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Problem Solving Methods

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20+ Best Problem Solving Models and Techniques PowerPoint Templates for 2024

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Decision making is a crucial part of any business or organization, and the ability to make effective decisions can mean the difference between success and failure. Of course, making the right decision isn’t always easy, which is why it’s essential to have a strong problem-solving process in place. This blog post discusses the definition of problem solving and some of the recommended problem solving models and techniques PowerPoint templates .

What is Problem Solving?

Problem solving is the process of identifying and resolving issues or challenges. It can be done individually or as part of a team. Problem solving usually requires a systematic approach and often includes steps such as:  identifying the problem, generating potential solutions, evaluating the options, selecting the solution, and implementing the plan.  Of course, not every problem will require all of these steps. But in general, taking a systematic and structured approach to problem solving will increase the chances of finding a successful resolution. With practice, problem solving can become second nature – something that we do automatically and effortlessly. When faced with an issue or challenge, our first instinct will be to quickly find a solution that works.

The Problem Solving Process

The first step in the problem solving process is to identify the source of the problem. Once the source has been identified, it is important to gather information about the problem. This may include  conducting research, observing the situation, or speaking to those who are affected by the problem . Once enough information has been gathered, it is time to start brainstorming solutions. Possible solutions should be evaluated based on their feasibility and potential impact. After a solution has been chosen, it is important to implement it in a way that is efficient and effective. Finally, it is necessary to monitor the situation to ensure that the chosen solution is having the desired effect. If not, then the problem solving process will need to begin anew in order to find a different solution.

Best Problem Solving Models and Techniques PowerPoint Templates from SlideSalad

If you are looking for some helpful PPT templates to Create Problem solving Model PowerPoint presentations, then look no further! Here are some of the best problem solving models and techniques PowerPoint templates that you can use to make your next presentation. This clean template come with easy-to-follow instructions and plenty of sample slides to get you started. With these multipurpose PowerPoint templates , you’ll be able to create a professional, engaging presentation that will help your audience understand the problem solving process and how to apply it in real-world situations. So check out these great problem solving models and techniques PowerPoint templates today and get started on your next presentation!

1. PDCA Cycle Diagrams PowerPoint Template – Best PDCA Cycle Diagram Illustrations in PowerPoint

The PDCA cycle is also known as the  Deming Wheel , named after  Dr. William Edwards Deming who introduced the concept in the 1950s.  The PDCA cycle is a quality control method that can be used to continually improve processes and systems. The four steps of the cycle are: Plan, Do, Check (study), and Act.  The Plan step involves identifying the problem and developing a plan to address it. The Do step involves implementing the plan. The Check (study) step involves monitoring the results of the implementation and determining whether they are effective. The Act step involves taking action to make permanent changes based on the findings of the study. By following this cycle, organizations can improve their processes and systems on an ongoing basis.

2. 5 whys PowerPoint Template PPT Slides – Effective Way to Uncover the Root of Problems in Problem Solving

Five Why’s is a simple and effective root cause analysis tool that can be used to identify the underlying cause of an issue. The Five Why’s Framework is based on the premise that for every problem, there are five whys that need to be asked in order to get to the root cause. Asking why five times gets to the heart of the matter and helps to ensure that all possible causes are considered. The Five Why’s tool can be used for both individual and team problem-solving exercises. It is a helpful tool for preventing issues from recurring because it gets everyone thinking about all the potential causes of a problem, not just the most obvious ones. Buy and download this best problem solving PowerPoint template and get started illustrating the 5 Whys in your presentation.

3. CATWOE Analysis PowerPoint Template Diagrams – The Ultimate Guide for Understanding Your Customers

David Smyth first introduced the CATWOE Analysis in 1975 as a tool for business and systems analysis.

The acronym CATWOE stands for:

• Transformation Process
• Environmental Constraints

This framework can be used to identify and understand the key elements of a system under consideration. By taking into account the needs of customers, the people who will be affected by the system, the process that will be used to implement it, and the worldview that it represents, CATWOE Analysis provides a comprehensive way to understand complex systems. In addition, by considering environmental constraints and identifying who will be responsible for operating and maintaining the system, CATWOE Analysis can help to ensure that a proposed system is viable and sustainable.

