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Tamil nadu state disaster management perspective plan 2018 - 2030.

The Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Perspective an 2018-2030 has accorded primacy to thepriorities enunciated in the Sendai Framework for risk reduction, Sustainable Development Goals,the Paris agreement on Climate Change agreement and the Hon’ble Prime Ministers 10 Point Agenda.The plan has been prepared, as per the Disaster Management Act 2005(Para 23 item 4) and alsorelied on the NDMA Guidelines on State Disaster Management Plan. The Plan was developed basedon an elaborate consultative process with the DDMAs, Departments of Government, civil societyand other multi-stakeholders.

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Climate risks and socio-economic vulnerability in Tamil Nadu, India

• Original Paper
• Published: 21 April 2021
• Volume 145 , pages 121–135, ( 2021 )

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• Anushiya Jeganathan   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4811-3325 1 ,
• Ramachandran Andimuthu 1 &
• Palanivelu Kandasamy 1  

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Climate risks, emerging threats to humanity, increase the level of disaster in many ways. A comprehensive understanding of climate risks and their impacts is a pre-requisite for developing suitable adaptation strategies toward sustainable development. This paper assessed the socio-economic vulnerability based on sustainable development goals (SDG) in the state of Tamil Nadu in the context of climate risks to comprehend the links between climate risks and the physical setting of Tamil Nadu, along with its capability to adapt. An indicator-based methodology of vulnerability assessment as per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was adopted to understand the links between the sensitivity of the state and its ability to cope and adapt. The climate extremities, which cause risks, were determined based on India Meteorological Department (IMD) norms. The indicators which directly or indirectly label specific/integrated goals of SDG were used as sensitivity and adaptive capacity indicators. Data from each district for all identified indicators were collected from authentic sources and categorized into four components: natural, social, economic, and infrastructure. The indicators were analyzed and weights were assigned to the indicators using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The district-wise vulnerability indices were calculated and categorized as natural vulnerability index (NVI), social vulnerability index (SVI), economic vulnerability index (EVI), infrastructure vulnerability index (IVI), and overall cumulative vulnerability index (CVI). The study revealed the significant contributing indicators of risk and the vulnerable districts of Tamil Nadu. Ariyalur was identified as the most vulnerable district due to its high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to climate risks. The other top vulnerable districts were Nagapattinam, Ramanathapuram, Thiruvarur, Thiruvallur, Thanjavur, Perambalur, Pudukottai, and Thiruvannamalai. The outcome of the study may be deliberated as an indicator of alarming socio-economic and infrastructural conditions of the districts and may help planners to prioritize their actions toward climate resilience.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wishes to acknowlede The Director, Depeartment of Environment, Government of Tamil Nadu for the support. The authors are thankful to all the data providers: State Planning Commission, Department of Economics and Statistics, Directorate of Family Welfare-Govt. of Tamil Nadu, Census of India, Forest survey of India-MoEF&CC, Health Management Information System-National Health Mission, Agriculture Census Division portal-National Information Centre, Government of India for making their data publically available and IMD Pune, Government of India for providing gridded data. The authors thank Mr. Sanjo Jose for his help in climate extremities work.

This work is supported by DST–SPLICE, Government of India (DST/SPLICE/CCP/NMSKCC/ PR-63/Tamil Nadu /2016(G) dated 09.11.2016) and Depertment of Environment , Government of Tamil Nadu.

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Jeganathan, A., Andimuthu, R. & Kandasamy, P. Climate risks and socio-economic vulnerability in Tamil Nadu, India. Theor Appl Climatol 145 , 121–135 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03595-z

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Received : 26 October 2020

Accepted : 15 March 2021

Published : 21 April 2021

Issue Date : July 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03595-z

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Geography Notes

Essay on disaster management: top 11 essays | geography.

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Disaster Management’ for class 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays ‘Disaster Management’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Disaster Management

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Awareness Programmes for Disaster Management

Essay # 1. Introduction to Disaster Management:

India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo- climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought.

In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters every year. The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has been astronomical. At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters.

Even as scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not decision. In fact, the human toll and economic losses have mounted. It was in this background that the Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990-2000 as the International Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict economic damage through concerted international action, especially in developing countries.

Over the past couple of years, the Government of India has brought about a paradigm shift in approach to disaster management. The new approach proceeds from the conviction that develop cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into the development process. Another stone of the approach is that mitigation has to be multi-disciplinary spanning across all sectors.

The new policy also emanates from the belief that investments in mitigation are much cost effective than expenditure on relief and rehabilitation. Disaster management occupies an important place in this country’s policy framework as it is poor and the under­privileged who are worst affected on account of calamities/disasters.

The steps being taken by the Government emanate from the approach outlined above. The app: has been translated into a National Disaster Framework [a roadmap] covering institutional mechanic; disaster prevention strategy, early warning system, disaster mitigation, preparedness and response human resource development.

The expected inputs, areas of intervention and agencies to be in at the national, state and district levels have been identified and listed in the roadmap. This road has been shared with all the State Governments and Union Territory Administrations.

Ministries Departments of Government of India, and the State Governments/UT Administrations have been develop their respective roadmaps taking the national roadmap as a broad guideline. There is, therefore: now a common strategy underpinning the action being taken by the entire participating organisation stakeholders.

The approach is being put into effect through:

1. Institutional changes

2. Enunciation of policy

3. Legal and techno-legal framework

4. Mainstreaming Mitigation into development process

5. Funding mechanism

6. Specific schemes addressing mitigation

7. Preparedness measures

8. Capacity building

9. Human resource development and, above all, community participation.

In India, the role of emergency management falls to National Disaster Management of India, a government agency subordinate to the Ministry of Home Affairs. In recent years, there has been a shift in emphasis, from response and recovery to strategic risk management and reduction, and from a government-centered approach to decentralized community participation.

Survey of India, an agency within the Ministry of Science and Technology, is also playing a role in this field, through bringing the academic knowledge and research expertise of earth scientists to the emergency management process.

Essay # 2. Meaning of Disaster Management:

Disaster management means a systematic response to a disaster. Earlier the approach to disaster was relief centric and was limited to providing relief to the disaster affected area. For the first time, the Tenth Five Year Plan devoted a chapter to disaster management. The approach subsequently changed and pre-empting the disaster, assessing disaster risk and taking preventive measures has also become a part of disaster management.

The Disaster Management Act was notified on 26th December, 2005 which defines disaster management as “a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences; capacity building; preparedness to deal with any disaster; prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; assessing the severity of magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief; and rehabilitation and reconstruction.”

The Act provided for a dedicated and institutionalized framework to coordinate various aspects of disaster management. A National Policy on Disaster Management, which provided detailed guidelines on disaster management, was announced in 2009.

Essay # 3. Institutions of Disaster Management:

The Disaster Management Act 2005 has provided the legal and institutional framework for disaster management in India at the national, state and district levels. In the federal policy of India the primary responsibility of disaster management vests with the State Governments.

The Central Government lays down policies and guidelines and provides technical, financial and logistic support while the district administration carries out most of the operations in collaboration with central and state level agencies.

In the Central Government there are existing institutions and mechanisms for disaster management while new dedicated institutions have been created under the Disaster Management Act of 2005.

The Cabinet Committee on Management of Natural Calamities (CCMNC) oversees all aspects relating to the management of natural calamities including assessment of the situation and identification of measures and programmes considered necessary to reduce its impact, monitor and suggest long term measures for prevention of such calamities, formulate and recommend programmes for public awareness for building up society’s resilience to them. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) deals with the matters relating to nuclear, biological and chemical emergencies.

The National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) under the Cabinet Secretary oversees the Command, Control and Coordination of the disaster response. The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has created new institutions at the national, state, district and local levels.

The new institutional framework for disaster management in the country is as under:

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister is the apex body responsible for laying down policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management and for coordinating their enforcement and implementation throughout the country.

The policies and guidelines will assist the Central Ministries, State Governments and district administration to formulate their respective plans and programmes. NDMA has the power to approve the National Plans and the Plans of the respective Ministries and Departments of Government of India. The general superintendence, direction and control of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are vested in and will be exercised by the NDMA.

The National Executive Committee (NEC) is mandated to assist the NDMA in the discharge of its functions and further ensure compliance of the directions issued by the Central Government. The NEC comprises of the Union Home Secretary as the Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the GOI in the Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, Finance (Expenditure), Health, Power, Rural Development, Science and Technology, Space, Telecommunications, Urban Development, Water Resources and the Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee as members.

Secretaries in the Ministry of External Affairs, Earth Sciences, Human Resource Development, Mines, Shipping, Road Transport and Highways and Secretary, NDMA are special invitees to the meetings of the NEC. The National Executive Committee is responsible to prepare the National Plan and coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy and the guidelines issued by NDMA.

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in the Central Government has the overall responsibility for disaster management in the country.

For a few specific types of disasters the concerned Ministries have the nodal responsibilities for management of the disasters, as under:

The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has the mandate for human resource development and capacity building for disaster management within the broad policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA. NIDM is required to design, develop and implement training programmes, undertake research, formulate and implement a comprehensive human resource development plan, provide assistance in national policy formulation, assist other research and training institutes, state governments and other organizations for successfully discharging their responsibilities, develop educational materials for dissemination and promote awareness among stakeholders in addition to undertake any other function as assigned to it by the Central Government.

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is the specialized force for disaster response which works under the overall supervision and control of the NDMA.

At the State Level the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), headed by the Chief Minister, lays down policies and plans for disaster management in the state. It is also responsible to coordinate the implementation of the State Plan, recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the developmental plans of the different departments of the state to ensure integration of prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures.

The State Disaster Management Department (DMD) which is mostly positioned in the Revenue and Relief Department is the nodal authority.

In the district level the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) is headed by the District Magistrate, with the elected representative of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. DDMA is the planning, coordinating and implementing body for disaster management at district level. It will, inter alia prepare the District Disaster Management Plan and monitor the implementation of the National and State Policies and the National, State and the District Plans.

DDMA will also ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all departments of the State Government at the district level and the local authorities in the district.

The Local Authorities both the rural local self-governing institutions (Panchayati Raj Institutions) and urban local bodies (Municipalities, Cantonment Boards and Town Planning Authorities) These bodies will ensure capacity building of their officers and employees for managing disasters, carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in the affected areas and will prepare DM Plans in consonance with guidelines of the NDMA, SDMAs and DDMAs.

Disaster Management Act (2005):

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 came into the statute book on 26 December, 2005 by a Gazette notification, exactly on the first anniversary of the devastating tsunami of 2004, which killed nearly 13,000 people in India alone and affected 18 million people. The Act provides a legal and institutional framework for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.”

It provides for establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA) at the National, State and District levels with adequate financial and administrative powers and creation of the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) with the mandate of undertaking training and capacity building, Develop Training Modules on various aspects of disaster management, Undertake Research and Documentation, Formulate and implement comprehensive HRD Plan covering all aspects of DM, Provide assistance in national level policy formulation and Provide assistance to state governments and State Training Institutions.

The act also provides guidelines for creation of National Disaster Response Fund, National Mitigation Fund, Establishment of funds by State Government and Allocation of funds by Ministries and Departments for Emergency Procurement. The act also provides for establishment of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).

National Policy on Disaster Management in 2009 :

The National Policy on Disaster Management was approved by the Government in November 2009. This comprehensive policy document lays down policies on every aspect of holistic management of disasters in the country.

The policy has thirteen chapters as under:

1. Preamble

2. Approach and Objectives

3. Institutional and Legal Arrangements

4. Financial Arrangements

5. Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness

6. Techno-Legal Regime

7. Response

8. Relief and Rehabilitation

9. Reconstruction and recovery

10. Capacity development

11. Knowledge management

12. Research and development

13. Road ahead

Salient Features of India’s National Policy on Disaster Management:

India’s National Policy on Disaster Management was approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 22nd October, 2009 with the aim to minimize the losses to lives, livelihoods and property, caused by natural or manmade disasters with a vision to build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive, integrated, Multi-disaster oriented and technology driven strategy.

With this national policy in place in India, a holistic and integrated approach will be evolved towards disaster management with emphasis on building strategic partnerships at various levels. The themes underpinning the policy include Community based Disaster Management, Capacity development in all spheres, Consolidation of past initiatives and best practices and Cooperation with agencies at national and international levels with multi-sectoral synergy.

The Policy is also intended to promote a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through knowledge, innovation and education. It encourages mitigation measures based on environmental sustainability. It seeks to mainstream disaster management into the developmental planning process and provides for institutional and financial arrangements at national, state, and district-levels for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and Response as it ensures adequate budgeting for disaster mitigation activities in all Ministries and Departments.

I. State Policies on Disaster Management:

The States of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala have formulated State Disaster Management Policies. Tamil Nadu, Chattisgarh, Uttrakhand, Meghalaya, Bihar, Rajasthan, Delhi, Orissa and West Bengal have prepared draft policies.

II. State Relief Codes/DM Codes:

Many States have manuals and codes for management of drought, floods etc. Now many states are in the process of changing their State Relief codes into Disaster Management Manuals.

Essay # 4. Disaster Management Cycle:

Earthquakes, landslides, floods, hurricanes, famines typhoons, and other disasters affect millions of people and cause a lot of financial loss to the nation every year. Many of these events are impossible to predict precisely, but with the disaster response community has a variety of tools that can employ to reduce thereafter effects.

The community understands these tools as arrayed across a “disaster management cycle” that includes work from prevention efforts all the way through long-term recovery and “building back better.”

The disaster management cycle includes several phases:

1. Mitigation:

Disaster mitigation work involves directly preventing future emergencies and/or minimizing their negative effects. It requires hazard risk analysis and the application of strategies to reduce the likelihood that hazards will become disasters, such as flood-proofing homes or buying insurance.

2. Preparedness:

Disaster preparedness efforts include plans or preparations made in advance of an emergency that help individuals and communities get ready. Such preparations might include the stocking of food and water, medicine, or the gathering and screening of willing volunteers.

3. Response:

Disaster response work includes any actions taken in the midst of or immediately following an emergency, including efforts to save lives and to prevent further property damage. Ideally, disaster response involves putting already established disaster preparedness plans into motion. Typically, this phase of the disaster life cycle draws the most attention.

4. Recovery:

Disaster recovery happens after damages have been assessed, and involves actions to return the affected community to its pre-disaster state or better-and ideally to make it less vulnerable to future risk. Risk identification includes understanding the nature of hazards as well as understanding the nature of vulnerabilities. Subsequent efforts may range from physical upgrades to education, training, and public awareness campaigns.

Essay # 5. Plan Preparation for Disaster Management:

Programme staff has selected 100 villagers (including women) who will be given intensive disaster management training. This will include preparation for post-earthquake, cyclone and fire situations. The objective of the programme is to help build up, within a short period of time, a mechanism that can respond to natural calamities and help save lives.

Results of the training should include better coordination with relief and rescue efforts of the government and humanitarian agencies so as to avoid the common mismanagement that often hampers relief operations following natural disasters.

By prioritising measures for vulnerability reduction in a transparent, accountable and inclusive way, the programme aims to shape future disaster response and related development projects in other areas of Gujarat, as well as in other drought prone states.

