay test. (T)
Desirable:
180°. (T)
other molecule of that compound. (T)
used for the metering of electrical energy used in a home. (F)
9. False items tend to discriminate more highly than true items. Therefore, use more false items than true items (but no more than 15% additional false items).
In general, matching items consist of a column of stimuli presented on the left side of the exam page and a column of responses placed on the right side of the page. Students are required to match the response associated with a given stimulus. For example:
Sample Matching Test Item
Advantages In Using Matching Items
Matching items...
require short periods of reading and response time, allowing you to cover more content.
provide objective measurement of student achievement or ability.
provide highly reliable test scores.
provide scoring efficiency and accuracy.
Limitations in Using Matching Items
have difficulty measuring learning objectives requiring more than simple recall of information.
are difficult to construct due to the problem of selecting a common set of stimuli and responses.
Suggestions for Writing Matching Test Items
1. Include directions which clearly state the basis for matching the stimuli with the responses. Explain whether or not a response can be used more than once and indicate where to write the answer.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
2. Use only homogeneous material in matching items.
Undesirable:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a.
b.
c.
d. O
e.
f.
Desirable:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a. SO
b.
c.
d. O
e. HCl
3. Arrange the list of responses in some systematic order if possible (e.g., chronological, alphabetical).
Undesirable
Desirable
1.
2.
3.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. Avoid grammatical or other clues to the correct response.
Undesirable:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Desirable:
5. Keep matching items brief, limiting the list of stimuli to under 10.
6. Include more responses than stimuli to help prevent answering through the process of elimination.
7. When possible, reduce the amount of reading time by including only short phrases or single words in the response list.
The completion item requires the student to answer a question or to finish an incomplete statement by filling in a blank with the correct word or phrase. For example,
Sample Completion Item
According to Freud, personality is made up of three major systems, the _________, the ________ and the ________.
Advantages in Using Completion Items
Completion items...
can provide a wide sampling of content.
can efficiently measure lower levels of cognitive ability.
can minimize guessing as compared to multiple-choice or true-false items.
can usually provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability.
Limitations of Using Completion Items
are difficult to construct so that the desired response is clearly indicated.
are more time consuming to score when compared to multiple-choice or true-false items.
are more difficult to score since more than one answer may have to be considered correct if the item was not properly prepared.
Suggestions for Writing Completion Test Items
1. Omit only significant words from the statement.
Undesirable:
called a nucleus.
Desirable:
.
2. Do not omit so many words from the statement that the intended meaning is lost.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
3. Avoid grammatical or other clues to the correct response.
Undesirable:
decimal system.
Desirable:
4. Be sure there is only one correct response.
Undesirable:
.
Desirable:
.
5. Make the blanks of equal length.
Undesirable:
and (Juno) .
Desirable:
and (Juno) .
6. When possible, delete words at the end of the statement after the student has been presented a clearly defined problem.
Undesirable:
.
Desirable:
is (122.5) .
7. Avoid lifting statements directly from the text, lecture or other sources.
8. Limit the required response to a single word or phrase.
The essay test is probably the most popular of all types of teacher-made tests. In general, a classroom essay test consists of a small number of questions to which the student is expected to demonstrate his/her ability to (a) recall factual knowledge, (b) organize this knowledge and (c) present the knowledge in a logical, integrated answer to the question. An essay test item can be classified as either an extended-response essay item or a short-answer essay item. The latter calls for a more restricted or limited answer in terms of form or scope. An example of each type of essay item follows.
Sample Extended-Response Essay Item
Explain the difference between the S-R (Stimulus-Response) and the S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) theories of personality. Include in your answer (a) brief descriptions of both theories, (b) supporters of both theories and (c) research methods used to study each of the two theories. (10 pts. 20 minutes)
Sample Short-Answer Essay Item
Identify research methods used to study the S-R (Stimulus-Response) and S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) theories of personality. (5 pts. 10 minutes)
Advantages In Using Essay Items
Essay items...
are easier and less time consuming to construct than are most other item types.
provide a means for testing student's ability to compose an answer and present it in a logical manner.
can efficiently measure higher order cognitive objectives (e.g., analysis, synthesis, evaluation).
Limitations In Using Essay Items
cannot measure a large amount of content or objectives.
generally provide low test and test scorer reliability.
require an extensive amount of instructor's time to read and grade.
generally do not provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability (subject to bias on the part of the grader).
Suggestions for Writing Essay Test Items
1. Prepare essay items that elicit the type of behavior you want to measure.
Learning Objective:
The student will be able to explain how the normal curve serves as a statistical model.
Undesirable:
Describe a normal curve in terms of: symmetry, modality, kurtosis and skewness.
Desirable:
Briefly explain how the normal curve serves as a statistical model for estimation and hypothesis testing.
2. Phrase each item so that the student's task is clearly indicated.
Undesirable:
Discuss the economic factors which led to the stock market crash of 1929.
Desirable:
Identify the three major economic conditions which led to the stock market crash of 1929. Discuss briefly each condition in correct chronological sequence and in one paragraph indicate how the three factors were inter-related.
3. Indicate for each item a point value or weight and an estimated time limit for answering.
Undesirable:
Compare the writings of Bret Harte and Mark Twain in terms of settings, depth of characterization, and dialogue styles of their main characters.
Desirable:
Compare the writings of Bret Harte and Mark Twain in terms of settings, depth of characterization, and dialogue styles of their main characters. (10 points 20 minutes)
4. Ask questions that will elicit responses on which experts could agree that one answer is better than another.
5. Avoid giving the student a choice among optional items as this greatly reduces the reliability of the test.
6. It is generally recommended for classroom examinations to administer several short-answer items rather than only one or two extended-response items.
Suggestions for Scoring Essay Items
ANALYTICAL SCORING:
Each answer is compared to an ideal answer and points are assigned for the inclusion of necessary elements. Grades are based on the number of accumulated points either absolutely (i.e., A=10 or more points, B=6-9 pts., etc.) or relatively (A=top 15% scores, B=next 30% of scores, etc.)
GLOBAL QUALITY:
Each answer is read and assigned a score (e.g., grade, total points) based either on the total quality of the response or on the total quality of the response relative to other student answers.
Examples Essay Item and Grading Models
"Americans are a mixed-up people with no sense of ethical values. Everyone knows that baseball is far less necessary than food and steel, yet they pay ball players a lot more than farmers and steelworkers."
WHY? Use 3-4 sentences to indicate how an economist would explain the above situation.
Analytical Scoring
Global Quality
Assign scores or grades on the overall quality of the written response as compared to an ideal answer. Or, compare the overall quality of a response to other student responses by sorting the papers into three stacks:
Read and sort each stack again divide into three more stacks
In total, nine discriminations can be used to assign test grades in this manner. The number of stacks or discriminations can vary to meet your needs.
Try not to allow factors which are irrelevant to the learning outcomes being measured affect your grading (i.e., handwriting, spelling, neatness).
Read and grade all class answers to one item before going on to the next item.
Read and grade the answers without looking at the students' names to avoid possible preferential treatment.
Occasionally shuffle papers during the reading of answers to help avoid any systematic order effects (i.e., Sally's "B" work always followed Jim's "A" work thus it looked more like "C" work).
When possible, ask another instructor to read and grade your students' responses.
Another form of a subjective test item is the problem solving or computational exam question. Such items present the student with a problem situation or task and require a demonstration of work procedures and a correct solution, or just a correct solution. This kind of test item is classified as a subjective type of item due to the procedures used to score item responses. Instructors can assign full or partial credit to either correct or incorrect solutions depending on the quality and kind of work procedures presented. An example of a problem solving test item follows.
Example Problem Solving Test Item
It was calculated that 75 men could complete a strip on a new highway in 70 days. When work was scheduled to commence, it was found necessary to send 25 men on another road project. How many days longer will it take to complete the strip? Show your work for full or partial credit.
Advantages In Using Problem Solving Items
Problem solving items...
minimize guessing by requiring the students to provide an original response rather than to select from several alternatives.
are easier to construct than are multiple-choice or matching items.
can most appropriately measure learning objectives which focus on the ability to apply skills or knowledge in the solution of problems.
can measure an extensive amount of content or objectives.
Limitations in Using Problem Solving Items
require an extensive amount of instructor time to read and grade.
generally do not provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability (subject to bias on the part of the grader when partial credit is given).
Suggestions For Writing Problem Solving Test Items
1. Clearly identify and explain the problem.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
2. Provide directions which clearly inform the student of the type of response called for.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
3. State in the directions whether or not the student must show his/her work procedures for full or partial credit.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
4. Clearly separate item parts and indicate their point values.
A man leaves his home and drives to a convention at an average rate of 50 miles per hour. Upon arrival, he finds a telegram advising him to return at once. He catches a plane that takes him back at an average rate of 300 miles per hour.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
5. Use figures, conditions and situations which create a realistic problem.
Undesirable:
Desirable:
6. Ask questions that elicit responses on which experts could agree that one solution and one or more work procedures are better than others.
7. Work through each problem before classroom administration to double-check accuracy.
A performance test item is designed to assess the ability of a student to perform correctly in a simulated situation (i.e., a situation in which the student will be ultimately expected to apply his/her learning). The concept of simulation is central in performance testing; a performance test will simulate to some degree a real life situation to accomplish the assessment. In theory, a performance test could be constructed for any skill and real life situation. In practice, most performance tests have been developed for the assessment of vocational, managerial, administrative, leadership, communication, interpersonal and physical education skills in various simulated situations. An illustrative example of a performance test item is provided below.
Sample Performance Test Item
Assume that some of the instructional objectives of an urban planning course include the development of the student's ability to effectively use the principles covered in the course in various "real life" situations common for an urban planning professional. A performance test item could measure this development by presenting the student with a specific situation which represents a "real life" situation. For example,
An urban planning board makes a last minute request for the professional to act as consultant and critique a written proposal which is to be considered in a board meeting that very evening. The professional arrives before the meeting and has one hour to analyze the written proposal and prepare his critique. The critique presentation is then made verbally during the board meeting; reactions of members of the board or the audience include requests for explanation of specific points or informed attacks on the positions taken by the professional.
The performance test designed to simulate this situation would require that the student to be tested role play the professional's part, while students or faculty act the other roles in the situation. Various aspects of the "professional's" performance would then be observed and rated by several judges with the necessary background. The ratings could then be used both to provide the student with a diagnosis of his/her strengths and weaknesses and to contribute to an overall summary evaluation of the student's abilities.
Advantages In Using Performance Test Items
Performance test items...
can most appropriately measure learning objectives which focus on the ability of the students to apply skills or knowledge in real life situations.
usually provide a degree of test validity not possible with standard paper and pencil test items.
are useful for measuring learning objectives in the psychomotor domain.
Limitations In Using Performance Test Items
are difficult and time consuming to construct.
are primarily used for testing students individually and not for testing groups. Consequently, they are relatively costly, time consuming, and inconvenient forms of testing.
generally do not provide an objective measure of student achievement or ability (subject to bias on the part of the observer/grader).
Suggestions For Writing Performance Test Items
Prepare items that elicit the type of behavior you want to measure.
Clearly identify and explain the simulated situation to the student.
Make the simulated situation as "life-like" as possible.
Provide directions which clearly inform the students of the type of response called for.
When appropriate, clearly state time and activity limitations in the directions.
Adequately train the observer(s)/scorer(s) to ensure that they are fair in scoring the appropriate behaviors.
III. TWO METHODS FOR ASSESSING TEST ITEM QUALITY
This section presents two methods for collecting feedback on the quality of your test items. The two methods include using self-review checklists and student evaluation of test item quality. You can use the information gathered from either method to identify strengths and weaknesses in your item writing.