4. Fishbone Ishikawa Diagrams PowerPoint Template Designs – Give a Compelling Presentation on How Fishbone Ishikawa Can Help You Solve Problems

Fishbone Ishikawa diagrams also called cause and effect diagrams or Fishikawa , are a graphical tool used to identify possible causes of a problem. The name “fishbone” comes from the fact that the diagram resembles the skeleton of a fish . The main purpose of the fishbone diagram is to help identify all of the possible causes of a problem so that it can be more effectively addressed. The diagram is often used in quality management and Six Sigma initiatives as a way to brainstorm about potential causes and identify root causes. It can also be used in other business settings as a tool for identifying problems and their causes. While the fishbone diagram is most commonly used in manufacturing and service industries, it can be applied to any type of problem-solving situation. You can also use this recommended template for decision making presentations. To test our template quality, download some of our free PowerPoint templates .

5. Kepner-Tregoe Method PowerPoint Template – Creative PPT Template to Discover the Practical way to Make the Best Decisions Under Pressure

The Kepner-Tregoe method is a problem-solving and decision-making technique developed in the 1960s by Charles H. Kepner and Benjamin B. Tregoe.

The KT methodology is based on four fundamental elements:

• Situation Analysis
• Problem Analysis
• Decision Analysis
• Potential Problem (Opportunity) Analysis

These elements are designed to help individuals and organizations systematically identify, assess, and resolve problems in a rational and efficient manner. In each step, specific tools and techniques are used to help identify the cause of a problem or opportunity, generate possible solutions, select the best solution, and implement it effectively. The KT approach has been used successfully in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, government, and service. While the method is not without its critics, it continues to be one of the most popular problem-solving tools available today.

6. Six Sigma and DMAIC Model PowerPoint Templates Diagrams – Rapidly Improve Your Business Performance with Six Sigma and DMAIC Model

Six Sigma is a quality refinement strategy that aims to reduce defects by minimizing variation in manufacturing and business processes. The DMAIC model, which stands for  Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control , is a framework for Six Sigma projects. The Define phase involves identifying the problem to be addressed and setting objectives. In the Measure phase, data is gathered to quantify the problem. In the Analyze phase, the data is analyzed to identify the root causes of variation. The Improve phase involves implementing solutions to address the root causes. Finally, in the Control phase, process control plans are put in place to ensure that the improvements are sustainable. By following the DMAIC model, Six Sigma projects can achieve substantial improvements in quality and productivity.

Features of SlideSalad’s Top Problem Solving PowerPoint Templates:

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7. Design Thinking PowerPoint Templates – Innovative PPT Template to Discover How Design Thinking Helps Companies Become Creative

Design Thinking is a method for approaching problems with empathy, creativity, and a focus on real-world solutions. The process begins with empathizing with those who will be using the product or solution. This step helps to ensure that the final product meets the needs of the end users. Once the problem has been clearly defined, the next step is to ideate or generate ideas for potential solutions. These ideas are then prototyped or put into a form that can be tested in the real world. Finally, the prototypes are tested with users to get feedback and refine the design. The Design Thinking process is an iterative one, meaning that each step is automatically followed by another round of refinement. This cycle continues until the problem is solved in a way that is both effective and efficient.

8. Simplex Problem-Solving Process PowerPoint Template – Professional Presentation Examples of Simplifying Complex Problems with the Simplex Method

The Simplex Problem-Solving Process, developed by Min Basadur , is a systematic and comprehensive approach to problem solving that can be applied to both individual and organizational problems . The process begins with problem finding, followed by fact-finding and problem definition. Once the problem has been adequately defined, the focus shifts to idea/solution finding; this involves generating and evaluating potential solutions to the problem. Once a satisfactory solution has been found, it is then necessary to sell the idea/gain acceptance from those who will be affected by it. Finally, taking action to implement the solution and monitoring its effectiveness completes the process. Throughout the process, it is important to maintain open communication and keep all stakeholders involved and informed of progress. The Simplex Problem-Solving Process is an effective tool for addressing both simple and complex problems in an organized and efficient manner. Purchase this elegant presentation theme to professionally present the Simplex problem solving process.

9. SCAMPER Technique PowerPoint Template Designs – Powerful Creative Tool to Create New Ideas Using This Proven Technique

The SCAMPER technique is a powerful tool for generating new ideas. It was developed by Bob Eberle in 1971 as a way to help people develop their imagination.

The technique involves seven different steps:

• Put to another use

Each step provides a different way of looking at a problem or challenge and can help to spark new ideas. For example, the “substitute” step asks you to consider what you could use instead of the existing element. This can lead to new ways of solving problems or creating entirely new products or services. The “combine” step asks you to consider two or more elements and how they could be combined. This can lead to new combinations of products or services or new ways of using existing products or services. The other steps provide similarly powerful ways of generating new ideas, and all together, they can help you to overcome creative blocks and come up with fresh solutions.

