what is our place in nature essay

Americans love nature but don’t feel empowered to protect it, new research shows

Assistant Professor, Indiana University

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Jessica Eise receives funding from the National Science Foundation to explore how to create enduring change in environmental public behavior to support actions that will effectively address climate change and its impacts on society.

Indiana University provides funding as a member of The Conversation US.

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Climate change has been in the news for more than 40 years . It’s typically covered as a scientific or political issue . However, social scientists like me have found that feelings and values are what drive people toward broad, collective change – not charts, graphs or images.

Surveys confirm that the majority of Americans now believe that climate change is real . But many adults seem to feel too exhausted, defeated or powerless to do anything about it.

I am leading a large multiyear research project funded by the National Science Foundation that examines how to tap into morals, ethics and spirituality to create enduring behavioral shifts on this issue. In the pilot study for this project, which has not been published yet, we recently surveyed 275 U.S. adults to understand their relationship with and feelings toward the natural world.

This is a first step toward understanding how to start communicating differently about climate change. Climate change is altering weather patterns, temperatures and seasons, which people are now beginning to feel in nearly all locations in the world.

Many people said that when they thought of nature, it raised happy memories of climbing trees, stomping in puddles or watching sunsets. But underneath, they described fraught relationships with the environment – a tense blend of love, longing, guilt and worry.

No predetermined answers

We used an open-ended survey that allowed respondents to answer however they wished, without predetermined choices. For example, we asked “What is your personal relationship with nature?” and gave respondents a blank box to write down their own interpretation.

Open-ended questions are coded line by line by a team of researchers – a time-consuming process that limits the number of survey participants. Large surveys typically use close-ended questions that are more straightforward to analyze and are easier to administer to larger numbers of people.

However, using this approach meant that responses were not limited or prompted by a researcher’s ideas. The themes we found arose out of participants’ own thoughts and feelings.

How do people think about and engage with nature?

To understand people’s relationships with nature, we asked several questions. In one set we asked, “How are humans and nature related? What is the role of humans in nature?” Over half of respondents (53%) noted that we should care for and preserve Earth. Some 45% explicitly mentioned the benefits of nature for human health and well-being. And 27% discussed how humans depend on Earth and its resources.

About a quarter of responses (26%) mentioned that humans can choose to be positive or negative forces in nature. This was closely followed by statements that humans take too much from nature (23%).

When analyzing another question, “What is your personal relationship with nature?” we noted prominent themes and how participants tended to connect them to one another. For instance, participants reported that, to them, nature represented beauty, health, joy, childhood and escape.

To connect with nature, respondents said they commonly engaged in activities such as taking walks outdoors, going camping, watching sunsets or gardening. However, many said that barriers – such as time constraints, lack of physical access or being distracted by technology – prevented them from connecting with nature in the ways they wanted.

Wanting to do better

Underlying all of this were strong feelings of love, longing, worry and guilt. These emotions showed up most commonly in responses – usually through a literal statement, although sometimes by alluding to the emotion.

When discussing love, participants were most direct. They usually simply said, “I love it, honestly” or “Love it.” Longing was often expressed in slightly more varied ways, such as stating “It makes me sad to not be outside as much as I would hope to,” or “Wish I could go hiking and other things to get closer.”

Worry and guilt emerged in responses such as: “I try my best to respect the environment and take care of it. I know I can do better”; “I take care of it the best I can, but I wouldn’t say I make any large gestures either”; and “I don’t appreciate it enough.” One person simply responded: “Appreciation, respect, care, sadness.”

This question had asked, “What is your personal relationship with nature?” We did not guide respondents to list their feelings. Yet, the responses were laden with emotions.

No sense of how to help

The way in which people talk about or portray an issue – their words, symbols, phrases or images – is called a frame. Frames highlight a subset of an issue , which then generally becomes people’s primary way of thinking about something.

Positive self-efficacy frames – in other words, a belief that people can make a difference – have been largely absent from conversations about climate change . Political or distant environmental frames are more common.

For example, prominent images typically contain political figures or distant environmental impacts, such as smokestacks or melting ice . These tend to leave people feeling powerless or feeling that they have little to offer.

Our survey findings reflect these frames. People feel longing, guilt and worry toward the environment, with virtually no mention of hope, excitement or empowerment.

From paralysis to engagement

Social scientists have been learning through climate change research that some emotions paralyze and others catalyze . Is it possible to reduce paralysis and match love for nature with hope?

Other surveys show that Americans’ concern for future generations is rising, that they are worried about harm to plants and animals and that nearly all groups see human actions as the cause of these concerns . However, as long as people lack a personal sense that they have the ability to make change, they won’t take steps such as telling political leaders to act.

Our next phase of research will build on findings from this survey by examining how ethical, moral and spiritual considerations influence behavior . We want to know what’s required for these ideas to invoke a sense of personal empowerment that’s necessary to take action.

When someone focuses on their connection with one another and future generations, it draws on a different set of ethics and sense of self – and that can motivate action.

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The Bible reveals why humans feel spiritually at home in nature

(Unsplash/Noah Ridge)

by Robert "Robin" Gottfried

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According to a  recent survey of Americans, 45% of respondents find being outdoors or in nature to be the most spiritually satisfying activity. Prayer comes close, but church attendance lags far behind.

Why does nature touch us so deeply? The Bible — one long creation/love/salvation story, a saga of God's home-building project — suggests an answer that also addresses the core of Christian faith.

At the beginning of the Bible, in  Genesis 1 , we encounter a God busy with building a temple — creation — in which to dwell. According to William Brown in his book  The Seven Pillars of Creation , the literary structure of the text mirrors the structure of Mideastern temples, including Jerusalem's. On day seven, the Sabbath, God rests and delights in the holy-of-holies, the home God has built for Godself. God dwells in the temple of creation, the work of God's hands.

The priestly authors of Genesis 1 completed their creation story in  Exodus 25-40 with the building of the Tabernacle, a portable temple. There, the Spirit of God descends on the Tabernacle in the wilderness and dwells among the people ( Exodus 40:34-35 ). Although God resides in all things, God presents Godself in a locale where the Hebrew people can more easily encounter and engage God. The Tabernacle becomes a visible manifestation of God's dwelling with God's people, as does, eventually, the Temple in Jerusalem.

Temples of Israel's neighbors often included an image of their god in the holy-of-holies to provide a tangible sense of their god's presence. Unlike their neighbors, the Hebrews resisted making images of God. The Hebrew Bible contains many passages inveighing against idols and ridiculing graven images (e.g.,  Exodus 34:17 ,  Leviticus 26:1 ,  Deuteronomy 29:17 ,  1 Kings 16:13 ,  Psalm 78:58 ,  Isaiah 31:7 ,  Ezekiel 6:5 ,  Zechariah 13:2 ).

The authors of Genesis 1 made a startling declaration when they said that God made humans in God's image. The Hebrew Bible has only five instances where something (humans) serves as God's image. Three of those instances are in  Genesis 1:26-27 . The other two are  Genesis 5:3 and  9:6 . (The Book of Wisdom contains three instances [ 2:23 ,  7:26 , and  13:16 ] and Sirach contains one [ 17:3 ]. However, these Apocryphal books, while included in the Catholic Bible, are not part of the Hebrew canon.) 

Evidently, in the authors' view, only humans possessed the ability to present God's presence tangibly to the world. 

How would this image reveal God's presence to the rest of creation?  Genesis 2 provides an answer. In this creation story, God hasn't gone to the trouble of building a temple because "God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was no one to till the ground" ( Genesis 2:5 ). God needed a gardener.

So, God made a human out of dirt and placed it in the garden to "till it and keep it." The Hebrew words used here,  abad  and  shamar , mean "to serve," even to the point of "being a slave to" and "to watch over, keep or preserve."

Humans serve the garden, not the other way around, thereby exhibiting God's "loving-kindness" or mercy toward all, never destroying or harming creation. This is the kind of dominion Genesis 1 calls humans to exercise — one of service and self-sacrifice. This is how humans act as an image of God to the rest of the created world.

A home, a dwelling where all its inhabitants support one another and flourish, is more than a building. The Hebrew Bible relays God's attempts to mold the Hebrew nation into God's image by dwelling with them and admonishing them through the prophets. In the New Testament, God acts in a startling way to foster the relationships that would make creation a home. Through the Incarnation, God and creation interpenetrate, much like the Persons of the Trinity.

When the Gospel of John tells us that "the Word became flesh and lived [tabernacled] among us" ( 1:14 ), the word used is  sarx , which means the stuff out of which all living things are made, or just "stuff" as one Bible scholar who is a friend of mine puts it — matter and energy. God the potter becomes one with the clay.

In Acts, Peter tells us the Spirit fell on all  sarx at Pentecost as the prophet Joel had foretold. So, just as the Spirit of God fell on and filled the Temple of Solomon and the Tabernacle, and then fell on Jesus at his baptism, so does the Spirit fall on and fill the temple of creation. Thus, in the New Testament with the coming of Jesus and the Spirit, God both lives  in the temple of creation and  is the temple of creation (while remaining separate from it).

(Unsplash/Jessica Mangano)

The Epistles of Paul frequently refer to Jesus as the "Image of God" ( 1 Corinthians 11:7 ,  2 Corinthians 4:4 ,  Colossians 1:15 ).

The Gospel of John also implicitly refers to Jesus as God's image when it says: "Philip said to him, 'Lord, show us the Father, and we will be satisfied.' Jesus said to him, 'Have I been with you all this time, Philip, and you still do not know me? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father' " ( 14:8-9 ). So, not only is Jesus the temple, Jesus also is the image in the temple, once again the visible manifestation of God.

So what difference does the Incarnation make? When Jesus died on the cross, not only did he come back from the dead, but he came back  different . He walked through closed doors and disappeared only to reappear elsewhere. He ate and drank. Jesus came back in a new body with new abilities, ushering in the beginning of a new creation — a  renewed creation that retains the features (including the scars) of the old, but brims with new life.

By undergoing death and coming back in a new body, God changes the rules of the game. God begins the saving of the world, the saving from death, predation, parasitism, suffering, illness, war, violence, environmental degradation, extinction and the myriad ways the current home fails to reflect a totally loving and self-giving God.

While salvation includes our gaining eternal life, it encompasses far more than individuals "going over Jordan" as many many spirituals and gospel songs proclaim. The end game includes  all things being swept up into new life. Jesus didn't go through death just so you and I could go to heaven — God endured death to save  everything from the cycles of death that bind us.

Through Jesus' life and death, eternal life begins now in a Spirit-led relationship with God so that we might "have life and have it abundantly " today ( John 10:10 ).

This promise of eternal life has cosmic implications: The coming kingdom of God has started. The new creation has begun. The Spirit flows among Jesus' followers to draw them into a loving unity that more closely mirrors the unity of the Trinity so that Jesus, the quintessential image of God, might be imaged in his followers.

Thus, Christ's followers become the body of Christ. Given, however, that the Spirit fell on all creation, we similarly may think of the Spirit weaving all creation into God's body.

At the end of time, as  Ephesians 1:8-10 and the  Book of Revelation tell us, God "will gather up all things in him, things in heaven and things on earth." Heaven will come down to Earth — we won't go up to heaven. Instead, heaven and Earth will merge.

In this New Jerusalem there will be no temple nor sun because God will be the temple and God's light will illuminate everything. All things now will live in God and see God face to face.

In a time when we face innumerable human and environmental crises, let us remember that God is enlisting us in a project to build our common home, one where all things will prosper in harmony, one where we easily encounter God. The Resurrection tells us we can have hope in the midst of darkness if we allow God's Spirit to guide us. 

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Environmental Topics and Essays

Just another sb you: web publishing for you site, our role and relationship with nature.

I.  Introduction

Earth as we know it is an incredibly complex and fragile network of interconnected systems that have developed slowly over the last 4.5 billion years or so.  From the ashes of the Big Bang this planet emerged as a mass of energy and elements.  From that newly born mass of energy and elements evolved structured, dynamic systems of solids, liquids, and gases.  The evolution of this planet continued to unfold over billions of years in such a unique way that eventually conditions arose with the ability to foster life.

From the smallest microorganisms to the largest animals, all life on Earth has a common ancestor.  Everything is connected to everything.  So how is it that our species has come to dominate the landscape in such a short period of time?  Furthermore, what gives us the right to do so?  In 3.5 billion years of life on Earth everything has followed a natural course of evolution.  However, our rapid success as a species has begun to affect this natural order.  With our population at seven billion and climbing, we have played a tremendous role in the disruption of the Earth’s natural systems.  As we continue to grow and have a greater impact on the Earth’s systems, it is imperative that we address our role and relationship with nature.

The ability of humans to manipulate the landscape and recognize the consequences of doing so puts us in a peculiar position.  As a species we are assigned the duty to provide and proliferate.  Our goal is to achieve stability for ourselves and our kin.  However we also have an obligation to maintain the environment, as we depend on the resources and services it provides.  The question then becomes: what is our role in nature?  Do we have the right to manipulate the land, factory farm animals, and pollute waterways?  Or do we have an obligation to reduce our numbers and merely subsist?  In order to answer these questions we must rely on our knowledge of Earth, evolution, and our influence on the environment.

II.  History

Our relationship with nature has historically been one of imbalance and overuse.  Nearly every step in human history has unfortunately been accompanied with a leap in environmental degradation.  At first, humans were incredibly in-tune with their surroundings.  Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes used to roam the lands, following the ebb and flow of the seasons.  These tribes had a measurable impact on the environment, but their influence was relatively manageable due to their population size.  With advancements in technology and agriculture though, humans began to find more efficient ways of sustaining themselves.  These advancements allowed for more permanent settlements, which led to rapid population growth and a distancing from nature.

As society evolved, populations grew and more and more resources were required to fuel the expansion.  With breakthroughs in agriculture, settlements became more permanent and cities began to take shape.  This shift to city life inadvertently led to a distancing from nature.  While many people were still in-tune with nature on a subsistent level, the need for more and more resources began to change our regard for nature.

Although our distancing from nature began several thousand years ago with advancements in agriculture and social order, it is the age of industry to which we owe our modern regard for nature.  The growth of cities allowed for a separation between people and nature and our obsession with convenience and efficiency beckoned a new perspective on the environment.  With technological advancements, nature became something we were no longer apart of and entirely subject to, but something that we could control and profit off of.  The growth of industry enabled humans to truly dominate the landscape and disrupt the natural systems that have been in place for billions of years.

As we have removed ourselves further and further from nature, we have developed a willing ignorance of our role and relationship within it.  With the growth of cities and trade we have moved from a subsistent, sustainable economy to one of greed and exploitation.  Humans have always had an impact on the environment, but with the age of industry that impact has been ultra-magnified.  Population growth has been exponentiated, cities have become the primary place of residence, and the majority of the world is now out of touch with the workings of nature.

Although every species plays a unique role in the biosphere and inherently has its own impact, not every species has the cognitive ability to measure their influence or the capacity to change it.  Humans are unique in that respect, which is the root of the problem.  We are capable of understanding our influence over nature, but we tend to ignore the Earth’s reaction to our presence.  I am not arguing that we purposefully degrade nature, but that environmental degradation is an inherent trait of our population’s perpetual progression.  We know we are crippling the environment.  We have the ability to do something about it.  Therefore, we should make change where change is necessary.

III.  Economy

The size of our population and its incessant desire to expand has an obvious impact on the environment.  However, that impact is magnified with the demands of industry and capitalism.  In his book, Regarding Nature , Andrew McLaughlin identifies industrialism and the capitalist mindset as being especially influential on our regard for nature: “The economic systems that we construct and live within are, I suggest, the primary immediate causes of our relations between society and the rest of nature” (Regarding Nature, P. 12).  Further causing a perceived division from nature is the economic structure we have allowed to infect most of the world.

Capitalism is an especially destructive force in our regard for nature as it encourages a monetary-driven social hierarchy based on the encroaching exploitation of our world’s resources.  Our relationship with nature has now become purely economic.  We do not associate ourselves as a part of nature because we use it for profit.  Forests are cut down for the profits of the lumber industry and to make room for livestock.  Animals that we are undoubtedly related to, that have senses and the ability to socialize are slaughtered by the billions to feed an increasingly carnivorous population.  Resources such as oil and food are all unevenly distributed throughout the world and therefore used as a platform for profit.  All the while the environment bears the grunt of our greed.

We not only encourage a division amongst ourselves through the commoditization of the world’s resources, we encourage a division between man and nature.  In order to reconstruct our views of nature and understand our place within it, it is important to reconsider our relationship with each other and our surroundings.  As Aldo Leopold puts it, man “…has not learned to think like a mountain” ( A Sand County Almanac, P. 11).  We have to consider ourselves as part of a bigger picture.  Industry and capitalism rely heavily on ignorance and individualism.  However, the reality is that we are all dependent upon each other in one way or another.

IV.  Time for Change

Humans play a vital role in nature just like everything else.  What separates us from nature though, is the ability to understand our place within it.  This cognitive capacity of ours has historically been the cause of a perceived division between man and nature.  However, in order to achieve a sustainable future in which humans assume a more natural role and have less of an impact it is imperative that we reconsider our role and relationship with nature.  A change in the way we regard nature has obvious political, economic, and social repercussions, but our cognitive ability obliges us to reevaluate our position in the world rather than continue to degrade it.