Checklist for Evaluating Test Items
EVALUATE YOUR TEST ITEMS BY CHECKING THE SUGGESTIONS WHICH YOU FEEL YOU HAVE FOLLOWED.
____
When possible, stated the stem as a direct question rather than as an incomplete statement.
____
Presented a definite, explicit and singular question or problem in the stem.
____
Eliminated excessive verbiage or irrelevant information from the stem.
____
Included in the stem any word(s) that might have otherwise been repeated in each alternative.
____
Used negatively stated stems sparingly. When used, underlined and/or capitalized the negative word(s).
____
Made all alternatives plausible and attractive to the less knowledgeable or skillful student.
____
Made the alternatives grammatically parallel with each other, and consistent with the stem.
____
Made the alternatives mutually exclusive.
____
When possible, presented alternatives in some logical order (e.g., chronologically, most to least).
____
Made sure there was only one correct or best response per item.
____
Made alternatives approximately equal in length.
____
Avoided irrelevant clues such as grammatical structure, well known verbal associations or connections between stem and answer.
____
Used at least four alternatives for each item.
____
Randomly distributed the correct response among the alternative positions throughout the test having approximately the same proportion of alternatives a, b, c, d, and e as the correct response.
____
Used the alternatives "none of the above" and "all of the above" sparingly. When used, such alternatives were occasionally the correct response.
____
Based true-false items upon statements that are absolutely true or false, without qualifications or exceptions.
____
Expressed the item statement as simply and as clearly as possible.
____
Expressed a single idea in each test item.
____
Included enough background information and qualifications so that the ability to respond correctly did not depend on some special, uncommon knowledge.
____
Avoided lifting statements from the text, lecture, or other materials.
____
Avoided using negatively stated item statements.
____
Avoided the use of unfamiliar language.
____
Avoided the use of specific determiners such as "all," "always," "none," "never," etc., and qualifying determiners such as "usually," "sometimes," "often," etc.
____
Used more false items than true items (but not more than 15% additional false items).
____
Included directions which clearly stated the basis for matching the stimuli with the response.
____
Explained whether or not a response could be used more than once and indicated where to write the answer.
____
Used only homogeneous material.
____
When possible, arranged the list of responses in some systematic order (e.g., chronologically, alphabetically).
____
Avoided grammatical or other clues to the correct response.
____
Kept items brief (limited the list of stimuli to under 10).
____
Included more responses than stimuli.
____
When possible, reduced the amount of reading time by including only short phrases or single words in the response list.
____
Omitted only significant words from the statement.
____
Did not omit so many words from the statement that the intended meaning was lost.
____
Avoided grammatical or other clues to the correct response.
____
Included only one correct response per item.
____
Made the blanks of equal length.
____
When possible, deleted the words at the end of the statement after the student was presented with a clearly defined problem.
____
Avoided lifting statements directly from the text, lecture, or other sources.
____
Limited the required response to a single word or phrase.
____
Prepared items that elicited the type of behavior you wanted to measure.
____
Phrased each item so that the student's task was clearly indicated.
____
Indicated for each item a point value or weight and an estimated time limit for answering.
____
Asked questions that elicited responses on which experts could agree that one answer is better than others.
____
Avoided giving the student a choice among optional items.
____
Administered several short-answer items rather than 1 or 2 extended-response items.
Grading Essay Test Items
____
Selected an appropriate grading model.
____
Tried not to allow factors which were irrelevant to the learning outcomes being measured to affect your grading (e.g., handwriting, spelling, neatness).
____
Read and graded all class answers to one item before going on to the next item.
____
Read and graded the answers without looking at the student's name to avoid possible preferential treatment.
____
Occasionally shuffled papers during the reading of answers.
____
When possible, asked another instructor to read and grade your students' responses.
____
Clearly identified and explained the problem to the student.
____
Provided directions which clearly informed the student of the type of response called for.
____
Stated in the directions whether or not the student must show work procedures for full or partial credit.
____
Clearly separated item parts and indicated their point values.
____
Used figures, conditions and situations which created a realistic problem.
____
Asked questions that elicited responses on which experts could agree that one solution and one or more work procedures are better than others.
____
Worked through each problem before classroom administration.
____
Prepared items that elicit the type of behavior you wanted to measure.
____
Clearly identified and explained the simulated situation to the student.
____
Made the simulated situation as "life-like" as possible.
____
Provided directions which clearly inform the students of the type of response called for.
____
When appropriate, clearly stated time and activity limitations in the directions.
____
Adequately trained the observer(s)/scorer(s) to ensure that they were fair in scoring the appropriate behaviors.
STUDENT EVALUATION OF TEST ITEM QUALITY
Using ices questionnaire items to assess your test item quality .
The following set of ICES (Instructor and Course Evaluation System) questionnaire items can be used to assess the quality of your test items. The items are presented with their original ICES catalogue number. You are encouraged to include one or more of the items on the ICES evaluation form in order to collect student opinion of your item writing quality.
102--How would you rate the instructor's examination questions?
116--Did the exams challenge you to do original thinking?
Excellent
Poor
Yes, very challenging
No, not challenging
103--How well did examination questions reflect content and emphasis of the course?
118--Were there "trick" or trite questions on tests?
Well related
Poorly related
Lots of them
Few if any
114--The exams reflected important points in the reading assignments.
122--How difficult were the examinations?
Strongly agree
Strongly disagree
Too difficult
Too easy
119--Were exam questions worded clearly?
123--I found I could score reasonably well on exams by just cramming.
Yes, very clear
No, very unclear
Strongly agree
Strongly disagree
115--Were the instructor's test questions thought provoking?
121--How was the length of exams for the time allotted.
Definitely yes
Definitely no
Too long
Too short
125--Were exams adequately discussed upon return?
109--Were exams, papers, reports returned with errors explained or personal comments?
Yes, adequately
No, not enough
Almost always
Almost never
IV. ASSISTANCE OFFERED BY THE CENTER FOR INNOVATION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING (CITL)
The information on this page is intended for self-instruction. However, CITL staff members will consult with faculty who wish to analyze and improve their test item writing. The staff can also consult with faculty about other instructional problems. Instructors wishing to acquire CITL assistance can contact [email protected] .
V. REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READING
Ebel, R. L. (1965). Measuring educational achievement . Prentice-Hall. Ebel, R. L. (1972). Essentials of educational measurement . Prentice-Hall. Gronlund, N. E. (1976). Measurement and evaluation in teaching (3rd ed.). Macmillan. Mehrens W. A. & Lehmann I. J. (1973). Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology . Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Nelson, C. H. (1970). Measurement and evaluation in the classroom . Macmillan. Payne, D. A. (1974). The assessment of learning: Cognitive and affective . D.C. Heath & Co. Scannell, D. P., & Tracy D. B. (1975). Testing and measurement in the classroom . Houghton Mifflin. Thorndike, R. L. (1971). Educational measurement (2nd ed.). American Council on Education.
Center for Innovation in Teaching & Learning
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Utilizing Extended Response Items to Enhance Student Learning
An Introduction to Teaching
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"Extended response items" have traditionally been called "essay questions." An extended response item is an open-ended question that begins with some type of prompt. These questions allow students to write a response that arrives at a conclusion based on their specific knowledge of the topic. An extended response item takes considerable time and thought. It requires students not only to give an answer but also to explain the answer with as much in-depth detail as possible. In some cases, students not only have to give an answer and explain the answer, but they also have to show how they arrived at that answer.
Teachers love extended response items because they require students to construct an in-depth response that proves mastery or lack thereof. Teachers can then utilize this information to reteach gap concepts or build upon individual student strengths. Extended response items require students to demonstrate a higher depth of knowledge than they would need on a multiple choice item. Guessing is almost completely eliminated with an extended response item. A student either knows the information well enough to write about it or they do not. Extended response items also are a great way to assess and teach students grammar and writing. Students must be strong writers as an extended response item also tests a student's ability to write coherently and grammatically correct.
Extended response items require essential critical thinking skills. An essay, in a sense, is a riddle that students can solve using prior knowledge, making connections, and drawing conclusions. This is an invaluable skill for any student to have. Those who can master it have a better chance of being successful academically. Any student who can successfully solve problems and craft well-written explanations of their solutions will be at the top of their class.
Extended response items do have their shortcomings. They are not teacher friendly in that they are difficult to construct and score. Extended response items take a lot of valuable time to develop and grade. Additionally, they are difficult to score accurately. It can become difficult for teachers to remain objective when scoring an extended response item. Each student has a completely different response, and teachers must read the entire response looking for evidence that proves mastery. For this reason, teachers must develop an accurate rubric and follow it when scoring any extended response item.
An extended response assessment takes more time for students to complete than a multiple choice assessment . Students must first organize the information and construct a plan before they can actually begin responding to the item. This time-consuming process can take multiple class periods to complete depending on the specific nature of the item itself.
Extended response items can be constructed in more than one way. It can be passage-based, meaning that students are provided with one or more passages on a specific topic. This information can help them formulate a more thoughtful response. The student must utilize evidence from the passages to formulate and validate their response on the extended response item. The more traditional method is a straightforward, open-ended question on a topic or unit that has been covered in class. Students are not given a passage to assist them in constructing a response but instead must draw from memory their direct knowledge on the topic.
Teachers must remember that formulating a well written extended response is a skill in itself. Though they can be a great assessment tool, teachers must be prepared to spend the time to teach students how to write a formidable essay . This is not a skill that comes without hard work. Teachers must provide students with the multiple skills that are required to write successfully including sentence and paragraph structure, using proper grammar, pre-writing activities, editing, and revising. Teaching these skills must become part of the expected classroom routine for students to become proficient writers.
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What Is An Extended Essay & How to Write It?
Read this article for 5 tips to ace your IB Extended Essay. this article shows IB students how to write an Extended Essay for IB Diploma.
Table of content
Introduction , what is ib extended essay, choosing your mentor, how to select your topic, the structure of ib extended essay, research question, table of contents, methodology, the main body, the conclusion, bibliography, ib extended essay checklist.
Introduce and elaborate topic that you are researching in your EE.
A crisp description of what you will explore and how you will do so. If you are aiming at a particular firm/industry, discuss the problems and your investigation method.
To provide context to your question, you must address the situation from where the question is coming.
State your research question and emphasize the importance of answering that question.
Please describe how your research is helpful and exciting and how it is valuable to your audience.
This article will reveal helpful information on what your IB Extended Essay (EE) requires. Consider this your IB Extended Essay Checklist, which covers everything you must know about your EE.
Hey! Make sure you listen to Ivy, who will explain what NOT to do on your EE.
These mountains you are carrying, you were only supposed to climb!
Understand that no warrior ever conquered the battlefield with an unhinged mind. We say this because, being past IB students, we have seen and faced what we are about to and have a good knowledge and acquired the ability to differentiate between more enormous beasts and smaller beasts.
IB Extended Essay is a smaller beast considering that you give it enough time before it becomes more prominent. All you need to do is relax your mind, de-stress and follow a simple procedure explained further in the article. There is no need to panic. Trust us, listen to us, and be like us!
Moving ahead from punny insertions, let us tell you why the IB extended essay can be an easy and exciting mountain to climb:
Subject of your choice (Good practice to choose from your HLs)
Independence of choosing a topic
Choice of choosing your mentor
Continuous feedback and support from your chosen mentor.
IB extended essay (IB EE) is another one of the mandatory requirements of the IB Diploma Programme. It is a mini-thesis that you write under the supervision of a mentor/advisor. Your mentor will be an IB teacher from your school. The students must conduct independent research on a topic of their choice, which must be at most the limit of 4000 words. You begin by choosing a research question as a topic that will be further approved by IBO. It is up to you to either do a typical research paper, conduct an experiment/solve a problem-type EE.