Disaster Contingency Plan Preparation :

A good disaster contingency plan consists of organizing resources, assessing risks, developing a plan, implementing the plan and monitoring it. The plan is a constantly changing document. The plan needs to be flexible because communities and resources change over time.

The goal of the plan is to reduce or eliminate the loss of life. The plan strives to do the same for property damage resulting from natural hazards. Understand that your plan might be different for different types of emergencies.

You would respond differently to a house fire than you would a state emergency for disaster:

1. Organize your resources. Take an inventory of resources that would be needed and available in the event of various emergencies. Resources can be other people as well as organizations. Create an emergency list of contacts. Be sure to include area codes, especially if you have younger children. Create an inventory of household items and family assets. Keep it in a water and fire-proof safe.

2. Assess your risks. Determine the potential problems in your household and in your community. Include tornadoes or wind storms in your plan if you live in an area prone to these meteorological events.

3. Develop a plan and set priorities. Make an evacuation map of your house. Include each room and possible escape routes from each room. Consider where your family would meet if a disaster happened while your children were at school and you were at work. Learn how to turn off your utilities. Include your pets in your planning.

4. Implement the plan and monitor its progress. Hold regular drills at home. Make sure everyone knows where to go and what to do in an emergency.

5. Make an emergency kit. Include blankets, food and snacks high in protein, water, a flashlight and batteries. The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency also recommends a first aid kit, extra clothes, a tool kit, duct tape, a towline, a utility knife, and extra medication if applicable.

Disaster Management Plan Preparation :

The preparation of plans must fulfill the statutory requirements as laid down in the Disaster Management Act and must ensure that efforts have been made by the department to fulfill statutory duties-failure of which invites stringent liabilities including criminal proceedings by the law of the State.

This planning exercise is an effort made to mainstream all issues concerned with emergency preparedness, response and mitigation/risk reduction activities.

The department should include the following components in the department plan:

1. Planning on emergency response at all levels.

2. Planning on providing relief and recovery support (post-disaster).

3. Planning on prevention and mitigation issues (including mainstreaming mitigation into the development)

4. Programmes supported by schemes financed by the state government (multilateral bilateral and donor institutions).

5. Planning for resources such as financial and human resource to fulfill the above three components.

The roles and responsibilities (in fulfilling the above four components) of all the actors and agencies within the department should be clearly spelt out in the plan. This will avoid ambiguity and confusion while executing the plan in the times of crisis. Thus, the roles and responsibilities under the above listed heads/sections should be prepared and the responsibilities assigned.

Department plan must clearly identify and assess the current capacity of the department. In other words, the department assess the availability of human resources/manpower, equipment, need for training and further capacity building through human resource development plan. In addition, existing resource allocation by the department on disaster management functions and requirements of additional funds for a minimum period of next three years must be indicated in the plan.

Essay # 6. Principles of Disaster Management:

The principles of disaster management are:

1. Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government. No single service or department in itself has the capability to achieve comprehensive disaster management. Each affected service or department must have a disaster management plan which is coordinated through the Disaster Management Advisory Forum.

2. Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose. There are limited resources available specifically for disasters, and it would be neither cost effective nor practical to have large holdings of dedicated disaster resources. However, municipalities must ensure that there is a minimum budget allocation to enable appropriate response to incidents as they arise, and to prepare for and reduce the risk of disasters occurring.

3. Organisations should function as an extension of their core business. Disaster management is about the use of resources in the most effective manner. To achieve this during disasters, organisations should be employed in a manner that reflects their day-to-day role. But it should be done in a coordinated manner across all relevant organisations, so that it is multidisciplinary and multi-agency.

4. Individuals are responsible for their own safety. Individuals need to be aware of the hazards that could affect their community and the counter measures, which include the Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that are in place to deal with them.

5. Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events. It is easier to scale down a response than it is to scale up if arrangements have been based on incident scale events. If you are well prepared for a major disaster you will be able to respond very well to smaller incidents and emergencies, nevertheless, good multi agency responses to incidents do help in the event of a major disaster.

6. Disaster management planning should recognise the difference between incidents and disasters. Incidents, e.g., fires that occur in informal settlements, floods that occur regularly, still require multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional coordination. The scale of the disaster will indicate when it is beyond the capacity of the municipality to respond, and when it needs the involvement of other agencies.

7. Disaster management operational arrangements are additional to and do not replace incident management operational arrangements. Single service incident management operational arrangements will need to continue, whenever practical, during disaster operations.

8. Disaster management planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population. The physical shape and size of the Municipality and the spread of population must be considered when developing counter disaster plans to ensure that appropriate prevention, preparation, response and recovery mechanisms can be put in place in a timely manner.

9. Disaster management arrangements must recognize the involvement and potential role of non-government agencies. Significant skills and resources needed during disaster operations are controlled by non-government agencies. These agencies must be consulted and included in the planning process.

Goal of Disaster Management:

1. Reduce or avoid losses from hazards

2. Assure prompt assistance to victims

3. Achieve rapid and effective recovers. 

Essay # 7. Financial Agreements for Disaster Management:

Financing of Relief Expenditures :

The policy arrangements for meeting relief expenditure related to natural disasters are, by and large, based on the recommendations of successive finance commissions. The two main windows presently open for meeting such expenditures are the Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) and National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF). The Calamity Relief Fund is used for meeting the expenditure for providing immediate relief to the victims of cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm.

Expenditure on restoration of damaged capital works should ordinarily be met from the normal budgetary heads, except when it is to be incurred as part of providing immediate relief, such as restoration of drinking water sources or provision of shelters etc., or restoration of communication links for facilitating relief operations.

The amount of annual contribution to the CRF of each State for each of the financial years 2000-01 to 2004-05 is as indicated by the Finance Commission. Of the total contribution indicated, the Government of India contributes 75 per cent of the total yearly allocation in the form of a non-plan grant, and the balance amount is contributed by the State Government concerned. A total of Rs.11,007.59 crore was provided for the Calamity Relief Fund from 2000-05.

Pursuant to the recommendations of the Eleventh Finance Commission, apart from the CRF, a National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) Scheme came into force with effect from the financial year 2000-01 and would be operative till the end of the financial year 2004-05.

NCCF is intended to cover natural calamities like cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood and hailstorm, which are considered to be of severe nature requiring expenditure by the State Government in excess of the balances available in its own Calamity Relief Fund.

The assistance from NCCF is available only for immediate relief and rehabilitation. Any reconstruction of assets or restoration of damaged capital should be financed through re-allocation of Plan funds. There is need for defining the arrangements in this regard.

The initial corpus of the National Fund is Rs.500 crore, provided by the Government of India. This fund is required to be recouped by levy of special surcharge for a limited period on central taxes. An amount of about Rs.2,300 crore has already been released to States from NCCF. A list of items and norms of expenditure for assistance chargeable to CRF/NCCF in the wake of natural calamities is prescribed in detail from time to time.

Financing of Disaster Management through Five Year Plans :

Although not specifically addressed in Five Year Plan documents in the past, the Government of India has a long history of using funds from the Plan for mitigating natural disasters. Funds are 11 provided under plan schemes i.e., various schemes of Government of India, such as for drinking water, employment generation, inputs for agriculture and flood control measures etc.

There are also facilities for rescheduling short-term loans taken for agriculture purposes upon certification by the District/ State administration. Central Government’s assets/ infrastructure are to be repaired/rectified by the respective Ministry/Department of Government of India.

Besides this, at the occurrence of a calamity of great magnitude, funds flow from donors, both local and international, for relief and rehabilitation, and in few cases for long- term preparedness/preventive measures. Funds for the latter purposes are also available from multilateral funding agencies such as the World Bank. These form part of the state.

There are also a number of important ongoing schemes that specifically help reduce disaster vulnerability.

Some of these are:

a. Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP),

b. Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP),

c. Desert Development Programme (DDP),

d. Flood Control Programme,

e. National Afforestation and Eco-development Programme (NA & ED),

f. Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP),

g. Crop Insurance, Sampurn Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY),

h. Food for Work etc.

Initiatives Proposed by Various Bodies Regarding Financing under the Plan :

References have recently been made to the role of the Plan in disaster management by the High Power Committee (HPC) on Disaster Management, as well as by the Eleventh Finance Commission. The HPC was constituted in 1999 and submitted its Report in October 2001. The HPC took an overview of all recent disasters (natural as well as manmade) in the country and identified common response and preparedness mechanisms on the basis of a series of consultations with a number of government, non-government, national and international agencies and media organisations.

An important recommendation of the Committee was that at least 10 per cent of plan funds at the national, state and district levels be earmarked and apportioned for schemes which specifically address areas such as prevention, reduction, preparedness and mitigation of disasters.

The Eleventh Finance Commission too paid detailed attention to the issue of disaster management and, in its chapter on calamity relief, came out with a number of recommendations, of which the following have a direct bearing on the Plan:

1. Expenditure on restoration of infrastructure and other capital assets, except those that are intrinsically connected with relief operations and connectivity with the affected area and population, should be met from the plan funds on priority basis.

2. Medium and long-term measures be devised by the concerned Ministries of the Government of India, the State Governments and the Planning Commission to reduce, and if possible, eliminate, the occurrences of these calamities by undertaking developmental works.

3. The Planning Commission, in consultation with the State Governments and concerned Ministries, should be able to identify works of a capital nature to prevent the recurrence of specific calamities. These works may be funded under the Plan.

Essay # 8. Challenges in Disaster Management:

Logistics and supply chain management underpin responses to humanitarian crises. Disaster management cannot be handled by single agency.

Following are the real factors that affect the most in any location:

1. Reconstruction challenges

2. De-forestation

3. Climate change

4. Geographical locations

5. Speed of delivery

6. Movement of people from disastrous zones

7. Influx of humanitarian staff

8. Gaps in NGO capacity

9. Funding biasness

10. Lack of depth in knowledge

11. Lack of investment in technology and communication

Essay # 9. Role of Indian Armed Forces and Government in Disaster Management:

Role of Indian Armed Forces in Disaster Management:

Whenever a disaster strikes, either it is natural or man-made, the Indian armed forces are called upon to handle the situation. They are always ready to move to any kind of disaster- affected areas and have the guts to work under adverse conditions.

India is one of the most vulnerable nations in the world, susceptible to multiple natural disasters owing to its unique topographic and climatic conditions. Its coastal states, particularly the eastern coast and Gujarat are exposed to cyclones, 40 million hectares (eight per cent) of land mass is flood prone, 68 per cent faces drought threat, 55 per cent of the area is in seismic zones III-IV and falls under earthquakes-prone belt and sub-Himalayan region and Western Ghats are threatened by landslides.

Moreover, India is increasingly getting susceptible to man-made disasters related to industrialization, transportation, environmental degradation and terrorist attacks. Besides, there is no legal ratification either at the Union or the state governments level to deal with such disasters in comprehensive manner as the subject of disaster management is not specified under any of the three lists (Central, state and concurrent) of Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

The government of India is aware of the urgent need for better disaster response mechanism, but the overall trend in the nation has indicated that the level of preparedness of the Centre as well as the states is extremely uneven and requires considerable strengthening.

Fortunately, the Centre and a number of states have displayed growing appreciation for the need of effective disaster management strategies. Of late, the nodal agency for coordination of relief, response and overall natural disaster management is positioned under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.

However, when any disaster occurs in India, the armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are called upon to intervene and handle the situation. As the development oriented Indian Civil Administration is ill equipped for undertaking disaster response activities in the event of major disasters, they merely rely on the armed forces.

At the same time, the Indian armed forces, being one of the most dedicated, professional, modernised armed forces in the world with rapid strides in technology development, adequately equipped with the necessary technical competence, man power and material resources undertakes rescue and relief operations of any disasters.

For instance, when tsunami occurred in December 2004, the Indian army, navy and the air force coordinated by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) efficiently executed the relief, rescue and evacuation assignments under Operation Sea Wave, and also extended aid to Sri Lanka and Maldives under Operation Rainbow and Operation Castor at the request of their respective governments for assistance.

Whether the Kashmir earthquake of 2005, the cyclone in Bangladesh on 15 November, 2007, the fire breakout at Burrabazar in Kolkata on January 12, 2008, or the recent serial blasts at Bangalore and Ahmedabad on July 2008, the role played by the Indian armed forces is commendable.

Above and beyond its primary role, i.e., to defend the nation against any external aggression the Indian armed forces are inevitably involved in securing the country from diverse unconventional fronts. They are always in the state of operational readiness to move to any kind of disaster-affected areas and have the daring to work under adverse ground and climatic conditions, which is of immense help in assisting the civil authority during disasters.

Their performance in rescue and response action after disasters has been exemplary and with the ever increasing frequency of disasters in the South Asian region, they will continue to play a vital role in the years to come.

Furthermore, in spite of the disaster rescue and relief responsibilities, there is need for decisive modus operandi for operational coordination between the civil administration and the armed forces. Since, the armed forces’ effective response depends on immediate information made available by the state administration, delay in information has often caused loss of precious time due to lack of proper communication and coordination with the civil authority and concern for loss of lives. In this regard, the state institutions must appreciate the operational line of action in which the armed forces function.

The armed forces professional ethics are autonomous in character and do not encourage civil interference. At the same time, the armed forces need to acknowledge that the source of primary information for disaster response lies with the state.

As disaster management plan should incorporate the role expected of the armed forces so that the procedure for deploying them is well-organized, there is a need to encompass an interface personnel correlation between the state government and the armed forces for immediate effective delivery of relief to the victims affected by disasters.

Role of Government in Disaster Management:

i. Funding Mechanisms:

The policy and the funding mechanism for provision of relief assistance to those affected by natural calamities is clearly laid down. These are reviewed by the Finance Commission appointed by the Government of India every five years. The Finance Commission makes recommendation regarding the division of tax and non-tax revenues between the Central and the State Governments and also regarding policy for provision of relief assistance and the share of expenditure thereon.

A Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) has been set up in each State as per the recommendations of the Eleventh Finance Commission. The size of the Calamity Relief Fund has been fixed by the Finance Commission after taking into account the expenditure on relief and rehabilitation over the past 10 years.

The Government of India contributes 75% of the corpus of the Calamity Relief Fund in each State. 25% is contributed by the State. The requirement of funds for response and relief is met from the CRF. Overall norms for relief assistance are laid down by a national committee with representatives of States as members.

Different States can have State-specific norms to be recommended by State level committee under the Chief Secretary. Where the calamity is of such proportion that the funds available in the CRF will not be sufficient for provision of relief, the State seeks assistance from the National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF).

When such requests are received, the requirements are assessed by a team from the Central Government and thereafter the assessed requirements are assessed by a Central team and thereafter the requirements are placed before an Inter-Ministerial Group chaired by the Home Secretary.

A High Level Committee chaired by the Home Minister with the Agriculture Minister, Finance Minister and the Deputy Chairman Planning Commission take decision regarding the release of assistance from the NCCF based on the report of the Central Team and the recommendations of the IMG thereon. In brief, the institutional arrangements for response and relief are well established and have proved to be robust and effective.

ii. Role of Central Government :

At the national level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry for all matters concerning disaster management except drought, which continues to be handled by the Ministry of Agriculture. The Central Relief Commissioner (CRC) in the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal officer for coordinating relief assistance for the natural and manmade disasters.