10. Innovation Management Models and Practices PowerPoint Templates – Minimalist PPT Theme That Illustrates Innovation Management Models to Help You Be More Productive

Innovation management is a combination of strategic and operational activities that are necessary for an organization to introduce and deliver new products, services, or processes. The goal of innovation management is to create value through the development and commercialization of new ideas. There are many different models and practices that can be used to achieve this goal, but they all share some common elements. First, innovation management must identify and assess opportunities for a new product or service development. Second, it must create a plan for how to develop and commercialize these new ideas. Finally, it must monitor progress and make adjustments as necessary to ensure that the goals are met. By following these steps, organizations can increase their chances of successful innovation. All our multipurpose presentation templates include fully customizable slides, beautiful slide designs , awesome vector icons, objects and image layouts, resizable shapes , color schemes, colorful infographics , 4:3 and 16:9 widescreen resolutions, and more.

11. Productive Thinking Model PowerPoint Template – The Best Problem Solving PPT Template to Discover the Best Way to Think for Maximum Output

Tim Hurson developed the Productive Thinking Model in his book, Think Better (2010) , and it is based on the premise that, in order to be successful, we need to understand what is going on, what success looks like, and what the question is. Once we have a clear understanding of these three things, we can then generate answers, forge the solution, and align resources. The model is designed to help individuals and organizations think more effectively so that they can achieve their desired outcomes. The Productive Thinking Model has been used by a variety of organizations, including Fortune 500 companies, government agencies, and non-profit organizations. When applied correctly, it can help individuals and organizations to achieve success. Once you are done with the presentation, you can save it on OneDrive or Google Drive for remote access.

12. 8D Problem Solving Report PowerPoint Template – Create a Stunning Presentation for Learning the 8D Problem Solving Report Process to Save Your Business

8D (Eight Disciplines) is a problem-solving methodology used in engineering primarily for corrective action and preventive action. It includes specific steps for identifying, analyzing, and correcting root causes of defects/issues. The method was developed by Ford Motor Company in the 1980s but has since been adopted by other companies across various industries.

The 8D methodology follows a logical sequence of 8 steps:

• Define the problem.
• Form a cross-functional team.
• Describe the current situation.
• Identify and implement short-term containment actions.
• Identify root causes and verify their effects.
• Develop and implement permanent corrective actions.
• Prevent the recurrence of the problem by implementing systemic improvements.
• Congratulate the team on a job well done.

Following these steps helps to ensure that problems are properly identified and addressed at the root cause level, preventing them from recurring in the future. Additionally, involving a cross-functional team in the problem-solving process ensures that all relevant stakeholders have a chance to provide input and improve the chances of success. Ultimately, 8D is an effective tool for improving quality and preventing them from happening again in the future.

13. PPDAC Cycle PowerPoint Template Diagrams – Make a Complete PowerPoint Presentation on the Top Problem Solving Methodology for Solving the Real-World Problems With PPDAC Cycle

The PPDAC cycle is a five-step process for solving problems and making decisions introduced by R.J. McKay and R.W. Oldford . It is commonly used in business and government, as well as in personal decision-making.

The steps in the cycle are:

• Conclusions
• The first step in the cycle is to identify the problem. This involves understanding what the problem is and why it is important to solve.
• The second step is to develop a plan for how to solve the problem. This plan should take into account the resources available and the potential risks and benefits of different courses of action.
• The third step is to gather data. This data can come from research, surveys, interviews, or observation. Once the data has been gathered, it must be analyzed to identify trends and patterns.
• The fourth step is to reach conclusions based on the data analysis. These conclusions should be supported by evidence and should be clear and concise.
• The fifth and final step is to take action based on the conclusions. This action may involve implementing a plan or making a decision.

The PPDAC cycle is a useful tool for solving problems and making decisions. It helps to ensure that all relevant information is considered and that decisions are based on evidence.