There are a number of ways in which we can begin to reconsider our relationship with nature, but all of which require an enormous effort.  Through a universal education curriculum, it is possible to encourage people everywhere to consider themselves as part of a larger picture.  By teaching people about the environment, evolution, and ecology, we can provide them with the tools for change.  Lewis Mumford imagined a social revolution brought about by a change in values through educational reform: “The humanizing of technology and the protection of diversity were both contingent on a fundamental change in values” ( Minding Nature , P.219).  In order to bring about necessary change it is critical that people take action.  Through a universal environmental education program it is possible to galvanize people into forming new ideas and opinions of the world and to understand their place within it.

A universal education program would go a long way in encouraging change in how we view each other and our environment.  Changing attitudes are a primary component in achieving a sustainable future – one in which nature is allowed to run its course without human intervention.  Gregg Easterbrook discusses a similar future in his The Ecorealist Manifesto : “…the long-term purview of nature might be combined with the short-term insights of the genus Homo in ways that allow people, machines, and nature to work together for each other’s mutual benefit” ( The Ecorealist Manifesto, P. 1).  In order for the Earth to retain its balance, it is important that we not overstep our bounds as a species.  This requires a universal effort to reevaluate our relationship with nature and make adjustments as needed.

V.  Conclusion

After thousands of years of societal evolution, we find ourselves at the peak of technology and pollution.  We are already seeing the effects of our industrial ways through the extinction of species, the melting of glaciers, and the destruction of the landscape.  As we continue to disturb the world’s natural systems we are recognizing a rippling of consequences.  Our recognition of these effects suggests that our role in nature is far more influential than it should be.  Therefore it is necessary that we make major changes and that we make them soon.

Our role within nature should be one of subsistence rather than commercialization.  We have exploited the world for too long and the consequences of doing so are everywhere.  As everything is related to everything, we have no right to infringe on the livelihood of any other species.  In fact, our cognitive ability and understanding of nature obliges us to maintain the integrity of the environment.  So we must change how we influence the land.  We must respect the natural order of things and find a way to live accordingly.

Although a change in attitudes would require a complete overhaul of our current economic and political structures, it is something that must be done.  As history shows, if we continue to encourage expansion and development it is very likely that we will see major effects in climate and ecology.  We have seen the destructive nature of industrialism and capitalism.  We can predict and measure the effects of our actions on the environment.  We know we are headed in the wrong direction and we are expecting major consequences.  So why don’t we do something about it?

VI.  References

• McLaughlin, Andrew. Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology . Albany: State University of New York, 1993. Print.
• Leopold, Aldo, Charles Walsh Schwartz, and Aldo Leopold. A Sand County Almanac. With Other Essays on Conservation from Round River . New York: Oxford UP, 1966. Print.
• Macauley, David. Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology . New York: Guilford, 1996. Print.
• Easterbrook, Gregg. “The Ecorealist Manifesto.” The Atlantic . Atlantic Media Company, 1995. Web. 13 Apr. 2014.

795 thoughts on “ Our Role and Relationship With Nature ”

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I thought the physicians says there is no cure for HSV 2!!! I am telling you today that DR.UMA cure HSV 2 with his herbal medicine and once you get cured you are cured forever it is never reversible, I have been suffering for this deadly disease called h HSV 2 for more than a 2years and lost all hope because my doctor says there is no cure for HSV 2. Brethren I saw a testimony on the internet on how DR.UMA cure HSV, Hapatitis etc with his herbal medication and an email and watsapp to contact him was also displayed, I thought this was joke but I decided to contact him and he replied telling me not to worry, that my problem is over . DR.UMA sent me a herbal medication to drink for one month but only 2weeks I feel strange and I went to my doctor and he confirmed me negative. He can help you too. Contact him via email…[email protected] WhatsApp +2347035619585. He is capable of curing AUTISM, HERPES, HPV, HSV1&2, HEPATITIS A B C, and DIABETES.

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I am  john danilla  from UK( northern ireland), i want to share a testimony on how a powerful spell caster cured my HIV disease, i was diagnosed of this disease, in the year 2009, last week i saw a testimony on Dr. on how he cured an HIV patient, so i contacted him through phone call and he asked me to email him, which idid, so he told me that all my problems is over and then he decided to do an healing spell spell for me so after he finished it, he told me to wait for just 24 hours and then i should go for a test, so i really did as he had said, so my greatest surprised when i went to the hospital to go for an HIV test, the Medical doctor diagnosed that, i am now HIV negetative at first i was amazed and now i have come to realise that this spell caster Dr. believe is a very powerful one and a real spell caster. So viewers of this should please join me in my celebration for i am the happiest man on earth today and if you want to contact him, you can do this via his email ([email protected]) or whatsapp him +2348105257464   

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I thought the physicians says there is no cure for HSV 2!!! I am telling you today that DR.UMA cure HSV 2 with his herbal medicine and once you get cured you are cured forever it is never reversible, I have been suffering for this deadly disease called h HSV 2 for more than a 2years and lost all hope because my doctor says there is no cure for HSV 2. Brethren I saw a testimony on the internet on how DR.UMA cure HSV, Hapatitis etc with his herbal medication and an email and watsapp to contact him was also displayed, I thought this was joke but I decided to contact him and he replied telling me not to worry that my problem is over . DR.UMA sent me a herbal medication to drink for one month but only 2weeks I feel strange and I went to my doctor and he confirmed me negative. He can help you too. Contact him via email…[email protected] WhatsApp +2347035619585. He is capable of curing AUTISM, HERPES, HPV, HSV1&2, HEPATITIS A B C, and DIABETES.?’

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Am so happy to tell about Dr sikies , i contacted him regarding the solution to Genital Herpes and he sent me a herbal that worked perfectly well. I have waited for two years for proper observation and i am still OKAY (Herpes Negative). Dr sikies is God sent, Dr sikies has herbal solution to all health issue includine Hiv, Cancer, A L S, MS, Hepatitis A, B, C, and E viruses, Machupo virus, Liver disease, Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease,HPV , etc. Contact him with via email address [email protected] WhatsApp: +2348163430143 Placed order now via website :  https://drsikiesherbalcuremedicine.weebly.com/    Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/doctorsikiesherbs You can reach me via email : [email protected]

My Sister was having Hepatitis B and her husband was so Afraid he will lose her. We kept searching for help everywhere until someone told me about herbal medicine and how it cures all types of diseases. I ordered it from Dr Osazu after I saw many wonderful testimony about how He has Cured so many people completely without no side effects and my sister used the medication for just 14 days . Everything that Dr Osazu said about the medication are true. I am full with Joy to see my loving sister strong and healthy again. Contact him on: [email protected]

My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: [email protected] TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

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I tested positive for HSV-2 few months ago. At first, I was devastated thinking I have an incurable STD for life. After doing hours of research I quickly realized genital herpes is a filthy parasite that just likes to hide in your body. Yes, there’s no “medical cure” but that doesn’t mean your body can’t get rid of it. I literally flush it out of my system with the help of Dr. amulor natural herbal medication which I ordered after doing some research. And now I’m HSV-2 Negative, I never believed it until my doctor finally gave me the test results and behold I was HSV free. I’m so glad that I found you Dr. amulor Thanks so much for your goodness I’m grateful. You can also get in touch with him via call/whatsapp +2348024782981 email him at [email protected]

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I am john danilla from UK( northern ireland), i want to share a testimony on how a powerful spell caster cured my HIV disease, i was diagnosed of this disease, in the year 2009, last week i saw a testimony on Dr. on how he cured an HIV patient, so i contacted him through phone call and he asked me to email him, which idid, so he told me that all my problems is over and then he decided to do an healing spell spell for me so after he finished it, he told me to wait for just 24 hours and then i should go for a test, so i really did as he had said, so my greatest surprised when i went to the hospital to go for an HIV test, the Medical doctor diagnosed that, i am now HIV negetative at first i was amazed and now i have come to realise that this spell caster Dr. believe is a very powerful one and a real spell caster. So viewers of this should please join me in my celebration for i am the happiest man on earth today and if you want to contact him, you can do this via his email (drbelieve921@

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Am from the north Carolina. I caught genital herpes from my ex boyfriend who never had any symptoms of herpes . I had it for 4 years and it has literally affected my life before I got cured. People think herpes is really a minor skin irritation, herpes has long term effects on health. The stigma attached to this virus by ignorant people is ridiculous. Most people have herpes in one form or another but they might not be aware of it. I would like to advise people on how I got rid of my herpes by using Dr Sikies medicine. I saw a comment posted by a woman from Ireland on the internet that she got rid of her herpes with the help of Doctor Sikies and I was so happy when I saw that post. I quickly contacted doctor sikies regarding a cure for herpes. I explained things to him and he assured me not to worry that he will cure me. I ordered his medicine which was sent to me via DHL. i got the herbal medicine and i used it as i was told for the period of 2 weeks which is twice a day ( morning and at night before going to bed) .after 2 weeks, i found out that the herpes was no more and this was also confirmed by my doctor. If you have herpes or other similar disease and you want it cure, kindly contact Doctor sikies WhatsApp wa.me/+2348163430143 / Email [email protected] Dr Sikies can also cure HIV, stroke, ulcer, depression, autism, cancer, diabetes etc.

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I will forever be grateful and thankful for what Dr Osalu has done for me and my family. I Was having Hepatitis for good three years with no solution, the diseases almost took my life and because I was unable to work and I was also losing lots of-6 money for medication, but one faithful day when I went online, I met lots of testimonies about this great man so I decided to give it a try and to God be the glory he did it. He cured me of my virus and I am so happy and pleased to Write about him today. If you need his help or you also want to get cured just the way I got mine, just email him below [email protected] or WhatApp, +2348078668950  and get your healing. He has cure for other deadly diseases like Diabetes, Hiv/Aids, Hepatitis and all types and Cancer .  his website is https://drosaluherbalhome.wixsite.com/drosaluherbshome   

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Dr. Salem thank you so very much for helping to reunite me and my partner! I didn’t think we would ever be able to work things out with all that had happened between us. But you wouldn’t let me be negative and you really did get my lover back for me! Thank you again so much! We are happy and planning a vacation to celebrate our engagement. Without you and your help, I know this would not have been possible. E-mail: salem manifest lover spell @ gmail. com

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I have been diagnosed of genital Herpes for 3years and lived in pain with the knowledge that I wasn’t going to ever be well again I contacted so many herbal doctors on this issue and wasted a large sum of money but my condition never got better I was determined to get my life back so one day I saw several post about Dr Aba the herbalist how he’s used natural herbal roots and herbs to cure this particular virus. immediately I contacted Aba on his email address dr.abaherbalhome@ gmail. com we spoke on the issue I told him all that I went through and he told me not to worry everything will be fine again so he prepared the medicine and send it to me through ups delivery including a tree root which he said was very important and told me how to use it.. after 14days of usage the Pain, itching, and sores were gone after about 2months, am the happiest woman on earth now. This testimony is real. Thanks to Dr aba God bless you. you can reach him on his WhatsApp number on 2348107155060

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I can’t express my gratitude to Dr Aba for making me a living testimony. i have battled with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2 for about 7years now, and i have done all i can to make sure i am cured but nothing worked out, but miraculously my friend invited me to see a video on his Blog and as i visited i decided to see few of the comment below, and i found some people talking about Dr Aba, and i decided to contact this great herbal healer to also help me,so i wrote to him, and he replied me back and assure me that i will get a cure for my HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2. and after preparing my medicine he sent it to me and when i started using it for 2weeks i was completely cured, I am assuring you that you will be cured if you also contact this great man on his Email: dr.abaherbalhome@ gmail. com or whatsapp is mobile number on +2348107155060.

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To everyone around this world, I’m telling you all about the great and powerful spellcaster DR UGHULU, the almighty man. My boyfriend left me 6 months ago all because he saw my ex-boyfriend send me a message thinking I was cheating on him, so he left me alone I have begged him and done all I can do yet he hasn’t come back I have almost got frustrated all because he left me a day can’t go without I didn’t think about him because we share our thought together. One day I was browsing on the internet when I saw the great testimonies about DR UGHULU and I went through them and saw his spiritual powerful works, it was fantastic. I made up my mind to send him a message so that he could help me bring my boyfriend back, so luckily he did everything he told me and returned my boyfriend within 24 hours. Now my boyfriend and I are living a good life. DR UGHULU thank you so much, sir. His email:[email protected] Website: https://drughulupowerfulsp.wixsite.com/my-site-ughulu or Text/Call:+1 (252) 409-1841

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My name is Ashley Jason from Canada, my husband and I have been quarreling almost all the time because he barely gives me attention. I didn’t know that it was because he was seeing another woman. One day I went through his phone and found his chat with her and how he was always spending time with her so i confronted him and he told me that he has fallen out of love with me and he wanted a divorce I told him I don’t want us to end our marriage because I love him so much, he didn’t even listen to me he went to our room packed his clothes and left. I tried reaching out to him but to no avail, I cried and cried for weeks but nothing changed so I decided to search for ways to get my husband back online and I came across a testimony on how Dr. Great use his spell to reunite two lovers so i decided to contact him on WhatsApp and we spoke and he assured me that my husband will come back to me 24 hours after he finish casting the spell. And exactly 24 hours after I heard a knock on the door I went to open the door and I saw my husband on his knees begging me to accept him back again and he promised never to leave me or do anything to hurt me again. I let him plead for a few minutes before I accepted him again. I’m so happy today to tell the world that Dr Great is truly a man of his words. Do you have a problem with your marriage or relationship then contact Dr Great at

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I was diagnosed of herpes 3 years, and ever since then i have been taking treatment to prevent outbreaks, burning and blisters, but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. Aba on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him. After our conversation he sent .me the medicine which I took according to his instructions for up to 2 weeks. After completing the medication I went back to my doctor for another test and the virus was all gone and I was completely cured, since then I have not had any signs of outbreak. I’m so filled with joy. With herbal medication .Herpes Virus is 100% curable. I refer Dr. Aba to everyone out there with the virus. His email address is [email protected] you can also Add Dr.Aba on whatsApp number on +2348107155060.

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I’m here to testify about the great work Dr Aba did for me. I have been suffering from (HERPES) disease for the past 5 years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year, I had faith in God that i would be healed someday.This disease started circulating all over my body and i have been taking treatment from my doctor, few weeks ago i came across a testimony of one lady on the internet testifying about a Man called Dr Aba on how he cured her from Herpes Simplex Virus. And she also gave the email address of this man and advise anybody to contact him for help for any kind of sickness that he would be of help, so I emailed him telling him about my (HERPES Virus) he told me not to worry that i was going to be cured!! Well i never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later i started experiencing changes all over me as Dr Aba assured me that i will be cured,after some time i went to my doctor to confirmed if i have be finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can contact Dr Aba via email [email protected] You can also call or whatsApp his telephone number on +2348107155060. Thanks once again Dr Aba. ..

I’m not here to bore you with too much story rather I want to share with you a very useful info about herpes virus and how I got cured. herpes virus is curable contrarily to what they made us to believe all this while. I got cured using herbal medicine from the local herbal doctor behind this email: [email protected] . it was simple but my obedience an determination contributed to the success of the curing process so I’m boldly saying that nobody should suffer from the cruel hand of the nasty herpes virus. take the bull by the horns

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I will forever be grateful and thankful for what Dr Osalu has done for me and my family. I Was having Hepatitis for good three years with no solution, the diseases almost took my life and because I was unable to work and I was also losing lots of-6 money for medication, but one faithful day when I went online, I met lots of testimonies about this great man so I decided to give it a try and to God be the glory he did it. He cured me of my virus and I am so happy and pleased to Write about him today. If you need his help or you also want to get cured just the way I got mine, just email him below drosaluherbalhome@gmail. com or WhatApp, +2348078668950  and get your healing. He has cure for other deadly diseases like Diabetes, Hiv/Aids, Hepatitis and all types and Cancer .  his website is https://drosaluherbalhome.wixsite.com/drosaluherbshome  

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HOW I GOT CURED FROM HERPES: I already gave up on ever getting cured of herpes because I have tried many treatment and none has work, I have gone to different hospitals they always recommend me same drugs and it not working on me, until I came across a post about DR ABA on the net from a lady who is recommending people, then i contacted him that day, and he started giving me hope and then prepared some herbal medicine which I took according to his prescription on them, so I was still doubting if it was working on me so at a time my Husband just ask me to go for check up and I did, so I found out that I was cure and free from the herpes virus, thanks to DR ABA once again. his email address is [email protected] or WhatsApp him on +2348107155060.