I can write too many paragraphs giving you unnecessary information but let’s cut to the chase and admit the heart wants what it wants. You will go with an advisor/mentor with whom you will connect the most. However, suppose your judgment is clouded between the advisor you want to choose solely because you click with them better and the mentor who is knowledgeable about your chosen topic and can help you improve your research work. In that case, the choice is pretty straightforward: listen to your brain. Get rid of your toxic love and make a wise decision to choose a knowledgeable mentor. If you are lucky, the mentor you connect with and the one with ample knowledge about your chosen topic will be the same person. On that note, consider only two things while choosing your advisor:
An advisor who is familiar with your topic
An advisor who will push you to be your best
Before diving into the topic selection and the structure of your IB extended essay, refer to this table to get an insight into the grade breakdown table. This will be helpful in your planning phase.
No
Extended Essay
Theory of Knowledge
Total Grade
1
A
A
3
2
A
B
3
3
B
A
3
4
A
C
2
5
B
B
2
6
C
A
2
7
A
D
1
8
D
A
1
9
B
C
1
10
B
D
1
11
C
B
1
12
C
C
1
13
D
B
1
14
C
D
0
15
D
C
0
16
D
D
0
17
E
A
F*
18
E
B
F*
19
E
C
F*
20
E
D
F*
21
E
E
F*
Moving ahead towards essential aspects of this article. After choosing your mentor, the next step for ‘how to write an EE’ is choosing a topic with the help of your mentor’s input. It is as essential as our TOK Essay and TOK presentation .
Keep the following in mind while selecting your topic:
Choose a topic that interests you.
A topic that has enough resources and material.
Choose a topic that is neither too narrow (so you have enough material) nor too broad (to avoid exceeding the word limit of 4000 words)
Before we dive into the structure, let us make one thing clear, there is a difference between the title and the research question. A title is different from your research question. Your research question is a clear and focused summative statement of your research. For instance, “The Effect of Gender and Age on the photoreceptor cells in the human retina” is a title whereas the following as the examples of research questions:
“Does the efficiency of Rods and cones decrease with age?
“What is the efficiency of L-cone vs M-cone vs S-cone?“
“To what extent are rod cells more efficient than the three cone cells?”
“Does the efficieny of rods and cones differ between genders?”
This will include the following:
Introduction
Quick Note: The content on this page will not be included in your essay word count.
NO ABSTRACT REQUIRED. The latest IB guide states that an abstract should not be included in EE anymore.
You should split this section into two major areas to cover all the essential aspects.
Section - 1 Explaining your sources
Section - 2 Related topics, theories, and arguments that you will use to explore
Quick Note: Ensure that besides giving the readers an insight into the theories, arguments, and resources you plan to use for your research, you also point out the weaknesses and limitations.
Section- 1: Sources
Describe each of your major sources of primary and secondary research.
Inform the readers how these sources are helpful.
To provide the readers with insight into each source's weaknesses or limitations. For example, there may have been room for bias or a limited scope of your research. Or there are other reasons why other data you used could be unreliable or invalid.
Some useful sources of secondary research are company annual reports, news articles, magazine articles, business textbooks, and encyclopedias.
Mention any adjustments (at least one) you made to your research as you progressed with your EE.
Section- 2: Related topics, theories, and arguments
Briefly explain the ideas you will use and why (what are you aiming to support by using these).
Address weaknesses or limitations of each addressed topic, theory, or related argument.
Mention any changes made to these as you progressed with your EE.
This part of your essay will be the most elaborate. It will concentrate on research, analysis, discussion, and evaluation.
To maintain the flow of your previous section, we suggest splitting this section into two parts, identical to the previous bifurcation, to showcase your understanding of the IB concepts learned in your business management class and the other addressing the insightful material outside of your course.
Section-1: Related arguments, theories, and topics form your course learning
Include 4 or 5 of these to help you answer your research question.
It is suggested that you include at least one financial element. Address your qualitative tools before the quantitative ones.
Section- 2: Beyond your Course
Take up this section as an opportunity for you to educate your reader/evaluator.
Review several related theories and concepts more extensively than the course does.
Impress your reader by giving the sense that you know how the particular industry works. Showcase your expertise or knowledge gained through expert opinions in several aspects of your question.
Please add some analytical insight in this section rather than just descriptive. Be careful to ensure that all of your theories in this section are really helping you answer your research question.
You can use a graph here, but it must link to the research question.
Use theories and supportive arguments that apply to your research and are beyond your course (if relevant).
Quick Note: Relate every paragraph to your research question.
This section is self-explanatory. It is time to bind all your areas together.
It would help if you concentrated on making your EE sections cohesive.
Please address what you have researched and how it helps answer your research question.
Keep everything new in your conclusion.
Shine through by including mini-conclusions to synthesize your essay.
You can include several evaluative insights as well, if applicable.
Mention some weaknesses and limitations of your research and their effect on your research. You can even address the inaccuracies these limitations may have caused and state the reason behind them.
Explain at least one thing that you would have done differently if you were to do it again.
Quick Note: Don’t include a recommendations section in your EE
This section gives the reader an insight into your research resources. It may include:
Books –textbooks, internet resources, journals, academic papers, competitor interviews, etc.
Primary Resource (if applicable) –Interview, data (focus group, survey, etc.).
Quick note: The content on this page will not be included in your essay word count.
Take this section as more of an essential formality of showcasing the process of hard work that you have put in.
Transcripts from your interviews,
The additional analysis you didn't fit in the body of your EE.
Any other exciting data which you would like to refer to in the body of your work.
With this, we come to the end of our article on what is an IB extended essay and how to write an extended essay. As we mentioned earlier, it is relatively easy. All you need is dedication, set timelines, and proper research. So, don't worry; no rabbits can pull out your hat today. If you want to score a 36 on 36 your Extended Essay, check out our Extended Essay Guide , which offers '5 never heard before' tips to help you write a quality essay.
Make an IB Extended Essay Checklist! I cannot emphasize enough on this point. The submission for your EE happens simultaneously when you are expected to take your exams. There will be a million things that you would have to keep track of. There is a high chance of forgetting to make that final edit or perfecting your EE's introduction in the midst of it all. Therefore, an IB Extended Essay Checklist will ensure you do everything. IB Extended Essay Checklist will be your savior during the final submission days.
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How To Write The Extended Essay (With Topics and Examples)
This comprehensive guide navigates through every aspect of the EE, from selecting a topic and developing a research question to conducting in-depth research and writing a compelling essay. It offers practical strategies, insights, and tips to help students craft a piece of work that not only meets the rigorous standards of the IB but also reflects their academic passion and curiosity. Join us as we explore the keys to success in the Extended Essay, preparing you for an intellectually rewarding experience.
Posted: 13th February 2024
Section jump links:
Section 1: Understanding the IB Extended Essay
Section 2: the importance of the extended essay, section 3: selecting a topic, section 4: developing your research question, section 5: research methodology and theoretical frameworks, section 6: evaluating sources and data, section 7: integrating evidence and analysis, section 8: writing and structuring the extended essay, section 9: reflection and the rppf, section 10: the significance of academic discipline in the ee, section 11: good practice in extended essay writing, section 12: managing the extended essay process, section 13: collaboration and feedback, section 14: avoiding plagiarism, section 15: emphasising original thought, section 16: final presentation and viva voce, section 17: beyond the extended essay, what is the ib extended essay.
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay (EE) is a cornerstone of the IB Diploma Programme . It’s an independent, self-directed piece of research, culminating in a 4,000-word paper. This project offers students an opportunity to investigate a topic of their own choice, bridging the gap between classwork and the kind of research required at the university level.
Key Objectives and the Role of the EE in the IB Curriculum
The Extended Essay has several key objectives:
To provide students with the chance to engage in an in-depth study of a question of interest within a chosen subject.
To develop research, thinking, self-management, and communication skills.
To introduce students to the excitement and challenges of academic research.
The EE plays a critical role in the IB curriculum by:
Encouraging intellectual discovery and creativity.
Facilitating academic growth and personal development through research and writing.
Preparing students for the rigours of higher education.
Extended Essay Word Count and Requirements
The EE has a maximum word count of 4,000 words. This does not include the abstract, contents page, bibliography, or footnotes (which must be used sparingly). Here are some essential requirements:
Research Question: Your essay must be focused on a clear, concise research question. You should aim to provide a comprehensive answer to this question through your research and writing.
Subject : The EE can be written in one of the student’s six chosen subjects for the IB diploma or in a subject recognized by the IB.
Supervision : Each student is assigned a supervisor (usually a teacher in their school) who provides guidance and support throughout the research and writing process.
Assessment: The essay is externally assessed by the IB, contributing up to three points towards the total score for the IB diploma, depending on the grade achieved and the performance in the Theory of Knowledge course.
The Extended Essay is not just an academic requirement but a unique opportunity to explore a topic of personal interest in depth. This can be an incredibly rewarding experience, providing valuable skills and insights that will serve you well in your future academic and professional endeavours.
The EE is more than just a requirement for the IB Diploma. It’s an essential part of the IB experience , offering profound benefits for students. Let’s explore why the EE holds such significance.
Academic and Personal Development Benefits
Skill enhancement:.
The EE fosters a range of academic skills crucial for success in higher education and beyond. It teaches students how to:
Conduct comprehensive research
Develop a coherent argument
Write extensively on a subject
Manage time effectively
Personal Growth:
Beyond academic prowess, the EE encourages personal development. Students learn to:
Pursue their interests deeply
Overcome challenges independently
Reflect on their learning process
Enhance their curiosity and creativity
Contribution to University Admissions
Standout applications:.
The EE can be a significant advantage in university applications . It demonstrates a student’s ability to undertake serious research projects and commit to an intensive academic task. Universities value this dedication, seeing it as indicative of a student’s readiness for undergraduate studies.
Showcase of Skills:
The EE allows students to showcase their research, writing, and analytical skills. It provides concrete evidence of their academic abilities and their capacity to engage deeply with a topic of interest.
Skill Development: Research, Writing, and Critical Thinking
Research Skills:
Students learn to navigate academic literature, evaluate sources, and gather relevant data. This process sharpens their research skills, laying a solid foundation for future academic endeavours.
Writing Skills:
Crafting a 4,000-word essay challenges students to express their ideas clearly and persuasively. It hones their writing skills, teaching them the art of structured and focused academic writing.
Critical Thinking:
The EE encourages students to analyse information critically, assess arguments, and develop their viewpoints. This critical engagement fosters a sophisticated level of thought, beneficial in both academic and real-world contexts.
In conclusion, the Extended Essay is a pivotal element of the IB Diploma Programme. It’s an invaluable opportunity for intellectual and personal growth, preparing students for the challenges of higher education and beyond. With its emphasis on independent research and writing, the EE equips students with the skills and confidence to navigate their future academic journeys successfully.
Choosing a topic for your Extended Essay is the first step in a journey towards developing a deep understanding of a specific area of interest. It’s crucial to select a topic that is not only academically viable but also personally engaging. Here’s how to navigate this critical phase.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Your EE Topic
Interest and passion:.
Select a topic that fascinates you. Your interest will sustain motivation over the months of research and writing.
Availability of Resources:
Ensure there are enough resources available on your chosen topic. Access to libraries, databases, and experts in the field is essential for comprehensive research.
Scope and Focus:
The topic should be narrow enough to allow for in-depth study yet broad enough to find sufficient research material. Balancing specificity with resource availability is key.
IB Subject Areas:
Your topic must align with one of the subjects you are studying in the IB Diploma Programme or an approved subject area. Familiarity with the subject’s methodology and criteria is crucial for success.
How to Align Your Interests with the IB Subjects
Explore the syllabus:.
Review the syllabus of your IB subjects to identify topics that interest you. This can provide a framework for your EE.
Consult with Teachers:
Teachers can offer insights into feasible topics that align with the IB criteria and offer guidance on how to approach them.