The CRC receives information relating to forecasting/warning of a natural calamity from India Meteorological Department (IMD) or from Central Water Commission of Ministry of Water Resources on a continuing basis. These forecasts are also concurrently passed on to the State by the Agencies responsible for early warning.

Whenever assistance is required by the States for handling a natural calamity, the assistance is coordinated by the Ministry of Home Affairs. Nodal Officers have been appointed in each Ministry/Department responsible for emergency support functions in the event of a disaster. The Central Relief Commissioner coordinates with the Nodal Officers to ensure that the requisite assistance is made available to the State.

Essay # 10. National Policy on Disaster Mana gement:

Despite the fact that we lose thousands of lives and property worth thousands of crores each year in disasters, we have not had a National Policy on Disaster Management. Where a number of Ministries or where a broad segment of Government is involved; it is useful to have a National Policy as it serves as a framework for action by all the relevant Ministries/ Departments. A National Policy on Disaster Management has been drafted. In line with the changed focus, the policy proposes to integrate disaster mitigation into developmental planning.

Institutional Changes :

The primary objective is to change the focus from relief and rehabilitation to mitigation and preparedness. MHA is working towards putting in place institutions which will reflect this holistic approach. The States have been advised (HS had written to all Chief Secretaries and the former Dy.

Prime Minister has also written to all Chief Ministers in this regard) to convert their Departments of Relief and Rehabilitation into Department of Disaster Management. 10 States/UTs: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar Administration and Lakshadweep have already acted on this.

The exercise of reducing vulnerabilities of mitigation or of preparedness or in fact of response is multi-disciplinary. It involves a number of Ministries/ Departments. Unfortunately, till date all Departments have had the feeling that disaster management/response is the responsibility of the Department of Relief and Rehabilitation alone.

The States have, therefore, been advised to set up Disaster Management Authorities under the Chief Minister with the Ministers of Water Resources, Agriculture, Home, Health, PWD, Animal Husbandry, Urban Development and other Ministers who may be relevant as members. 11 States and UTs: Tamil Nadu, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Orissa, Gujarat, Kerala, Nagaland, Delhi, Goa, A&N administration and Chandigarh Administration have notified the authority.

The other States are in the process of setting up similar authorities. At the National level, a National Emergency Management Agency is being set up. The proposal for setting up NEMA and building up specialised capabilities was considered by the Committee of Secretaries (COS) on 21st April, 2004. Based on the recommendations of the COS, the Note for the Empowered Group of Ministers on Disaster Management is being revised for submission to Home Minister for approval.

Disaster Management Codes :

In line with the changed approach, we are converting the Relief Codes into Disaster Management Codes by building into it the process necessary for drawing up disaster management and mitigation plans as well as elements of preparedness apart from response and relief. A Committee constituted under the Executive Director, National Institute of Disaster Management is expected to submit the draft to the Ministry by 30th June, 2004.

Essay # 11. Awareness Programmes for Disaster Management:

i. School Safety Programme :

An Initiative under Govt of India (GOI) and UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme:

The School Safety Programme under the GOI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme essentially targets in promoting a culture of safety in school and draw in the commitment of providing safe learning environment for children and education professionals.

Primary strategies are to help inform, persuade, and integrate the issues of safety to create safe schools, while the goal of the programme is to promote a culture of disaster preparedness in the school community. The objective is to sensitize children and the school community on issues of disaster preparedness and safety measures and to motivate key stakeholders through direct participation in activities that would foster towards a disaster resilient community.

The School Safety Programme includes a series of ongoing activity. Following is the list of activity undertaken to create safe schools — placing of school safety in the education agenda —awareness raising, education, training and capacity building of the Government Officials, Educational Administrators, Teachers.

Students, Engineers, Masons, parents and community — development of School Disaster Management Plan / building level emergency response plan and practicing through mock drills — structural and non-structural mitigation (incorporate structural safety parameters into the new constructions) knowledge networking and capacity building of the institutions to address the challenge.

The programme is spearheaded by the School Safety Advisory Committee/ School Disaster Management Committee supported by representatives from all sections of the school community Educational Administrators, School Administrators, Emergency officials, Civil Defence, Engineering / Public Works Department, Local Administration Officials, Health and Emergency Response Officials and the local community.

The implementation framework and the programme strategies have been highlighted in the School Safety Handbook. The programme draws in key risk reduction elements and it encompasses-preparedness and mitigation measures.

ii. Safety Awareness Programs:

Objectives:

The purpose of Safety Awareness Programs is to promote interest, increase safety awareness, and gain acceptance of safe work practices. The aim is to secure maximum employee participation through the effective use of media and individual or group recognition. The cooperation of the local safety and health committee in the promotion of safety is to be encouraged.

Local Needs :

Effective promotional programs must be based on a thorough study of local needs. Accurate planning and analysis are essential to achieve program objectives.

Districts, plants, and other installations should procure or develop and distribute posters, publications, films, bulletins, pamphlets, newsletters, displays, etc., based on current and projected accident trends. The display of safety posters distributed by Headquarters must be kept current. Budgeting for safety promotional needs must be included in program planning.

Implementing 7 Steps to School Safety:

1. Develop and equitably enforce a Code of Conduct for the district and building :

School district must have a Code of Conduct that is updated annually. Students and parents are all given a copy of this booklet at the beginning of the year. Additionally, the assistant principal also reviews the contents of the code of conduct in an assembly with students at the beginning of the year.

Students and parents are required to sign and return a form acknowledging the understanding of its contents as well. Teachers are also given training during staff development on the proper procedures for filling out referral forms for breaches of the code of conduct and for the proper protocol for handling classroom removals.

2. Develop district safety plans and building emergency response plans to deal with serious situations and conduct drills, table tops and functional exercises to increase the level of preparedness. School regularly holds practice drills to ensure that students and staff are familiar with the proper procedures and protocols for emergency situations. Substitute folders are also equip with information and protocols for handling emergency situations for whenever there is a substitute teacher in the building.

3. Personalize the school environment:

School personalized its environment by having students in the school Tech class build “Help Boxes”. These colorful boxes have been placed throughout the school building. Students can fill out an anonymous “help slip” if they have a problem that they need help with and drop it in the locked box.

If the student chooses to include their name, one of the school counselors will address the issue with them discreetly. Anonymous issues are usually read aloud during the morning announcements, and a suggestion for handling the issue is offered by the principal.

4. Analyze Violent and Disruptive Incident Reports (VADIR) and other student conduct data to provide information regarding pockets of concern that require attention and program strengths that could be replicated. As mandated reporters to this system, our district has a SAVE team that meets regularly to address these reports. Data from these reports issued to help revise and update our district annual Code of Conduct.

5. Implement programs and activities that have a proven record of achieving positive results; Evaluate programs periodically for their effectiveness and potential improvement. District has annually provided an after school program for students. This program provides homework help as well as elective type courses where students can engage in activities that are of interest to them.

Additionally, city also has two other community based programs affiliated with the district where students can go for after school support. Finally, local library also has a homework help program for elementary students. For two hours after school daily, these students can simply drop by with their homework and receive assistance from certified teachers for free.

6. Actively involve and engage parents and other community members in addressing issues and concerns. School must maintain a policy of communicating with parents whenever there is an incident of misconduct. Teachers are required to inform parents via phone or email communication whenever there is an incident of concern in the classroom. Administrators also actively contact parents whenever a referral is issued. Additionally, the district also has attendance teachers that specifically address attendance and truancy issues.

7. Make sure students, teachers, parents, administrators, and other school staffs are aware of warning signs of violence and the need to communicate to others.

Warning signs of youth violence that have been seen as an educator include:

1. Anger and aggression toward other students and adults

2. Isolating oneself from friends and loved ones

3. Arguing with group members during paired group activities

4. Complaints from other students about behaviour or language

5. Bullying behaviors

6. Attempting to justify violence as rough “horseplay”

7. Students bullying their parents or sibling in the home environment

8. Signs of gang affiliation

9. Frequent bruises or disheveled appearance

10. Long sleeves, coats during hot weather could be signs of a self-mutilator (cutting on various parts of the body). 

Related Articles:

• Institutional Framework of Disaster Management in India | Geography
• Phases of Disaster Management Cycle (With Diagram) | Disaster Management
• National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) | India | Disaster Management
• Role of Various Agencies in Disaster Management | India

Essay , Geography , Disaster Management , Essay on Disaster Management

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Tsunami Vulnerability  

Fire Risk and Explosives

• It is proposed to revisit existing “Building By-laws” to make necessary amendments to ensure safe construction especially in disaster prone areas.
• Recommendations will be made to undertake disaster resistant constructions under IAY (Indira Awaas Yojana) scheme.
• Recommendations will be made to lay underground electric / communication cables in cyclone prone coastal areas.
• It is proposed to develop bio-shield along the coastal areas, which will serve as wind brakes/ shelterbelts to mitigate damages due to strong winds. Farmers will be encouraged to take up the said activity.
• Special Insurance for cattle and crops in disaster prone areas will be provided. Establishment of a State Disaster Management Training Center is to be proposed.