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My husband left me for another woman 3 months ago and ever since then my life has been filled with pain, sorrow and heart break because he was my first love whom I have spent my entire life with. A friend of mine told me he saw some testimonies of a spell caster called Dr Great that he can bring back lover within some few days, i laugh it out and said i am not interested but because of the love my friend has for me, she consulted the great spell caster on my behalf and to my greatest surprise after 2 days my husband called me for the very first time after three months that he is missing me and that he is so sorry for every thing he made me went through. He came back to me and now we are happy together. I still can’t believe it, because it is highly unbelievable. Thank you Dr.Great for bringing back my lover and also to my lovely friend who interceded on my behalf, for any one who might need the help of this great spell caster here is the email address:

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I want to testify to what Dr Ughulu did for me. I did everything I could do to bring my partner back but he didn’t come back he was with someone else luckily I saw a comment which directed me to a very good powerful and kind man called Dr Ughulu that helped me bring my partner back and now he loves me so much more than ever i am so happy with life now thank you so much Dr Ughulu, I’m really appreciate you for bringing back my partner to me in my life, all these years has been very sad for me now I have been the most happiest woman in this world all because of Dr Ughulu he has done a lot for me. You can contact through his email: [email protected] TEXT/CALL/ +1 (252) 409-1841

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My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @gmail.com TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

Get rid of all kinds of Herpes and virus infections, Diabetes, Hepatitis A B C, Menopause and HIV with Natural Roots and Herbs, i was once infected with HERPES , and after using Dr UMA Herbal Medicine for couple of weeks i couldn’t trace it anymore, i even went for checkup and my test came out Negative. Get your cure today from this wonderful herbalist, Dr. UMA. You can also reach doctor UMA on WhatsApp +2347035619585 or Email [email protected] . ?’

My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @gmail.com TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

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My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @ gmail.com TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

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My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @ gmail. com TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

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Hello everyone my names are ALEX JACKSON from the UK, I want to use this golden medium to appreciate Doctor Abdul a great spell caster for helping me retrieving back my relationship with my ex lover when he ended and turned back on me for quite a long time now (6 months ago). He performed a spell for me and within 48 hours after the spell had been cast I received a text from my ex saying that he is sorry for the pains and tears that he had caused me and that he will not do such a thing to me again in his life. I was surprised but later accepted him back again. Anyone that is in the same line of problem or different one that wants to contact a spell caster should happily contact Doctor Abdul now on this email [email protected] or message him through his Whatsapp +2348108728256

I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.,.?

My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: drughu lupowerfulspelltemple @ gmail.com TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

I already gave up on ever getting cured of HSV2 because i have try many treatment none of them work out for me i have gone to different hospital they always tell me the same thing there is no cure for herpes, when i came across a post about Dr UMA in the net from a lady called Angela i contacted her and she reassured me with his herbal medicine which i took according to the way he instructed, that how i was cured. I doubted at first because i have been to a whole lot of reputable doctors, tried a lot of medicines but none was able to cure me. so i decided to listen to him and he commenced treatment, and under two weeks i was totally free from Herpes. i want to say a very big thank you to DR UMA for what he has done in my life. feel free to leave him a message on email [email protected] or also Whats-app him +2347035619585.. he also cure all this 1.HIV 2.HIV HPV 3 .ALS 4. BED WETTING DIABETES.?.

My name is Amelia Jonathan from the United States, Using this opportunity to thank Dr. Ughulu is a grateful thing to me, for over years I have been sick with Hepatitis B disease, I have done a lot of things to get cured of my diseases and nothing has worked out. I have taken different types of medication for it , but it still doesn’t work for me. I still keep going for a check up so that the doctor will tell me my disease has gone, because i’m taking my medicine with no result nothing has been cured, I have spent a lot of money just to get cure of Hepatitis B. until my old time friend came to my place and saw what am going through, and then direct me to contact Dr. Ughulu who is a very powerful man, which I did explain my problem to Dr. Ughulu and send me a herbal remedy bottle and explain to me how I should drink it. So I started to drink the herbal tea in one week that I drink the herbal tea. I went for a check up to check if I’m cured from Hepatitis B disease, then the nurse told me nothing is wrong with me anymore and said I’m fine. I am the happiest person right now. I promise Dr Ughulu I will testify about his good work on the internet. Reach out to Dr. Ughulu Via: drughu lupowerfulspelltemple @ gmail.com TEXT OR CALL: +1(252) 409-1841 Thank you so much sir for what you did for me you’re the best of all.

Hello! I’m very excited to share what worked for me to everyone. I’m completely cured from my HSV1&2 with the use of natural medicine. I have used Oregano oil, Coconut oil, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir and some other products/supplements and it hasn’t helped ever since I was diagnosed. I got outbreaks frequently and was completely devastated and I went online for a possible cure and how to get rid of Herpes. On a fateful day after taking my bath, I took my phone and was going through some research, I bumped into a testimonial of a Herbs doctor { Dr Awase } who cures diverse diseases/viruses with Herbal medication. I was hopeful but also doubted the claim. But after a while I thought “what do I have to lose?” so I decided to reach out. He prepared a cure using roots and herbs which I steadily took for 14days as prescribed by him. I am quite glad I decided to reach out because I am totally cured from Herpes after a medical checkup was done by my Dr. So I’ve decided to make a quick testimony for anyone out there who is probably suffering from an illness they can’t handle to reach out to Dr Awase. He specializes in curing lots of illnesses such as HIV, ENDOMETRIOSIS, PCOS, OVARIAN CYST, INFERTILITY, HEPATITIS A,B,C and lots more. I’m here to let you all know that you can also be cured just like me and you don’t have to live with any sort of illness for the rest of your life. To reach out, Contact him via WhatsApp below or Email

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Hello, everyone’s, my name is Maria Helena from the United kingdom and I want to use this opportunity to thank Dr Ughulu for helping me to cure my Herpes disease, it has been over 2 years now I had this disease I don’t even know how it got throw me, i have been going to difference hospital just to make sure I get cure and nothing works out for me, until the day I saw a comment online about how someone testify how Dr Ughulu cure her herpes disease and It was so very interesting to me, I really think about it for few minutes before I sent him a message and he said you’re welcome my daughter, he list out what he will buy to work for me and also he said I shouldn’t worried. I will be fine, so I really did the right thing he asked me to do. It didn’t take up to three weeks until I was healed from my herpes disease, I went for a checkup and the doctor told me nothing is wrong with me. Please join me to thank Dr Ughulu. I really appreciate his good work. My God will continue to bless you forever. CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841 or email: drughulupowerfulspelltemple @ gmail.c om

Dr.Aba herbal medicine is a good remedy for Herpes, I was a carrier of Herpes before now it was hell living with it until I saw testimony on how .email Dr. Aba cured Herpes and I decided to contact him and he guided me because we talked over the phone. I asked him for solutions and he started the remedy for my health. Thanks to God that now everything is fine, I’m cured by Dr.Aba herbal meds I’m very thankful to him, you contact him through his address on dr.abaherbalhome@ gmail. com or whatsapp his mobile number on 2348107155060.

I want to thank Dr Ughulu for what he has done for me, it has been 1 year and 4 months I have being suffering from HIV disease all because I cheated on my husband I had this HIV disease through the man I had sex with when I was cheating behind my husband, so after I have been suffering from the HIV disease I have spent a lot of money in the hospital just to get a cure and nothing work out for me, one day I was searching something online that I saw a comment about how someone testify Dr Ughulu , so when I saw it and I read it I was afraid to message him but I make up my mind and I sent him a message I explain everything to him, he told me what to do that can cure my HIV disease so I did exactly what he said, it didn’t take up to 2 weeks my HIV disease was totally cured. Then I went for a checkup. The doctor told me I no longer have HIV disease in my body anymore. That was the beginning of my happiness. Thank you so much Dr Ughulu for all you have done for me. You can also contact him through his email: [email protected] or CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841

I am so happy, i never believe i will be this happy again in life, I was working as an air-hoster ( cabby crew ) for 3years but early this year, i loose my job because of this deadly disease. called Herpes virus (HSV), I never felt sick or have any symptom, till all workers were ask to bring their doctors report, that was how i got tested and i found out that am HSV positive that make me loose my job, because it was consider as an STD and is incurable disease, i was so depress was thinking of committing suicide, till i explain to a friend of mine, who always said to me a problem share is a problem solved, that was how she directed me to Dr Aba, that was how i contacted him and get the medication from this .doctor and i got cured for real, I just went back to my work and they also carry out the test to be real sure and i was negative. Please contact this doctor if you are herpes positive or any STD diseases his email is: dr.abaherbalhome@ gmail. com or you can call or whatsApp his mobile number on 2348107155060.

I was diagnosed of genital Herpes 6months ago and was in pain with the knowledge that there is no cure for the virus! there was a day I saw several post about a herbalist how he’s used natural herbal medicine to cure this particular virus, Immediately I contacted him on his website and he prepared and sent me the herbal medicine through DHL delivery and after 14days of usage, the Pain, and sores were gone i went to the hospital for test I’m the happiest woman on earth because I just tested negative to the virus! this testimony is real and thanks to Dr Ehiagwina you can also reach him on his Email: [email protected] or on whatsapp: +2348162084504.

I want to thank Dr Ughulu for what he has done for me, it has been 1 year and 4 months I have being suffering from HIV disease all because I cheated on my husband I had this HIV disease through the man I had sex with when I was cheating behind my husband, so after I have been suffering from the HIV disease I have spent a lot of money in the hospital just to get a cure and nothing work out for me, one day I was searching something online that I saw a comment about how someone testify Dr Ughulu , so when I saw it and I read it I was afraid to message him but I make up my mind and I sent him a message I explain everything to him, he told me what to do that can cure my HIV disease so I did exactly what he said, it didn’t take up to 2 weeks my HIV disease was totally cured. Then I went for a checkup. The doctor told me I no longer have HIV disease in my body anymore. That was the beginning of my happiness. Thank you so much Dr Ughulu for all you have done for me. You can also contact him through his email: [email protected] or CALL/TEXT: +1(252) 409-1841

When my ex left me for another woman after three years, I was heartbroken and desperate. I reached out to PRIEST OSAS, who instructed me on what to do and then cast a love spell. Shortly after 24hrs, my ex began texting me, expressing regret and realizing I was the most important person in his life. We moved in together, and our relationship became stronger and more open. Thanks to PRIEST OSAS, my partner is now stable, faithful, and closer to me. I highly recommend PRIEST OSAS to anyone in need of help.

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Hi everyone I am Emily Naomi wanna give a big thanks to this wonderful psychic for bringing my husband back to me.. I never really believed in magic spells or anything spiritual but a trusted friend opened my eyes to the truth about life. My marriage was heading to divorce a few months ago. I was so confused and devastated with no clue or help on how to prevent it, till I was introduced to this psychic Priest Ray that did a love spell and broke every spiritual distraction from my marriage. A day later my husband started showing me love and care even better than it used to be, he’s ready to talk things through and find ways for us to stay happy. It’s such a miracle that my marriage can be saved so quickly without stress. You can also contact him for help by email [email protected] or WhatsApp: +12133525735

I will forever be grateful and thankful for what Dr Osalu has done for me and my family. I Was having Hepatitis for good three years with no solution, the diseases almost took my life and because I was unable to work and I was also losing lots of-6 money for medication, but one faithful day when I went online, I met lots of testimonies about this great man so I decided to give it a try and to God be the glory he did it. He cured me of my virus and I am so happy and pleased to Write about him today. If you need his help or you also want to get cured just the way I got mine, just email him below [email protected] or WhatApp, +2348078668950  and get your healing. He has cure for other deadly diseases like Diabetes, Hiv/Aids, Hepatitis, and all types and Cancer  his website is https://drosaluherbalhome.wixsite.com/drosaluherbshome  

I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i  took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: [email protected] or whatsapp +2347035619585.;;

I am amazed by Dr Aba herbal remedy. I Have had herpes for over 6 years with frequent outbreaks. Sometimes average 2-3 times per month. Before one breakout could end, the next would begin. Nothing has helped me. I came online in search for a possible way to see how I can fight this virus so I found Dr Aba here online after seeing a lot of testimonies of how he cured herpes and other diseases with natural herbs so I decided to give it a try, I only took his remedy for two weeks and I was completely cured. I recommend Dr Aba remedy to anyone suffering from herpes that wants to be completely cured too. email: dr.abaherbalhome@ gamil. com and for quick response Message him on his whatsapp number +2348107155060.

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I am excited to share this testimony, I was 3 years ago diagnosed of  Herpes virus . My medical condition was heart broken because it was causing me so many our brakes, I was subjected to different medications by my medical doctor just to control the ourbrakes. Despite my visit to several doctors my health wasn’t getting better, all they could say is for me to stay on the treatment. At the verge of giving up, I went to the internet to search for a treatment on my own at least. But I found a cure instead. In the internet, I read a testimony of a lady who had herpes. She shared an e-mail address of the Doctor. Luckily everything seemed to be okay after I took the Herbal Medicine. I wish I could say that’s the end of it because I haven’t had any symptoms since then.  Do not expose yourself to more danger, use a herbal remedy that is safe and effective. If interested contact him via email address dr.abaherbalhome@ gmail. com. or call 2348107155060.

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I can’t express my gratitude to Dr Aba for making me a living testimony. i have battled with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2 for about 7years now, and i have done all i can to make sure i am cured but nothing worked out, but miraculously my friend invited me to see a video on his Blog and as i visited i decided to see few of the comment below, and i found some people talking about Dr Aba, and i decided to contact this great herbal healer to also help me,so i wrote to him, and he replied me back and assure me that i will get a cure for my HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2. and after preparing my medicine he sent it to me and when i started using it for 2weeks i was completely cured, I am assuring you that you will be cured if you also contact this great man on his Email: dr.abaherbalhome@ gmail. com or whatsapp is mobile number on 2348107155060.

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Hello I’m very excited to inform everyone that I’m completely cured from my HSV 1&2 recently. I have used Oregano oil, Coconut oil, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, and some other products and it’s really helped during my outbreaks, but I totally got cured! from my HSV with a strong and active herbal medicine I ordered from a powerful herbalist and it completely fought the virus from my nervous system and I was tested negative after 14 days of using the herbal medicine I’m here to let y’all know that herpes virus has a complete cure, I got rid of mine with the help of Dr Osalu and his herbal exploit. Contact him via email [email protected] or  WhatsApp +2348078668950   website https://drosaluherbalhome.wixsite.com/drosaluherbshome

Greetings to everyone here online. In 2020 during the time of coronavirus I had HSV1 which I have been looking for a way to cure. I didn’t see any herbal remedy to cure me. I worried both day and night that this disease shouldn’t take away my life at an early age. I did so much research online to cure my HSV1, I couldn’t find anyone who will help me. Exactly the day I went to the hospital to take my covid-19 injection my doctor told me what to write to get a good search online so I can find a herbal spell caster to get me cured. So I really did what the doctor says, so I went home to search for a cure online and I found a spell caster called Dr ughulu who prepared me herbal remedy to cure my HSV1 and covid-19 disease. He did everything within 24 hours. Now if you’re going through all kind of disease contact Dr ughulu phone number here: CALL NUMBER: +1(252) 409-1841 email:[email protected]

I have been suffering from Herpes for the past 1 years and 8 months, and ever since then i have been taking series of treatment but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. UMA on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him as well. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i  took according .to his instructions. When i was done taking the herbal medicine i went for a medical checkup and to my greatest surprise i was cured from Herpes. My heart is so filled with joy. If you are suffering from Herpes or any other disease you can contact Dr. UMA today on this Email address: [email protected] or whatsapp +2347035619585.”

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A Summary and Analysis of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ‘Nature’

By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University)

‘Nature’ is an 1836 essay by the American writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82). In this essay, Emerson explores the relationship between nature and humankind, arguing that if we approach nature with a poet’s eye, and a pure spirit, we will find the wonders of nature revealed to us.

You can read ‘Nature’ in full here . Below, we summarise Emerson’s argument and offer an analysis of its meaning and context.

Emerson begins his essay by defining nature, in philosophical terms, as anything that is not our individual souls. So our bodies, as well as all of the natural world, but also all of the world of art and technology, too, are ‘nature’ in this philosophical sense of the world. He urges his readers not to rely on tradition or history to help them to understand the world: instead, they should look to nature and the world around them.

In the first chapter, Emerson argues that nature is never ‘used up’ when the right mind examines it: it is a source of boundless curiosity. No man can own the landscape: it belongs, if it belongs to anyone at all, to ‘the poet’. Emerson argues that when a man returns to nature he can rediscover his lost youth, that wide-eyed innocence he had when he went among nature as a boy.

Emerson states that when he goes among nature, he becomes a ‘transparent eyeball’ because he sees nature but is himself nothing: he has been absorbed or subsumed into nature and, because God made nature, God himself. He feels a deep kinship and communion with all of nature. He acknowledges that our view of nature depends on our own mood, and that the natural world reflects the mood we are feeling at the time.

In the second chapter, Emerson focuses on ‘commodity’: the name he gives to all of the advantages which our senses owe to nature. Emerson draws a parallel with the ‘useful arts’ which have built houses and steamships and whole towns: these are the man-made equivalents of the natural world, in that both nature and the ‘arts’ are designed to provide benefit and use to mankind.

The third chapter then turns to ‘beauty’, and the beauty of nature comprises several aspects, which Emerson outlines. First, the beauty of nature is a restorative : seeing the sky when we emerge from a day’s work can restore us to ourselves and make us happy again. The human eye is the best ‘artist’ because it perceives and appreciates this beauty so keenly. Even the countryside in winter possesses its own beauty.