14. Straw Man Proposal PowerPoint Template Diagrams – Modern PPT Presentation for Showing McKinsey Method for Problem Solving

The Straw Man Proposal is a brainstorming-like method for problem solving developed by McKinsey. It involves rapidly generating a large number of potential solutions to a problem, then evaluating and selecting the best one. The goal is to come up with an innovative solution that is feasible and superior to existing solutions. The technique is named after the “straw man” used in legal arguments, which is a weak or easily refuted opponent that is used to make the argument look stronger . In the same way, the Straw Man Proposal allows ideas to be quickly evaluated and rejected if they are not viable, leaving only the strongest ones remaining. This makes it an effective tool for finding creative solutions to complex problems. While it is often used by businesses, the Straw Man Proposal can be adapted for use in any situation where problem solving is needed.

15. ACHIEVE Coaching Model PowerPoint Template – Clean Slide Designs to Show Best Results to Your Clients by Following a Measurable and Sustainable Methodology

The ACHIEVE coaching model is a framework that can be used by coaches to help their clients assess their current situation, identify their goals, and generate and implement a plan of action. The model was developed by the Coaching Centre (Dombkowski and Eldridge) in 2003 , a UK-based organization that provides training and resources for coaches. The acronym ACHIEVE stands for Assess, Creative brainstorming, Hone goals, Initiate option generation, Evaluate options, Valid Action Programme Design, and Encourage momentum . The seven steps of the model can be applied to any coaching situation, and each step can be further customized to meet the specific needs of the client. The ACHIEVE coaching model is a flexible and comprehensive approach that can be used to help individuals achieve their personal and professional goals.

16. STEPPA Coaching Model PowerPoint Template – Premium Presentation Examples to Present a Topic About the STEPPA Coaching Model

The STEPPA Coaching Model was developed by Dr. Angus McLeod as a way to help people identify and achieve their goals. The acronym STEPPA stands for Subject, Target Identification, Emotion, Perception, Plan, Pace, and Action . Each of these components is essential for successful goal-setting and achievement. The first step, Subject, involves identifying what area of your life you want to improve. The second step, Target Identification, helps you to zero in on specific goals that you would like to achieve. The third step, Emotion, involves exploring the feelings that are associated with your goals. The fourth step, Perception, is about how you see yourself achieving your goals. The fifth step, Plan, helps you to develop a specific plan of action for achieving your goals. And finally, the sixth and seventh steps, Pace and Action, involve taking concrete steps towards achieving your goals. By following the STEPPA Coaching Model, you can set and achieve any goal that you desire.

17. ESH Framework PowerPoint Template – Deliver a Presentation About How ESH Framework Aids Organizations in Reducing Costs and Meeting Deadlines

The ESH Framework is a systems approach to organizational management and change that was developed by Dutch organizational theorists Mathieu Weggeman and Geert Hofstede . The framework is based on the premise that organizations are composed of five interrelated subsystems: strategy, structure, personnel, culture, and management styles . Each of these subsystems exerts a unique influence on organizational behavior and performance. To be effective, organizations must maintain a balance between these subsystems ( evenwicht ), as well as a sense of cohesion ( samenhang ) and diversity ( heterogeneity ). The ESH Framework provides a comprehensive and systematic way of understanding how organizations function and how they can be managed effectively. It is a useful tool for both practitioners and researchers alike.

18. David Rock’s Focus Model PowerPoint Template – Most Popular Presentation PPT Template on Problem Solving: David Rock’s ‘Choose Your Focus’ Model

In his book “ Quiet Leadership ,” David Rock discusses the importance of focusing on what is most important.

He divided this focus into six different areas:

Vision refers to having a clear idea of what you want to achieve, and planning refers to taking the time to develop a detailed plan of how you will achieve it. Detail refers to ensuring that all the small details are taken care of, and problem refers to solving any problems that arise along the way. Drama refers to managing any difficult situations that may arise, and finally, quiet leadership refers to maintaining your composure and keeping your head during times of stress. By focusing on these six areas, you can increase your chances of success and achieving your goals. Buy and download a business PPT presentation template for an instant presentation.

19. 5E Learning Model PowerPoint Template Designs – A Forward-Thinking Way to Learn and Implement the 5E Model in Your Organization

The 5E learning model is a constructivist approach to teaching that emphasizes the learner’s experience and prior knowledge as the foundation for new learning. The model was developed by the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study in 1987  and has since been adopted by many school districts across the United States.

The 5E model is comprised of five stages:

The first stage, Engage, is designed to capture students’ attention and interest in the topic. The second stage, Explore, allows students to investigate the topic and form their own hypotheses. In the third stage, Explain, students share their hypotheses with the class and receive feedback from the teacher. The fourth stage, Elaborate, gives students an opportunity to practice what they have learned. Finally, in the fifth stage, Evaluate, students reflect on their learning and assess their understanding of the material. The 5E learning model is an effective way to engage students in active learning and promote a deep understanding of content.