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மாடி தோட்டம் கட்டுரை – Maadi Thottam Essay in Tamil மாடி தோட்டம் கட்டுரை - Maadi Thottam Essay in Tamil :- உணவே மருந்தாக உண்டு வந்த காலம் சென்று உணவே நஞ்சாக மாறிவிட்ட காலத்தில் ... Read More karakattam essay in tamil – கரகாட்டம் கட்டுரை karakattam essay in tamil - கரகாட்டம் கட்டுரை :- தமிழ்நாட்டின் மிக முக்கியமான மற்றும் பழமையான நடன வகைகளில் மிக முக்கியமானது இந்த கரகாட்டமாகும்.குறிப்பாக மழைக்கு ... Read More Fathers Day Wishes in Tamil – தந்தையர் தின நல் வாழ்த்துக்கள் Fathers Day Wishes in Tamil - தந்தையர் தின நல் வாழ்த்துக்கள்:- எப்போதும் நம்மை பற்றியே யோசித்து செயலாற்றும் நமது தந்தையர்களுக்கு ஜூன் 19ம் தேதி ... Read More En Thai Nattukku Oru Kaditham in Tamil – என் தாய் நாட்டுக்கு ஒரு கடிதம் En Thai Nattukku Oru Kaditham in Tamil - என் தாய் நாட்டுக்கு ஒரு கடிதம் :- நான் பிறந்த இந்த நாட்டிற்கு ஒரு நன்றி ... Read More தோழிக்கு கடிதம்-Tholiku Kaditham in Tamil தோழிக்கு கடிதம்-Tholiku Kaditham in Tamil :- தோழிக்கு கடிதம் எழுதும்போது முறைசாரா (Informal Letter) முறைப்படி எழுத வேண்டும் ,எழுதுபவர் பற்றிய அல்லது பெறுபவர் பற்றிய ... Read More Bank Statement Request Letter Tamil- பேங்க் ஸ்டேட்மெண்ட் விண்ணப்ப மாதிரி கடிதம் Bank Statement Request Letter Tamil- பேங்க் ஸ்டேட்மெண்ட் விண்ணப்ப மாதிரி கடிதம்  statement letter for bank:- உங்கள் வங்கி கணக்கிற்கு பேங்க் ஸ்டேட்மென்ட் (வங்கி ... Read More Television Advantages and Disadvantages Essay in Tamil- தொலைக்காட்சி நன்மை தீமைகள் Television Advantages and Disadvantages Essay in Tamil- தொலைக்காட்சி நன்மை தீமைகள் :- தொலைக்கதியின் பயன் நன்மையா தீமையா என்ற கேள்வி ஆண்டாண்டு காலமாக கேட்கப்படும் ... Read More Neerindri Amayathu Ulagu Katturai in tamil- நீரின்றி அமையாது உலகு கட்டுரை Neerindri Amayathu Ulagu Katturai in tamil- நீரின்றி அமையாது உலகு கட்டுரை :- நீர் என்றால் வாழ்கை ,இயற்க்கை நமக்கு கொடுத்திருக்கும் மிக பெரிய கொடை ... Read More சுற்றுப்புற தூய்மை கட்டுரை – Sutrupura Thuimai Katturai in Tamil சுற்றுப்புற தூய்மை கட்டுரை - Sutrupura Thuimai Katturai in Tamil:- மனித வாழ்வில் இன்றியமையாத ஒன்று தூய்மையான சுற்றுப்புறமே ஆகும் ,எவரொருவர் தான் வாழும் இடமான ... Read More welcome speech in Tamil essay welcome speech in Tamil essay வரவேற்பு பேச்சு கட்டுரை:-வரவேற்பு பேச்சு ஒவ்வொரு விழாவிலும் அதன் நடத்துனராக இருந்து விழாவை சிறப்பிக்கும் பேச்சாளரின் கடமையாகும் ,ஒவ்வொரு மேடை ... Read More Top 10 richest person in Tamilnadu 2021- தமிழகத்தின் பத்து செல்வந்தர்கள் Top 10 richest person in Tamilnadu 2021- தமிழகத்தின் பத்து செல்வந்தர்கள் :- இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தில் அதிகம் வருமானம் ஈட்டும் மாநிலமாக எப்போதும் இருக்கும் தமிழ்நாட்டில் ... Read More Iyarkai Valam Katturai in Tamil – இயற்க்கை வளம் கட்டுரை Iyarkai Valam Katturai in Tamil - இயற்க்கை வளம் கட்டுரை :- இயற்க்கை வளங்களை பொறுத்தே நமது வாழ்வாதாரம் அமைகிறது.இயற்க்கை அன்னையின் கொடையான இயற்க்கை வளங்களை ... Read More Computer in Tamil Essay – கணிப்பொறி – கணினி கட்டுரை Computer in Tamil Essay - கணிப்பொறி - கணினி கட்டுரை computer essay in Tamil:- இன்றைய நாகரிக உலகில் கணினி இன்றி எந்த ஒரு ... Read More corona kala kathanayakarkal tamil katturai – கோரோனோ கால கதாநாயகர்கள் கட்டுரை corona kala kathanayakarkal tamil katturai - கோரோனோ கால கதாநாயகர்கள் கட்டுரை :- கடந்த நூறு ஆண்டுகளில் இல்லாத அளவுக்கு 2020 ம் ஆண்டு கோரோனோ ... Read More malai neer semipu katturai in tamil – மழைநீர் சேமிப்பு கட்டுரை malai neer semipu katturai in tamil - மழைநீர் சேமிப்பு கட்டுரை :- மழைநீர் சேமிப்பு மட்டுமே நன்னீரை சேமிப்பதில் சிறந்ததாகும்.மழைநீரை சேமிப்பதின் மூலமாக பல ... Read More Tamil Story For Kids tamil story for kids - These are the latest kids story in tamil, lots of parents want to tell story ... Read More Women’s Day Essay in Tamil – பெண்கள் தினம் கட்டுரை Women's Day Essay in Tamil - பெண்கள் தினம் கட்டுரை:- பெண்ணாக பிறந்ததற்கு பெருமிதம் கொள்ளும் காலத்தில் நாம் வாழ்ந்து வருகிறோம் ,அனைத்து துறைகளும் சாதனை ... Read More Disaster Management essay in Tamil – பேரிடர் மேலாண்மை கட்டுரை Disaster Management essay in Tamil - பேரிடர் மேலாண்மை கட்டுரை :- அனைத்து தேசங்களும் எப்போதும் பேரிடர் காலங்களில் துரிதமாக செயல்படும் பேரிடர் மேலாண்மை குழுக்கள் ... Read More Ariviyal Katturai in Tamil – அறிவியல் கட்டுரை Ariviyal Katturai in Tamil - அறிவியல் கட்டுரை : பண்டைய காலங்களை ஒப்பிடும்போது அறிவியல் வளர்ச்சியில் நாம் எவ்வளவோ சாதனைகளை பார்த்து விட்டோம்.நாம் வாழும் தற்கால ... Read More Manithaneyam Essay in Tamil – மனிதநேயம் கட்டுரை – Humanity Tamil Essay Manithaneyam Essay in Tamil - மனிதநேயம் கட்டுரை - Humanity Tamil Essay :- மனிதனாக இருப்பதற்கு அடிப்படை தகுதியே மனிதநேயம் கொண்டிருப்பதே. மனிதனின் அடிப்படை ... Read More Nature Essay in Tamil – இயற்கை கட்டுரை Nature Essay in Tamil - இயற்கை கட்டுரை - நம்மை சுற்றியுள்ள அனைத்துமே இயற்கை என்ற வாக்கியம் உண்மையானதாகும்.நம்மை சுற்றியுள்ள வாயுமண்டலம், காலநிலை,மரங்கள்,மலர்கள்,வயல்கள் என அனைத்தும் ... Read More Silapathikaram Katturai in Tamil – சிலப்பதிகாரம் கட்டுரை Silapathikaram Katturai in Tamil - சிலப்பதிகாரம் கட்டுரை :- கதை கொண்டு காப்பியம் அமைத்தல் என்பது தமிழர்களுக்கு கைவந்த கலையாகும். தமிழின் முதல் காப்பியம் சிலப்பதிகாரம் ... Read More children’s day essay in Tamil – குழந்தைகள் தினம் கட்டுரை children's day essay in Tamil - குழந்தைகள் தினம் கட்டுரை:- முன்னாள் பிரதமரும் இந்திய சுதந்திர போராட்ட வீரருமான பண்டிதர் ஜவாஹர்லால் நேரு குழந்தைகள் மீது ... Read More மூலிகை இலைகள் மற்றும் அதன் மருத்துவ குணங்களும் மூலிகை இலைகள் மற்றும் அதன் மருத்துவ குணங்களும் இங்கு தொகுக்க பட்டு உங்களுக்கு கொடுக்க பட்டுள்ளன துளசியின் நன்மைகள் ஜீரண சக்தியை அதிகரிக்கிறது காய்ச்சலுக்கு அருமருந்தாக இருக்கிறது ... Read More நான் விரும்பும் தலைவர் கட்டுரை naan virumbum thalaivar katturai in tamil நான் விரும்பும் தலைவர் கட்டுரை naan virumbum thalaivar katturai in tamil :- நான் விரும்பும் தலைவர் என்ற கட்டுரைக்கு படிக்காத மேதை காமராஜரே பொருத்தமாக ... Read More உழைப்பே உயர்வு கட்டுரை – Hard Work Essay in Tamil (Ulaipe Uyarvu) உழைப்பே உயர்வு கட்டுரை - Hard Work Essay in Tamil :- கடின உழைப்பே உயவுக்கு சிறந்த வழியாகும் .உழைப்பில்லாமல் வெற்றி என்பது வெறும் கனவாகும்.நல்ல ... Read More Bharathiar Katturai in Tamil – பாரதியார் கட்டுரை Bharathiar Katturai in Tamil - பாரதியார் கட்டுரை :- தமிழகத்தில் உள்ள குழந்தைகளுக்கு திருக்குறளுக்கு அடுத்து சொல்லித்தரப்படுவது பாரதியார் பாடல்களே ஆகும் . பாரதியார் கவிஞர் ... Read More Velu Nachiyar Essay in Tamil – வீர மங்கை வேலுநாச்சியார் Velu Nachiyar Essay in Tamil - வீர மங்கை வேலுநாச்சியார் :- ஆங்கிலேயரை எதிர்த்து பதினேழாம் நூற்றாண்டிலேயே போர்தொடுத்தவர் வீரமங்கை வேலுநாச்சியார் ஆவர் .தமிழகத்தின் சிவகங்கையின் ... Read More Pongal essay in Tamil -Katturai- பொங்கல் பண்டிகை கட்டுரை Pongal essay in Tamil -Katturai- பொங்கல் பண்டிகை கட்டுரை :- பொங்கல் பண்டிகை தமிழர் கலாச்சாரத்தை உலகுக்கு உணர்த்தும் திருவிழா ஆகும் .this is a ... Read More Essay About Rain in Tamil – மழை கட்டுரை Essay About Rain in Tamil - மழை கட்டுரை :- புவியின் நன்னீர் சுழற்சிக்கு மழையே உறுதுணையாக ஒன்றாகும். அதிக மழை பெறுவதும் அதை சேமிப்பதும் ... Read More Thannambikkai Essay in Tamil – தன்னம்பிக்கை கட்டுரை Thannambikkai Essay in Tamil - தன்னம்பிக்கை கட்டுரை :- தன்னம்பிக்கை என்பது உங்களின் மீது உங்கள் திறமையின் மீது உங்கள் செயல் பாடுகளின் மீது நீங்கள் ... Read More Maram katturai in Tamil -மரம் கட்டுரை (essay about trees in Tamil) Maram katturai in Tamil -மரம் கட்டுரை (essay about trees in Tamil) :- மனிதனுக்கு தேவையான பிராணவாயு மற்றும் உணவு பொருட்களை தரும் மரங்களை ... Read More Global Warming Essay in Tamil : Boomi veppamayamathal katturai in Tamil Global Warming Essay in Tamil : Boomi veppamayamathal katturai in Tamil :- பூமி வெப்பமயமாதல் கட்டுரை புவி வெப்பமயமாதல் என்பது மிக முக்கிய ... Read More Tamilar Panpadu Katturai in Tamil – தமிழர் பண்பாடு கட்டுரை Tamilar Panpadu Katturai in Tamil :- எப்போதுமே இந்திய கலாச்சாரத்திற்கு உலகளவில் வியத்தகு வரவேற்பு உண்டு .குறிப்பாக கலாச்சாரங்களின் உச்சம் என இந்திய கலாச்சாரங்களின் தலைமையாக ... Read More My School Essay in Tamil Katturai – எனது பள்ளி கட்டுரை My School Essay in Tamil Katturai - எனது பள்ளி கட்டுரை :- எனது பெற்றோர்களுக்கு அடுத்த படியாக ஒழுக்கத்தையும் அறிவையும் புகட்டுவதில் அதிக பங்கு ... Read More kalvi katturai in tamil – கல்வி கட்டுரை kalvi katturai in tamil - கல்வி கட்டுரை :- கல்வியே ஒரு மனிதனுக்கு அடிப்படை தேவையாகும் , கல்வியே அறியாமை மற்றும் மூடத்தனத்தை வேரறுக்கும் ஆயுதமாகும் ... Read More Desiya Orumaipadu Katturai in Tamil – தேசிய ஒருமைப்பாடு Desiya Orumaipadu Katturai in Tamil - தேசிய ஒருமைப்பாடு :- இந்தியா வேற்றுமையில் ஒற்றுமை என்ற பத்திர்ற்கு ஏற்ப பல்வேறு கலாச்சாரங்கள் ,பல்வேறு மதங்கள் ,பல்வேறு ... Read More Abdul Kalam Essay in Tamil (Katturai) அப்துல் கலாம் கட்டுரை ஆவுல் பக்கிர் ஜைனுலாபுதீன் அப்துல் கலாம் சுருக்கமாக ஏ.பி.ஜே. அப்துல் கலாம் என்று அழைக்க படுகிறார் , அப்துல் கலாம் அக்டோபர் 15, 1931 இல் பிறந்தார் ... Read More salai pathukappu katturai in tamil |road safety essay சாலை பாதுகாப்பு கட்டுரை salai pathukappu katturai in tamil |road safety essay :- சாலைப் பாதுகாப்பு என்பது பூமியிலுள்ள ஒவ்வொரு நபரும் வாகனங்களைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறார்களோ இல்லையோ சரியான கவனம் ... Read More Tamil Katturai about Forest in Tamil language காடு Tamil Katturai about Forest in Tamil language காடு : காடு என்பது ஒரு இயற்கை சுற்றுச்சூழல் அமைப்பாகும், இது பன்முகத்தன்மை மற்றும் பன்முக மரங்கள் ... Read More Baking soda in Tamil – சமையல் சோடா அல்லது அப்பச்சோடா Baking soda in Tamil - சமையல் சோடா அல்லது அப்பச்சோடா பேக்கிங் சோடா, சோடியம் பைகார்பனேட் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது, இதுசமையலில் பரவலாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. இது கார்பன் ... Read More Noolagam Katturai in Tamil – நூலகம் Noolagam Katturai in Tamil - நூலகம் :- சிறந்த கல்வி அறிவை பெறுவதற்கு நாம் நூலகத்தையே நாடுகிறோம். ஆயிரக்கணக்கான புத்தகங்கள் நமக்கு நூலகம் மூலமாக எளிதாக ... Read More Pen Kalvi Katturai In Tamil – பெண் கல்வி கட்டுரை Pen Kalvi Katturai In Tamil - பெண் கல்வி : - தொட்டிலை காட்டும் பெண் கை உலகை ஆளும் சக்தி படைத்தது என்று சான்றோர் ... Read More Sutru Sulal Pathukappu Katturai In Tamil | சுற்று சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு Sutru Sulal Pathukappu Katturai In Tamil :- சுற்று சூழலே தூய்மையே நாம் உயிர் வாழ்வதற்கும் நமது உலகை பாதுகாப்பதர்கும் அடிப்படை ஆகும் ,அத்தகைய சுற்று ... Read More Indian Culture Tamil Essay – இந்திய கலாச்சாரம் கட்டுரை Indian Culture Tamil Essay - India Kalacharam Katturai - இந்திய கலாச்சாரம் கட்டுரை இந்திய கலாச்சாரமானது பல்வேறு கலாச்சாரங்களின் தொகுப்பாகும் , வேற்றுமையில் ஒற்றுமை ... Read More Kalviyin Sirappu Tamil Katturai – கல்வியின் சிறப்பு கல்வி என்பது மனித வாழ்வின் முக்கியமான ஒன்று என்பது நமக்கு தெரியும் , எனவேதான் கல்வி கண்போன்றது என்று சொல்ல படுகிறது , கல்வி பயின்ற மனிதனை ... Read More Tamil essay writing competition topics | Tamil Katturaigal | Katturai in Tamil Topics Here is the full list of Essay Writing Competition Topics 2021 தமிழ் பேச்சு போட்டி மற்றும் கட்டுரை போட்டிகளுக்கான தலைப்புகள் இங்கே கொடுக்க ... Read More Top 10 Freedom Fighters In Tamilnadu| சுதந்திர போராட்ட வீரர்கள் top10 Tamilnadu freedom fighters : இந்திய சுதந்திர போராட்டத்தில் கலந்து கொண்ட தமிழகத்தை சேர்த்த முக்கிய தலைவர்களை பற்றி நாம் இப்போது பார்க்கலாம் சுதந்திர போராட்டத்தில் ... Read More ஸ்ரீநிவாச இராமானுஜர் காஸ், கும்மர் மற்றும் மிகைப்பெருக்கத் தொடர்களுக்கான விளைவுகளை தனி ஒரு ஆளாக இருந்து கண்டுபிடித்தவர், ஸ்ரீநிவாச இராமானுஜன். மிகைப்பெருக்கத் தொடரின் பகுதி தொகைகளையும், பொருட்களையும் ஆய்வு செய்வதில் ... Read More கல்பனா சாவ்லா விண்வெளிக்கு பயணம் செய்த இந்தியாவின் முதல் பெண்மணி என்ற பெருமைக்குரிய கல்பானா சாவ்லா, பல பெண்களுக்கு ஒரு முன் மாதிரியாகத் திகழ்கிறார் என்றால் அது மிகையாகது. ஒரு ... Read More டாக்டர் பி.ஆர். அம்பேத்கர் விடுதலை இந்தியாவின் முதல் சட்ட அமைச்சராகவும், இந்திய அரசியல் சாசனத்தின் தந்தையாக விளங்கியவர்,‘பீம்ராவ் ராம்ஜி அம்பேத்கர்’. இவர் ஒரு சமூக சீர்திருத்தவாதியாக மட்டுமல்லாமல், மிகச்சிறந்த பொருளியல் அறிஞராகவும், ... Read More சுவாமி விவேகானந்தர் Vivekanandar Essay in tamil | Vivekanandar Powerpoint சுவாமி விவேகானந்தர் சுவாமி விவேகானந்தர் அவர்கள், வேதாந்த தத்துவத்தின் மிக செல்வாக்கு மிக்க ஆன்மீக தலைவர்களுள் ஒருவராக ... Read More தாதா சாகேப் பால்கே தாதா சாகேப் பால்கே அவர்கள், ‘இந்திய சினிமாவின் தந்தை’ என்று அழைக்கப்படுபவர். 19 ஆண்டுகளாக திரையுலகில் இருந்து, முழு நீளப் படங்களான ‘ராஜா ஹரிச்சந்திரன்’, ‘மோகினி பஸ்மாசுர்’, ... Read More விசுவநாதன் ஆனந்த் Viswanathan Anand the grandmaster  from india |former world chess champion | Essay in tamil font‘இந்திய சதுரங்க கிராண்ட் மாஸ்டர்’ எனப் புகழப்படும் ... Read More திப்பு சுல்தான் மைசூர் பேரரசை ஆட்சி செய்த மன்னர்களுள் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க ஒருவராக கருதப்படுபவர், திப்பு சுல்தான். தொடக்ககாலத்தில் ஆங்கிலேயருக்கு சிம்மசொப்பனமாக விளங்கி, கிழக்கிந்திய கம்பெனியின் அதிகாரத்தை உடைத்தெறியும் அளவுக்குப் பெரும் ... Read More தி. வே. சுந்தரம் ஐயங்கார் தி. வே. சுந்தரம் ஐயங்கார் அவர்கள், உண்மையான தொலைநோக்குப் பார்வை மற்றும் கொள்கைகள் கொண்ட மனிதராவார். 1930களில், வாகனங்களில் செல்வதே ஒரு தூரத்துக் கனவாகப் பல இந்தியர்களுக்கு ... Read More சோனியா காந்தி இத்தாலியில் பிறந்து, இந்தியாவின் முன்னாள் பிரதம மந்திரியாக இருந்த இந்திராகாந்தியின் மருமகளாகவும், ராஜீவ் காந்தியின் மனைவியாகவும் இந்திய மண்ணில் காலடி எடுத்து வைத்தவர், சோனியா காந்தி அவர்கள் ... Read More அடல் பிஹாரி வாஜ்பாய் – Atal Bihari Vajpayee Essay அடல் பிஹாரி வாஜ்பாய் - Atal Bihari Vajpayee Essay :-அடல் பிஹாரி வாஜ்பாய் அவர்கள், நமது சுதந்திர இந்தியாவின் 10வது பிரதம மந்திரி ஆவார். நான்கு ... Read More என்.ஆர். நாராயண மூர்த்தி என். ஆர். நாராயண மூர்த்தி கர்நாடகாவை சேர்ந்த ஒரு புகழ்பெற்ற தொழிலதிபர் ஆவார். இன்ஃபோசிஸ் என்றழைக்கப்படும் தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப நிறுவனத்தை நிறுவியவர். தொழில் நுட்பத்துறையில் மட்டுமல்லாமல், இன்ஃபோசிஸ் ... Read More ஸ்ரீ ராமகிருஷ்ண பரமஹம்சர் ஸ்ரீ ராமகிருஷ்ண பரமஹம்சர் அவர்கள், 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்த இந்தியாவின் தலைசிறந்த ஆன்மீகவாதிகளுள் ஒருவர். ‘கடவுள் ஒருவரே, வழிபாட்டு முறைகள் அனைத்தும் கடவுளை அடைவதற்கான பல ... Read More ராஜா ராம் மோகன் ராய் ‘ராஜா ராம் மோகன் ராய்’ என்றும், ‘ராம் மோகன் ராய்’ என்றும் போற்றப்படும், ராஜா ராம் மோகன் ராய் அவர்கள் ‘நவீன இந்தியாவை உருவாக்கியவர்’ என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டார் ... Read More சந்திரசேகர ஆசாத் சந்திரசேகர ஆசாத் ஒரு இந்திய விடுதலைப் போராட்ட வீரர் ஆவார். தன்னுடைய மாணவப் பருவத்திலிருந்தே பாரத நாட்டின் மீது தீவிர பற்றுடையவராகவும், சோசலிச முறையில் இந்தியா விடுதலை ... Read More சத்ரபதி சிவாஜி மராட்டியப் பேரரசை ஆட்சி செய்த மன்னர்களில் தலைச்சிறந்து விளங்கியவர், சத்ரபதி சிவாஜி அவர்கள். இளம் வயதிலேயே திறமைப் பெற்ற போர்வீரனாகவும், சிறந்த ஆட்சியாளராகவும், நிர்வாகியாகவும் மற்றும் வல்லமைப்பெற்ற ... Read More எம். விஸ்வேஸ்வரய்யா கிருஷ்ணராஜ சாகர் அணையின் சிற்பி’ என கருதப்படும் எம். விஸ்வேஸ்வரய்யா ஒரு புகழ்பெற்ற இந்தியப் பொறியாளர் ஆவார். இவர் எடுத்துக்கொண்ட காரியத்தில் முதன்மையாக இருக்க வேண்டும் என்ற ... Read More Kodikatha Kumaran Essay In Tamil கொடி காத்த குமரன் என எல்லோராலும் போற்றப்படும் திருப்பூர் குமரன் விடுதலை போராட்ட களத்தில் தன்  இன்னுயிரை தந்து இந்திய தேசிய கொடியை  மண்ணில் விழாமல் காத்து ... Read More ராஜா ரவி வர்மா ராஜா ரவி வர்மா அவர்கள், இந்திய கலை வரலாற்றில் மிகப் பெரிய ஓவியர்களுள் ஒருவராக கருதப்படுபவர். தமிழில் மிகப்பெரும் காவியங்களாகத் திகழும் மஹாபாரதம் மற்றும் ராமாயணத்தின் காட்சிகளைத் ... Read More ஆ.ப.ஜெ.அப்துல் கலாம் விவேகானந்தருக்கு அடுத்த படியாக இந்திய இளைஞர்களின் மீது அதீத நம்பிக்கை வைத்த ஒரு தலை சிறந்த தலைவர் ஆ. ப. ஜெ. அப்துல் கலாம் ஆவார் .இந்திய ... Read More பாரதிதாசன் “தமிழுக்கும் அமுதென்று பேர், அந்தத் தமிழின்பத் தமிழெங்கள் உயிருக்கு நேர்” என்ற தேன் சுவைசொட்டும் பாடல் வரிகளுக்கு சொந்தக்காரர், ‘பாவேந்தர் பாரதிதாசன்’ அவர்கள். பெரும் புகழ் படைத்த ... Read More எஸ். சத்தியமூர்த்தி எஸ். சத்திய மூர்த்தி அவர்கள், ஒரு தேசபக்தர் மற்றும் இந்திய விடுதலைக்காக பாடுபட்ட விடுதலை வீரரும் ஆவார். சிறந்த வழக்கறிஞராக விளங்கிய எஸ். சத்தியமூர்த்தி அவர்கள், தமிழக ... Read More ஸ்ரீ ராமகிருஷ்ண பரமஹம்சர் ஸ்ரீ ராமகிருஷ்ண பரமஹம்சர் அவர்கள், 19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் வாழ்ந்த இந்தியாவின் தலைசிறந்த ஆன்மீகவாதிகளுள் ஒருவர். ‘கடவுள் ஒருவரே, வழிபாட்டு முறைகள் அனைத்தும் கடவுளை அடைவதற்கான பல ... Read More ராஜா ராம் மோகன் ராய் ‘ராஜா ராம் மோகன் ராய்’ என்றும், ‘ராம் மோகன் ராய்’ என்றும் போற்றப்படும், ராஜா ராம் மோகன் ராய் அவர்கள் ‘நவீன இந்தியாவை உருவாக்கியவர்’ என்று அழைக்கப்பட்டார் ... Read More ராணி லக்ஷ்மி பாய் ராணி லக்ஷ்மி பாய் அவர்கள், இந்தியாவின் வடக்கு பகுதியில் அமைந்துள்ள மதிப்பார்ந்த மாநிலமான ‘ஜான்சியின்’ ராணியாக இருந்தவர். இவர் 1857 ல் தொடங்கிய இந்தியாவின் சுதந்திரத்திற்கான முதல் ... Read More கம்பர் “கம்பன் வீட்டுத் கட்டுத்தறியும் கவிபாடும்” என்றொரு பழமொழியே உருவாகும் அளவிற்கு, கம்பரது புகழும், கவித்திறமையும் அனைவராலும் இன்றளவும் பேசப்பட்டு வருகிறது. ‘கவிபேரரசர் கம்பர்’, ‘கவிச்சக்ரவர்த்தி கம்பர்’, ‘கல்வியில் ... Read More திருபாய் அம்பானி ‘ரிலையன்ஸ்’ என்கிற மாபெரும் சாம்ராஜ்ஜியத்தை உருவாக்கி பங்கு சந்தைகளின் ‘முடிசூடா மன்னனாக’ விளங்கிய, ‘திருபாய் அம்பானி’ என்று அழைக்கப்படும் ‘தீரஜ்லால் ஹீராசந்த் அம்பானி’ அவர்களின் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு ... Read More வ.உ.சிதம்பரனார் கட்டுரை VO Chidambaram in Tamil Essay வ.உ.சிதம்பரனார் கட்டுரை VO Chidambaram in Tamil Essay :- ‘வ. உ. சி’ என்று அழைக்கபடும் வ. உ. சிதம்பரம் பிள்ளை அவர்கள், ஆங்கிலேயே அரசுக்கு ... Read More ரவீந்திரநாத் தாகூர் Rabindranath Tagore Biography in Tamil ரவீந்திரநாத் தாகூர் அவர்கள், இந்திய கலாச்சாரத்தின் அடையாளமாகத் திகழ்ந்தவர். அவர் ஒரு கவிஞர், தத்துவஞானி, இசையமைப்பாளர், எழுத்தாளர், மற்றும் ஒரு கல்வியாளரும் கூட.1913ல், அவரது கவிதைத் தொகுப்பான ... Read More சரோஜினி நாயுடு Sarojini Naidu biography in Tamil சரோஜினி நாயுடு Sarojini Naidu biography in Tamil:- சரோஜினி நாயுடு இந்தியாவின் புகழ் பெற்ற கவிஞர் , பிரபலமான சுதந்திர போராட்ட வீரர் மற்றும்  சிறந்த ... Read More எம். எஸ். சுப்புலக்ஷ்மி – ms subbulakshmi biography in tamil எம். எஸ். சுப்புலக்ஷ்மி - ms subbulakshmi biography in tamil :- "இந்தியா இந்த தலைமுறையில் ஓர் மாபெரும் கலைஞரை உருவாக்கியுள்ளது என்பதில் நீங்கள் பெருமிதம் ... Read More Jawaharlal Nehru Essay In Tamil ஜவாஹர்லால் நேரு வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு கட்டுரை Jawaharlal Nehru Essay In Tamil ஜவாஹர்லால் நேரு வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு சுதந்திர இந்தியாவின் முதல் பிரதமரான ஜவஹர்லால் நேரு குழந்தைகள் மற்றும் இளைஞர்கள் நலன் கருதி ... Read More Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Essay in Tamil Font சர்வபள்ளி ராதாகிருஷ்ணன் கட்டுரை Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Essay சர்வபள்ளி ராதாகிருஷ்ணன் வாழ்கை வரலாறு சர்வபள்ளி ராதாகிருஷ்ணன் அவர்கள், சுதந்திர இந்தியாவின் முதல்  குடியரசுத் துணைத்தலைவரும், இரண்டாவது குடியரசுத் தலைவரும் ஆவார், ஆசிரியராகத் தன் பணியைத் தொடங்கிய டாக்டர் ராதாகிருஷ்ணன் ... Read More Kamarajar Essay In Tamil |காமராஜர் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு கட்டுரை Kamarajar Essay In Tamil :- This is a full biography of Kamrajar, This is an essay prepared by the Tamil ... Read More Sardar Vallabai Patel Tamil Essay | Tamil Katturai in Tamil Font Sardar vallabai Patel essay in tamil for kids and children, Sardar vallabai patel essay in english in another page please ... Read More Subramaniya Siva சுப்பிரமணிய சிவா வாழ்கை வரலாறு கட்டுரை சுப்பிரமணிய சிவா வாழ்கை வரலாறு கட்டுரை Subramaniya Siva Subramaniya Siva - சுப்பிரமணிய சிவா சுப்ரமணிய சிவா இந்திய சுதந்திர போராட்டத்தில் தமிழக மக்களுக்கு தனக்கு ... Read More