The second aspect of beauty Emerson considers is the spiritual element. Great actions in history are often accompanied by a beautiful backdrop provided by nature. The third aspect in which nature should be viewed is its value to the human intellect . Nature can help to inspire people to create and invent new things. Everything in nature is a representation of a universal harmony and perfection, something greater than itself.

In his fourth chapter, Emerson considers the relationship between nature and language. Our language is often a reflection of some natural state: for instance, the word right literally means ‘straight’, while wrong originally denoted something ‘twisted’. But we also turn to nature when we wish to use language to reflect a ‘spiritual fact’: for example, that a lamb symbolises innocence, or a fox represents cunning. Language represents nature, therefore, and nature in turn represents some spiritual truth.

Emerson argues that ‘the whole of nature is a metaphor of the human mind.’ Many great principles of the physical world are also ethical or moral axioms: for example, ‘the whole is greater than its part’.

In the fifth chapter, Emerson turns his attention to nature as a discipline . Its order can teach us spiritual and moral truths, but it also puts itself at the service of mankind, who can distinguish and separate (for instance, using water for drinking but wool for weaving, and so on). There is a unity in nature which means that every part of it corresponds to all of the other parts, much as an individual art – such as architecture – is related to the others, such as music or religion.

The sixth chapter is devoted to idealism . How can we sure nature does actually exist, and is not a mere product within ‘the apocalypse of the mind’, as Emerson puts it? He believes it doesn’t make any practical difference either way (but for his part, Emerson states that he believes God ‘never jests with us’, so nature almost certainly does have an external existence and reality).

Indeed, we can determine that we are separate from nature by changing out perspective in relation to it: for example, by bending down and looking between our legs, observing the landscape upside down rather than the way we usually view it. Emerson quotes from Shakespeare to illustrate how poets can draw upon nature to create symbols which reflect the emotions of the human soul. Religion and ethics, by contrast, degrade nature by viewing it as lesser than divine or moral truth.

Next, in the seventh chapter, Emerson considers nature and the spirit . Spirit, specifically the spirit of God, is present throughout nature. In his eighth and final chapter, ‘Prospects’, Emerson argues that we need to contemplate nature as a whole entity, arguing that ‘a dream may let us deeper into the secret of nature than a hundred concerted experiments’ which focus on more local details within nature.

Emerson concludes by arguing that in order to detect the unity and perfection within nature, we must first perfect our souls. ‘He cannot be a naturalist until he satisfies all the demands of the spirit’, Emerson urges. Wisdom means finding the miraculous within the common or everyday. He then urges the reader to build their own world, using their spirit as the foundation. Then the beauty of nature will reveal itself to us.

In a number of respects, Ralph Waldo Emerson puts forward a radically new attitude towards our relationship with nature. For example, although we may consider language to be man-made and artificial, Emerson demonstrates that the words and phrases we use to describe the world are drawn from our observation of nature. Nature and the human spirit are closely related, for Emerson, because they are both part of ‘the same spirit’: namely, God. Although we are separate from nature – or rather, our souls are separate from nature, as his prefatory remarks make clear – we can rediscover the common kinship between us and the world.

Emerson wrote ‘Nature’ in 1836, not long after Romanticism became an important literary, artistic, and philosophical movement in Europe and the United States. Like Wordsworth and the Romantics before him, Emerson argues that children have a better understanding of nature than adults, and when a man returns to nature he can rediscover his lost youth, that wide-eyed innocence he had when he went among nature as a boy.

And like Wordsworth, Emerson argued that to understand the world, we should go out there and engage with it ourselves, rather than relying on books and tradition to tell us what to think about it. In this connection, one could undertake a comparative analysis of Emerson’s ‘Nature’ and Wordsworth’s pair of poems ‘ Expostulation and Reply ’ and ‘ The Tables Turned ’, the former of which begins with a schoolteacher rebuking Wordsworth for sitting among nature rather than having his nose buried in a book:

‘Why, William, on that old gray stone, ‘Thus for the length of half a day, ‘Why, William, sit you thus alone, ‘And dream your time away?

‘Where are your books?—that light bequeathed ‘To beings else forlorn and blind! ‘Up! up! and drink the spirit breathed ‘From dead men to their kind.

Similarly, for Emerson, the poet and the dreamer can get closer to the true meaning of nature than scientists because they can grasp its unity by viewing it holistically, rather than focusing on analysing its rock formations or other more local details. All of this is in keeping with the philosophy of Transcendentalism , that nineteenth-century movement which argued for a kind of spiritual thinking instead of scientific thinking based narrowly on material things.

Emerson, along with Henry David Thoreau, was the most famous writer to belong to the Transcendentalist movement, and ‘Nature’ is fundamentally a Transcendentalist essay, arguing for an intuitive and ‘poetic’ engagement with nature in the round rather than a coldly scientific or empirical analysis of its component parts.

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Defining Our Place in Nature

Zeray Alemseged, PhD Research Associate

Fossils as Reminders

Paleoanthropologist Zeray Alemseged is on a never-ending search for the roots of humanity. While exploring his home country of Ethiopia, Alemseged and his team discovered “Selam,” a remarkably complete fossilized skeleton of a 3.3 million-year old Australopithecus afarensis child. Selam provides a wealth of information about our early hominin ancestors—what they looked like, how they aged and behaved—clues Alemseged says are critical to tracing the evolutionary path followed by humanity and deciphering the forces responsible for making modern humans who we are today.

“Time and time again, the fossil record reminds us that we are part of an ever-changing world,” says Alemseged. “My work explores the dynamic between changing environmental landscapes and changes in our own species. As we change the planet at a never-before-seen pace, we’re not simply altering global biodiversity—we are sparking changes in our own biology. Studying our ancestors allows us to reflect upon who we are today, how we got here, and how we impact our non-human relatives.

Tools: Agents of Change

Nothing has changed the global environment more dramatically than the advent of tools. In 2010, an international team of scientists led by Alemseged discovered evidence in the Afar region of Ethiopia that A. afarensis was using stone tools and eating meat roughly 3.4 million years ago, pushing the timeframe of human tool use back by nearly one million years. This discovery has helped fill gaps in our understanding of evolution and humans’ peerless ability to modify landscapes.

“Tool use fundamentally altered the way in which our early ancestors interacted with nature, allowing them to eat new types of food and exploit new territories,” says Alemseged. “It also led to tool making—a critical step in our evolutionary path that eventually enabled advanced technologies such as airplanes, MRI machines, and iPhones.”

Forming our Future Legacy

As a scientist at a public institution, Alemseged discusses a global ebb and flow—the cyclical changes between early humans and the natural world—to emphasize the importance of understanding our place in nature today. At the heart of his discussions with reporters, fellow scientists, Academy visitors, and world leaders is a call-to-action to create a more sustainable future.

“As part of the animal kingdom, we must raise our children to feel a connection with our past, our present actions, and the rest of the world,” says Alemseged. “Can we do better than our primitive ancestors? We have a stake in sustaining and protecting our community of plants and animals—the global community we’re a part of—for millennia to come.”

Academy Research Associate Department: Anthropology  Expeditions: 40 Current Expedition: Afar Depression, Ethiopia

Profile Videos: The “Most Curious” Species Dikika: Remote, Hostile, and Hot Evolution of Diet Our Role in Biodiversity

Related Websites: Dikika Research Project  

Related Content:  Human Tool Use , Science Today What Makes Us Human? ,  PBS Becoming Human ,  PBS African Voices ,  CNN The Search for Humanity's Roots ,  TED Talk

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Our Place in Nature (And What Does ‘Nature’ Really Mean?)

Environmental studies senior-seminar videos dissect what nature is and how we fit in with it

by Tony Moore

There are 400 live trees and 30,000 other plants growing inside the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minn. These plants and trees might be part of the natural world  left on their own, but it's a good bet you wouldn't mistake this expansive retail setting for nature .  

But instead of sitting outside the Gap and contemplating a copse of palm trees, how about looking out the window into your backyard? Your shrubs and grass come from the natural world, but just because you see green and smell the outdoors blowing in the breeze doesn't mean there's really anything left of nature out there.

Or does it? Questions such as this were in the crosshairs for Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies Michael Beevers when he recently offered the senior seminar Understanding Humans' Place in Nature. To accomplish the goals of the course, his students produced short films tackling the course's overarching theme, and the variations were as staggering as those found in nature itself.

"I thought the topic of the course inherently lent itself to the use of visuals and imagery," Beevers said. "Although nature is an 'idea' more than anything, video is a powerful tool for reflection, communication and education."

The final projects explored that idea from 15 unique perspectives, offering insights into everything from biophilic cities to America's front-lawn culture, the latter of which was parsed by Amanda Vandenburg '14.

"Front lawns are something that everything can connect with, since they're everywhere in the United States," she said. "During the class, we talked a lot about the differences between things being 'natural' and a part of 'nature,' and I wanted viewers to think about these topics with relation to something that's right outside their front doors."

Taking a different approach, Connor Shields '15 produced a meditative video that is evocative of Thoreau from beginning to end.

"It was very much about trying to define or discover what my emotions were to the environment around me," he said. "I wanted viewers to have a new perspective on the mundane events and interactions we experience, the sort of man-made mental environment that we are unknowingly put in each day. Maybe they might view walking down a street much differently after watching it."

Beevers says he got everything out of his students that he hoped for when he designed the class.

"The project got them invested and excited in a way writing a final paper probably could not have," he said. "Although the final product is certainly different than a final paper, they both need to lure the reader or viewer in, discuss a topic thoroughly and insightfully and in the end leave us with something to think about."

Published January 22, 2014

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Our Place in Nature

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• Simon P. James 2  

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As we saw in the Introduction, the term ‘nature’ has several meanings. According to a long-standing tradition, it denotes the part of reality that is material rather than soul- or mind-like, res extensa as opposed to res cogitans . On this dualistic conception, human beings are thought to be partly natural (on account of their having bodies) and partly non-natural (on account of their having souls or minds). So although a man has a certain size, shape and mass, he is thought also to possess a radically non-natural part, a soul or a mind.

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James, S.P. (2009). Our Place in Nature. In: The Presence of Nature. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230248526_2

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• Nature Essay

Essay About Nature

Nature refers to the interaction between the physical surroundings around us and the life within it like atmosphere, climate, natural resources, ecosystem, flora, fauna, and humans. Nature is indeed God’s precious gift to Earth. It is the primary source of all the necessities for the nourishment of all living beings on Earth. Right from the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and the house we live in is provided by nature. Nature is called ‘Mother Nature’ because just like our mother, she is always nurturing us with all our needs. 

Whatever we see around us, right from the moment we step out of our house is part of nature. The trees, flowers, landscapes, insects, sunlight, breeze, everything that makes our environment so beautiful and mesmerizing are part of Nature. In short, our environment is nature. Nature has been there even before the evolution of human beings. 

Importance of Nature

If not for nature then we wouldn’t be alive. The health benefits of nature for humans are incredible. The most important thing for survival given by nature is oxygen. The entire cycle of respiration is regulated by nature. The oxygen that we inhale is given by trees and the carbon dioxide we exhale is getting absorbed by trees. 

The ecosystem of nature is a community in which producers (plants), consumers, and decomposers work together in their environment for survival. The natural fundamental processes like soil creation, photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and water cycling, allow Earth to sustain life. We are dependent on these ecosystem services daily whether or not we are aware.

Nature provides us services round the clock: provisional services, regulating services, and non-material services. Provisional services include benefits extracted from nature such as food, water, natural fuels and fibres, and medicinal plants. Regulating services include regulation of natural processes that include decomposition, water purification, pollution, erosion and flood control, and also, climate regulation. Non-material services are the non-material benefits that improve the cultural development of humans such as recreation, creative inspiration from interaction with nature like art, music, architecture, and the influence of ecosystems on local and global cultures. 

The interaction between humans and animals, which are a part of nature, alleviates stress, lessens pain and worries. Nature provides company and gives people a sense of purpose. 

Studies and research have shown that children especially have a natural affinity with nature. Regular interaction with nature has boosted health development in children. Nature supports their physical and mental health and instills abilities to access risks as they grow. 

Role and Importance of Nature

The natural cycle of our ecosystem is vital for the survival of organisms. We all should take care of all the components that make our nature complete. We should be sure not to pollute the water and air as they are gifts of Nature.

Mother nature fosters us and never harms us. Those who live close to nature are observed to be enjoying a healthy and peaceful life in comparison to those who live in urban areas. Nature gives the sound of running fresh air which revives us, sweet sounds of birds that touch our ears, and sounds of breezing waves in the ocean makes us move within.

All the great writers and poets have written about Mother Nature when they felt the exceptional beauty of nature or encountered any saddening scene of nature. Words Worth who was known as the poet of nature, has written many things in nature while being in close communion with nature and he has written many things about Nature. Nature is said to be the greatest teacher as it teaches the lessons of immortality and mortality. Staying in close contact with Nature makes our sight penetrative and broadens our vision to go through the mysteries of the planet earth. Those who are away from nature can’t understand the beauty that is held by Nature. The rise in population on planet earth is leading to a rise in consumption of natural resources.  Because of increasing demands for fuels like Coal, petroleum, etc., air pollution is increasing at a rapid pace.  The smoke discharged from factory units and exhaust tanks of cars is contaminating the air that we breathe. It is vital for us to plant more trees in order to reduce the effect of toxic air pollutants like Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. 

Save Our Nature

Earth’s natural resources are not infinite and they cannot be replenished in a short period. The rapid increase in urbanization has used most of the resources like trees, minerals, fossil fuels, and water. Humans in their quest for a comfortable living have been using the resources of nature mindlessly. As a result, massive deforestation, resultant environmental pollution, wildlife destruction, and global warming are posing great threats to the survival of living beings. 

Air that gives us oxygen to breathe is getting polluted by smoke, industrial emissions, automobile exhaust, burning of fossil fuels like coal, coke and furnace oil, and use of certain chemicals. The garbage and wastes thrown here and there cause pollution of air and land. 

Sewage, organic wastage, industrial wastage, oil spillage, and chemicals pollute water. It is causing several water-borne diseases like cholera, jaundice and typhoid. 

The use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agriculture adds to soil pollution. Due to the mindless cutting of trees and demolition of greeneries for industrialization and urbanization, the ecological balance is greatly hampered. Deforestation causes flood and soil erosion.

Earth has now become an ailing planet panting for care and nutrition for its rejuvenation. Unless mankind puts its best effort to save nature from these recurring situations, the Earth would turn into an unfit landmass for life and activity. 

We should check deforestation and take up the planting of trees at a massive rate. It will not only save the animals from being extinct but also help create regular rainfall and preserve soil fertility. We should avoid over-dependence on fossil fuels like coal, petroleum products, and firewood which release harmful pollutants to the atmosphere. Non-conventional sources of energy like the sun, biogas and wind should be tapped to meet our growing need for energy. It will check and reduce global warming. 

Every drop of water is vital for our survival. We should conserve water by its rational use, rainwater harvesting, checking the surface outflow, etc. industrial and domestic wastes should be properly treated before they are dumped into water bodies. 

Every individual can do his or her bit of responsibility to help save the nature around us. To build a sustainable society, every human being should practice in heart and soul the three R’s of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. In this way, we can save our nature.  

Nature Conservation

Nature conservation is very essential for future generations, if we will damage nature our future generations will suffer.

Nowadays, technological advancement is adversely affecting our nature. Humans are in the quest and search for prosperity and success that they have forgotten the value and importance of beautiful Nature around. The ignorance of nature by humans is the biggest threat to nature. It is essential to make people aware and make them understand the importance of nature so that they do not destroy it in the search for prosperity and success.

On high priority, we should take care of nature so that nature can continue to take care of us. Saving nature is the crying need of our time and we should not ignore it. We should embrace simple living and high thinking as the adage of our lives.  

FAQs on Nature Essay

1. How Do You Define Nature?

Nature is defined as our environment. It is the interaction between the physical world around us and the life within it like the atmosphere, climate, natural resources, ecosystem, flora, fauna and humans. Nature also includes non-living things such as water,  mountains, landscape, plants, trees and many other things. Nature adds life to mother earth. Nature is the treasure habitation of every essential element that sustains life on this planet earth. Human life on Earth would have been dull and meaningless without the amazing gifts of nature. 

2. How is Nature Important to Us?

Nature is the only provider of everything that we need for survival. Nature provides us with food, water, natural fuels, fibres, and medicinal plants. Nature regulates natural processes that include decomposition, water purification, pollution, erosion, and flood control. It also provides non-material benefits like improving the cultural development of humans like recreation, etc. 

An imbalance in nature can lead to earthquakes, global warming, floods, and drastic climate changes. It is our duty to understand the importance of nature and how it can negatively affect us all if this rapid consumption of natural resources, pollution, and urbanization takes place.

3. How Should We Save Our Nature?

We should check deforestation and take up the planting of trees at a massive rate. It will save the animals from being extinct but also help create regular rainfall and preserve soil fertility. We should avoid over-dependence on fossil fuels like coal, petroleum products, and firewood which release harmful pollutants to the atmosphere. We should start using non-conventional sources of energy like the sun, biogas, and wind to meet our growing need for energy. It will check and reduce global warming. Water is vital for our survival and we should rationalize our use of water. 

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The workings of nature: naturalist writing and making sense of the world.