Consider Interdisciplinary Topics:
Some of the most engaging EEs explore the intersection between different subjects. If this interests you, ensure your approach meets the criteria for an interdisciplinary essay under the IB’s World Studies EE option.
Extended Essay Topics: Examples Across Various Disciplines
Sciences: How does the introduction of non-native plant species affect biodiversity in your local ecosystem?
History : What was the impact of Winston Churchill’s leadership on Britain’s role in World War II?
English: How does the use of unreliable narrators influence the reader’s perception in Ian McEwan’s novels?
Mathematics: Investigating the application of the Fibonacci sequence in predicting stock market movements.
Visual Arts: Exploring the influence of Japanese art on Claude Monet’s painting style.
Selecting the right topic is foundational to your EE journey. It shapes your research direction, influences your engagement with the essay, and ultimately contributes to the satisfaction and success of your EE experience. Take your time, consult widely, and choose a topic that you are eager to explore in depth.
Crafting a focused and clear research question is a pivotal element of your Extended Essay. This question not only guides your research but also frames your essay’s entire structure. It’s the question to which your essay will provide an answer, and as such, it requires thoughtful consideration and precision.
A well-developed research question should be specific, relevant, and challenging. It should invite analysis, discussion, and the exploration of significant academic literature. Here’s a deeper look into formulating a robust research question for your EE.
Characteristics of a Strong Research Question
The hallmark of a strong research question is its specificity. It shouldn’t be too broad, as this could lead to a superficial treatment of the topic.
Conversely, a question that’s too narrow might not allow for comprehensive exploration or significant discussion. Finding a balance is key. The question should also be focused on a particular aspect of a subject area, enabling in-depth analysis within the word count limit.
Another important characteristic is the question’s alignment with available resources. Before finalising your question, ensure that you have access to sufficient data and scholarly research to support your investigation. This might involve preliminary searches in academic databases, libraries, or consultation with your supervisor.
Tips for Refining Your Research Question
Start by brainstorming broad topic areas that interest you. Once you’ve identified a general area of interest, begin narrowing down by asking yourself specific questions about the topic. What aspects of this topic are unexplored or underexplored? What specific angle can I take that will make my research unique?
It’s also beneficial to review past EEs or academic journals for inspiration. Seeing how others have structured their research questions can provide valuable insight into crafting your own. However, ensure your question remains original and tailored to your interests.
Examples of Effective Research Questions
To give you an idea of what a well-formulated research question looks like, here are a few examples:
Biology: How does the concentration of a specific nutrient affect the growth rate of plant species X in a hydroponic setup compared to soil-based growth?
History: To what extent did the public speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. influence the public’s perception of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States between 1963 and 1968?
Economics: How significant is the impact of recent economic policies on small businesses in [specific location] during the COVID-19 pandemic?
English Literature: How does the use of magical realism in Gabriel García Márquez’s ‘One Hundred Years of Solitude’ reflect the political and social issues of post-colonial Latin America?
Developing your research question is an iterative process. It may evolve as you delve deeper into your research. Be open to refining your question based on the information you discover and discussions with your supervisor. A well-crafted research question will not only guide your research effectively but also engage your interest throughout the writing process, leading to a more meaningful and insightful Extended Essay.
A critical component of your Extended Essay is selecting an appropriate research methodology and theoretical framework. These elements are foundational to conducting your research and crafting your argument, influencing how you collect, analyse, and interpret data.
Understanding Research Methodologies
Research methodology refers to the systematic approach you take to investigate your research question. It encompasses the methods and procedures you use to collect and analyse data. Your chosen methodology should align with the nature of your research question and the objectives of your essay.
In the sciences, for example, your methodology might involve experiments, observations, or simulations to gather empirical data. In the humanities, you may lean towards content analysis, comparative analysis, or historical investigation, relying on textual or archival sources.
Selecting the right methodology is crucial. It should provide a clear path to answering your research question, considering the resources available and the scope of your essay. It’s also important to justify your choice of methodology in your essay, explaining why it’s appropriate for your research question and how it will help you achieve your objectives.
Applying Theoretical Frameworks
Theoretical frameworks provide a lens through which your research is conducted and interpreted. They offer a structured way to understand and analyse your findings, grounding your study in existing knowledge and theories.
Choosing a theoretical framework involves identifying relevant theories, models, or concepts that apply to your topic. For instance, if you’re exploring media representation of gender, you might utilise feminist theory as a framework to analyse your findings. In economics, you might apply game theory to understand competitive behaviours in a market.
The framework should guide your analysis, providing a coherent basis for interpreting your data. It helps to structure your argument, offering a deeper insight into the significance of your findings within the broader academic discourse.
Integrating Methodology and Frameworks into Your Research
Successfully integrating your chosen methodology and theoretical framework involves a few key steps:
Clarify the Scope: Ensure your research question, methodology, and theoretical framework align in scope and focus. They should work together seamlessly to guide your research.
Justify Your Choices: Explain the rationale behind your chosen methodology and framework. Discuss why they are suitable for your research question and how they will support your investigation.
Apply Consistently: Use your methodology and framework consistently throughout your research and analysis. This consistency strengthens the coherence and academic rigour of your essay.
Reflecting on these components during the planning stage can enhance the quality of your research and the clarity of your argument. Your methodology and theoretical framework are not just academic requirements; they’re tools that shape the direction and depth of your inquiry, enabling a more structured and insightful exploration of your topic.
In the journey of crafting an Extended Essay (EE), the ability to critically evaluate sources and data stands as a fundamental skill. This evaluation is crucial in establishing the credibility and reliability of the information that forms the backbone of your research. Understanding how to discern the quality and relevance of your sources ensures that your EE is built on a solid foundation of trustworthy information.
Criteria for Selecting Credible and Relevant Sources
Authority: Consider the source’s authorship. Look for works by experts in the field, academic institutions, or reputable organisations. The author’s qualifications and affiliations can significantly impact the reliability of the information.
Accuracy: The information should be supported by evidence, referenced appropriately, and free from factual errors. Reliable sources often undergo a peer-review process, ensuring that the content is scrutinised and validated by other experts in the field.
Currency: The relevance of information can diminish over time, especially in fields that evolve rapidly, such as science and technology. Ensure that the sources you use are up-to-date, reflecting the latest research and developments.
Purpose: Understand the purpose behind the information. Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or sell? Recognising the intent can help you assess potential biases, which is particularly important when dealing with controversial topics.
Techniques for Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of Data
Cross-Verification: Cross-check information across multiple sources to verify its accuracy and reliability. Consistency among various sources can be a good indicator of the information’s validity.
Statistical Analysis: When dealing with numerical data, consider its statistical significance and the methodology used in its collection. Reliable data should be gathered using sound scientific methods and accurately represent the population or phenomena studied.
Source Evaluation Tools: Utilise tools and checklists designed to evaluate the credibility of sources. These can provide a structured approach to assessing the quality of your research materials.
Incorporating Primary vs. Secondary Sources Effectively
Primary Sources: These are firsthand accounts or direct evidence concerning the topic you’re researching. They include interviews, surveys, experiments, and historical documents. Primary sources offer original insights and data, allowing for a deeper and more personal engagement with your subject.
Secondary Sources: These sources analyse, interpret, or summarise information from primary sources. They include textbooks, articles, and reviews. Secondary sources can provide context, background, and a broader perspective on your topic.
Balancing primary and secondary sources enriches your research, providing both the raw data and the interpretations that help frame your analysis. By rigorously evaluating sources and data, you ensure that your Extended Essay rests on a foundation of credible and relevant information, enhancing the depth and rigour of your investigation.
The heart of a compelling Extended Essay (EE) lies in the seamless integration of evidence and analysis. This integration not only supports and substantiates your arguments but also demonstrates your ability to critically engage with your research topic. Here’s how to weave evidence and analysis together in a way that enhances the strength and persuasiveness of your EE.
Strategies for Integrating Evidence Seamlessly into Your Argument
Directly Link Evidence to Your Thesis: Every piece of evidence you include should directly support or relate to your thesis statement. This ensures that all the information contributes to building your argument coherently.
Use Evidence to Illustrate Points: Utilise examples, data, quotes, and case studies as concrete evidence to illustrate your points. This makes abstract concepts more tangible and convincing to the reader.
Analyse, Don’t Just Present: For every piece of evidence, provide analysis and interpretation. Explain how it supports your argument, what it demonstrates, and its implications for your research question.
Balancing Descriptive and Analytical Writing
Avoid Over-Description: While some description is necessary to set the context, avoid dedicating too much space to merely describing your evidence. The focus should be on analysis.
Develop a Critical Voice: Cultivate a critical approach to your evidence. This means evaluating its reliability, considering its limitations, and discussing its relevance to your argument.
Synthesise Information: Aim to synthesise evidence from multiple sources to support your points. This demonstrates comprehensive understanding and the ability to draw connections across your research.
How to Critically Analyse Sources and Data Within Your Essay
Question the Source: Consider the source’s origin, purpose, and potential bias. How might these factors influence the information presented?
Evaluate Methodology: If the evidence comes from a study or experiment, evaluate the methodology used. Is it sound and appropriate for the research question?
Consider the Broader Context: Place your evidence within the broader scholarly conversation on your topic. How does it fit with, challenge, or expand existing knowledge?
By thoughtfully integrating evidence and providing in-depth analysis, you can create a nuanced and compelling EE that goes beyond mere description to offer original insights into your topic. This approach not only strengthens your argument but also showcases your critical thinking and analytical skills, essential qualities for success in the IB Diploma Programme and beyond.
The Extended Essay presents an opportunity for IB students to engage deeply with a topic of their choice. However, to effectively communicate your research and insights, your essay must be well-structured and clearly written.
This section provides guidance on how to write and structure your EE, ensuring your work is coherent, persuasive, and academically rigorous.
Outline of the Extended Essay Structure
A well-organised structure is crucial for the readability and coherence of your EE. Typically, an Extended Essay includes the following components:
Title Page: Displays the essay title, research question, subject the essay is registered in, and word count.
Abstract: A concise summary of the essay, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusion (Note: For essays submitted in 2018 and forward, the IB no longer requires an abstract, so check the most current guidelines).
Contents Page: Lists the sections and subsections of your essay with page numbers.
Introduction: Introduces the research question and your essay’s purpose, outlining the scope of the investigation.
Body : The main section of your essay, divided into clearly titled subsections, each addressing specific aspects of the research question. It’s where you present your argument, supported by evidence.
Conclusion: Summarises the findings, discusses the implications, and reflects on the research’s limitations and potential areas for further study.
References/Bibliography: Lists all sources used in the essay in a consistent format, following the chosen citation style.
Appendices: (If necessary) Contains supplementary material that is relevant to the research but not essential to its explanation.
Detailed Breakdown of Each Section
Introduction:
The introduction sets the stage for your research. It should clearly state your research question and explain the significance of the topic. Briefly outline the theoretical framework and methodology, and provide an overview of the essay’s structure.
The body is the heart of your essay. It should be logically organised to build your argument step by step. Each paragraph should start with a clear topic sentence, followed by evidence and analysis. Use subheadings to divide the sections thematically or methodologically, ensuring each part contributes to answering the research question.
Developing Arguments: Present and critique different perspectives, systematically leading the reader through your analytical process.
Using Evidence: Incorporate relevant data, quotes, and examples to support your arguments. Ensure all sources are appropriately cited.
Analysis and Discussion: Go beyond describing your findings; analyse and interpret them in the context of your research question and theoretical framework.
Conclusion: The conclusion should not introduce new information. Instead, it should synthesise your findings, highlighting how they contribute to understanding the research question. Reflect on the research process, acknowledging any limitations and suggesting areas for further investigation.