சாம்சங் எம் 31

இரண்டுநாள் பேட்டரி பவருடன் கூடிய , மிக துல்லியமான காட்சிகள் வழங்கும் திரை,துல்லிய இசை,சூடாகாத பேட்டரி என அணைத்தது அம்சங்களும் நிறைந்த இந்த போன் தற்போது சலுகை விலையில்

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National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

• 30 Jul 2019
• 14 min read
• GS Paper - 3
• Disaster Management
• Government Policies & Interventions

Last updated: July 2022

• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the apex statutory body for disaster management in India.
• The NDMA was formally constituted on 27 th September 2006, in accordance with the Disaster Management Act, 2005 with Prime Minister as its Chairperson and nine other members, and one such member to be designated as Vice-Chairperson.
• Mandate: Its primary purpose is to coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response. It is also the apex body to lay down policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.
• Vision: To build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, proactive, technology driven and sustainable development strategy that involves all stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention, preparedness and mitigation.

What led to the Evolution of NDMA?

• In recognition of the importance of Disaster Management as a national priority, the Government of India set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in August 1999 and a National Committee after the Gujarat earthquake (2001), for making recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and suggesting effective mitigation mechanisms.
• The Tenth Five-Year Plan document also had, for the first time, a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. The Twelfth Finance Commission was also mandated to review the financial arrangements for Disaster Management.
• On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of NDMA, headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.

What are the Functions and Responsibilities of NDMA?

• Approve the National Disaster Plan
• Lay down policies on disaster management
• Approve plans prepared by Ministries or Departments of the Central Government in accordance with National Plan
• Lay down guidelines to be followed by State Authorities in drawing up State Plan
• Lay down guidelines to be followed by different Ministries or Departments of Central Government for purpose of integrating measures for disaster prevention or mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects
• Coordinate enforcement and implementation of disaster management policy and plan
• Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation
• Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as determined by Central Government
• Take such other measures for prevention of disasters or mitigation or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situation or disaster as it may consider necessary
• Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of National Institute of Disaster Management

What is the Institutional Framework for Disaster Management in India?

• The primary responsibility for management of disaster rests with the State Government concerned.
• However, the National Policy on Disaster Management puts in place an enabling environment for all i.e., the Centre, State and District.
• The National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009 has been prepared in tune with and in pursuance of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 . It provides the framework/roadmap for handling disasters in a holistic manner.
• Under the provisions of the Act, the Disaster Management Authority has been established at 3 levels viz. National, State and District.
• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been established under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister and National Executive Committee (NEC) of Secretaries has been created to assist the NDMA in the performance of its functions.
• At the State level, a State Disaster Management Authority has been created under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister of the State, which has been assisted by a State Executive Committee.
• At the District level, District Disaster Management Authorities have been created.
• It lays down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and effective response to disaster and long-term disaster risk reduction.
• India is also a signatory to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) that sets targets for disaster management.

What are State level Institutions?

• Headed by Chief Minister of the respective state, SDMA lays down the policies and plans for disaster management in the state.
• It is responsible to coordinate the implementation of the state Plan, recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the developmental plans of the different departments of the state to ensure integration of prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures.
• State Executive Committee (SEC)- Headed by the Chief Secretary of the state, SEC has the responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan as provided under the DM Act.

What are District level Institutions?

• Section 25 of the DM Act provides for constitution of DDMA for every district of a state.
• Further in district, where Zila Parishad exists, its Chairperson shall be the Co-Chairperson of DDMA.
• The District Authority also has the power to examine the construction in any area in the district to enforce the safety standards and to arrange for relief measures and respond to the disaster at the district level.

What are India's Efforts in Managing Disaster?

• India consciously developed DM as a holistic approach , not just reacting after a disaster but also integrating disaster preparedness, mitigation, and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into plans and policies.
• India has increasingly mitigated and responded to all types of disasters, including with the establishment of its National Disaster Reaction Force (NDRF) , the world’s largest rapid reaction force dedicated to disaster response.
• India is also an emerging donor that has provided a substantial amount of foreign disaster relief, as well as foreign development assistance , to other countries.
• India’s foreign humanitarian assistance has increasingly included its military assets, primarily deploying naval ships or aircraft to deliver relief.
• In the last two decades, India has given foreign humanitarian assistance bilaterally to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and others.
• As part of its neighbourhood development efforts, India also contributes to regional disaster preparedness and capacity building efforts.
• Within the context of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) , India has hosted DM Exercises that allow NDRF to demonstrate for counterparts from partner states the techniques developed to respond to various disasters.
• Other NDRF and Indian Armed Forces exercises have brought India’s first responders into contact with those from states in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).
• Globally, disasters in the last two decades have predominantly been climate-related disasters , of which floods are the most frequently occurring type of disaster and storms are the second most deadly type of disaster (surpassed by earthquakes).
• India has adopted the Sendai Framework for DRR , the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030) , and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change , all of which make clear the connections among DRR, Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), and sustainable development.
• India participates in several multilateral organisations that address these and other issues that benefit from multinational coordination.