Genevieve Valentine

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"In every generation and among every nation, there are a few individuals with the desire to study the workings of nature; if they did not exist, those nations would perish."

-- Al-Jahiz, The Book of Animals

In 185 AD, Chinese astronomers recorded a supernova. Among more detached details of its appearance, there is this: "It was like a large bamboo mat. It displayed the five colors, both pleasing and otherwise."

The attempt to ground the unknown within the familiar — and the editorial aside of "otherwise" — cuts to the heart of naturalist writing. Nearly 2000 years later, Carl Sagan did the same in Cosmos , condensing astronomy to its component parts: facts and wonder.

We've been curious about the natural world since before recorded time; the history of naturalism is human history. By the ninth century, al-Jahiz's multi-volume History of Animals combined zoological folklore with scientific observation, including theories of natural selection. In the early 20th century, Sioux author Zitkala-Ša wrote landscapes intertwined with the personal, which became a model for the form. In 1962, Rachel Carson's ecological manifesto Silent Spring was a deciding factor in banning DDT.

The best naturalist writing delivers both a secondhand thrill of obsession and a jolt of protectiveness for what's been discovered. Some of it reveals as much about the author as the surroundings. (Carl Linnaeus' 1811 Tour of Lapland manuscript cuts off a paragraph about wedding customs mid-sentence, picking up again with a breathless catalog of marsh plants.) And naturalists themselves are shaped by the lure of landscapes on the page. Robert MacFarlane's Landmarks explores the British countryside using others' writing as an interior map that challenges him to approach familiar places in new ways.

We love reading about nature for the same reason naturalists love being ankle-deep in marshes: Nature provides enough order to soothe and enough entropy to surprise. It's also why so many involve a person in the landscape; understanding our place in the world is as important as understanding the world itself. We read the work of naturalists to capture that sense of discovery made familiar. They present worlds we've never seen, and make us care as if they were our own backyards.

Not every naturalist sets out to be an activist; this is a literary tradition as much as a scientific one. But there are threads that connect naturalist literature, across continents and centuries. It's driven by an environmental curiosity that integrates the scientific and the spiritual; facts inspire wonder, rather than quench it. And every piece of naturalist literature, from al-Jahiz to today, makes a case for preserving the world it sees.

The Invention of Nature

Some naturalists actually do try to encompass the world entire. In The Invention of Nature , Andrea Wulf follows Alexander Humboldt's expeditions in Latin America and European royal courts, painting a portrait of a man whose hunger for knowledge — and constant pontificating about it — bordered on caricature. Humboldt's legacy is the 'web of life' his work conveyed to a lay audience. That interconnectedness made him an early conservationist; by 1800 he was noting adverse effects "when forests are destroyed, as they are everywhere in America by European planters, with an imprudent precipitation."

But he wasn't the first to catalog the systems of life. A century before Humboldt, German-born naturalist Maria Sybilla Merian was in Surinam, recording her life's passion: butterflies, moths, and insects. Chrysalis , Kim Todd's biography of this amateur scientist who established the idea of a life cycle, aims for a sly impression of Merian, down to the subject matter: "Insects," Todd explains, "generally gave off a whiff of vice." Merian's engravings made life cycles palpable for a public who still believed rotten meat spontaneously transformed into flies; it was impressive enough to change assumptions about the natural world (though Merian's credit waned as male scientists began absorbing her work into their own).

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek

To write about the world around us is to write about people, whether cataloging the unknown or coming to terms with one's backyard. This is the dynamic at the heart of Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek , which carries a touch of the hymnal (and a grim streak that has a grandmother in Merian's engraving of a tarantula devouring a bird), and Barbara Hurd's Stirring the Mud , a love letter swamps, bogs, and "the damp edges of what is most commonly praised." And few naturalists write themselves into their landscapes quite so drily as M. Krishnan. The essays in Of Birds and Birdsong carry a sense of magical realism; always scientifically rigorous (his bird descriptions are those of a man looking for a particular friend in a crowd of thousands), Krishnan writes himself as a resigned meddler in avian affairs; he could try to be invisible among nature's bounty, but then who'd train his pigeons?

Of course, some writers have to fight to be seen on the landscape at all. Enter The Colors of Nature , an anthology of nature writing by people of color edited by Alison H. Deming and Lauret E. Savoy, providing deeply personal connections to — or disconnects from — nature. Jamaica Kincaid's "In History" considers naturalism in the aftermath of colonialism, asking a crucial question for naturalism in a global context: "What should history mean to someone who looks like me?" And Joseph Bruchac's travel diary is pragmatism shot through with hope; "Our old words keep returning to the land."

The Colors of Nature

For others, the internal landscape and that hope for the natural world must be rediscovered in tandem. In Braiding Sweetgrass , botanist Robin Wall Kimmerer tackles everything from sustainable agriculture to pond scum as a reflection of her Potawatomi heritage, which carries a stewardship "which could not be taken by history: the knowing that we belonged to the land." That sense of connection, or the loss of it, is the spine of the book: mucking out a pond is a microcosm, agriculture becomes rumination on symbiosis, and mast fruiting of pecan trees parallels human and plant communities.

It's a book absorbed with the unfolding of the world to observant eyes — that sense of discovery that draws us in. Happily for armchair naturalists, mysteries of the natural world never stop unfolding; but increasingly, a sense of impending doom accompanies the delight of knowledge. Kimmerer mentions a language between trees as something awaiting more specific study; it arrives later this year in Peter Wohlleben's The Hidden Life of Trees . A no-nonsense writing style — he came, he studied, here's how to date a forest via its weevil population — frames a deeply conservationist argument: Trees harbor not only ecosystems, but feelings, vocabulary, and etiquette. Hidden Life is designed to be an arboreal Silent Spring .

For some places, however, no revelations are yet possible; the world being studied is simply too mysterious to be yet wholly understood. With meditative prose, 1986's Arctic Dreams chronicled Barry Lopez's expeditions in an ecosystem so punishing half an animal population can die every winter, and so otherworldly animal fat is preserved on bones after a century. "Something eerie ties us to the world of animals," he says, and it's both a warning and a promise. In The Whale: In Search of the Giants of the Deep, Philip Hoare's marine obsession is similarly dreamlike; for him, what we know about whales and how they make us feel is deeply linked. After all, our 'discovery' of them is still in its first blush. Sperm whales were first filmed in 1984; "We knew what the world looked like before we knew what the whale looked like." The only absolute conclusion in his book is a stern one: Humanity's damaging effects on nature and its fascination with the unknown has been devastating; if we're going to keep whales long enough to know them, that fascination will have to take a more protective turn.

To write about the world around us is to write about people, whether cataloging the unknown or coming to terms with one's backyard. These narratives are crucial, especially now — stories of the worth of nature, even just as a mirror of ourselves, build a narrative in which nature's something worth saving. It's imperfect; making nature an object rather than a subject prevents us from seeing ourselves as part of natural patterns of cause and effect. But in The Colors of Nature, Aileen Suzara pins it down: "The landscape is a narrative, not a narrator, because it has no human voice." The human voice that looked at the dark and saw a dying star is heard 2000 years later. If we're going to have another 2000 years, there's no time like the present to start listening.

Genevieve Valentine's latest novel is Icon.

The Beauty About The Nature

To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and what he touches. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these envoys of beauty and light the universe with their admonishing smile.

The Stars Awaken a Certain Reverence, Because Though Always Present, They Are Inaccessible;

but all natural objects make a kindred impression when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort her secret, and lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood. When we speak of nature in this manner, we have a distinct but most poetical sense in the mind. We mean the integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects. It is this which distinguishes the stick of timber of the wood-cutter, from the tree of the poet . The charming landscape which I saw this morning, is indubitably made up of some twenty or thirty farms. Miller owns this field, Locke that, and Manning the woodland beyond. But none of them owns the landscape. There is a property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet . This is the best part of these men's farms, yet to this, their warranty deeds give no title. To speak truly, few adult persons can see nature. Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man but shines into the eye and the heart of the child.

The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other;

who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. His intercourse with heaven and earth becomes part of his daily food. In the presence of nature, a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. Nature says, — he is my creature, and maugre all his impertinent griefs, he shall be glad with me. Not the sun or the summer alone, but every hour and season yields its tribute of delight; for every hour and change corresponds to and authorizes a different state of the mind, from breathless noon to grimmest midnight.

Nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece. In good health, the air is a cordial of incredible virtue. Crossing a bare common, in snow puddles, at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune, I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration. I am glad to the brink of fear. In the woods too, a man casts off his years, as the snake his slough, and at what period soever of life, is always a child. In the woods, is perpetual youth. Within these plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years. In the woods, we return to reason and faith.

There I feel that nothing can befall me in life,

— no disgrace, no calamity, (leaving me my eyes,) which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground, — my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, — all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental: to be brothers, to be acquaintances, — master or servant, is then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty. In the wilderness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages. In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature.

The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister, is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the vegetable.

I am not alone and unacknowledged. They nod to me, and I to them. The waving of the boughs in the storm is new to me and old. It takes me by surprise, and yet is not unknown. Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me, when I deemed I was thinking justly or doing right.

Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. For, nature is not always tricked in holiday attire, but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs, is overspread with melancholy today. Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity, the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it. Then, there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend. The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in the population.

Chapter I from Nature , published as part of Nature; Addresses and Lectures

What Is The Meaning Behind Nature, The Poem?

Emerson often referred to nature as the "Universal Being" in his many lectures. It was Emerson who deeply believed there was a spiritual sense of the natural world which felt was all around him.

Going deeper still in this discussion of the "Universal Being", Emerson writes, "The aspect of nature is devout. Like the figure of Jesus, she stands with bended head, and hands folded upon the breast. The happiest man is he who learns from nature the lesson of worship."

It's common sense that "nature" is everything you see that is NOT man-made, or changed by man (trees, foliage, mountains, etc.), but Emerson reminds us that nature was set forth to serve man. This is the essence of human will, for man to harness nature. Every object in nature has its own beauty. Therefore, Emerson advocates to view nature as a reality by building your own world and surrounding yourself with natural beauty.

• The purpose of science is to find the theory of nature.
• Nature wears the colors of the Spirit.
• A man is fed, not to fill his belly, but so he may work.
• Each natural action is graceful.

"Material objects are necessarily kinds of scoriae of the substantial thoughts of the Creator, which must always preserve an exact relation to their first origin; in other words, visible nature must have a spiritual and moral side."

This quote is cited in numerous works and it is attributed to a "French philosopher." However, no name can be found in association with this quote.

What is the main point of Nature, by Emerson?

The central theme of Emerson's famous essay "Nature" is the harmony that exists between the natural world and human beings. In "Nature," Ralph Waldo Emerson contends that man should rid himself of material cares and instead of being burdened by unneeded stress, he can enjoy an original relation with the universe and experience what Emerson calls "the sublime."

What is the central idea of the essay Nature, by Emerson?

For Emerson, nature is not literally God but the body of God’s soul. ”Nature,” he writes, is “mind precipitated.” Emerson feels that to realize one’s role in this respect fully is to be in paradise (similar to heaven itself).

What is Emerson's view of the Nature of humans?

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Ralph Waldo Emerson left the ministry to pursue a career in writing and public speaking. Emerson became one of America's best known and best-loved 19th-century figures. More About Emerson

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M y most vivid encounter with the vastness of nature occurred years ago on the Aegean Sea. My wife and I had chartered a sailboat for a two-week holiday in the Greek islands. After setting out from Piraeus, we headed south and hugged the coast, which we held three or four miles to our port. In the thick summer air, the distant shore appeared as a hazy beige ribbon—not entirely solid, but a reassuring line of reference. With binoculars, we could just make out the glinting of houses, fragments of buildings.

Then we passed the tip of Cape Sounion and turned west toward Hydra. Within a couple of hours, both the land and all other boats had disappeared. Looking around in a full circle, all we could see was water, extending out and out in all directions until it joined with the sky. I felt insignificant, misplaced, a tiny odd trinket in a cavern of ocean and air.

Naturalists, biologists, philosophers, painters, and poets have labored to express the qualities of this strange world that we find ourselves in. Some things are prickly, others are smooth. Some are round, some jagged. Luminescent or dim. Mauve colored. Pitter-patter in rhythm. Of all these aspects of things, none seems more immediate or vital than size. Large versus small. Consciously and unconsciously, we measure our physical size against the dimensions of other people, against animals, trees, oceans, mountains. As brainy as we think ourselves to be, our bodily size, our bigness, our simple volume and bulk are what we first present to the world. Somewhere in our fathoming of the cosmos, we must keep a mental inventory of plain size and scale, going from atoms to microbes to humans to oceans to planets to stars. And some of the most impressive additions to that inventory have occurred at the high end. Simply put, the cosmos has gotten larger and larger. At each new level of distance and scale, we have had to contend with a different conception of the world that we live in.

T he prize for exploring the greatest distance in space goes to a man named Garth Illingworth, who works in a ten-by-fifteen-foot office at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Illingworth studies galaxies so distant that their light has traveled through space for more than 13 billion years to get here. His office is packed with tables and chairs, bookshelves, computers, scattered papers, issues of Nature, and a small refrigerator and a microwave to fuel research that can extend into the wee hours of the morning.

Like most professional astronomers these days, Illingworth does not look directly through a telescope. He gets his images by remote control—in his case, quite remote. He uses the Hubble Space Telescope, which orbits Earth once every ninety-seven minutes, high above the distorting effects of Earth’s atmosphere. Hubble takes digital photographs of galaxies and sends the images to other orbiting satellites, which relay them to a network of earthbound antennae; these, in turn, pass the signals on to the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. From there the data is uploaded to a secure website that Illingworth can access from a computer in his office.

The most distant galaxy Illingworth has seen so far goes by the name UDFj-39546284 and was documented in early 2011. This galaxy is about 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles away from Earth, give or take. It appears as a faint red blob against the speckled night of the distant universe—red because the light has been stretched to longer and longer wavelengths as the galaxy has made its lonely journey through space for billions of years. The actual color of the galaxy is blue, the color of young, hot stars, and it is twenty times smaller than our galaxy, the Milky Way. UDFj-39546284 was one of the first galaxies to form in the universe.

“That little red dot is hellishly far away,” Illingworth told me recently. At sixty-five, he is a friendly bear of a man, with a ruddy complexion, thick strawberry-blond hair, wire-rimmed glasses, and a broad smile. “I sometimes think to myself: What would it be like to be out there, looking around?”

O ne measure of the progress of human civilization is the increasing scale of our maps. A clay tablet dating from about the twenty-fifth century b.c. found near what is now the Iraqi city of Kirkuk depicts a river valley with a plot of land labeled as being 354 iku (about thirty acres) in size. In the earliest recorded cosmologies, such as the Babylonian Enuma Elish, from around 1500 b.c. , the oceans, the continents, and the heavens were considered finite, but there were no scientific estimates of their dimensions. The early Greeks, including Homer, viewed Earth as a circular plane with the ocean enveloping it and Greece at the center, but there was no understanding of scale. In the early sixth century b.c. , the Greek philosopher Anaximander, whom historians consider the first mapmaker, and his student Anaximenes proposed that the stars were attached to a giant crystalline sphere. But again there was no estimate of its size.

The first large object ever accurately measured was Earth, accomplished in the third century b.c. by Eratosthenes, a geographer who ran the Library of Alexandria. From travelers, Eratosthenes had heard the intriguing report that at noon on the summer solstice, in the town of Syene, due south of Alexandria, the sun casts no shadow at the bottom of a deep well. Evidently the sun is directly overhead at that time and place. (Before the invention of the clock, noon could be defined at each place as the moment when the sun was highest in the sky, whether that was exactly vertical or not.) Eratosthenes knew that the sun was not overhead at noon in Alexandria. In fact, it was tipped 7.2 degrees from the vertical, or about one fiftieth of a circle—a fact he could determine by measuring the length of the shadow cast by a stick planted in the ground. That the sun could be directly overhead in one place and not another was due to the curvature of Earth. Eratosthenes reasoned that if he knew the distance from Alexandria to Syene, the full circumference of the planet must be about fifty times that distance. Traders passing through Alexandria told him that camels could make the trip to Syene in about fifty days, and it was known that a camel could cover one hundred stadia (almost eleven and a half miles) in a day. So the ancient geographer estimated that Syene and Alexandria were about 570 miles apart. Consequently, the complete circumference of Earth he figured to be about 50 × 570 miles, or 28,500 miles. This number was within 15 percent of the modern measurement, amazingly accurate considering the imprecision of using camels as odometers.

As ingenious as they were, the ancient Greeks were not able to calculate the size of our solar system. That discovery had to wait for the invention of the telescope, nearly two thousand years later. In 1672, the French astronomer Jean Richer determined the distance from Earth to Mars by measuring how much the position of the latter shifted against the background of stars from two different observation points on Earth. The two points were Paris (of course) and Cayenne, French Guiana. Using the distance to Mars, astronomers were also able to compute the distance from Earth to the sun, approximately 100 million miles.