Importance of Coherence and Logical Flow
Maintaining coherence and a logical flow throughout your EE is essential. Transition sentences between paragraphs and sections can help link ideas smoothly, guiding the reader through your argument. A coherent structure ensures that your essay is accessible and persuasive, making a strong impression on the reader.
A well-written and structured EE is a testament to your understanding of the research process and your ability to communicate complex ideas effectively. By adhering to a clear structure and focusing on coherence and logical progression, you can craft an essay that is engaging, insightful, and academically rigorous.
A unique and integral component of the IB Extended Essay (EE) process is the Reflections on Planning and Progress Form (RPPF). The RPPF serves as a personal and academic exploration tool, guiding students through the planning, research, and writing phases of their EE. It encourages students to reflect on their learning journey, documenting insights gained, challenges encountered, and the evolution of their thinking.
The Role of Reflection in the EE Process
Reflection is at the heart of the EE, enabling students to engage critically with their own learning processes. It helps in:
Self-Assessment: Encouraging students to consider their strengths and areas for improvement.
Skill Development: Facilitating a deeper understanding of the research and writing skills developed during the EE process.
Critical Thinking: Promoting an evaluative approach to the research process, allowing students to make informed decisions about their methodologies, sources, and arguments.
How to Effectively Complete the RPPF
Completing the RPPF involves three formal reflection sessions, which are crucial milestones in the EE journey:
Initial Reflection: Focuses on the selection of the topic and formulation of the research question. Students should discuss their motivations, initial ideas, and anticipated challenges.
Interim Reflection: Occurs midway through the process. Students reflect on the progress made, adjustments to their research plan, and any challenges they’ve faced. It’s an opportunity to reassess the direction of the EE and make necessary modifications.
Final Reflection: After completing the EE, students reflect on their overall experience, the skills they’ve developed, and the knowledge they’ve gained. This reflection should also consider the impact of the research process on their personal and academic growth.
In each reflection, students should be honest and critical, providing insights into their learning journey. The reflections are not just about documenting successes but also about understanding the learning process, including setbacks and how they were overcome.
Examples of Reflective Questions and Insightful Responses
Initial reflection:.
Question: “What excites me about my chosen topic?”
Insightful Response: Discuss the personal or academic interest in the topic, any prior knowledge, and what you hope to discover through your research.
Interim Reflection:
Question: “What challenges have I encountered in my research, and how have I addressed them?”
Insightful Response: Describe specific obstacles, such as difficulty accessing resources or refining the research question, and the strategies employed to overcome them.
Final Reflection:
Question: “How has my understanding of the topic evolved through the research process?”
Insightful Response: Reflect on how the research challenged or confirmed initial assumptions and what was learned about the topic and the research process itself.
The RPPF is not just a formal requirement but a valuable component of the EE that enriches the student’s learning experience. By fostering reflection, the RPPF helps students to articulate their journey, offering insights into the complexities of research and the personal growth that accompanies the creation of an extended academic work.
The Extended Essay allows students to explore a topic of interest within the framework of an IB subject. The choice of academic discipline not only shapes the content and focus of the essay but also influences the methodologies and theoretical frameworks that students may employ. Understanding and adhering to the conventions and requirements of the chosen discipline is crucial for the success of the EE.
Adhering to Disciplinary Conventions and Guidelines
Each academic discipline has its own set of conventions regarding research methodologies, writing styles, and citation formats. For example, a science EE might require empirical research and quantitative analysis, whereas an essay in the humanities might focus on qualitative analysis and critical interpretation of texts.
Key considerations include:
Methodology: The choice of methodology should align with disciplinary norms. Science EEs might involve experiments, whereas essays in history might rely on primary source analysis.
Structure: While the basic structure of the EE remains consistent across subjects, the presentation of arguments and evidence might vary. Essays in the arts and humanities might follow a thematic structure, while those in the sciences might be organised around experimental findings.
Citation Style: Different disciplines prefer specific citation styles. For instance, APA might be favoured in psychology, while MLA is commonly used in literature essays. Adhering to the appropriate style is crucial for academic integrity.
How Different Disciplines Influence the Approach to Research and Writing
The academic discipline not only dictates the formal aspects of the EE but also influences the approach to research and writing. For instance, an EE in Visual Arts would require a different analytical lens compared to an EE in Economics. The former might analyse the impact of cultural contexts on artistic expressions, while the latter could evaluate economic theories through case studies.
Disciplinary perspectives also affect:
Argumentation : The way arguments are constructed and evidenced can differ. In the sciences, arguments are often built around data and logical reasoning, while in the humanities, they might be more interpretative, drawing on various theoretical perspectives.
Critical Engagement: The extent and nature of critical engagement with sources can vary. In subjects like History or English, a critical analysis of diverse interpretations is fundamental, whereas in the Sciences, the focus might be on empirical evidence and hypothesis testing.
Examples of Disciplinary Perspectives in Extended Essay Examples
Biology EE: An investigation into the effects of environmental changes on local biodiversity, employing scientific methods for data collection and analysis.
Economics EE: An analysis of the impact of a specific economic policy on a local economy, using economic theories and models to interpret data.
English Literature EE: A comparative study of the theme of alienation in two novels, using literary theories to explore the authors’ narrative techniques.
Understanding the significance of academic discipline in the EE ensures that students approach their research with the appropriate methodologies and analytical frameworks. It encourages respect for the depth and breadth of the subject area, contributing to a more nuanced and informed exploration of the chosen topic.
Writing an Extended Essay involves more than just conducting research and presenting findings; it requires careful planning, effective engagement with your supervisor, and a critical approach to your sources. Here are some best practices to help you navigate the EE writing process successfully.
Time Management and Planning
Time management is crucial in the EE process. The project spans several months, so it’s essential to break down the work into manageable stages. Create a timeline early in the process, including key milestones such as completing the research, drafting sections, and finalising the essay. Allocate time for unexpected challenges and ensure you have buffer periods for revision and feedback.
Planning Tips:
Set Goals: Establish clear, achievable goals for each phase of your EE journey.
Use Tools: Leverage planning tools or software to organise your tasks and deadlines.
Regular Reviews: Periodically review your progress against your plan and adjust as necessary.
Engaging with Supervisors Effectively:Your supervisor is a valuable resource throughout the EE process. They can provide guidance on your research question, methodology, and essay structure, as well as feedback on your drafts.
Maximising Supervisor Engagement:
Prepare for Meetings: Come to each meeting with specific questions or sections of your essay you want feedback on.
Be Open to Feedback: Constructive criticism is essential for improvement. Listen to your supervisor’s suggestions and consider how to incorporate them into your work.
Communicate Regularly: Keep your supervisor informed of your progress and any challenges you encounter.
Critical Engagement with Sources
A critical approach to the sources you use is fundamental to a high-quality EE. Evaluate the reliability, relevance, and bias of your sources to ensure your essay is grounded in credible evidence.
Strategies for Source Evaluation:
Source Variety: Use a range of sources, including academic journals, books, and reputable online resources, to provide a balanced perspective on your topic.
Critical Analysis : Don’t just summarise sources. Analyse their arguments, identify limitations, and consider how they contribute to your research question.
Citation and Paraphrasing: Accurately cite all sources to avoid plagiarism. When paraphrasing, ensure you’re genuinely rephrasing ideas in your own words while still crediting the original author.
Good practice in EE writing is not just about adhering to academic standards; it’s about engaging deeply with your topic, embracing the research process, and developing skills that will serve you well in your academic and professional future. By managing your time effectively, leveraging the support of your supervisor, and critically engaging with sources, you can craft an EE that is not only academically rigorous but also personally rewarding.
Successfully navigating the Extended Essay process requires more than just academic skill; it demands effective project management. This encompasses planning, organising, and executing your EE from initial conception to final submission. Here are strategies to help you manage the EE process, ensuring a smooth journey and a rewarding outcome.
Planning and Time Management Strategies Specific to the EE
Develop a Detailed Plan: Start by breaking down the EE process into stages: topic selection, research, drafting, and revising. Assign deadlines to each stage based on the final submission date, allowing extra time for unforeseen delays.
Use a Calendar or Planner: Keep track of deadlines, meetings with your supervisor, and other important dates. Digital tools can be particularly useful, offering reminders and helping you stay organised.
Set Regular Milestones: Milestones offer checkpoints to assess your progress. These could be completing the research phase, finishing a first draft, or finalising your citations. Celebrate these achievements to stay motivated.
Milestones and Checklists to Keep You on Track
Create Checklists: For each phase of the EE process, develop a checklist of tasks. This could include conducting initial research, writing specific sections of the essay, or completing rounds of revision.
Regular Progress Reviews: Schedule weekly or bi-weekly reviews of your progress against your plan. Adjust your plan as needed based on these reviews.
Stay Flexible: Be prepared to adapt your plan. Research might take longer than expected, or you might decide to change your focus slightly after discussing with your supervisor.
Dealing with Challenges and Setbacks During the EE Journey
Anticipate Potential Issues: Think ahead about what might go wrong and how you would address it. Having contingency plans can reduce stress and keep you on track.
Seek Support When Needed: Don’t hesitate to reach out to your supervisor, peers, or other mentors if you encounter obstacles. They can offer advice, support, and perspective.
Maintain a Positive Attitude: Challenges are part of the learning process. View setbacks as opportunities to improve your problem-solving and resilience skills.
Managing the EE process effectively is about more than just completing a requirement for the IB Diploma; it’s an exercise in self-management and personal growth. By carefully planning your work, setting and celebrating milestones, and being prepared to tackle challenges, you can navigate the EE process with confidence and achieve a result that reflects your hard work and dedication.
Mastering the art of collaboration and effectively incorporating feedback are pivotal aspects of crafting a high-calibre Extended Essay (EE). These processes enrich your work, offering new perspectives and insights that can significantly enhance the depth and quality of your research and writing. Let’s delve into how to navigate these collaborative interactions and integrate feedback productively.
Effective Collaboration with Your Supervisor
Your supervisor is a key ally in your EE journey, providing guidance, support, and expert insight into your chosen topic. Building a productive relationship with your supervisor involves clear communication, active engagement, and receptiveness to their advice.
Prepare for Meetings: Maximise the value of your meetings by preparing questions and topics for discussion. This shows initiative and helps you focus on areas where you need the most guidance.
Be Open to Suggestions: Your supervisor brings a wealth of experience and knowledge. Being open to their suggestions can unlock new avenues of inquiry and refine your research focus.
Follow Up: After meetings, review the guidance provided and take action. Following up on suggestions and demonstrating progress is key to a fruitful collaboration.
Incorporating Feedback Constructively
Feedback is a gift, offering you fresh eyes on your work and highlighting areas for improvement. Whether it comes from your supervisor, peers, or other mentors, constructive feedback is instrumental in elevating the quality of your EE.
Critically Evaluate Feedback: Not all feedback will be equally applicable or helpful. Assess suggestions critically and decide which ones align with your research goals and vision for your EE.
Implement Changes Thoughtfully: When integrating feedback, do so thoughtfully and systematically. Consider how each piece of advice enhances your argument or strengthens your analysis.
Maintain Your Own Voice: While it’s important to consider feedback, your EE should ultimately reflect your ideas, analysis, and voice. Balance the input from others with your own scholarly insights.
Balancing Independent Research with Guidance
Navigating the balance between independent research and the guidance received is a delicate aspect of the EE process. While the EE is your project, drawing on the expertise and feedback of others can significantly enhance its depth and scope.
Value Independence: Embrace the opportunity to conduct independent research, making your EE a true reflection of your interests and intellectual curiosity.
Seek Guidance Wisely: Utilise your supervisor and other resources judiciously. They can provide clarity, offer new perspectives, and help you navigate complex aspects of your research.