What are the Shortcomings and Challenges?

• Questions were raised about the role of NDMA during Uttarakhand Flooding in 2013, where it failed to timely inform people about the flash floods and landslides. The post disaster relief response had been equally poor. Experts blamed the poor planning of NDMA that lead to unfinished projects for flood and landslide mitigation.
• It held that there were huge delays in completion of river management activities and works related to border areas projects which were long-term solutions for the flood problems of Assam, north Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
• CAG report on 2015 Chennai Floods termed it to be a “man-made disaster” and holds Tamil Nadu government responsible for the catastrophe.
• The NDRF personnel lack sufficient training, equipment, facilities and residential accommodation to tackle the crisis situation properly.
• Audit findings reveal that some states have mis-utilized funds for expenditures that were not sanctioned for disaster management.
• There was in a few cases significant delay in releasing funds. Additionally, some States didn’t invest the funds thereby incurring huge interest losses. This shows financial indiscipline in states management of funds.

What can be the Way Forward?

• Policy guidelines at the macro level are needed that would inform and guide the preparation and implementation of disaster management and development plans across sectors.
• Building in a culture of preparedness and mitigation is the need of the hour.
• Operational guidelines should be framed for integrating disaster management practices into development, and specific developmental schemes for prevention and mitigation of disasters.
• Robust early warning systems coupled with effective response plans at district, state and national levels should be put in place.
• Community, NGOs, CSOs and the media should be involved at all stages of disaster management.
• A dynamic policy is required to develop disaster-resilient infrastructure through proper investment in research. ISRO, NRSA, IMD and other institutions have to collectively provide technological solutions to enhance capabilities to tackle disasters.
• Countries such as Hong Kong, China, Japan and Korea have built a robust infrastructure over the years to effectively tackle typhoons and other disasters.

Disaster Management Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on disaster management.

Nature has various manifestations both gentle as well as aggressive. We see how sometimes it is so calm while the other times it becomes fierce. The calm side is loved by everyone, of course, however, when the ferocious side is shown, devastation happens. As humans cannot control everything, certain things of nature are out of our control.

Similarly, when natural disasters happen, humans cannot control them. However, we can prevent them. In other words, whenever a calamitous situation arises that may disturb the life and ecosystem, we need emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disaster are not predictable, they can take place anywhere at any time. To understand disaster management thoroughly, we need to first identify the types of disasters.

Types of Disasters

If we look at the disasters that have taken place earlier, we can easily say that nature is not merely responsible for them to happen. They happen due to other reasons too. This is why we have classified them in different categories. First comes the natural disasters which are caused by natural processes. They are the most dangerous disaster to happen which causes loss of life and damage to the earth. Some of the deadliest natural disasters are earthquakes , floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, and more.

As no country is spared from any kind of disasters, India also falls in the same category. In fact, the geographical location of India makes it a very disaster-prone country. Each year, India faces a number of disasters like floods, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, cyclones, droughts and more. When we look at the man-made disasters, India suffered the Bhopal Gas Tragedy as well as the plague in Gujarat. To stop these incidents from happening again, we need to strengthen our disaster management techniques to prevent destructive damage.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Disaster Management

Disaster management refers to the efficient management of resources and responsibilities that will help in lessening the impact of the disaster. It involves a well-planned plan of action so we can make effective efforts to reduce the dangers caused by the disaster to a minimum.

Most importantly, one must understand that disaster management does not necessarily eliminate the threat completely but it decreases the impact of the disaster. It focuses on formulating specific plans to do so. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India is responsible for monitoring the disasters of the country. This organization runs a number of programs to mitigate the risks and increase the responsiveness.

Proper disaster management can be done when we make the citizens aware of the precautionary measures to take when they face emergency situations. For instance, everyone must know we should hide under a bed or table whenever there is an earthquake. Thus, the NDMA needs to take more organized efforts to decrease the damage that disasters are causing. If all the citizens learn the basic ways to save themselves and if the government takes more responsive measures, we can surely save a lot of life and vegetation.

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Climate Change Brings a New Emergency to the Tamil Homeland in Sri Lanka

The Climate Crisis in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka

The North and Northwestern provinces are climate hotspots, impacted by sea level rises.

Tamil nationalism faces a new challenge as the climate emergency spreads in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province and other Tamil-dominated areas, where the ravages of war and systemic discrimination have left the population especially vulnerable .

“It is in this soil that the identity of your race is deeply rooted,” Velupillai Prabhakaran, the head of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), said in 1998, addressing the Tamil diaspora. He was referring to land in Sri Lanka’s North and East, from Kalpitiya on the island’s western shore to Trincomalee on the eastern one, that was the territory of the Jaffna Kingdom between the 14th and 17th centuries. It was for this soil, and the ability to govern it, that countless men and women would fight and die in a 26-year armed struggle between the Sri Lankan government and separatist Tamil forces. Sivagnanam Shritharan, the head of the Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK), a major Tamil nationalist party, told me, “Even after the war, we are struggling to regain our sovereignty and freedom.” While that crisis festers unresolved, another has arrived: the soil that Tamils defended with their lives, and in which their identity is supposedly rooted, faces a new and different type of threat.

“It is not climate change anymore,” Nadarajah Sriskandarajah, a professor at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, told me. “It is a climate emergency.” Like many small island developing countries, Sri Lanka is a paragon of climate injustice: it is not a major carbon emitter, yet it consistently ranks among the ten most at-risk countries, according to the Global Climate Risk Index. Within Sri Lanka, a 2018 World Bank study identified the Northern and Northwestern Provinces as the top climate hotspots. Jaffna, Puttalam, Mannar and Kilinochchi, all considered part of the Tamil homeland, are the four districts most likely to be impacted by the climate crisis. And these war-affected regions – the sites of long-standing ethnic discrimination and state violence – are perhaps the least well-equipped to confront it. 

Interviews with impacted communities, combined with a review of climate-science studies, expose the shocking vitality of the climate emergency in the Tamil homeland. Rising sea levels, soil salinisation, floods, droughts, coastal erosion, coral bleaching, weather volatility and extreme heat — these processes are  already  wrecking the livelihoods of farming and fishing communities, and changing the nature and generative capacity of the land. But much-abused Tamils in Sri Lanka, and the Tamil nationalist movement that claims leadership of them, are barely awake to this new threat, let alone prepared to defend against it. 

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Waters and tides

“In June or July, when there are no rains, you can find salt crystals in the paddy land,” Edison Marynathan, an environmentalist from Vidataltivu, in Mannar district, told me. Salinisation, where the levels of salt in soil and groundwater increase, has already resulted in the permanent abandonment of 43 percent of the paddy land in the Jaffna Peninsula over two decades, and threatens crop irrigation and drinking-water supplies across the area. One 2020 study, which calls for the urgent management of groundwater resources, found that nearly 59 percent of wells in the Jaffna Peninsula had salinity levels unsuitable for irrigating crops that year. This is no minor problem in the Northern Province, which is known for persistent water insecurity.

Salinisation is partly due to over-extraction, the climate scientist Tharani Gopalakrishnan explained. As the population grows, people keep drilling new wells. Over-extraction of water for irrigation and domestic use can disturb the balance of sea and freshwater within Jaffna’s limestone bedrock, which acts as an aquifer, causing the water in wells to become brackish. But salinisation is also due to climate-change induced sea-level rise, and increased sea-water intrusion above ground. 

Hundreds of acres of land and hundreds of wells have been abandoned due to salt-water intrusion. According to Gopalakrishnan, soil salinity has also increased threefold or fourfold in many places compared to 20 years ago. “If you go to some of these abandoned paddy lands in Poonakary or Ariyalai,” she told me, “the soil looks like beach sand and you can sometimes even find seashells.” 

In the flat Jaffna Peninsula, where most people live along the coast, sea-level rise will also cause increased coastal erosion and inundation. Climate scientists say that up to 35 percent of all land and 52 percent of paddy land in the area may be lost by 2100. A third of all households in Jaffna are involved in agriculture, and falls in rice production are estimated to cost as much as USD 1 million every year by 2050, directly impacting a quarter of Jaffna’s working population. Climate scientists predict that drops in rice production, together with population increase, will threaten food security and increase poverty in the peninsula.

In Arippu East, along Sri Lanka’s northwestern coast, a two-storied brick mansion by the water has been steadily decaying due to extreme weather and sea erosion. This building was once the residence of Frederick North, the first British governor of Ceylon, and was built in the early part of the 19th century. It is now in a state of ruin. Just a few meters away, waves lap at a large cylindrical well, gradually exposing more and more of its brickwork shaft. According to T M Cruz, a 71-year-old villager, coastal erosion consumed the soil around the well in just the last three or four years. S A Fernando, a local fisher, used to drink fresh water from the well when hauling fish onto shore. Now, he said, it is filled with salt water and cannot be used. Fernando was not sure why the erosion and salinisation had occurred. 

Sea-level rise induced by climate change is expected to exacerbate coastal erosion, but such erosion can also result from human activities like coastal construction and natural changes in the environment. Land has been steadily eaten away by erosion along much of the northwestern coast — for example, in areas between Muthariputhurai village and Silavathurai. “Places where people used to walk have now disappeared into the sea,” Cruz said. “What may happen in the future and how, only God knows.”

The prospect of an inundated Tamil homeland finds resonance in Tamil mytho-history. Sangam-era literature refers to Kumari Kandam — an ancient landmass from which the Tamils long ago migrated to the lands they now inhabit. It faced natural disaster — a great deluge or a series of deluges — before being completely submerged in the sea. This mytho-history appears fatidic: islands off Kalpitiya in the western Puttalam district, and other lands, are actually sinking today. Climate scientists predict that most of the islands surrounding the Jaffna Peninsula and the Poonakary division of Kilinochchi district will be completely submerged by 2100. 

The deluges of the mythical past are eerily prophetic given recent floods. Flooding is the largest contributor to Sri Lanka’s annual losses from natural disasters, costing the country some USD 140 million per year on average – a figure expected to rise to USD 338 million by the 2030s. Floods also amplify the risk of other hazards such as landslides and infectious disease, threatening lives, livelihoods and infrastructure.

Sebastianpillai Sathiyaseharan, from the fifth generation of a farming family in the coastal town of Vidataltivu, said he does not remember hearing of much flooding after the 1964 Rameswaram cyclone, which killed over a thousand people in the North. But Cyclone Burevi, when it struck the North in December 2020, left numerous areas flooded and impacted over 70,000 people. Water completely submerged Sathiyaseharan’s field, he said, and his elder brother “gave up farming with the big flood that year. He didn’t farm the next year either because he thought the ground would be salty.”

Although floods have affected more than 10 million people in Sri Lanka over the last 30 years, the increasing frequency of flood events has not entirely registered among the public. Sebastianpillai Sathyatheepan, a property valuator on the island of Mannar, knows that land values depend on the likelihood of natural disasters as well as criteria such as location and topography. But he is still building a house on a plot of land that flooded in just the second year of construction. “After the flooding stopped, the water dried up,” he said. “It’s not such a big problem.”

The environmental activists Qunson and Edison Marynathan, however, worry that Mannar’s residents are not taking the climate crisis seriously enough. Qunson keeps track of the water level on the road connecting Mannar island to the mainland during heavy rains. He warned that the road will soon be submerged, which could cut Mannar off from vital supplies and force its population to move.

Heat and harvests

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts as well as floods in Sri Lanka. Between 2008 and 2018, droughts affected nearly eight million people in the country. In the droughts of 2014, 2016-17 and 2019 the Northern Province, a dry zone, was disproportionately impacted. In August 2023, drought-like conditions left people across ten districts in Sri Lanka without safe drinking water. Jaffna, Ampara and Batticaloa districts were the hardest hit, accounting for 85 percent of the nearly 150,000 people affected.

Sriskandarajah, of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, claimed that Sri Lanka receives a decent amount of rainfall, even in its dry zones. The more pressing issue, he said, is poor water “management” in a climate-stressed environment and the need for holistic governance of resources. Criticising the national policy to produce more maize, “a thirsty crop ,” he argued that it is important to revisit crops with histories of local cultivation as they may be better suited to the terrain, climate and available resources. 

He recalled his grandfather’s stories of surviving on millet, a climate-resistant crop that thrives on lower amounts of water and was a part of Tamil food culture before it was displaced by high-yielding varieties of rice and other crops during the Green Revolution era. “I remember millet being served in the  prasadam  of the Murugan temple in Kataragama,” Sriskandarajah said, pointing out that, in mythology, Murugan’s wife, Valli, was a guardian of millet-fields. 

Rising temperatures from climate change exacerbate droughts and also have several other adverse impacts. Heatwaves are becoming more frequent across Southasia, and Sri Lanka’s North is particularly vulnerable — by some projections, by the end of the century it will experience mean temperatures approaching 35 degrees Celsius (considered the upper limit of human survivability or the wet-bulb temperature). Just this year, heatwaves killed at least seven people in the Northern Province. Extreme heat especially impacts the health and living standards of outdoor agricultural workers, who number in the tens of thousands in the North, as well as workers in urban areas without access to good cooling systems.

Higher temperatures will also impact agricultural yields. Rice, a staple across Sri Lanka, is particularly sensitive. Yield losses will impact both national and household food security and are expected to increase poverty rates significantly — according to one estimate, in the range of 12 to 26 percent higher than the alternative without climate change. In some areas, agricultural losses due to heat are already debilitating. War widows engaged in seaweed farming in Valaipadu, in Kilinochchi district, lost about 80 percent of their crop during the 2024 heatwaves.

Higher temperatures also accelerate the feeding and metabolic rates, and hence population sizes, of certain pests, leading to higher rates of crop destruction. Increased heat combined with increased rainfall can lead to outbreaks of the brown planthopper, one of Asia’s most destructive rice pests. Higher temperatures also impact livestock — farmers across the North have lost cattle during periods of intense heat   — and can be accompanied by ruinous unpredictable temperature fluctuations. In December 2022, cold shock killed over a thousand cattle in the Northern and Eastern Provinces during the cyclonic storm Mandous. 

Even if the weather were to be more moderate, its unpredictability would remain a threat to farmers and fishers. “When we expect the wind, it does not blow,” Mahadevi, a farmer’s wife from Illupaikadavai, in Mannar district, complained. “When we expect the rain, it does not rain. … We can no longer achieve our previous yields.” Such unpredictability also impacts fishers. “Earlier, if our ancestors said it would rain on a particular day, it would happen,” Kanakasabai Kukasiri, a fisher from the coastal village of Anthoniyarpuram, said. “That is not the case now.” Although Kukasiri can now get weather information from youths armed with mobile phones, he knows that the meteorological predictions are not always accurate. “They said it would be windy today,” Kukasiri complained. “But it wasn’t.”