A few years later, Isaac Newton managed to estimate the distance to the nearest stars. (Only someone as accomplished as Newton could have been the first to perform such a calculation and have it go almost unnoticed among his other achievements.) If one assumes that the stars are similar objects to our sun, equal in intrinsic luminosity, Newton asked, how far away would our sun have to be in order to appear as faint as nearby stars? Writing his computations in a spidery script, with a quill dipped in the ink of oak galls, Newton correctly concluded that the nearest stars are about 100,000 times the distance from Earth to the sun, about 10 trillion miles away. Newton’s calculation is contained in a short section of his Principia titled simply “On the distance of the stars.”

N ewton’s estimate of the distance to nearby stars was larger than any distance imagined before in human history. Even today, nothing in our experience allows us to relate to it. The fastest most of us have traveled is about 500 miles per hour, the cruising speed of a jet. If we set out for the nearest star beyond our solar system at that speed, it would take us about 5 million years to reach our destination. If we traveled in the fastest rocket ship ever manufactured on Earth, the trip would last 100,000 years, at least a thousand human life spans.

But even the distance to the nearest star is dwarfed by the measurements made in the early twentieth century by Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard College Observatory. In 1912, she devised a new method for determining the distances to faraway stars. Certain stars, called Cepheid variables, were known to oscillate in brightness. Leavitt discovered that the cycle times of such stars are closely related to their intrinsic luminosities. More luminous stars have longer cycles. Measure the cycle time of such a star and you know its intrinsic luminosity. Then, by comparing its intrinsic luminosity with how bright it appears in the sky, you can infer its distance, just as you could gauge the distance to an approaching car at night if you knew the wattage of its headlights. Cepheid variables are scattered throughout the cosmos. They serve as cosmic distance signs in the highway of space.

Using Leavitt’s method, astronomers were able to determine the size of the Milky Way, a giant congregation of about 200 billion stars. To express such mind-boggling sizes and distances, twentieth-century astronomers adopted a new unit called the light-year, the distance that light travels in a year—about 6 trillion miles. The nearest stars are several light-years away. The diameter of the Milky Way has been measured at about 100,000 light-years. In other words, it takes a ray of light 100,000 years to travel from one side of the Milky Way to the other.

There are galaxies beyond our own. They have names like Andromeda (one of the nearest), Sculptor, Messier 87, Malin 1, IC 1101. The average distance between galaxies, again determined by Leavitt’s method, is about twenty galactic diameters, or 2 million light-years. To a giant cosmic being leisurely strolling through the universe and not limited by distance or time, galaxies would appear as illuminated mansions scattered about the dark countryside of space. As far as we know, galaxies are the largest objects in the cosmos. If we sorted the long inventory of material objects in nature by size, we would start with subatomic particles like electrons and end up with galaxies.

Over the past century, astronomers have been able to probe deeper and deeper into space, looking out to distances of hundreds of millions of light-years and farther. A question naturally arises: Could the physical universe be unending in size? That is, as we build bigger and bigger telescopes sensitive to fainter and fainter light, will we continue to see objects farther and farther away—like the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Yongle, who surveyed his new palace in the Forbidden City and walked from room to room to room, never reaching the end?

Here we must take into account a curious relationship between distance and time. Because light travels at a fast (186,000 miles per second) but not infinite speed, when we look at a distant object in space we must remember that a significant amount of time has passed between the emission of the light and the reception at our end. The image we see is what the object looked like when it emitted that light. If we look at an object 186,000 miles away, we see it as it appeared one second earlier; at 1,860,000 miles away, we see it as it appeared ten seconds earlier; and so on. For extremely distant objects, we see them as they were millions or billions of years in the past.

Now the second curiosity. Since the late 1920s we have known that the universe is expanding, and that as it does so it is thinning out and cooling. By measuring the current rate of expansion, we can make good estimates of the moment in the past when the expansion began—the Big Bang—which was about 13.7 billion years ago, a time when no planets or stars or galaxies existed and the entire universe consisted of a fantastically dense nugget of pure energy. No matter how big our telescopes, we cannot see beyond the distance light has traveled since the Big Bang. Farther than that, and there simply hasn’t been enough time since the birth of the universe for light to get from there to here. This giant sphere, the maximum distance we can see, is only the observable universe. But the universe could extend far beyond that.

In his office in Santa Cruz, Garth Illingworth and his colleagues have mapped out and measured the cosmos to the edge of the observable universe. They have reached out almost as far as the laws of physics allow. All that exists in the knowable universe—oceans and sky; planets and stars; pulsars, quasars, and dark matter; distant galaxies and clusters of galaxies; and great clouds of star-forming gas—has been gathered within the cosmic sensorium gauged and observed by human beings.

“Every once in a while,” says Illingworth, “I think: By God, we are studying things that we can never physically touch. We sit on this miserable little planet in a midsize galaxy and we can characterize most of the universe. It is astonishing to me, the immensity of the situation, and how to relate to it in terms we can understand.”

T he idea of Mother Nature has been represented in every culture on Earth. But to what extent is the new universe, vastly larger than anything conceived of in the past, part of nature ? One wonders how connected Illingworth feels to this astoundingly large cosmic terrain, to the galaxies and stars so distant that their images have taken billions of years to reach our eyes. Are the little red dots on his maps part of the same landscape that Wordsworth and Thoreau described, part of the same environment of mountains and trees, part of the same cycle of birth and death that orders our lives, part of our physical and emotional conception of the world we live in? Or are such things instead digitized abstractions, silent and untouchable, akin to us only in their (hypothesized) makeup of atoms and molecules? And to what extent are we human beings, living on a small planet orbiting one star among billions of stars, part of that same nature?

The heavenly bodies were once considered divine, made of entirely different stuff than objects on Earth. Aristotle argued that all matter was constituted from four elements: earth, fire, water, and air. A fifth element, ether, he reserved for the heavenly bodies, which he considered immortal, perfect, and indestructible. It wasn’t until the birth of modern science, in the seventeenth century, that we began to understand the similarity of heaven and Earth. In 1610, using his new telescope, Galileo noted that the sun had dark patches and blemishes, suggesting that the heavenly bodies are not perfect. In 1687, Newton proposed a universal law of gravity that would apply equally to the fall of an apple from a tree and to the orbits of planets around the sun. Newton then went further, suggesting that all the laws of nature apply to phenomena in the heavens as well as on Earth. In later centuries, scientists used our understanding of terrestrial chemistry and physics to estimate how long the sun could continue shining before depleting its resources of energy; to determine the chemical composition of stars; to map out the formation of galaxies.

Yet even after Galileo and Newton, there remained another question: Were living things somehow different from rocks and water and stars? Did animate and inanimate matter differ in some fundamental way? The “vitalists” claimed that animate matter had some special essence, an intangible spirit or soul, while the “mechanists” argued that living things were elaborate machines and obeyed precisely the same laws of physics and chemistry as did inanimate material. In the late nineteenth century, two German physiologists, Adolf Eugen Fick and Max Rubner, each began testing the mechanistic hypothesis by painstakingly tabulating the energies required for muscle contraction, body heat, and other physical activities and comparing these energies against the chemical energy stored in food. Each gram of fat, carbohydrate, and protein had its energy equivalent. Rubner concluded that the amount of energy used by a living creature was exactly equal to the energy it consumed in its food. Living things were to be viewed as complex arrangements of biological pulleys and levers, electric currents, and chemical impulses. Our bodies are made of the same atoms and molecules as stones, water, and air.

And yet many had a lingering feeling that human beings were somehow separate from the rest of nature. Such a view is nowhere better illustrated than in the painting Tallulah Falls (1841), by George Cooke, an artist associated with the Hudson River School. Although this group of painters celebrated nature, they also believed that human beings were set apart from the natural world. Cooke’s painting depicts tiny human figures standing on a small promontory above a deep canyon. The people are dwarfed by tree-covered mountains, massive rocky ledges, and a waterfall pouring down to the canyon below. Not only insignificant in size compared with their surroundings, the human beings are mere witnesses to a scene they are not part of and never could be. Just a few years earlier, Ralph Waldo Emerson had published his famous essay “Nature,” an appreciation of the natural world that nonetheless held humans separate from nature, at the very least in the moral and spiritual domain: “Man is fallen; nature is erect.”

Today, with various back-to-nature movements attempting to resist the dislocations brought about by modernity, and with our awareness of Earth’s precarious environmental state ever increasing, many people feel a new sympathy with the natural world on this planet. But the gargantuan cosmos beyond remains remote. We might understand at some level that those tiny points of light in the night sky are similar to our sun, made of atoms identical to those in our bodies, and that the cavern of outer space extends from our galaxy of stars to other galaxies of stars, to distances that would take light billions of years to traverse. We might understand these discoveries in intellectual terms, but they are baffling abstractions, even disturbing, like the notion that each of us once was the size of a dot, without mind or thought. Science has vastly expanded the scale of our cosmos, but our emotional reality is still limited by what we can touch with our bodies in the time span of our lives. George Berkeley, the eighteenth-century Irish philosopher, argued that the entire cosmos is a construct of our minds, that there is no material reality outside our thoughts. As a scientist, I cannot accept that belief. At the emotional and psychological level, however, I can have some sympathy with Berkeley’s views. Modern science has revealed a world as far removed from our bodies as colors are from the blind.

V ery recent scientific findings have added yet another dimension to the question of our place in the cosmos. For the first time in the history of science, we are able to make plausible estimates of the rate of occurrence of life in the universe. In March 2009, NASA launched a spacecraft called Kepler whose mission was to search for planets orbiting in the “habitable zone” of other stars. The habitable zone is the region in which a planet’s surface temperature is not so cold as to freeze water and not so hot as to boil it. For many reasons, biologists and chemists believe that liquid water is required for the emergence of life, even if that life may be very different from life on Earth. Dozens of candidates for such planets have been found, and we can make a rough preliminary calculation that something like 3 percent of all stars are accompanied by a potentially life-sustaining planet. The totality of living matter on Earth—humans and animals, plants, bacteria, and pond scum—makes up 0.00000001 percent of the mass of the planet. Combining this figure with the results from the Kepler mission, and assuming that all potentially life-sustaining planets do indeed have life, we can estimate that the fraction of stuff in the visible universe that exists in living form is something like 0.000000000000001 percent, or one millionth of one billionth of 1 percent. If some cosmic intelligence created the universe, life would seem to have been only an afterthought. And if life emerges by random processes, vast amounts of lifeless material are needed for each particle of life. Such numbers cannot help but bear upon the question of our significance in the universe.

Decades ago, when I was sailing with my wife in the Aegean Sea, in the midst of unending water and sky, I had a slight inkling of infinity. It was a sensation I had not experienced before, accompanied by feelings of awe, fear, sublimity, disorientation, alienation, and disbelief. I set a course for 255°, trusting in my compass—a tiny disk of painted numbers with a sliver of rotating metal—and hoped for the best. In a few hours, as if by magic, a pale ocher smidgen of land appeared dead ahead, a thing that drew closer and closer, a place with houses and beds and other human beings.

December 2012

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What is Nature Writing?

Definition and Examples

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Nature writing is a form of creative nonfiction in which the natural environment (or a narrator 's encounter with the natural environment) serves as the dominant subject.

"In critical practice," says Michael P. Branch, "the term 'nature writing' has usually been reserved for a brand of nature representation that is deemed literary, written in the speculative personal voice , and presented in the form of the nonfiction essay . Such nature writing is frequently pastoral or romantic in its philosophical assumptions, tends to be modern or even ecological in its sensibility, and is often in service to an explicit or implicit preservationist agenda" ("Before Nature Writing," in Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism , ed. by K. Armbruster and K.R. Wallace, 2001).

Examples of Nature Writing:

• At the Turn of the Year, by William Sharp
• The Battle of the Ants, by Henry David Thoreau
• Hours of Spring, by Richard Jefferies
• The House-Martin, by Gilbert White
• In Mammoth Cave, by John Burroughs
• An Island Garden, by Celia Thaxter
• January in the Sussex Woods, by Richard Jefferies
• The Land of Little Rain, by Mary Austin
• Migration, by Barry Lopez
• The Passenger Pigeon, by John James Audubon
• Rural Hours, by Susan Fenimore Cooper
• Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, by Henry David Thoreau

Observations:

• "Gilbert White established the pastoral dimension of nature writing in the late 18th century and remains the patron saint of English nature writing. Henry David Thoreau was an equally crucial figure in mid-19th century America . . .. "The second half of the 19th century saw the origins of what we today call the environmental movement. Two of its most influential American voices were John Muir and John Burroughs , literary sons of Thoreau, though hardly twins. . . . "In the early 20th century the activist voice and prophetic anger of nature writers who saw, in Muir's words, that 'the money changers were in the temple' continued to grow. Building upon the principles of scientific ecology that were being developed in the 1930s and 1940s, Rachel Carson and Aldo Leopold sought to create a literature in which appreciation of nature's wholeness would lead to ethical principles and social programs. "Today, nature writing in America flourishes as never before. Nonfiction may well be the most vital form of current American literature, and a notable proportion of the best writers of nonfiction practice nature writing." (J. Elder and R. Finch, Introduction, The Norton Book of Nature Writing . Norton, 2002)

"Human Writing . . . in Nature"

• "By cordoning nature off as something separate from ourselves and by writing about it that way, we kill both the  genre and a part of ourselves. The best writing in this genre is not really 'nature writing' anyway but human writing that just happens to take place in nature. And the reason we are still talking about [Thoreau's] Walden 150 years later is as much for the personal story as the pastoral one: a single human being, wrestling mightily with himself, trying to figure out how best to live during his brief time on earth, and, not least of all, a human being who has the nerve, talent, and raw ambition to put that wrestling match on display on the printed page. The human spilling over into the wild, the wild informing the human; the two always intermingling. There's something to celebrate." (David Gessner, "Sick of Nature." The Boston Globe , Aug. 1, 2004)

Confessions of a Nature Writer

• "I do not believe that the solution to the world's ills is a return to some previous age of mankind. But I do doubt that any solution is possible unless we think of ourselves in the context of living nature "Perhaps that suggests an answer to the question what a 'nature writer' is. He is not a sentimentalist who says that 'nature never did betray the heart that loved her.' Neither is he simply a scientist classifying animals or reporting on the behavior of birds just because certain facts can be ascertained. He is a writer whose subject is the natural context of human life, a man who tries to communicate his observations and his thoughts in the presence of nature as part of his attempt to make himself more aware of that context. 'Nature writing' is nothing really new. It has always existed in literature. But it has tended in the course of the last century to become specialized partly because so much writing that is not specifically 'nature writing' does not present the natural context at all; because so many novels and so many treatises describe man as an economic unit, a political unit, or as a member of some social class but not as a living creature surrounded by other living things." (Joseph Wood Krutch, "Some Unsentimental Confessions of a Nature Writer." New York Herald Tribune Book Review , 1952)
• Thoreau's 'Walden': 'The Battle of the Ants'
• What Is Style in Writing?
• The Title in Composition
• A Fable by Mark Twain
• 20 Quotes on the Nature of Writing
• What's the Secret of Good Writing?
• Prewriting for Composition
• Defining Nonfiction Writing
• What Is Prose?
• Definition and Examples of Online Writing
• Creative Nonfiction
• Best Practices for Business Writing
• Unity in Composition
• Tips on Great Writing: Setting the Scene
• Invention (Composition and Rhetoric)

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“THIS consideration must surely tell us that all living things were not made for man.” Thus mused the great naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in his classic 1869 book The Malay Archipelago . He was describing his first sight of the king bird of paradise, an exquisite red and golden denizen of the forests of New Guinea – a “perfect little organism”, he called it – and reflecting on the relationship between our species and the many others with which we share the planet.…

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Essay About the Beauty of Nature: 4 Examples and 9 Prompts

Read this article for essay examples and prompts to use so you can start writing essay about the beauty of nature.

Nature is complex and beautiful. Our ecosystem covers every aspect of Mother Earth, including the evolution of the earth & life, the various cycles, all the living things, and more. Collectively, they create something so beautiful and perfect that it can be hard to believe it exists. 

The beauty and power of nature can be pretty overwhelming. Whenever you want to feel these emotions, reading or writing essays about the beauty of nature can help you grasp those ideas. 

Below are examples of essays on nature and its beauty and prompts to help you get started on your next essay.

1. Essay on Beauty of Nature for Children and Students on Study Mentor

2. descriptive essay on beauty of nature on performdigi, 3. essay on beauties of nature by gk scientist, 4. descriptive essay on mother nature by neetu singh, 1. activities that appreciate nature, 2. the beauty of nature in renaissance art, 3. mindful methods of appreciating the beauty of nature, 4. literature pieces that define the beauty of nature well, 5. video games that captured the beauty of nature, 6. beautiful nature photo ideas and tips you can do with a phone, 7. difference between nature and science, 8. philosophical understanding of nature, 9. biomimicry: nature-inspired engineering.

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“Each and everything in nature, including living or non-living organisms, play an important role in maintaining the balance to create a viable environment for all of us, which is called ecological balance. We need to make sure that the ecological balance should be maintained at all times to avoid a catastrophic situation in the future.”

The first essay discusses nature’s significance, the natural resources, and how to conserve them. It has an educational tone, encouraging the reader to care for nature and protect its beauty. The second essay focuses on the non-harmful ways of enjoying nature and protecting it from modern daily processes. You might also like these authors like Wendell Berry .