Synthesise Input: Integrate the guidance and feedback you receive in a way that complements your research, ensuring that your EE remains a coherent and cohesive piece of scholarly work.
The interplay between collaboration, feedback, and independent research is central to the EE process. By engaging effectively with your supervisor, thoughtfully incorporating feedback, and maintaining a balance between guidance and your own scholarly pursuits, you can craft an EE that is not only academically rigorous but also a true testament to your growth as a learner.
Plagiarism is a critical concern in academic writing, including the Extended Essay. It involves using someone else’s work without proper acknowledgment, which can compromise the integrity of your essay and result in severe penalties. Understanding what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it is essential for maintaining academic honesty and ensuring the credibility of your research.
Understanding What Constitutes Plagiarism
Plagiarism can take many forms, from directly copying text without quotation marks to paraphrasing someone else’s ideas without proper citation. It also includes using images, charts, or data without acknowledging the source. Even unintentional plagiarism, where sources are not deliberately misrepresented but are inadequately cited, can have serious consequences.
How to Properly Cite Sources and Paraphrase
Citing Sources : Every time you use someone else’s words, ideas, or data, you must cite the source. This not only includes quotes and paraphrases but also data, images, and charts. Familiarise yourself with the citation style recommended for your subject area, whether it be APA, MLA, Chicago, or another, and apply it consistently throughout your essay.
Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing involves rewording someone else’s ideas in your own words. It’s essential to do more than just change a few words around; you need to completely rewrite the concept, ensuring you still cite the original source. Good paraphrasing demonstrates your understanding of the material and integrates it seamlessly into your argument.
Using Plagiarism Detection Tools
Many schools and students use plagiarism detection tools to check the originality of their work before submission. These tools compare your essay against a vast database of published material and other student submissions to identify any matches. Utilising these tools can help you identify areas of your essay that need better paraphrasing or citation.
Avoiding plagiarism in the EE involves diligent research, careful writing, and thorough citation. It’s about respecting the intellectual property of others while demonstrating your own understanding and analysis of the topic. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your EE is both original and academically honest, reflecting the hard work and integrity that define the IB learner profile.
In the Extended Essay, showcasing original thought is not just encouraged; it’s a cornerstone of what makes an EE stand out. Originality in this context means more than just avoiding plagiarism; it involves presenting unique perspectives, developing novel arguments, or exploring new areas within a subject. Here’s how you can emphasise original thought in your EE.
The Value of Originality and Creativity
Originality and creativity in the EE demonstrate your ability to think independently and engage critically with your subject. It shows that you’re not just capable of summarising existing knowledge but also contributing to the conversation in your discipline. This level of engagement is what the IB looks for in assessing the EE, as it reflects a deeper understanding and application of the subject matter.
Balancing Academic Rigour with Personal Voice and Analysis
While it’s important to ground your EE in academic research and follow disciplinary conventions, finding a balance with your personal voice and analysis is key to originality. Here are ways to achieve this balance:
Personal Insight : Inject your essay with your insights, interpretations, and conclusions based on the research. This personal engagement with the topic distinguishes your EE from a mere literature review.
Critical Analysis: Go beyond describing what others have said. Critique the arguments, identify gaps in the research, and propose new ways of understanding the subject.
Innovative Approach: Consider addressing less explored aspects of your topic or applying theories and methodologies from other disciplines to bring fresh perspectives.
Strategies for Developing and Showcasing Original Thought
Question Assumptions: Start by questioning the prevailing assumptions or widely held beliefs in your subject area. This critical stance can open up avenues for original analysis.
Interdisciplinary Connections: Drawing connections between different disciplines can reveal new insights and approaches that enrich your essay.
Reflect on Your Learning: Use the insights gained from your coursework and personal interests to inform your approach. Often, your unique educational and life experiences can inspire original perspectives.
Emphasising original thought in your EE is about striking a balance between demonstrating your mastery of the subject and pushing beyond the boundaries of existing knowledge. It involves a blend of thorough research, critical thinking, and creative engagement with the topic. By fostering a unique perspective and injecting your personal voice into your analysis, you can create an EE that is not only academically rigorous but also distinctly yours, leaving a lasting impression on your readers.
The culmination of the Extended Essay process includes the final presentation and the Viva Voce, a concluding interview between the student and their supervisor. These components serve not only as a summation of your EE journey but also as an opportunity to reflect on your learning and the skills you’ve developed. Understanding the significance and how to prepare for these elements is crucial for a successful EE completion.
Preparing for the Final Presentation
The final presentation is an opportunity to share the highlights of your EE journey, including your research question, methodology, key findings, and any challenges you overcame. It’s a moment to showcase the depth of your research and the personal growth you experienced throughout the process.
Key Elements to Include:
Overview of Your Research: Briefly summarise your research question and why you chose it, highlighting your methodology and the scope of your investigation.
Significant Findings: Share the key insights and discoveries you made during your research. This is a chance to underscore the original contributions of your EE.
Challenges and Solutions : Discuss any significant obstacles you faced and how you addressed them. Reflecting on these challenges shows your problem-solving skills and resilience.
Reflections on the Process: Share what you’ve learned about yourself as a learner, the skills you’ve developed, and how the EE has impacted your academic and personal growth.
Tips for a Successful Viva Voce
The Viva Voce is a short interview with your supervisor after you’ve submitted your EE. It’s an integral part of the reflection process, allowing you to discuss the successes and challenges of your research journey.
To Prepare for the Viva Voce:
Review Your EE: Be familiar with your essay’s content, as you’ll discuss your work in detail. Be ready to explain your research decisions and reflect on your learning process.
Anticipate Questions: Your supervisor might ask about how you selected your topic, the development of your research question, your approach to research and writing, and the skills you’ve developed.
Reflect on Your Learning: Think about the entire EE process, including what you learned, how you’ve grown, and how the experience might influence your future academic or career goals.
How the Viva Voce Contributes to Your Overall EE Assessment
While the Viva Voce doesn’t directly affect your EE grade, it plays a crucial role in the holistic assessment of your IB Diploma. It demonstrates the authenticity of your work and your engagement with the EE process, providing insights into your approach, dedication, and intellectual growth.
The final presentation and Viva Voce are essential milestones that mark the completion of your EE journey. They offer a platform to reflect on the challenges you’ve navigated, the knowledge you’ve gained, and the skills you’ve honed. Preparing thoroughly for these elements ensures you can confidently articulate your research journey, showcasing the depth of your inquiry and your development as an IB learner.
The journey through the Extended Essay is more than an academic exercise; it’s a transformative experience that equips IB Diploma students with skills and insights that extend far beyond the programme.
Reflecting on how the EE prepares you for future academic and professional endeavours can highlight the lasting value of this rigorous project.
How the Skills Developed During the EE Can Benefit You in Future Academic and Professional Endeavours
Research and Analytical Skills: The EE demands a high level of research and analysis, teaching students how to gather, assess, and interpret data. These skills are invaluable in higher education and many professional fields, where evidence-based decision-making is crucial.
Critical Thinking: Crafting an EE requires students to evaluate sources critically, consider multiple perspectives, and develop well-reasoned arguments. This ability to think critically is highly sought after in both academia and the workplace.
Project Management: Completing an EE involves planning, organisation, time management, and problem-solving. Managing such a long-term project successfully can boost your confidence in handling complex tasks and projects in the future.
Communication: Writing the EE enhances your ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and effectively, a skill that is essential in any professional setting. Additionally, the final presentation and Viva Voce develop your verbal communication and presentation skills.
Examples of How the EE Has Helped Alumni in Their Post-IB Journeys
Many IB alumni attribute their success in university and their careers to the foundation laid by their EE experience. For instance, alumni often report that the EE made the transition to university-level research and writing much smoother. Others have found that the skills developed through the EE, such as critical thinking and project management, have set them apart in job interviews and workplace projects.
Encouragement to View the EE as a Stepping Stone to Lifelong Learning
The EE is not just a requirement for the IB Diploma; it’s an introduction to a lifelong journey of inquiry and discovery. It encourages a mindset of curiosity and a habit of continuous learning that can enrich both your personal and professional life. Viewing the EE through this lens can transform it from a daunting task into an exciting opportunity to explore your passions and develop essential skills for the future.
The Extended Essay is a hallmark of the IB Diploma Programme, embodying the essence of inquiry, critical thinking, and scholarly engagement. From selecting a topic and formulating a research question to conducting in-depth research and presenting findings, the EE challenges students to transcend the boundaries of traditional learning, fostering skills and insights that extend far beyond the confines of the classroom.
This comprehensive guide has navigated the critical aspects of the EE process, offering strategies for managing time, engaging with supervisors, and ensuring academic integrity. It has underscored the importance of original thought, the role of academic discipline, and the value of reflection, aiming to equip students with the tools they need to succeed in this rigorous academic endeavour.
The Extended Essay is a testament to your dedication, intellectual curiosity, and academic prowess. Embrace this opportunity to shine, to explore, and to make your mark on the world of knowledge.
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The IB extended essay is a paper of up to 4,000 words that is required for students enrolled in the International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program. The extended essay allows students to engage in independent research on a topic within one of the available subject areas.
The extended essay should be an original piece of academic writing that demonstrates the following student's abilities:
Formulating a research question
Conductig independent investigation
Presenting key findings in a scholarly format.
Check out this article by StudyCrumb to discover how to write an IB extendend essay properly. We will give you a complete writing guide and critical tips you need for this essay type.
IB Extended Essay: What Is It?
An extended essay is independent research. Usually students choose a topic in consultation with a mentor. It is an integral part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) degree program. This means that you won't receive a degree without a successfully written paper. It requires 4,000-word study on a chosen narrow topic. To get a high score, you should meet all required structure and formatting standards. This is the result of approximately 40 working hours. Its purpose is giving you the opportunity to try independent research writing. It's approved that these skills are critical for student success at university. The following sections explain how to write an extended article with examples. So keep reading!
Choosing a Mentor for Extended Essay
IB extended essay guidelines require supervisor meetings, totaling 3-5 hours. They include three critical reflections. A mentor won't write a paper instead of you but can help adjust it. So it is important to consult with them, but no one will proofread or correct actual research for you. In general, initially treat an essay as an exclusively individual work. So your role and contribution are maximal.
Extended Essay Outline
Let's take a look at how to write an extended essay outline. In this part, you organize yourself so that your work develops your idea. So we especially recommend you work out this step with your teacher. You can also find any outline example for essay . In your short sketch, plan a roadmap for your thoughts. Think through and prepare a summary of each paragraph. Then, expand annotation of each section with a couple more supporting evidence. Explain how specific examples illustrate key points. Make it more significant by using different opinions on general issues.
Extended Essay: Getting Started
After you chose an extended essay topic and made an outline, it's time to start your research. Start with a complete Table of Contents and make a choice of a research question. Select the subject in which you feel most confident and which is most interesting for you. For example, if at school you are interested in natural science, focus on that. If you have difficulties choosing a research question, rely on our essay topic generator .
Extended Essay Introduction
In the introduction of an extended essay, present a thesis statement. But do it in such a way that your readers understand the importance of your research. State research question clearly. That is the central question that you are trying to answer while writing. Even your score depends on how you develop your particular research question. Therefore, it is essential to draw it up correctly. Gather all relevant information from relevant sources. Explain why this is worth exploring. Then provide a research plan, which you will disclose further.
Extended Essay Methodology
In accordance with extended essay guidelines, it's mandatory to choose and clearly state a methodological approach. So, it will be apparent to your examiner how you answered your research question. Include your collection methods and tools you use for collection and analysis. Your strategies can be experimental or descriptive, quantitative or qualitative. Research collection tools include observations, questionnaires, interviews, or background knowledge.