Apart from the unpredictable weather, fishers rarely complain about the effects of the climate crisis. The impacts on marine ecosystems are not easy to see, measure or understand. To confound matters further, overfishing and destructive practices like dynamite fishing, bottom trawling and the use of bottom-set nets can also have adverse impacts similar to those from climate change, such as the decline of certain species in local waters. In Gurunagar in Jaffna city, fishers have noted that their waters have less fish than before, from fewer varieties, and that some species have completely disappeared — like the black tiger prawns that were once a popular export. Those I spoke to attributed the changes to overfishing and bottom trawling, although they know the reproductive habits of aquatic animals can be impacted by changes in water temperature or salinity — changes made increasingly probable by climate change. M S Miranda, the retired assistant director of Fisheries and Aquatics Resources for Mannar district, pointed out a decline in the mud crabs, another highly profitable export. But, he said, “we just don’t have enough research to know why.”

Although fishers find it difficult to isolate the impacts of climate change, Nishan Perera, a coral reef ecologist and the co-founder of a local marine research and conservation non-profit, insisted they “are quite severe.” Perera said increased sea-surface temperatures, especially during El Niño and La Niña periods, can lead to increased coral bleaching and coral mortality. Major coral bleaching events occurred off Sri Lanka’s coasts in 1998 and 2016, while the eastern coast experienced a smaller bleaching event in 2019. Bleaching events can kill reef habitats, destroying certain fish species as well the organisms that feed on them further down the food chain. After heatwaves in 2023, researchers witnessed coral bleaching near Trincomalee and authorities feared bleaching events off Mannar too.

Muhammed Sathath, who has been catching ornamental fish for 25 years, said he has noticed signs of coral bleaching. He travels from his home in Trincomalee along the northern and eastern coasts to Batticaloa, Kalpitiya and Mannar to catch a range of marine organisms for export. Sathath described noticing that when coral dies and turns white, as it does from bleaching, there are fewer butterflyfish — a colourful species whose behavior can be a barometer of reef health, and provide an early warning that fish populations are at risk. Sathath attributes the dead coral he is seeing to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, as well as industrial fishing and climate-change-induced temperature increases. Ornamental fishers like Sathath are among the small number I met who attribute altered fish populations to temperature change. “I don’t think that most other fishers seem to be connecting the dots,” Perera said.

Worst hit, least prepared 

The fallout from Sri Lanka’s ongoing economic crisis, which peaked in 2022, has lowered the country’s capacity to respond to the climate emergency. While the Northwestern Province is relatively well-off, five of the 10 regions most vulnerable to climate change lie in the less prosperous Northern Province. Districts like Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi, which are within the top 10 most vulnerable districts to climate change, are also among the poorest in the country. Regions inhabited predominantly by Tamil-speakers, including Trincomalee in the Eastern Province, are recovering from heavy fighting during the 26-year civil war, which ended in 2009 with mass atrocities and, some argue, genocide. Today, war-fatigued Tamils face ongoing violence and persistent human-rights violations. The economy never recovered from the damage of the war, and the lack of local resources is compounded by extractive, opportunistic and environmentally destructive economic activity that burgeoned after the conflict. All of this has only been made worse by the economic crisis.

After the war, mechanised bottom-trawlers from India dragged their nets across the seabed off the northern coast, destroying the reefs and ecosystems as well as the livelihoods of traditional Tamil fishers restricted to rudimentary boats. Despite a ban on bottom-trawling in Sri Lankan waters after 2017, this practice, and other harmful practices like dynamite fishing, continue. Similarly extractive “development” occurs in Mullaitivu and Mannar districts, where private sand-mining companies threaten to irreversibly alter the local terrain. Despite concerns about biodiversity and coastal livelihoods pointed out by environmentalists, the Adani Group, an Indian conglomerate, also received approval to develop multi-million dollar wind-power plants in Poonakary and Mannar last year. Analysing its pricing structure and touted economic benefits, the policy analyst Rohan Pethiyagoda called the project a “wasteful scam” that would “reduce this country to destitution.” 

“It’s all about money,” Edison Marynathan, the environmentalist from Vidataltivu, said. Marynathan often takes his young sons to the local mangroves to learn about nature. The government recently de-gazetted portions of the Vidataltivu Nature Reserve so its rich mangroves could be exploited by private aquaculture businesses. The reserve is a critical carbon sink, and also protects the coast while supporting numerous species. Livid environmental activists claimed the move would lead to the destruction of Sri Lanka’s third-largest marine protected area, and set a bad precedent for other such areas too. The Pearl Protectors, a youth-led marine conservation organisation, called out the “climate action hypocrisy” of the president, Ranil Wickremesinghe, who had pledged to protect wetlands and carbon sinks. “This contradiction is something that the entire environmental and conservation community is pointing out,” Vinod Malwatte, of the Lanka Environment Fund, said. “It permeates through the bulk of developmental decisions made by the government.”

Given the immediacy of the existing political and developmental challenges in the Tamil homeland, and the financial constraints of the working-class communities facing the brunt of climate-related changes, there is very little capacity to reckon with the climate crisis. In Anthoniyapuram, where fishing huts and walking trails have already been swallowed up by the ocean, fishers just do not have the time or the emotional resources to pay heed. “It takes at least six months to erode away a foot or two,” Kukasiri, for whom daily wages are a far more pressing concern, said. “Only future generations will have to think about this.” 

Journalists do not tend to do much more than basic reporting either. A study of water security in three popular Tamil language dailies, found that 80 percent of newspaper coverage informed readers instead of agenda setting, framing discourse, or motivating environmental activism. The problem is compounded by insufficient research. “University researchers only conduct research over short, six-month periods instead of over, for example, a 25-year span,” Uthayan, the deputy provincial director of agriculture in Mannar, said. “Data collected over longer durations is necessary to make long-term projections.”

Nishan Perera, the reef ecologist, echoed this concern. To monitor gradual climate-change impacts such as shifting fish migration patterns or spawning habits, he explained, we need long-term time-series data instead of just baseline surveys and short-term project-based research. But the necessary data collection is hampered by a lack of equipment and resources. 

“The basic instruments like rain gauges are only available in one or two towns,” Uthayan said, “but they’re not in every area.” Perera said that the Department of Wildlife Conservation “has to manage large areas without adequate resources, and some small beat offices even lack basic furniture. Fisheries inspectors from the department of fisheries may have motorbikes that are broken or may have no budget for petrol, so it’s a real problem for them to carry out their duties.” 

This data poverty is compounded by poor institutional capacity, a lack of coordination and weak feedback mechanisms. Uthayan noted that there is little collaboration between meteorological and agricultural departments across Sri Lanka. Language barriers and a history of conflict between Tamil-speaking areas and the central government, where the working language is mostly Sinhala, impedes communication. Funding for climate-change mitigation initiatives must be distributed to the provinces from the central government, but the district-level officials most attuned to climate-related changes depend on weak bottom-up feedback mechanisms to communicate local needs and secure funding. At the same time, as Sriskandarajah noted, “What gets talked about at the top, if anything is talked about at all, doesn’t necessarily get translated in the same way right down to the people on the ground.”

The absence of international environmental organisations in Sri Lanka also limits resources. “We’re one of 36 biodiversity hotspots, but there is no WWF (World Wildlife Fund), no Conservation International, no Nature Conservancy,” Malwatte said. “It's like there is a black hole.” Malwatte attributed the black hole to the war, the difficulty of setting up organisations in Sri Lanka, and the government’s long-standing aversion to having international eyes in Sri Lanka.

Nature and nation

“To me Tamil nationalism is  mainly  the relationship Tamils have with their land,” Mahendran Thiruvarangan, an English lecturer at Jaffna University, said. He cited the popular nationalist poem ‘மண்’ – “Land” or “Soil” – by the Tamil poet Puthuvai Ratnathurai:

நிலமிழந்து போனால்,

பலமிழந்து போகும்.

பலமிழந்து போனால்,

இனம் அழிந்து போகும்.

ஆதலால் மானுடனே!

தாய்நிலத்தைக் காதலிக்கக்

கற்றுக் கொள்!

If you lose your land,

Then you will lose your strength.

If you lose your strength, 

Then your race will be destroyed.

Therefore fellow human beings,

Learn to love your motherland!

In the past, the bond between Tamils and this soil was openly celebrated through popular LTTE slogans such as “The Tiger’s hunger is Tamil Eelam Homeland” and nationalist songs such as “This Land is our Land ” and “Fields of Green,” which pay homage to the trees, flowers, pastures, lakes and palm-fringed seas of the North and East.

“Our homeland is one with our life, our blood, our bodies,” Shritharan, the leader of the ITAK, told me. But despite the bond between Tamils and their homeland, the climate crisis is not part of the Tamil political landscape.

“People use phrases like ‘We have to preserve the environment,’ ‘We have to plant more trees,’ ‘We have to find ways to reduce pollution,’” Thiruvarangan said. “I don’t know if people use the discourse of climate change.” M A Sumanthiran, the ITAK spokesman and parliamentarian, said that while his party has regularly discussed livelihoods and job creation, he cannot recall a time when it specifically referred to climate change. While land is central to the Tamil political project, and agriculture and fisheries are critical industries for his electorate, Sumanthiran told me that he does not see climate change influencing the dominant articulations of Tamil nationalism anytime soon.

The founder of Sri Lanka’s first green party, the Tamil National Green Organisation, has a different view. P Ayngaranesan said he believes that environmental concerns have always been embedded in Tamil nationalism. The LTTE had an environmental unit, he claimed, and its leader, Prabhakaran, used to refer to nature as his friend. “Language, culture and the environment — Tamil nationalism is a combination of all these things.” While people in other countries eat wheat as their staple, Ayngaranesan said, Tamils eat rice because it grows naturally in our climate. Like food, he argued, language is also influenced by one’s surroundings. Sangam-era Tamil literature uniquely distinguishes between five different landscapes: Kurinci  (mountains),  Mullai  (forests),  Neytal  (seashore),  Palai  (desert) and  Marutam  (cropland). Each is associated with distinct features and refers to different emotional states — union, waiting, pining, separation and quarreling respectively. For Ayngaranesan, this kind of symbolism is an example of how the environment is a critical part of Tamil language and culture.

But politicians like Ayngaranesan, who received a master’s degree in botany and anatomy from Jaffna University, are still rare in Tamil politics. While recognising that many countries across the world now have green parties, Shritharan, the ITAK leader, acknowledged that green politics is not very popular with his constituents. Others are more direct: Sriskandarajah, for example, said that at the political level, when it comes to the climate crisis, “they’re blissfully ignorant about it.” 

Mahadevi, the farmer’s wife from Illupaikadavai, said that there is no history of politicians “coming and talking about these issues here.” Ahilan Kadirgamar, a researcher who works with cooperatives in the Northern Province, argued that Tamil politics and the upper echelons of the Tamil professional classes are filled by dominant-caste communities, and there is very little representation from oppressed-caste groups — even after elite out-migration over the years and shifting demographics. He cited destructive fishing practices and rural indebtedness as examples of major issues of the rural economy that have been disregarded by the Tamil polity. “The intellectual classes and academics have also done very little to address the concerns of fisherfolk and farmers,” he said.

Structural racism, violence and the absence of justice remain salient features of the Tamil condition even 15 years after the end of the civil war. Long-standing Tamil political demands like the full implementation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, which would give greater power to provincial governments, remain unaddressed. “In Mannar, Kilinochchi, Jaffna, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Ampara, our lands are being taken away daily,” Shritharan said, describing urgent present-day challenges. In this context, an under-resourced and institutionally weakened Tamil leadership may well find it difficult to expend political capital on fighting a new, poorly understood and abstract “enemy” in climate change. 

Another complication is how the displacement, violence and economic loss of the climate crisis has largely been instigated by the actions of advanced industrialised nations in the West, many of them once thought of as allies in the Tamil community’s fight for human rights. Path dependency and the difficulty of reimagining traditional political allies as foes may also help explain the invisibility of the climate crisis in Tamil public discourse.

With some creativity, however, there may be space to accommodate the new crisis within the framework of traditional Tamil politics. Language barriers and fiscal centralisation are recognised impediments to addressing the climate emergency, and resolving these problems through increased self-determination and autonomy for Tamil-speaking regions is compatible with historical Tamil demands. Climate scientists often argue that regional familiarity — an intimate understanding of local terrain, climate, resource availability, food cultures, preferences and needs — is essential for proposing and implementing sustainable agricultural and fisheries policies. Ayngaranesan insisted that it is familiarity with the region that makes Tamils best-suited to develop and govern the North. “If you are from the South, you may know of the  kabaragoya ” — the Asian water monitor. “But we do not have that animal here. The South has the  kithul  tree, but we are familiar with the palmyrah tree. They have the Sinharaja rainforest, but we have only dry forests.”

Finally, it is the Tamil connection to land — evident in poetry, song, political rhetoric, writing and art — that may provide the greatest incentive for Tamils to champion climate adaptation efforts and environmental activism. If Tamil identity is indeed rooted in the land and Tamil nationalism is mainly Tamil’s relationship to the land, then changes to the land should incentivise Tamil politicians to be more vocal about the climate emergency. 

And it is not  just  Tamil nationalists or Tamil-identifying communities who have a stake in the climate crisis, Thiruvarangan pointed out, there are also both Muslim and Sinhalese communities that have historically lived in the regions considered Tamil homelands. “It’s important to avoid having the climate crisis become part of a hegemonic narrative that excludes communities,” he warned, describing some of the exclusionary tendencies of Tamil nationalism. “We need to be attentive to contradictions along lines of class, caste and ethnicity, and other war-inflicted contradictions.” 

Over time, the climate emergency will only become more difficult to ignore or dismiss. While the rhetoric of climate change has not yet been incorporated into mainstream political discourse in the Tamil-dominated regions of Sri Lanka, there is some hope. “Anything is small in the beginning,” Shritharan said, referring to the growth of green politics in the Tamil homeland. “But that will come. I believe it will happen over time.”

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Disaster Management Essay

Essay on Disaster Management

Disaster Management is the arrangement and management of the resources following a disaster, be it natural or man-made. There are so many organizations who are dealing with various types of disastrous situations from the humanitarian aspect. Some disasters are just the consequences of human hazards and some are caused by natural calamity. However, we can prevent them by taking the necessary emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disasters cannot be predicted, they can take place anywhere at any time. 

Vedantu has provided an essay on Disaster management on this page. Students who have received an assignment to write an essay on Disaster Management or preparing an essay for examination can refer to this page to understand the pattern. Any student or parent can directly visit Vedantu site or download the app on the phone to get access to the study materials.  

Disaster Management’ is the simple term of management which embraces loads of disaster-related activities. Disaster occurs frequently in some parts of the world. Japan is the best example of it. Japanese people are annoyed on Tsunamis and earthquakes. The local scene is not much different from the global one. No one could forget the cyclone in Orissa, Earthquake in Gujarat or even the Mumbai Terrorist Attack.

Natural and man-made are the two categories of the disaster. Natural disasters are those which occurred due to sudden changes in the environment or topography causing uncountable human as well as economic loss. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and cloudbursts are few of the natural disasters. Manual intentional made disasters are man-made disasters. For example, Gas leakage, terrorist attacks, fire, oil spills. Man-made disasters are the result of human intentions or might be because of workmanship or technical errors. The count of man-made and natural disasters is rising rapidly.