20. The Stepladder Technique PowerPoint Template Diagrams – Well-Designed PowerPoint Slide Layouts to How to Use the Step Ladder Technique for an Effective Decision Making

The Stepladder Technique is a structured brainstorming method that can be used by groups of people to generate ideas and solve problems. The technique was first developed by Steven Rogelberg, Janet Barnes-Farrell, and Charles Lowe in 1992 . The process involves each member of the group working individually to generate ideas on a topic or problem. Once all members have generated their ideas, they then share their ideas with the person next to them and build on those ideas to create a “ladder” of solutions. This process is then repeated until all members of the group have had a chance to contribute. Once the ladder is complete, the group can then discuss the options and make a decision. The Stepladder Technique is an effective way to generate a large number of ideas and find creative solutions to problems. Try this corporate presentation template for your next successful problem solving PPT presentation. Also, consider purchasing some of our professional Google Slides and Keynote templates if needed.

21. Perceptual Positions PowerPoint Template – Well-Organized PPT Template for Showcasing a Compelling Presentation About the Reframing Exercise Perceptual Positions

Perceptual positions are a neuro-linguistic programming and psychology term that refers to the three different ways we can view a situation. The first position is the ‘I, self’ position, where we view the situation from our own perspective. The second position is the ‘the other’ position, where we view the situation from the perspective of another person. The third position is the ‘the observer’ position, where we view the situation from an objective, detached perspective. By understanding and utilizing all three positions, we can gain a complete understanding of a situation and make more effective decisions.

Conclusion: Buying the Best Problem Solving Models and Techniques PowerPoint Templates

No matter which problem solving model you choose, Modern Premium PowerPoint templates can be a valuable tool for communicating your findings to others. SlideSalad’s problem solving models and techniques PPT templates come in a variety of styles and can be customized to fit your needs . Choose a template that includes all of the elements you need to present your data clearly and effectively. With just a few clicks, you’ll be able to create an engaging and professional presentation that will help your team solve problems more efficiently.

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Problem Solving PowerPoint Templates

Make your presentations stand out with our Problem-Solving templates and PowerPoint and Google Slides slide designs. These templates are easy to edit and can help you create presentations about solving problems, finding solutions, and making decisions.

After downloading them, you can personalize these templates by changing the text boxes’ words. You can further change the color of the design to suit your organization’s color.

Our PowerPoint templates work with both Mac and Windows computers. They are also compatible with Keynote and Google Slides. Use any of these slide layouts to captivate your audience and end your presentation with applause.

Kepner Tregoe PowerPoint Template

New Initiatives PowerPoint Template

Conflict Resolution Presentation Template

6-Circle Venn Diagram Template for PowerPoint

Lab Report PowerPoint Template

Hackathon Planning Process PowerPoint Template

Research Paper Presentation Template

Who What When Where Why Problem Statement PowerPoint Template

Ishikawa Diagram Template for PowerPoint

Problem Solving PowerPoint Template

Blank Fishbone Diagram PowerPoint Template

Creative Fishbone PowerPoint Template

Problem-solving is required in all the operational aspects of an organization, from planning, controlling, marketing, and manufacturing to managing financial aspects, products, and customers. Our Problem Solution Slide Templates catalog presents slides that will help you analyze data across organization operations and departments to identify problems and then solve these problems.

Our Problem and Solution Slides will enable you as an organization to plan its progress path by allocating the right people and resources to solve problems. You can describe a problem-solving process visually using a slide show.

Solving certain problems can be tough, but using our pre-designed Problem-Solving Templates, you can explain the reasoning behind the solution of a problem. Combining these slides with other problem-solving techniques and tools, like the root-cause analysis slides , the 5-Why slides, or the fishbone templates , individuals and business professionals can prepare compelling presentations explaining how to solve an easy or difficult problem.

What Is A Problem Statement Slide?

A problem statement slide is a visual component to analyze and present your organizational problem and a suitable solution. It is meant to outline the specific issue or challenge that a project, initiative, or proposal aims to address.

How Do You Write A Problem-Solution Presentation?

Writing a problem solution presentation involves effectively communicating the details of a problem, your proposed solution, and the rationale behind it to your audience. Remember that an effective problem-solution presentation informs, inspires, and motivates your audience to take action.