“Nature has many faces. They are everywhere. The human eye is always in contact with good things.”

This descriptive essay about the beauty of nature discusses the immortal, infinite, and eternal beauty of nature and nature as a reflection of the art of Allah. It covers the beauty of everything found in nature, including the changing seasons, birds, beasts, fish, reptiles, humans, the environment, and more.

“To enjoy these beauties of nature, one has to live in nature’s company. A countryman enjoys nature well. A town dweller cannot enjoy the beauties of nature.”

This essay on nature talks about nature and personifies it as a woman by using the pronouns she and her. The essay considers the various elements in nature, seasons, and unique environments. It also provides some wisdom to encourage the reader to care for nature.You might also be interested in these articles about the beauty of nature .

“As nature is the main life force of all living beings on earth. It is our duty to preserve and protect nature and all its creations alike. We must also love her in return as she loves us.”

In this essay, nature is God’s most tremendous boon to humanity. Thus, we must protect it from corruption, pollution, and other artificial and harmful manufactured things. The essay also gave examples of environmental problems that have impacted nature significantly. The end of the essay states that we must stand, preserve, and protect nature.

9 Prompts for Writing an Essay About the Beauty of Nature

Writing an essay about the beauty of nature can feel repetitive and overdone. You can avoid repeating the usual themes or ideas you saw above. Instead, use the essay prompts on nature below.

Here’s a tip: If writing an essay sounds like a lot of work, simplify it. Write a simple 5 paragraph essay instead.

Do you want other people to enjoy and appreciate nature? With this essay, you can list the various methods of appreciating nature. The activities can be simple such as planting a tree, hugging a tree, and watching sunsets.

For help with this topic, read this guide explaining what persuasive writing is all about.

Renaissance art is rich with meanings and symbolism portrayed through nature. For example, although flowers universally stand for beauty, different flower types can have different meanings. Dark clouds and streaks of lightning in the skies can portray dark moods or omens. Many renaissance male artists saw nature as a mother, mistress, or bride. If you like interpreting renaissance art, you’ll enjoy this essay topic.

Mindfulness and nature share a very positive relationship. Being in nature can make you more mindful. Being mindful while in nature enhances your connectedness to it. This essay focuses on mindfulness in nature.

 Consider your connection to it, be aware of your surroundings, and actively appreciate its various parts. Connecting to nature will open you to change, the natural cycle of life and death, and more.

Literature is more flexible than visual art because it taps the imagination through ideas and concepts rather than images. For example, various poets, writers, and playwrights have likened the beauty of nature to love, characters, powerful forces, and intense emotions. 

Avid literature readers will enjoy writing about the beauty of nature through their favorite authors, themes, and stories.

No matter what their genre, more video games today feature realistic graphics. One of the best ways to show off these high-tech graphics is by showing nature’s beauty in a scene or environment. 

Some examples of the top video games that have captured the beauty of nature include Ghost of Tsushima, Red Dead Redemption II, and The Last of Us: Part Two. Write about how the beauty of nature can be captured in a video game and the methods used to create vivid digital worlds.

Are you an enthusiast of nature photography and amateur photography? Bring these two things together by writing an essay about taking nature photos with a phone. Write what you learned about taking nature photos. 

You can also provide sample nature photos you or others took with a smartphone. Remember, nature photography can cover many subjects, like animals, plants, landscapes, etc.

Have you ever stopped to think about the difference between nature and science? Science has many methodical and measurable aspects and is as young as humanity. The opposite is true for nature because it has existed far longer than humans have. Yet, we can use science to study nature. 

When you pick this essay idea, discuss the loose ideas mentioned above in more detail. Researching and reading about nature vs. science can also help. Discuss this in your next essay for an inspiring and intriguing essay topic.

Philosopher students will enjoy writing an essay about the beauty of nature. You can argue that nature does not exist because it is not measurable. It doesn’t exist outside of any solid examples we can give, like the environment, animals, weather, and plants. 

You write about the philosophical aspects of nature and use key research to back up your ideas and arguments made in the essay. Look for scientific research papers, books by philosophers, and opinion essays to create this essay.

Biomimicry is a sustainable solution to human challenges. It imitates the designs found in nature’s time-tested strategies and patterns and incorporates them into technology. 

This is a fascinating essay topic that can inspire your next written piece. Conduct research into biomimicry, and let the reader know your thoughts and opinions on this subject.

 Do you need more inspiration? Read these 13 essays about nature .

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• 08 October 2019
• Correction 14 October 2019

How science has shifted our sense of identity

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Nathaniel Comfort is Professor of the History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

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In the iconic frontispiece to Thomas Henry Huxley’s Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature (1863), primate skeletons march across the page and, presumably, into the future: “Gibbon, Orang, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Man.” Fresh evidence from anatomy and palaeontology had made humans’ place on the scala naturae scientifically irrefutable. We were unequivocally with the animals — albeit at the head of the line.

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Nature 574 , 167-170 (2019)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03014-4

Updates & Corrections

Correction 14 October 2019 : The article has been updated to clarify that Alfred Binet’s words originally appeared in the book Les enfants anormaux in 1907. The date of 1914 given in the earlier version was for the English translation.

H. [Huxley, T. H.] Nature 1 , 183–184 (1869).

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Binet, A. & Simon, T. Mentally Defective Children (Arnold, 1914).

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This short, mysterious book, s elf-published anonymously in 1836, received high critical praise and kick-started America's first homegrown intellectual movement, Transcendentalism. After defining nature and identifying its purposes in relation to human life, Emerson reveals that it is only through nature that we can understand the world and ourselves.

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Who Was the Author of the Book Nature ?

Nature was the first major publication of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882). In 1836, the 33-year-old Emerson was practically unknown to the world. He had only recently quit his job as a minister after the death of his wife, returned from a tour of Europe, married a second time, and established himself in Concord, a suburb of Boston.

Emerson would go on to achieve worldwide fame as a lecturer, essayist, poet, and one of the founders of a major American intellectual movement, Transcendentalism. In Nature , Emerson introduced important philosophical ideas that he would continue to develop in his later work, and that would inspire generations of writers and intellectuals.

By making nature a point of central spiritual and philosophical concern, Emerson laid the foundation for the 19th-century intellectual movement that would eventually become known as Transcendentalism. Excited by the ideas in Nature , a group of writers and intellectuals, including Bronson Alcott, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, Theodore Parker, Orestes Brownson, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau, started to visit Emerson's house in Concord regularly. Although they did not necessarily agree with Emerson on all points, they all thought that nature was of utmost importance.

Transcendentalism: an early 19-century intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of the natural world, individual expression, and choice.

What is the Main Message of the Book Nature ?

Nature is a complex book, but its main message is simple: lose yourself in nature! It is only by, in Emerson's words, becoming a "transparent eye-ball" in the forest that we can really understand anything at all. 1

Central Ideas and Summary of Nature

Nature is a long and complex essay that engages with major philosophical, religious, and literary ideas spanning thousands of years. After offering a definition of nature and our place in it, Emerson identifies four purposes of nature in relation to humanity: it exists as a commodity, as a source of beauty and language, and as a course of study. Emerson then applies this expanded definition of nature to philosophy and theology before explaining how understanding nature allows us to understand ourselves, our history, and our place in it.

Introduction

Emerson begins with the declaration that "Our age is retrospective" or backward-looking and obsessed with the past. Why do we feel that no great prophets, poets, or philosophers can exist in our times? He proposes that we look to nature as a kind of common denominator between the past and present to answer this question. If we can discover the purpose of nature, then perhaps we can understand our place in it and in history.

For Emerson, nature is not just the natural world of rivers, trees, and air – this is what he terms the "common sense" of nature. Nature does include these things, but it also includes "art" or human artifacts as well as human bodies. Nature is everything that we don't identify with ourselves.

Chapter I. Nature

Looking out at the evening sky, we may be dazzled by the shining stars that surround us on all sides. But we cannot reach out and touch them or even get any closer to them for a better look. This is not only true of the stars: nature surrounds us everywhere, but it also seems distant and inaccessible. Sometimes we fail to notice it even when we are looking directly at it, for example, when we consider a field only as a farmer's property or a forest as potential lumber. We need "the eye and heart of the child" in order to see nature for what it truly is. Escaping from the town or city into the woods is the best way to accomplish this. In the woods, Emerson famously remarks:

Standing on the bare ground, – my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, – all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all.

Losing our sense of self while observing the natural world, we begin to feel that we are, in fact, a part of it after all.

Working with this definition of nature and with the doubt that humans are separate from nature, the next four chapters identify four "ends" or purposes that nature is used for.

Chapter II. Commodity

The first purpose, commodity, is simply the use of the natural world to satisfy physical needs or desires, such as when we use rocks or trees to build structures or feed ourselves with plants and animals. Emerson doesn't spend much time on this purpose, and he notes that it is not really an end in itself since "A man is fed, not that he may be fed, but that he may work."

Chapter III. Beauty

Nature has three distinct purposes in relation to beauty. The first is the simple delight that we take in looking at the natural world. While Emerson thinks that this delight is stronger in rural landscapes, he notes that absolutely anything can be made beautiful under the right lighting conditions (photographers, take note!).

The second is the kind of beauty that arises when the natural world seems to be in harmony with human intentions, such as when a cool and sunny day corresponds with a planned road trip or a sailing expedition falls on a windy day. Emerson thinks that this is especially beautiful when nature cooperates with larger human ambitions, such as those of generals and explorers.

The third purpose of nature in relation to beauty is the inspiration it provides for human art. Taking pleasure in natural beauty, the beauty "reforms itself in the mind" for the purpose of artistic creation. Art is a kind of distillation of nature through the human mind.

Chapter IV. Language

As with beauty, nature also has a threefold purpose in relation to language. The first of these is to provide what Emerson calls "signs," by which he means something like "words." Many words have etymological origins in natural observations: the word "right" comes from an ancient Indo-European word for " straight," the word "spirit" comes from a Latin word meaning "breathe," and so on. Whether we realize it or not, nature provides a great deal of the vocabulary we use on a daily basis.

The second purpose is to provide analogies for human psychological states. Emerson provides a helpful list of examples here:

An enraged man is a lion, a cunning man is a fox, a firm man is a rock, a learned man is a torch. A lamb is innocence; a snake is subtle spite; flowers express to us the delicate affections. Light and darkness are our visible expression for knowledge and ignorance; Visible distance behind and before is respectively our image of memory and hope.

These analogies are so consistent across cultures and so prominent in every language that they could not be the result of chance. Emerson thinks that they demonstrate a fundamental similarity between the human mind and the natural world. He suggests that the mind works best outside of the city, where it can observe and draw inspiration from the natural world for its language and thoughts.

Inspired by the post-Kantian philosophical developments of his time, Emerson drew a distinction between " R eason" and " U nderstanding." Understanding includes the more mechanical processes of the mind, like doing calculations or thinking logically. Reason is a more active, creative process through which we form representations of the outside world.

In Nature , Emerson suggests that Spirit is the same thing as Reason but "considered in relation to nature." In fact, Emerson views Spirit, in particular, as being "the Creator. Spirit hath life in itself. And man in all ages and countries, embodies it in his language."

Because Emerson views both Reason and Spirit as being reflections of God's own processes, they exist throughout the natural world, linking God, humans, and nature together.

The third purpose of nature with respect to language builds directly on the second one. It is not only our common thoughts that are articulated in the natural world but also our very ideas of right and wrong. This is hinted at in popular idioms such as "A rolling stone gathers no moss" or "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush," but its deeper articulation has also been the objective of all major philosophies and religions "from the era of the Egyptians and the Brahmins, to that of Pythagoras, of Plato, of Bacon, of Leibnitz, of Swedenborg." Our judgments about right and wrong turn out to be judgments about real, natural facts.

Chapter V. Discipline

By 'discipline,' Emerson means something like an academic or intellectual discipline – a course of study. Combining the purposes of nature that we find in relation to commodity, beauty, and language, we find a full course of study for practical, intellectual, and moral truths.

We have already outlined the lessons that Emerson thinks nature has to teach us. Before reading on, review the sections on "Commodity," "Beauty," and "Language." Do you find anything there that resembles a school curriculum?

The careful observation of nature offers "constant exercise in the lessons of difference, of likeness, of order, of being and seeming, of progressive arrangement; of ascent from particular to general; of combination to one end of manifold forces." Eventually, this results in the formation of the natural sciences and natural laws. In addition to providing an endless source of intellectual investigation, we also learn about our own willpower through the effects that we produce on the natural world.

Emerson has already noted how the language we use to think about ethics and morality is always drawn from the natural world, but, in this chapter, he takes that argument a step further. Because "the moral law lies at the center of nature and radiates to the circumference," every interaction we have with the natural world is a potential lesson in ethics. The end-point of these moral lessons is an understanding of the "Unity of Nature, –the Unity in Variety, – which meets us everywhere." This truth can be expressed in both language and action, and it is closely related to the realization that "the human form" is predominant in nature.

Chapter VI. Idealism

Emerson's next step is to relate his theory of nature to a long-standing philosophical debate: that between idealism and realism . A central question in the history of Western philosophy has been whether we can really know the world outside of our own consciousness of it and whether the outside world even exists outside of our ideas.

Idealism: the philosophical position that our knowledge of things is limited to our ideas about them. Some idealists go even further and think that nothing exists other than consciousness or ideas.

Realism: the philosophical position that there is a real world of things external to us and that our ideas are just representations of those things in our head, usually formed from our sense perceptions.

Emerson thinks that the importance of the realism versus idealism question is overstated. Real or ideal, nature "is alike useful and venerable to me," and its "stability" and "permanence" are demonstrated to us all on a daily basis. Human beings also need to believe in this stability and permanence if they are to function normally.

How, then, do we come to doubt the existence of the reality of the world in the first place? Emerson points to four broad causes: "motion, poetry, physical and intellectual science, and religion." While moving in, for example, a car, train, boat, or airplane, we seem to be a fixed point that the world moves around. This is what first causes us to think that there must be a difference between ourselves, as the observer, and the world, as the observed thing changing rapidly around us. Poetry has a similar effect, but purely in the imagination: it can bring up images of "air, the sun, the mountain, the camp, the city, the hero, the maiden" from both the present and from different historical periods. These images "float before the eye" in a way that reinforces the difference between the individual and the world.

Philosophy and science raise doubts about the external world in a different way. Both of them focus on abstract ideas, laws, and absolute truths. This means that even the sciences, such as physics, which are dependent on our observations of the world around us, come to rely on logical and mathematical principles – on ideas rather than things. In a similar way, religion teaches us to focus on the eternal afterlife rather than the physical world. Since a common religious message is that "the things that are seen, are temporal; the things that are unseen, are eternal," it often results in the devaluing of the physical, material world in contrast with the spiritual one.

Despite the common-sense appeal of realism, Emerson thinks that the weight of the evidence from our experience of travel, poetry, philosophy, science, and religion – in short, from nearly every cultural advancement – suggests the truth of idealism. Idealism, perhaps more importantly, "sees the world in God." Here, Emerson is invoking a type of idealism that sees reality as existing not just in the human mind but in God's mind, too. In this way, we seem to be able to save the common-sense view that nature is permanent and stable while still holding that there is no reality outside of (God's) ideas. What concerns Emerson most is the effect that this has on our mindset: since it allows us to see everything as "one vast picture, which God paints on the instant of eternity," it gives us a better perspective on nature, history, and our place in them.

Chapter VII. Spirit

If idealism is the answer to the question "What is matter?", then two important questions still remain: where did matter come from, and where is it going? To answer these questions, Emerson thinks that we need the idea of a "spirit" or "Supreme Being." This is an active, creative force that "is not wisdom, or love, or beauty, or power, but all in one, and each entirely," and which is the cause of both the origin and continuing existence of everything. Since it is "one and not compound" it must include everything – even ourselves. This spirit is literally a part of us, giving human beings "access to the entire mind of the Creator." It speaks through us, but we cannot impose our will on it. Instead, we have to work to understand it, and we can only do this by understanding nature:

We are as much strangers in nature, as we are aliens from God. We do not understand the notes of the birds. The fox and the deer run away from us; the bear and tiger rend us. We do not know the uses of more than a few plants, as corn and the apple, the potato and the vine.

Nature, then, turns out to be our access point to understanding God, the universe, and ourselves. If we fail to understand it, and can only understand ourselves in contrast to it, then we lose all possibility of meaningful knowledge.

Chapter VIII. Prospects

In this concluding section, Emerson elaborates on what he means by understanding nature. It is not so much the collection of natural facts or the identification of different species of plants and animals that interests him. While these activities are important, they are just one means to an end. Emerson emphasizes the importance of seeing nature with a sense of wonder and paying attention to dreams, guesses, and hunches in our attempt to understand the natural world. Given that nature speaks through us, it should perhaps be no surprise that these can provide just as much insight as scientific observation.

Returning to his introductory theme of our backward-looking age, Emerson calls on us to rise to the occasion. Armed with the knowledge of our place in God's "vast picture," we must realize that:

All that Adam had, all that Caesar could, you have and can do. Adam called his house, heaven and earth; Caesar called his house, Rome; you, perhaps, call yours a cobler's trade; a hundred acres of ploughed land; or a scholar's garret. Yet line for line, and point for point, your dominion is as great as theirs...Build, therefore your own world.