Here are a few things which will help us to deal with earthquakes. The significant information about Natural calamities is predicted easier and is being shared within the public by the central bureau. Furthermore, earthquake-resistant structures are constructed considering, ‘Precaution is Better Than Cure’. Reflexes are made so strong that cover of solid platforms such as a table and chair should be taken as soon as the danger is sensible while the cover of trees, electric poles or buildings is avoided as far as possible. Keep in touch with local news during heavy rainy days. Any flood is preceded with significant time. Making proper use of divine buffer time for safety is advisable. Strategically planning of water reservoirs, land uses, tree plantation, rainwater harvesting techniques help us increase immunity power to fight against the drought. 

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), American Red Cross, Federal Emergency Management Agency, International Association of Emergency Managers etc. are the best disaster management authorities. NDMA is a core body which obeys the law of Disaster Management. The reputed disaster managers are stuck in finding plans for rescuing from the loss of disaster. Moreover, to counteract the effect of disaster Rajya Sabha passed the ‘Disaster Management Act’ on 23 December 2005 which includes 11 chapters and 79 sections in it. Honourable Prime Minister of India Mr Narendra Modi holds the position of chairman of it. 

Youngsters should motivate themselves to learn and practice plenty of disaster management techniques and arrange the camps regarding it. Today, everyone is fighting against one of the breathtaking disasters named COVID-19 which is as big as fighting in world war. Avoiding the crowd, wearing the mask are the basic precautions suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) during this period of fighting. This disease spreads mostly amongst the people who come in close contact with the infected one. So, it's suggested to keep a safe distance of around 3 meters within the others. This is being termed as ‘Social Distancing’. Nature is not cruel nor is it human. Just small management skills help us withstand before, in and after disasters. Uncountable suggestions and instructions in disaster management but few which apply every time must be followed.

Stages of Disaster Management

With proper implementation and structured action, we can prevent or lessen the impact of natural or man-made disasters. There are certain stages involving the cycle for disaster management plan which incorporates policies and emergency responses required for a prospectively complete recovery. The stages are –

The most preferred way to deal with disasters is to be proactive in their prevention rather than rushing later for their cure. This implies recognition of potential hazards and working towards infrastructure to mitigate their impact. This stage in the management cycle involves setting up permanent measures to minimize disaster risk.

Setting up an evacuation plan in a school, training the teachers to lead the students towards safe structures in the event of earthquake, tornado or fire, planning a strong base for high raised sky-scrapers to prepare for earthquakes and designing a city in such a manner that reduces the risk of flooding are some examples of measures takes for disaster prevention.

Mitigation is the first and the foremost attempt to save human lives during the time of disaster or their recovery from the aftermath. The measures which are taken can be both structural and non-structural.

Structural mitigation measures could include transforming the physical characteristics of a building or the surroundings to curb the effect, for example, clearing out of the trees around your house, ensuring that storms don’t knock down the trees and send them crashing into the house. Non-structural measures could include amending the building or locality codes to enhance safety and prevent disasters.

Preparedness

Preparedness is a process that involves a social community where the trained, or the head of the community, businesses and institutions demonstrate the plan of action which is supposed to be executed during the event of a disaster. It is an ongoing continuous process with anticipation of a calamity, which involves training, evaluating and taking corrective action with the highest level of alertness. Some examples of such prevention measures are fire drills, shooter drills and evacuation rehearsals.

The response is the action taken after the disaster has occurred to retrieve some life from it. It includes short-term and long-term responses. In ideal situations, the disaster-management leader will coordinate the use of resources in the restoration process and minimize the risk of further property damage.

During this stage, the area of the calamity is cleared if it poses any further threat to human as well as environmental life. For example, evacuation of the city of Chernobyl, Ukraine, is a responsive action against a disaster.

The fifth and last stage in the process of the disaster management plan is the recovery stage. This can sometimes take years or decades to happen. The larger mass of a city is also sometimes part of the recovery from a disaster. The greatest and the most infamous example of this is the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear attacks on Japan, it took the people of those cities years and decades to recover from that man-made calamity.

It took years of effort to stabilize the area and restore essential community or individual functions. The recovery stage prioritizes the basic essential needs of human survival like food, drinkable water, utilities, transportation and healthcare over less-essential services. Eventually, this stage is all about coordinating with individuals, communities and businesses to help each other to restore a normal or a new normal, as in the case of Covid-19.

How to Act as a Responsible Person During a Time of Disaster?

Some people have more experience than others with managing natural or man-made disasters and their prevention of them. Although this is that subject of life which should be studied and implemented by every business or community. As it is said rightly, “prevention is better than cure”, and any organization or an individual or a community can be hit by a disaster sooner or later, whether it's something as minor as a prolonged power cut or a life-threatening hurricane or an earthquake. Usually, the pandemics train us, as a social and political community, to deal with natural calamities and compel the organizations responsible for it, to build an infrastructure for its prevention.

To act responsibly and pro-actively during the event of a disaster, we have got to be prepared and equipped as a nation, individually and as a social community. To be well-educated and read with the aspects of disaster management is to be responsible for the handling of it.

FAQs on Disaster Management Essay

1. What is Disaster Management?

In simpler words, disaster management can be defined as the arrangement of resources and precautions to deal with all humanitarian aspects during an emergency. Disasters are the consequences of natural or human hazards. Earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes are some of the deadliest natural disasters to name a few. Examples of man-made disasters are bomb blast, radiations, transport accidents, terrorist attacks etc.

2. What is the Main Aim of Disaster Management?

The main aim of disaster management is prevention, rescue and recovery from the trauma, and development.

3. How to Write an Essay on Disaster Management?

Disaster management refers to the response to an emergency situation to make it as normal as possible. While writing an essay on Disaster Management, you can start with an introduction, then go on with the definition, the types of disaster management, a little in-depth explanation along with examples, and finish it off with a conclusion. 

4. Can I Get a Sample Essay on Disaster Management from Vedantu?

Yes, the essay mentioned on this page is about Disaster Management. This essay has been written by the experts of Vedantu keeping the understanding ability of the students of each class. 

5. What are the career opportunities in the field of Disaster management?

People looking for career opportunities in the field of disaster management have many pathways to approach it. Some examples of the jobs relating to this line of work are crisis-management leader, disaster-assistance specialist and emergency-planning coordinator. These are the roles which call for varying levels of responsibility in preparing a city or a company for catastrophic events. The job roles can be approached with earning a master’s degree in emergency and crisis management.

Essay on Disaster Management for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Disaster Management: A disaster is an extreme disruption in the functioning of a habitat that causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources. Landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the examples of disasters. Disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously make effort to mitigate the harm caused by the disasters.

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Long and Short Essay on disaster management in English

Disaster management is a topic on which students are generally asked to write essays. We are providing below essays on the same with different words limit, so the respective essay could be picked up by the students as per their requirements.

Disaster Management Essay 1 (100 words)

Disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community. Earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the natural disasters resulting into huge loss of lives and properties. The direct or indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or man-made are colossal damage, destruction and death.

The disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously makes efforts to reduce the harm caused by the disasters. India has set up many departments and organizations for the same such as national disaster management authority (NDMA). But we are yet to achieve satisfactory progress with regard to timely management of disasters. This can be done by raising adequate awareness about the ways to cope with disasters and greater co-ordination between the centre and state agencies.

Disaster Management Essay 2 (200 words)

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disturbs the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope with using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origin as well such as major fire or leakage in a nuclear plant due to human negligence.

Disaster management is a well-planned strategy for making efforts to reduce the hazards caused by the disasters. Disaster management though does not avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on formulating plans to decrease the effect of disasters. In India, national disaster management authority (NDMA) has been set up to coordinate responses to natural or man-made disasters across the country. NDMA runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations.

These include the national cyclone risk management project, school safety project, decision support system etc. But going by the lack of preparedness exposed by the outbreak of recent disasters in the country, the NDMA needs to make more organized and effective efforts to mitigate the losses caused by disasters. In fact, the society as a whole must make efforts to co-operate with the central and state agencies in coming out with a collective response to deal with disasters.

Also Read: Article on Save Water – Long and short articles for students

Disaster Management Essay 3 (250 words)

Disaster is a catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment. India is one of the most disaster prone zones in the world due to its peculiar geographical characteristics as well as the poor social conditions in which the communities live which exposes them to the frequent destruction caused by the hazards.

For India, the major hazards are earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, fire accidents etc. Rapid growth in the population rate has certainly triggered the level of disasters. Natural disasters can only be mitigated but the man-made disasters can be prevented to a certain limit. India has taken many steps and has formed many organizations in order to mitigate, reduce and avoid the hazards of the disasters.

In India, the role of emergency management falls within the jurisdiction of the national disaster management authority of India (NDMA), which is doing a great job in reducing the hazardous impacts of the disaster and is operating from a government-centered approach to decentralized community participation.

But it needs much more sustained efforts to come out with a well-thought out strategy and response to minimize the colossal damage caused by disasters whenever a calamity has struck, for instance tsunami and Uttarakhand floods in recent times. We have not been able to mount adequate rescue and rehabilitation efforts to effectively deal with the situation.

Disaster Management Essay 4 (300 words)

A disaster is a serious disruption in the functioning of a community and society as a fall-out of widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources.

India is a disaster prone country. In fact, there is no country which is immune from disasters which can be classified as-

Types of Disasters

There are two majorly two types of disasters:

• Natural disasters
• Man-made disasters

Natural disasters are the disasters caused due to natural reasons which are beyond the control of humans including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human lives.

Man-made disasters also known as the complex emergencies are the disasters caused due to major accidents like fires, the breakdown of authority, looting and attacks, including conflict situations and war.

Disaster management is a continuous phenomenon of mitigating the impact of the disasters. Disaster management calls for collective and co-ordinated efforts. A number of activities need to be undertaken in the event of disaster. These include co-ordination, command and control, rapid assessment of damage, restoration of power, tele-communication and surface transport, deployment of search and rescue teams, medicals and Para-medical teams, arrangements for drinking water and food material, setting up of temporary shelters, sanitation and hygiene identification and earmarking of resources, last but not the least, maintenance of law and order is equally important.

The most vulnerable sections in these disasters are the poor. Hence it is necessary to mobilize them towards preparedness for any emergency. Quick and timely response is the essence in providing immediate relief and rescue operations, to save human lives and mitigate miseries as soon as possible.

India has set up many departments and organizations for the same i.e. National disaster management authority (ndma), national remote sensing centre (nrsc), central water commission (cwc) etc. And due to the presence of so many authorities it is not feasible for all of them to take steps in a single direction.

Disaster management has assumed great importance in recent times. To handle any unforeseen situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. It cannot avert the outbreak of disaster, but can mitigate its impact to a large extent.

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Disaster Management Essay 5 (400 words)

Introduction

God has created everything including land, water, air etc. Nature has several manifestations – benign as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing, sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation which is known as disaster.

A catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life and or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment can be termed as a disaster. Natural disasters are the manifestation of nature and they can take place anywhere anytime.

Classification of disasters:

The disasters can be classified as-

Natural disasters: A natural hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural disasters.

Human instigated : Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include fires, transport accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and terrorist attacks may also be put in this category.

Disasters in India: well, there is no country which is completely free from disasters and so is India. India, due to its geographical locations & geological formations, is a highly disaster prone country.

India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from flood, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, drought, landslides. A few recent disasters faced by India include floods in Uttarakhand, cyclone “vardah” in Chennai, recurring earthquakes in northern India, chama earthquake in Gujarat, super cyclone in Orissa in 1999, bhuj earthquake in Gujarat in 2001, tsunami in 2004 and Mumbai-Gujarat flood in 2005. Besides, India has had to suffer technology-related tragedy in the form of gas tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. India also faced the problem of plague in Gujarat.

The direct or indirect impact of the disasters has always been deadly, destructive and damaging. They cause loss of life to the humans as well as livestock.

Disaster management

Disaster management is the management of resources and responsibilities in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Disaster management in India

In India, a lot of forums, funds and organizations are functioning to mitigate the effects of the disasters like national disaster management authority (NDMA), national remote sensing centre (NRSC), Indian council of medical research (ICMR), central water commission (CWC) etc. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.

Sometimes, due to lack of co-ordination between the central and state government as well as the absence of correct resources; the concerned forums, organizations are unable to provide the apt rehabilitation.

To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Disaster management cannot avert the situation, but can mitigate its impact to lessen sufferings of humans, plants and animals.

Disaster Management Essay 6 (800 words)

About disaster

Land, water, air etc are some of the beautiful creations of the almighty. Nature has several manifestations – smooth as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing while sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation or destruction which is known as a “disaster”.

Literal interpretation

Literally, disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from either the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community.

India, being very much prone to disasters due to its geographical location, earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, and fire accidents are some of the major calamities that keep occurring, inflicting colossal damage. Rapid growth in the population rate and urbanization has mostly triggered the level of the disasters.

Types of disasters

The disasters can be broadly classified into two major categories:

• Man made / human instigated disasters

Natural disaster is a natural process that may cause loss of huge lives, injuries or other health impacts, property damages, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions or massive environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are covered under the scope of the term natural disaster. Human instigated disaster is also known as the complex emergency and is the disaster caused due to major happenings such as fires, oil spill, breakdown of authority, looting, wars etc.

Disasters in India over a decade-at a glance

India has faced some of the most destructive disasters in past decade which can be named as under:

Effects of disasters in India:

The impact of natural as well as human instigated disasters is colossal death, destruction, injuries, huge loss of the lives of humans and livestock.

The impact of human activities on natural disasters:

Since a long for now, it has been noticed that modernization is leading to grave ignorance towards the environment. Environmental bylaws are being neglected by industries. Due to over-exploitation of nature, we humans have created such a situation where events like earthquakes, landslides are increasingly being elevated to the extent that they are causing massive loss in terms of human life and property.

It’s not that, every one of us is being ignorant about the environment. There are a lot of people who are very much concerned about the nature and the environment. Even, there are many NGOs which are taking the issue of global warming and pollution publically by taking out rallies and organizing several campaigns to save environment and such initiatives need to be appreciated.

Disaster management is the creation of primary and secondary plans through which people’s vulnerability to hazards can be reduced so that they can cope up with disasters. The mechanism does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating the strategies to decrease the effect of disasters.

National disaster management authority (NDMA) is the apex body which is mandated to lay down the policies and guidelines for disaster management to ensure timely an effective response towards disasters. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.

NDMA mostly performs the following functions:

• Administration
• Policies formation for disaster management
• Mitigation of disasters
• Approval of the plans laid down
• Formation of funds for the purpose of mitigation of disasters etc
• Running various programs and imparting guidelines

Prevention & control

The natural disasters are inevitable, even if we have measures to predict/ forecast the disasters we can’t stop them from happening. The best which can be done is to avoid the practices which are hazardous for the environment which are leading towards environmental degradation, while preparing plans for our disaster management.

Once a disaster strikes it leads to a massive destruction and loss of life. In case of the disasters like earthquakes, floods etc. Where a number of humans are displaced and post disaster there are a number of causalities. This is the time when the actual emergency preparedness comes into effect by giving first aid to the injured ones, providing rescue and relief operations to the victims.

To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Also, it is of utmost importance to be prepared with a proper disaster management team which can take charge as soon as possible when the disaster strikes.

Related Information:

Speech on Disaster Management

Essay on Earthquake

International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction

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