Extended Essay Main Body
Well, here we come to the most voluminous part of the extended essay for IB! In every essay body paragraph , you reveal your research question and discuss your topic. Provide all details of your academic study. But stay focused and do it without dubious ideas. Use different sources of information to provide supporting arguments and substantial evidence. This will impress professors. For this section, 3 main paragraphs are enough. Discuss each idea or argument in a separate paragraph. You can even use supporting quotes where appropriate. But don't overcomplicate. Make your extended essay easy to read and logical. It's critical to stay concise, so if you aren't sure how to make your text readable, use our tool to get a readbility test . Following the plan you outlined earlier is very important. Analyze each fact before including it in your writing. And don't write unnecessary information.
Extended Essay Conclusion
Now let's move on to the final part of IB extended essay guidelines. In conclusion, focus on summarizing the main points you have made. No new ideas or information can be introduced in this part. Use conclusion as your last chance to impress your readers. Reframe your own strong thesis. Here you must show all key points. Do not repeat absolutely every argument. Better try to make this part unique. This will show that you have a clear understanding of the topic you have chosen. And even more professional will be recommendations of new areas for future research. One good paragraph may be enough here. Although in some cases, two or three paragraphs may be required.
Extended Essay Bibliography & Appendices
To write an impressive extended essay, you should focus on appropriate information. You must create a separate page for bibliography with all sources you used. Tip from us: start writing this page with the first quote you use. Don't write this part last or postpone. In turn, appendices are not an essential section. Examiners will not pay much attention to this part. Therefore, include all information directly related to analysis and argumentation in the main body. Include raw data in the appendix only if it is really urgently needed. Moreover, it is better not to refer to appendices in text itself. This can disrupt the narrative of the essay.
Extended Essay Examples
We have prepared a good example of an extended essay. You can check it by downloading it for free. You can use it as a template. However, pay attention that your paper is required to be unique. Don't be afraid to present all the skills you gained during your IB.
Final Thoughts on IB Extended Essay
In this article, we presented detailed IB extended essay guidelines. An extended essay is a daunting academic challenge to write. It is a research paper with a deep thematic analysis of information. But we have described several practical and straightforward tips. Therefore, we are sure that you will succeed!
If topics seem too complex, turn to our top essay writers. They will accomplish any IB assignment in the best way your professor can evaluate it!
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expectations according to judith butler’s theory of performative gender, how does sylvia plath use esther's character in the novel, the bell jar to illustrate the journey into depression and the fragility of mental health, how does kanye west use religion in the songs black skinhead, i am a god, on sight and i’m in it from the album yeezus to defy racial dilemmas and limiting norms of the music industry through stylistic features, how ostracization of women is portrayed in lev tolstoy's anna karenina and nathaniel hawthorne's the scarlet letter, how does neal shusterman portray the difference between good and evil in scythe, how is the american dream reflected in the main characters of the great gatsby and what purpose do they serve in its critique, how does italo calvino's use of metafictional techniques, through language and structure in 'if on a winter’s night a traveler' affect reader engagement and their understanding of postmodern literature, to what extent have the styles of advertisements of coca-cola changed from the print culture of the 1950s in comparison to digitalised advertisements on instagram in the use of visuals and text to promote the product, how does eva khatchadourian’s narration in ‘we need to talk about kevin’ portray the unfair societal expectations of motherhood and its consequences, how does the rejection of religious expectations by esther greenwood in sylvia plath’s the bell jar reflect a broader critique of organized religion's role in shaping women's lives in the 1950s, how and to what effect do sylvia plath and charlotte perkins gilman reveal the theme of existential freedom in the bell jar and the yellow wallpaper, respectively, how does everything everywhere all at once explore the impact of generational trauma on the expression of individuality using stylistic devices, how are the revolutionaries and aristocracy of the french revolution characterised through shared symbolism in charles dickens’ a tale of two cities and baroness orzcy’s the scarlet pimpernel, to represent their differing social perceptions, how does carol ann duffy construct the female voice in “mrs. quasimodo”, “pilate’s wife”, and “medusa” in her anthology “the world’s wife”, how does je ffrey eugenides explore the theme of decay in the virgin suicides, how is visual imagery used to portray the black women experience in the poetry of audre lorde and maya angelou, how do symbolism and dystopian atmosphere communicate john wyndham’s fear in ‘the day of the triffids, how do martin luther king jr’s eulogy for the martyred children and queen elizabeth i’s speech at tilbury compare in the methods used to achieve their respective purposes, to what extent does the author’s perception of reality affect the portrayal of the american dream’s futility in death of a salesman and of mice and men, to what extent do the contrasting themes of feminism and power intersect throughout the literary texts of macbeth and the handmaid’s tale, how is art portrayed as a coping mechanism in emily st. john mandel’s station eleven, how does george r.r. martin use the characters sansa and arya stark to represent the outcomes of challenging or aligning with gender-based societal norms in westerosi society, gender: the skinning of identity how is the characterization of clarice and buffalo bill in “silence of the lambs” used to critique societal perspectives and expectations of gender identity, how and why do albert camus in the outsider and john barth in lost in the funhouse explore absurdist themes through characterization and narrative perspective to comment upon humans’ reactions to societal turning points, how and to what effect do patterns in speech and behavior demonstrate internalized misogyny in season 4 of bravo’s reality tv show the real housewives of beverly hills, how does the recurring motif of absence in integral traditional customs of society impact the treatment of morality in “oryx and crake”, how does lewis carroll portray the theme of growing up through the perspective of the child protagonist, alice, in through the looking-glass.
Extended Essay: Conducting Primary Research
Extended Essay- The Basics
Step 1. Choose a Subject
Step 2. Educate yourself!
Using Brainstorming and Mind Maps
Identify Keywords
Do Background Reading
Define Your Topic
Conduct Research in a Specific Discipline
Step 5. Draft a Research Question
Step 6. Create a Timeline
Find Articles
Find Primary Sources
Get Help from Experts
Search Engines, Repositories, & Directories
Databases and Websites by Subject Area
Create an Annotated Bibliography
Advice (and Warnings) from the IB
Chicago Citation Syle
MLA Works Cited & In-Text Citations
Step 9. Set Deadlines for Yourself
Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay
Evaluate & Select: the CRAAP Test
Conducting Secondary Research
Conducting Primary Research
Formal vs. Informal Writing
Presentation Requirements
Evaluating Your Work
Primary Research - a Definition
Primary research is the collecting of original data.
Not all subjects permit the use of primary methods as part of the research process for the EE, so it is important to carefully check your subject guidelines before starting.
On this page, you can find information on:
Primary Research - What is Its Purpose? Primary Research - Preparation Before You Begin Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Research Methods Considerations for Primary Research Ways That Primary Research Can Fail Video Tutorials
Primary Research - Purpose
After the literature review or secondary research is completed, you must analyze your findings and:
determine to what extent they answer your research question
find agreement between authors
find disagreement, where the evidence reveals differences in points of view or findings.
At this point you may decide to investigate further by carrying out your own primary research , in other words by collecting your own data .
You will have to choose a method or methods that are appropriate to the research question and commonly used in the particular Diploma Programme subject. NOTE: although the method may be appropriate for the subject, in the instance of the EE it may not be permitted, so check the subject guide!
Possible data collection methods include:
experiments
investigations
interviews
The details of how the data was collected are crucial to the validity of any argument based on the findings. You must put in the main body of your essay the details of any primary research you carry out. These include:
the methods used
the persons involved
how and why these were selected
the relevant results
any limitations and biases that may have influenced the results
Primary Research - Preparation Before You Begin
Students must follow the accepted process for carrying out their chosen method of research—how the data is recorded, analysed and presented. Otherwise, their data will have little value.
Students need to plan carefully how to carry out their research. In most cases, there will be only one opportunity to collect primary data from a particular source.
It is extremely important that students approach their research in an ethical and legal manner. See:
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative research follows a well-defined process that yields data that can be analyzed statistically. For example:
outcomes from experiments
data collected from surveys where responses involve closed or multiple-choice responses
Qualitative research collects information that may reflect opinions or personal perspectives on a particular situation. The data that is collected gives an overall impression and generally cannot be analyzed statistically. For example:
responses in interviews
open-ended questions in surveys
Videos: Primary Data, Conducting Surveys, Primary Research Methods
B2Bwhiteboard. What is primary data? 3 January 2012. YouTube, https://youtu.be/yZgCam-sjCw. Accessed January 2017.
Learn how to conduct an online survey. Topics include: Developing research questions; designing a good questionnaire; choosing the right online survey tool (Google Forms, Sosci Survey, Survey Monkey).
Ebster, Claus. How to conduct an online survey. 5 August 2014. YouTube, https://youtu.be/uTIWl76_klI. Accessed January 2017.
This video from Ivory Research provides information on the top 3 primary research methods for graduate students writing a dissertation - including questionnaires, interviews and focus groups: how to collect research and use it for maximum effectiveness.
IvoryResearch. Dissertation tutorial: Top 3 primary research methods. 12 August 2013. YouTube., https://youtu.be/_lR7oCjutZE. Accessed May 2015.
Research Methods
Experiments can be conducted and their data collected using systematic methods and well-defined processes. For example:
using the scientific method in conducting science experiments
simulating an experiment on using mobile phone technology to determine the location of a person.
Experiments usually involve quantitative processes to collect and analyze the resulting data.
Investigations
Types of investigation include:
photographs
historical documents
company policies
original art.
Investigations of original source material can reveal whether a particular situation exists or to what extent it does. Investigations can also extract and analyze data from original sources to demonstrate that a particular outcome does occur.
Interviews can be with one person or a small group, also called a focus group. Face-to-face interviews have the advantage of allowing the interviewer to ask follow-up questions during the interview.
face-to-face
by online chat
developing questions related to the research question and the findings from secondary research
doing a trial or test of the questions before the actual interview
deciding on the best methodology for conducting and recording the interview
making the purpose and use of the data collected well known in advance
in some cases, providing the interviewee with the questions in advance
assuring the anonymity of the interviewee if requested
Question design
Questions should be designed to elicit the responses required to help answer the overall research question.
Recording the interview
Another consideration is how to record the response. You must ask the permission of the interviewee if you wish to use any audio-visual equipment during an interview. Please note that electronic submissions are not acceptable, and so an example of a transcript will need to be attached in the appendix. Refer to the section of this guide on appendices for further information.
Surveys can be carried out:
using a printed form distributed to a defined group of people under controlled conditions
The researcher is better able to control who is responding to the questions when using paper surveys than online.
Successful surveys require:
knowing from the secondary research what areas need to be investigated
forming well-stated questions that yield data that can be analyzed
ttesting the questions before conducting the survey—this is called a pilot study
assuring anonymity as requested by the participants
conducting the survey and collecting the data in a well-defined manner
Quantitative vs qualitative data
To collect quantitative data the survey must ask closed or multiple-choice questions. These:
have a limited number of responses or
have scale choices or
require the respondent to prioritize items
To collect qualitative data , the survey must ask open-ended questions, which allow the respondents to write their own answer.
Sample size and selection
When collecting data from groups of people, you must make certain that:
the sample is large enough to generate meaningful data
it is clear how and why she or he selected the participants
Considerations for Primary Research
Whichever method is used, your primary research must be well structured and collect data relating to people, events or objects.
The data collected must be:
measurable or observable
Questions for you to consider are:
What do you want to find out from your primary research?
How will this relate to the findings from your secondary research?
How will the data collected relate to the research question you have posed?
What is the best method to collect relevant and reliable data and from where?
Are there any ethical or legal considerations to using a primary method that must be taken into account?
The analysis of primary research includes:
the analysis of the data collected
the connections you will make between the different sources of information used—for example, your secondary and primary research
You time should be spent researching:
what the different primary data collection methods are
how to use the different methods to obtain reliable results
how to use the results as evidence to support your essay’s argument.