No matter how humble or unimportant our ordinary lives may seem, they are continuous with all of nature and history. It is up to us to realize this fact and act accordingly.

Emerson's Philosophy of Nature

Philosophy can be broadly divided into three distinct categories based on what type of questions it answers: metaphysics , epistemology , and ethics. Emerson is interested in all these branches of philosophy, and his conception of nature has a central role in how he develops them.

Epistemology: the branch of philosophy that asks what we can know and how we can know it.

Metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that is interested in what exists (if anything).

According to Emerson, our brains work in ways that are fundamentally analogous to other natural processes. Nature forms our language and our thoughts themselves. It is only through nature that we can have knowledge of anything – including ourselves.

Emerson also thinks that only one thing exists and that it is called nature. He is also an idealist and believes that everything exists only as an idea or as consciousness (see the definition of idealism above). It is the consciousness of God, however, which guarantees the stability and permanence of reality. While Emerson states that everything, including ourselves, is part of this unity of nature, he also often speaks as if individual humans are in some sense separate from nature. Nature speaks through us, and we can fail to listen or try to understand. Individual people, then, also exist and have free will in Emerson's philosophy.

Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with what is good, bad, right, or wrong. Nature provides the answer to all this information for Emerson. Every natural fact, no matter how unimportant it appears on the surface, contains a potential moral lesson. This is tied in with Emerson's epistemological and metaphysical conclusions about nature. Since nature, God, and humanity are all aspects of the same basic unity, that unity must also contain all goodness, virtue, and rightness. It has been the ambition of all of the world's greatest religions and philosophies to find the ethical facts embedded in the natural world.

Remember that for Emerson, all existence is unified. This means that answers to the questions of what exists, what we know and what is right and wrong can all be found in the same place: nature.

Nature - Key takeaways

• Nature , Ralph Waldo Emerson's first major publication in 1836, introduced ideas he would continue to develop for the rest of his career and attracted a group of like-minded writers and intellectuals to his circle who would eventually form the movement known as Transcendentalism.
• Emerson begins Nature by asking why his age is so focused on great historical events rather than what is happening in the present, suggesting that a theory of nature may be the solution to this unhealthy fixation on the past.
• Emerson laments the difficulty we have in properly seeing nature, and famously suggests that we must become a "transparent eye-ball," losing all sense of self while observing everything.
• In his development of the four "purposes" in nature, which are commodity, beauty, language, and discipline, Emerson argues for philosophical idealism and unity but leaves space for the individual.
• The work concludes by urging us to understand nature and our place in it and not to see our ordinary lives as insignificant in comparison to those of Adam or Caesar.

1. Baym, N, The Norton Anthology of American Literature , Volume B 1820-1865, Norton, 2007.

Flashcards in Nature 12

Become a transparent eye-ball.

Commodity, beauty, language, and discipline.

Only ideas exist or can be known.

It was unpopular, but attracted a small number of enthusiastic followers.

It was backward-looking and focused on the past.

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Frequently Asked Questions about Nature

Who wrote about nature?

While many people have written about nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about it particularly frequently, and made it the centerpiece of his philosophy.

What is the main point of Nature by Emerson?

The main point of Nature is that we can only really understand the world and ourselves when we lose ourselves in nature.

What is the central idea of the essay, Nature ?

The central idea of Nature is that we need to lose ourselves in nature if we are to understand the world and accomplish anything great. 

What does Emerson believe about nature?

Emerson believes that nature is of central importance to every aspect of human life, from meeting our physical needs to shaping the way we speak and think.

How was nature analyzed by Ralph Waldo Emerson?

Emerson's analysis discovers four purposes of nature: as commodity, as beauty, as a source of language, and as an intellectual discipline.

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Understanding the Natural World and our Place in It

Smithsonian national museum of natural history.

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The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

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Martha, the last Passenger Pigeon Martha, the last Passenger Pigeon Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

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Meet Phoenix! A 1,043-kg (2,300-lb) model of an actual North Atlantic right whale. Accurate in every detail, she’s big and beautiful! She’s one of about 400 of these whales left in the world. Tracked since birth, Phoenix and her story link every corner of the Museum’s Sant Ocean Hall. Her big size means a big appetite: some 2,200 pounds of krill every day! Centuries of commercial whaling brought North Atlantic right whales to the brink of extinction. Today, entanglements with fishing gear and ship strikes continue to hamper this species’ recovery. Now heroic conservation efforts protect this highly endangered species.

African Bush Elephant African Bush Elephant Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Gracing the center of the museum's dramatic rotunda is the largest mounted specimen of the world’s largest living land animal. This African bush elephant stands 13 ft 2 inches (4 m) tall at the shoulder and was estimated to weigh nearly 24,000 lbs (11 metric tons) when he was alive. His ivory tusks weighed about 93 lbs each (42 kg)—too heavy to mount, so those on display are fiberglass replicas. He was about 55 years old when killed by big game hunter Josef J. Fénykövi in Angola in 1955. Elephants are under threat from poaching largely due to illegal ivory trade, as well as from habitat loss.Today, the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute is engaged in the study and conservation of elephants in both the wild and in captive populations.

Invertebrate Zoology speciments from the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Approximately 55 million specimens form the Museum’s collections of invertebrate zoology, or the study of animals without backbones. They range from tiny crustaceans that are the base of marine food webs, to elusive 13m‐long (43ft) giant squid, to the 20 million specimens of the National Parasite Collection that inform the study of subjects such as emerging infectious diseases.

Giant Squid (male) Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

This male Atlantic giant squid, Architeuthis dux , is one of the largest living species of invertebrates. Reaching lengths of 13 m (43 ft) with tentacles reaching 10 m (33 ft) in length, it is not hard to imagine why these creatures have long been the subject of stories of fantasy and fear. Living in the depths of the ocean, they were largely studied through dead samples found floating at sea or washed ashore. Only in the last few years have living giant squid been documented in their natural environment of the deep ocean.

An assortment of Cuban land snail shells An assortment of Cuban land snail shells Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Sometimes referred to as Cuban land snails or painted snails, Polymita picta is a species of large air-breathing snail found only in Cuba. They exist in a variety of different colors. Often sought by poachers for making jewelry and trinkets, they are currently endangered.

An assembly of nine different insects from the U.S. Entomology Collection Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The U.S. National Entomological Collection is one of the largest insect collections in the world. Its 35 million specimens include 100,000 holotypes and over 300,000 species representing approximately 60% of know insect families. This rich collection helps scientists understand biodiversity, study insects important to the nation's agriculture and security, and research the transmission of insect-borne diseases.

Ceroglossus Beetle Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

A beetle, of the genus Ceroglossus . This beautifully iridescent green-yellow beetle was collected from Chile. English naturalist Charles Darwin collected this same type of beetle from the Andes of Chile during his five-year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle (1831-1836).

The U.S. National Herbarium is housed within the botany department of the National Museum of Natural History. Numbering over 5 million specimens, it is among the top ten largest in the world. Many of the plant groups represented in the U.S. National Herbarium rank among the finest, largest, or best curated. The extremely important Type Herbarium includes almost 90,000 specimens.

Museum botanist Robert Sims collects marine algae on a rock outcrop off the Dominican Republic Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

These collections assist scientists in important research such as: Studying the changing ranges of plants through time Tracking the spread of invasive species Documenting plant diseases Locating rare and endangered plant species Identifying the relationships between plants, insects, and animals Documenting changes in levels of carbon dioxide, pollution, and temperature over time and their effects on plants Providing material for medical studies

Illustrations of multiple cactus species by Mary Emily Eaton Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The Museum is home to a rich archive of thousands of botanical artworks and illustrations. This composite of watercolors depicts several species of cacti found in North and South America. These illustrations are by noted botanical Illustrator Mary Emily Eaton (1873-1961).

Mountain Dogwood or Pacific Dogwood Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The Museum's botany collections are also home to the Smithsonian Wood Collection, containing around 42,000 specimens. This slide image reveals a delicate microscopic cross-section of mountain dogwood, sometimes called Pacific dogwood, found across western North America.

Smithsonian geologist, Benjamin Andrews, conducting research on the summit of Santa Maria, an active volcano in Guatamala Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The Mineral Sciences Collections

The Museum's over 600,000 mineral sciences specimens offers a remarkable research collection of rocks, minerals and meteorites. They include the U.S. National Meteorite collection and those collected from the U.S. Antarctic Meteorite Program. The museum's National Gem and Mineral Collection, and the National Rock and Ores Collection are considered world-class. Museum scientists conduct related research around the globe, studying how processes spanning from deep within our planet's core to its crust shape our world. They investigate the early formation of the Solar System through meteorites and compare them with what we have learned directly from asteroids, comets, and Mars. Their study of minerals sheds light into the physical, chemical and biological processes that shape Earth’s environments.

Hope Diamond Hope Diamond by Cartier, Inc. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

One of the world’s most famous gems, The Hope Diamond's history of mystery and intrigue—as much as its size, beauty, and rare color—lure millions of visitors a year. The Hope was cut from the famous French Blue, a fabulous 115-carat diamond brought from India to France in 1668. King Louis XIV had the diamond recut, reducing it to 69 carats. More than a century later, during the French Revolution, the diamond mysteriously disappeared. A 45.52-carat blue diamond—almost certainly the recut French Blue—turned up in London two decades later and was apparently sold to England's King George IV. From there, it came into the hands of Henry Philip Hope and then passed back and forth between diamond merchants and collectors in London, New York, Paris, and Washington, D.C. Finally, in November 1958, jeweler Harry Winston presented the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution and the American people.

Acasta Gneiss Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Preserved by the North American craton, this 3.96-billion-year-old gneiss from Canada’s Northwest Territories is Earth’s oldest-known rock. The Earth is 500 million years older still, but no record of that early time has survived our planet's geologic activity.

Meteorite Allan Hills ALH 84001,38 Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The Museum’s U.S. National Meteorite Collection consists of 45,000 specimens of more than 20,000 distinct meteorites. This meteorite, known as Allan Hills ALH 84001, is one of the most famous meteorites in the world. It was discovered in 1984 in Antarctica by a U.S. meteorite-hunting expedition and was determined to have originated on Mars 4.1 billion years ago at a time when there may have been liquid water on that planet. It achieved fame in 1996 when NASA scientists conducted microscopic and chemical analysis on the meteorite and identified structures that resembled fossil bacteria within it. The possible evidence of extraterrestrial life made headlines around the world. While the possibility that life existed on Mars remains a topic of ongoing debate, there is no doubt that Allan Hills has contributed to the ongoing interests for exploring Mars and uncovering life beyond our planet.

Pyrite Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Can you guess which artist created this sculptural work of art? This was created by none other than Mother Nature. These pyrite crystals formed exactly as you see them. Their cubic shape mirrors the internal cubic arrangement of iron and sulfur atoms. Because of its color and luster, pyrite is also known as fool's gold.

This is a specimen of smithsonite, a mineral named after James Smithson, the founding donor of the Smithsonian. He was an English scientist who lived c. 1765-1829. In a secondary clause in his will, he left his fortune to the United States of America—a place he never visited—to create “an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” The chemical name for smithsonite is zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), and it is one of a group of ores that yield the metal zinc. It was named in honor of Smithson because it was he who first identified the mineral in 1802. When Smithson began to conduct his experiments on zinc ores, there was much confusion surrounding the mineral that at that time was known generally as calamine. Miners and metalworkers had long known that some kinds of calamine produced zinc, while other specimens—which contained zinc and appeared identical—did not. Through careful analysis and the skillful use of an instrument called a blowpipe, Smithson revealed that what was called “calamine” was not in fact a single substance but essentially two distinct minerals: zinc carbonate (which was later named smithsonite) and zinc silicate (which came to be called hemimorphite). He identified the carbonate as a good ore for zinc and the silicate as a poor one.

Smithsonian staff and objects from the national anthropology collections Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The Anthropology Collections

The National Museum of Natural History’s anthropology collections include over 2 million specimens in archaeology, ethnology, and anthropology. This unparalleled resource expands our understanding of world cultures, documents human migration and human connections to natural environments, and serve as cultural resources for indigenous communities.

Discovery of an ancient stone tool sheds light on early humans Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Research from The Smithsonian’s Human Origins Initiative helps tell the evolutionary story of humans across six million years of history, from the earliest human species to the highly adaptable global species we are today.

Homo neanderthalensis skeletal remains Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Treasured Remains: A Real Neanderthal This fossilized Neanderthal skeleton is one of 10 individuals excavated from Shanidar Cave in Iraq. The site yielded one of the largest samples of Neanderthal fossils found anywhere in the world. Scientists uncovered more than 130 bones and many small fragments of just this one individual. Assembling them into a single skeleton was like putting together a giant jigsaw puzzle. It was discovered in 1957 in Shanidar Cave, Iraq. Between 1953 and 1960, the skeletons of seven other adults and two infants were excavated from the same cave. The fossils were discovered in sediments about 13.7 m (45 ft) deep along with stone tools, hearths, and evidence of purposeful burials. Who Was This Individual? Scientists estimate he was a 40- to 50-year-old male, about 1.69 m (5 ft 6 in) tall. He suffered from arthritis and most likely died from a stab wound to his chest. He may have been buried by members of his group or by a rock fall from the cave roof.

Reconstruction of Paranthropus boisei male by John Gurche Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Meticulously crafted over a two-and-a-half-year period by artist John Gurche using the latest forensic science and an intimate knowledge of human anatomy, facial reconstructions of early human species such as this Paranthropus boisei male, help visitors and experts visualize our ancestors.

Excavating 17th-century burials from the Brick Chapel at Historic St. Mary’s City Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Using the latest forensic science, museum experts solve puzzles regarding significant historic events, people and places. Here, forensic anthropologists excavate 17th-century burials from the Brick Chapel at Historic St. Mary’s City, the first Roman Catholic church in English America, shedding light on the lives and burial practices of early Americans.

Examining artifacts from Polynesian islands threatened by sea level rise Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The museum’s experts and anthropological collections play an important role for communities to recover indigenous knowledge and to preserve endangered languages and world views. They reflect important historical expeditions of discovery, and help document changes to cultures over time, including the impacts of climate change and globalization.

Gutskin Cape Or Kamleika Gutskin Cape Or Kamleika Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

This weatherproof cape is made out of seal intestines in traditional Aleutian manner but constructed in the style of a cloak worn by Russian officers. Capes such as these were often presented as gifts to visiting captains and dignitaries. Charles Wilkes, leader of the important U.S. Exploring Expedition (the first American expedition dedicated to scientific exploration to circumnavigate the globe), acquired this cape in 1839 in the Pacific Island of Moo’rea, French Polynesia. Its hybrid of indigenous materials and European style, along with its lengthy travel from artic regions to the south Pacific documents the impacts of cross-cultural influences and global trade in the 19th century. Objects like this collected during the U.S. Exploring Expedition became part of the founding collections of the Smithsonian Institution. This rare cape, seldom seen by the public, will be on display in the upcoming exhibit, Objects of Wonder: From the Collections of the National Museum of Natural History .

Mask Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

This ceremonial human-raven mask was collected by Franz Boas from the Bella Coola (Nuxalk) culture on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Masks such as this represented supernatural beings, which the people of the Northwest believed were integral parts of their world. Franz Boas was one of the most influential anthropologists of his time and is often called both the “Father of modern anthropology” and the “Father of American anthropology”. His ideas helped shape anthropology into the rich field of study it is today.

Fan (Uchiwa; Dansen) Fan (Uchiwa; Dansen) Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The National Museum of Natural History is home to hundreds of diplomatic gifts given to the United States by nations around the world. These gifts were given to presidents, vice presidents, members of congress and other government officials. They were given to commemorate important events such as the signing of treaties, anniversaries such as our centennial and bicentennial, and as tokens of friendship to the American people. These items are held in trust at the museum for the nation. The first state gifts presented to the United States were given by the nation of Japan to Commodore Matthew C. Perry, leader of the historic Japan Expedition (1853-54) that ended Japan's self-imposed isolation from the western world, beginning a lasting diplomatic, economic and cultural relationship between two Pacific Rim nations. In feudal Japan, war fans (uchiwa dansen) were carried by high-ranking samurai officers. This war fan was part of a number of items from the Perry Expedition. The artist of the woodcut prints on both sides of the fan is the reknown ukiyo-e master, Utagawa Hiroshige (1797-1858). The fan would have been presented to Perry while Hiroshige was alive and practicing the final years of his craft. Items from the expedition became some of the founding objects of the Smithsonian's anthropology collections.

Visitors talking to fossil experts on National Fossil Day celebrations Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

The museum’s national collections are a vital resource for understanding our natural world and our place in it, reflecting and informing ongoing new discoveries, and deepening scientific and cultural knowledge. Its contents are held in perpetual trust for the benefit and enjoyment of the American people.

This exhibit is published by the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Content courtesy of Smithsonian Books, excerpted from The Official Guide to the Smithsonian Natural History Museum © Smithsonian Institution 2014 Special Thanks To: Smithsonian Books NNMNH Office of Exhibits Kristen Quarles Produced by Charles Chen Exhibit Developer / Experiential Technologist NMNH Office of Exhibits

What is a Siphonophore?

Types of jellyfish.