Ways That Primary Research Can Fail
A badly designed or implemented experiment or investigation will lead to flawed results . The following list indicates some ways that primary research can fail.
The survey sample is too small or badly controlled so you cannot reach any conclusions relevant to the research question.
The survey/interview questions do not take proper account of the secondary research findings or the research question, and so do not lead to relevant conclusions.
using a recording device without the interviewee being aware that the interview was being recorded
taking photos in prohibited areas
downloading copyrighted music to demonstrate how it is done.
A student has used a research method that is not permitted or not appropriate for the subject in which they are submitting their EE.
Oral Test /Essay Type Test /Extended Response Type Test & Restricted
How to Answer Extended-Response or Essay Questions
Essay type test
Essay Type Tests : Types of Tests
Rules for Essay type Test items || Restricted Response Essay Items || Extended Response Essay items
Essay type test
VIDEO
Merits of Essay Type Test
What is Extended Essay? (Conclusion)
Essay Type Tests in English Language By Mr. Davinder Singh
Types of Essay
Essay Type Test : Meaning, Definition, Merits and Demerits // For all teaching subjects
Essay Type Test : Meaning, Definitions and Characteristics
COMMENTS
Extended essay
The extended essay is an independent, self-directed piece of research, finishing with a 4,000-word paper. One component of the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) core, the extended essay is mandatory for all students. Read about the extended essay in greater detail. You can also read about how the IB sets deadlines for ...
World Studies Extended Essay
A world studies extended essay must focus on a topic of global significance. This encourages the student to reflect on the world today in relation to issues such as the global food crisis, climate change, terrorism, energy security, migration, global health, technology and cultural exchange. The student should then explore how their chosen ...
The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, Ideas
Body of the essay. Conclusion. References and bibliography. Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories, or IB subject groups, which are as follows: Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature. Group 2: Language Acquisition. Group 3: Individuals and Societies. Group 4: Sciences.
IB EE examples for all subjects
High scoring IB Extended Essay examples for all subjects. See what past students did and make your EE perfect by learning from examiner commented examples! Exemplars. Review. Login. JOIN FOR FREE. ... How does the type of solvent (ethanol, propanone) and its solvent to water ratio (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% v/v) in the extraction of polyphenols ...
Tips for Creating and Scoring Essay Tests
Essay tests are useful for teachers when they want students to select, organize, analyze, synthesize, and/or evaluate information. In other words, they rely on the upper levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. There are two types of essay questions: restricted and extended response.
Essay Test: Types, Advantages and Limitations
1. It is relatively easier to prepare and administer a six-question extended- response essay test than to prepare and administer a comparable 60-item multiple-choice test items. 2. It is the only means that can assess an examinee's ability to organise and present his ideas in a logical and coherent fashion. 3.
Extended Essay Guide: Criteria, Format, Sample EEs
The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. To help achieve this, the following formatting is required:
Extended Essay (First Exams 2018): Examples of Extended Essays
The IBO publishes two volumes of 50 Excellent Extended Essays, covering all Diploma Programme groups -- and all scored a top A grade. Click on the link below to access PDFs of the essays. 50 Excellent Extended Essays; All 50 essays are also available in electronic form in the QD Library on the iPads. Look for the display at the circulation desk.
PDF Extended essay guide
The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. The use of word processors is encouraged. The length of the extended essay The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays. This upper limit includes the introduction, the body, the
Essay Test: The Ultimate Guide with The Best Strategies
Extended Response tests demand more comprehensive answers, allowing students to showcase their creativity and analytical skills. ... An essay test is a type of written examination that requires students to construct an essay response to one or more questions. It assesses the student's ability to analyze, synthesize, and present their ...
The Ultimate Essay Test Guide: Achieve Top Grades With Ease
Extended Response tests demand more comprehensive answers, allowing students to showcase their creativity and analytical skills. ... An essay test is a type of written examination that requires students to construct an essay response to one or more questions. It assesses the student's ability to analyze, synthesize, and present their ...
Improving Your Test Questions
An essay test item can be classified as either an extended-response essay item or a short-answer essay item. The latter calls for a more restricted or limited answer in terms of form or scope. An example of each type of essay item follows. Sample Extended-Response Essay Item
How an Extended Response Item Can Enhance Learning
By Melissa Kelly. Extended response items require essential critical thinking skills. An essay, in a sense, is a riddle that students can solve using prior knowledge, making connections, and drawing conclusions. This is an invaluable skill for any student to have. Those who can master it have a better chance of being successful academically.
Extended Essay: Extended Essay- The Basics
February - May, 2024. This timeline applies to students submitting Extended Essays or Senior Essays. Completion of an Extended Essay or Senior Essay is required for graduation from West Sound Academy. EE grade for Semester 2, 2022-2023, is ¼ credit Pass/Fail grade. February 2, 2024:
What Is An Extended Essay & How to Write It?
IB Extended Essay is a smaller beast considering that you give it enough time before it becomes more prominent. All you need to do is relax your mind, de-stress and follow a simple procedure explained further in the article. There is no need to panic. Trust us, listen to us, and be like us!
PDF Writing Better Essay Exams IDEA Paper #76 March 2019
for extended-response essay-test item design, implementation, and evaluation. A Few Definitions Before examining the creation and implementation of essay exams, it is worthwhile to clarify some important terms. There are two broad types of "essay" exam items (Clay, 2001; Nilson, 2017). Restricted-response, or short-answer, questions likely have
Extended Essay: Assessment
Assessment of the Extended Essay. The EE is an externally assessed component of the Diploma Programme, marked by an IB examiner. Examiners are unaware of any predicted grade that your supervisor gives to your essay. The examiners simply apply the assessment criteria based on the evidence in front of them—your work.
How To Write The Extended Essay (With Topics and Examples)
The Extended Essay has several key objectives: To provide students with the chance to engage in an in-depth study of a question of interest within a chosen subject. To develop research, thinking, self-management, and communication skills. To introduce students to the excitement and challenges of academic research.
Extended Essay: Step 5. Draft a Research Question
A guide to the research and writing process required for students completing the IB Extended Essay. Formulate a preliminary research question. Try to incorporate an IB command term in the research question if possible.
How to Write an Extended Essay • Structure + Examples
To write an impressive extended essay, you should focus on appropriate information. You must create a separate page for bibliography with all sources you used. Tip from us: start writing this page with the first quote you use. Don't write this part last or postpone. In turn, appendices are not an essential section.
IB English A (Lang & Lit) EE examples
EE English A (Lang & Lit) A. To what extent does the author's perception of reality affect the portrayal of the American dream's futility in Death of a Salesman and Of Mice and Men? EE English A (Lang & Lit) B. To what extent do the contrasting themes of feminism and power intersect throughout the literary texts of Macbeth and The Handmaid ...
Extended Essay: Conducting Primary Research
Primary research involves either quantitative or qualitative research methods. Quantitative research follows a well-defined process that yields data that can be analyzed statistically. For example: outcomes from experiments. data collected from surveys where responses involve closed or multiple-choice responses.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
The extended essay is an independent, self-directed piece of research, finishing with a 4,000-word paper. One component of the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) core, the extended essay is mandatory for all students. Read about the extended essay in greater detail. You can also read about how the IB sets deadlines for ...
A world studies extended essay must focus on a topic of global significance. This encourages the student to reflect on the world today in relation to issues such as the global food crisis, climate change, terrorism, energy security, migration, global health, technology and cultural exchange. The student should then explore how their chosen ...
Body of the essay. Conclusion. References and bibliography. Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories, or IB subject groups, which are as follows: Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature. Group 2: Language Acquisition. Group 3: Individuals and Societies. Group 4: Sciences.
High scoring IB Extended Essay examples for all subjects. See what past students did and make your EE perfect by learning from examiner commented examples! Exemplars. Review. Login. JOIN FOR FREE. ... How does the type of solvent (ethanol, propanone) and its solvent to water ratio (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% v/v) in the extraction of polyphenols ...
Essay tests are useful for teachers when they want students to select, organize, analyze, synthesize, and/or evaluate information. In other words, they rely on the upper levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. There are two types of essay questions: restricted and extended response.
1. It is relatively easier to prepare and administer a six-question extended- response essay test than to prepare and administer a comparable 60-item multiple-choice test items. 2. It is the only means that can assess an examinee's ability to organise and present his ideas in a logical and coherent fashion. 3.
The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. To help achieve this, the following formatting is required:
The IBO publishes two volumes of 50 Excellent Extended Essays, covering all Diploma Programme groups -- and all scored a top A grade. Click on the link below to access PDFs of the essays. 50 Excellent Extended Essays; All 50 essays are also available in electronic form in the QD Library on the iPads. Look for the display at the circulation desk.
The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. The use of word processors is encouraged. The length of the extended essay The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays. This upper limit includes the introduction, the body, the
Extended Response tests demand more comprehensive answers, allowing students to showcase their creativity and analytical skills. ... An essay test is a type of written examination that requires students to construct an essay response to one or more questions. It assesses the student's ability to analyze, synthesize, and present their ...
Extended Response tests demand more comprehensive answers, allowing students to showcase their creativity and analytical skills. ... An essay test is a type of written examination that requires students to construct an essay response to one or more questions. It assesses the student's ability to analyze, synthesize, and present their ...
An essay test item can be classified as either an extended-response essay item or a short-answer essay item. The latter calls for a more restricted or limited answer in terms of form or scope. An example of each type of essay item follows. Sample Extended-Response Essay Item
By Melissa Kelly. Extended response items require essential critical thinking skills. An essay, in a sense, is a riddle that students can solve using prior knowledge, making connections, and drawing conclusions. This is an invaluable skill for any student to have. Those who can master it have a better chance of being successful academically.
February - May, 2024. This timeline applies to students submitting Extended Essays or Senior Essays. Completion of an Extended Essay or Senior Essay is required for graduation from West Sound Academy. EE grade for Semester 2, 2022-2023, is ¼ credit Pass/Fail grade. February 2, 2024:
IB Extended Essay is a smaller beast considering that you give it enough time before it becomes more prominent. All you need to do is relax your mind, de-stress and follow a simple procedure explained further in the article. There is no need to panic. Trust us, listen to us, and be like us!
for extended-response essay-test item design, implementation, and evaluation. A Few Definitions Before examining the creation and implementation of essay exams, it is worthwhile to clarify some important terms. There are two broad types of "essay" exam items (Clay, 2001; Nilson, 2017). Restricted-response, or short-answer, questions likely have
Assessment of the Extended Essay. The EE is an externally assessed component of the Diploma Programme, marked by an IB examiner. Examiners are unaware of any predicted grade that your supervisor gives to your essay. The examiners simply apply the assessment criteria based on the evidence in front of them—your work.
The Extended Essay has several key objectives: To provide students with the chance to engage in an in-depth study of a question of interest within a chosen subject. To develop research, thinking, self-management, and communication skills. To introduce students to the excitement and challenges of academic research.
A guide to the research and writing process required for students completing the IB Extended Essay. Formulate a preliminary research question. Try to incorporate an IB command term in the research question if possible.
To write an impressive extended essay, you should focus on appropriate information. You must create a separate page for bibliography with all sources you used. Tip from us: start writing this page with the first quote you use. Don't write this part last or postpone. In turn, appendices are not an essential section.
EE English A (Lang & Lit) A. To what extent does the author's perception of reality affect the portrayal of the American dream's futility in Death of a Salesman and Of Mice and Men? EE English A (Lang & Lit) B. To what extent do the contrasting themes of feminism and power intersect throughout the literary texts of Macbeth and The Handmaid ...
Primary research involves either quantitative or qualitative research methods. Quantitative research follows a well-defined process that yields data that can be analyzed statistically. For example: outcomes from experiments. data collected from surveys where responses involve closed or multiple-choice responses.