Can I Customize The Problem Statement Slides For My Specific Needs?

You can customize the problem statement slides to suit your unique requirements. You can modify the text, colors, and fonts and add visuals to align the presentation with your style and content.

What Are The 7 Steps Of A Problem-Solving Template?

A problem-solving template can change based on the situation and the specific problem you’re dealing with. Here’s a basic outline of seven steps that are usually included:

• Define the Problem: Clearly explain the problem you want to solve. Know the background, scope, and goals of the problem.
• Gather Information: Collect useful data and facts about the problem.
• It might involve research, talking to people, surveys, and studying data. The idea is to get a good grasp of what’s going on.
• Generate Potential Solutions: Come up with different ideas to solve the problem.
• Evaluate Options: Evaluate the solutions you thought of. Look at things like if they did work, how much they cost, and what could go right or wrong. It helps you choose the most promising solutions.
• Select a Solution: Decide on the best solution based on your evaluation.
• Implement the Solution: Put your chosen solution into action. Make a detailed plan, get the things you need, and do things step by step.
• Monitor and Review: Check how well the solution works. Get feedback, track progress, and see if it’s doing what you wanted. If needed, make changes based on the feedback you get.

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5 steps of problem solving .

Description  

There are many approaches to problem solving. Although the Six Sigma DMAIC and 8D problem solving methodologies are highly rigorous and require quite a fair bit of tools for data and statistical analysis, these techniques are more suitable for engineers and other professional/technical staff. 

However, for shopfloor supervisors, technicians and operators as well as office/administrative support staff, a lighter and simpler problem solving approach is more suitable. The Five Steps of Problem Solving process was developed specifically for this purpose.  

Based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach, the Five Steps of Problem Solving consist of: 

1. Define the Problem 2. Analyze Root Cause 3. Develop Countermeasures 4. Implement Solutions 5. Evaluate & Follow Up. 

The 12 tools covered in this presentation are the more commonly used ones in problem solving, process improvement and kaizen activities. They include Brainstorming, Stratification, Bar Chart, Line Graph, Pie Chart, Radar Chart, Check Sheet, Pareto Chart, 5 Whys, Cause & Effect Diagram, Histogram and Scatter Diagram.

Learning Objectives​

​1. Acquire knowledge of key concepts and principles in PDCA problem solving. 2. Understand team dynamics and define roles within the problem-solving team. 3. Familiarize with the five-step problem-solving process and tools.

4. Discover key strategies for successful problem-solving.

1. Key Concepts & Principles

2. Problem Solving Teams & Roles

3. Five Steps of Problem Solving

4. Problem Solving Tools

5. Practical Tips for Success

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Problem solving skills PowerPoint Presentation Templates and Google Slides

Problem Solving Skills Diagram Powerpoint Presentation Examples

This is a problem solving skills diagram powerpoint presentation examples. This is a six stage process. The stages in this process are define the problem, design a solution, settle on a course of action, troubleshoot the problem, adjust future actions, take action.

Problem Solving Skills To Overcome Obstacles Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Infographic Template Tips

Presenting this set of slides with name problem solving skills to overcome obstacles ppt powerpoint presentation infographic template tips. This is a three stage process. The stages in this process are challenges and solutions, issues and solutions, problems and solutions slides. This is a completely editable PowerPoint presentation and is available for immediate download. Download now and impress your audience.

Importance Of Problem Solving Skills In The Workplace Ppt Powerpoint Presentation Styles Show

Presenting this set of slides with name importance of problem solving skills in the workplace ppt powerpoint presentation styles show. This is a seven stage process. The stages in this process are problem management, business process optimization, puzzle solution. This is a completely editable PowerPoint presentation and is available for immediate download. Download now and impress your audience.

Employee Problem Solving Skills Ppt PowerPoint Presentation Layouts Inspiration Cpb

Presenting this set of slides with name employee problem solving skills ppt powerpoint presentation layouts inspiration cpb. This is an editable Powerpoint one stages graphic that deals with topics like employee problem solving skills to help convey your message better graphically. This product is a premium product available for immediate download and is 100 percent editable in Powerpoint. Download this now and use it in your presentations to impress your audience.

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UNIT 2 : AI Problem Solving

Sep 27, 2014

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UNIT 2 : AI Problem Solving. Define the problem precisely by including specification of initial situation, and final situation constituting the solution of the problem. Analyze the problem to find a few important features for appropriateness of the solution technique.

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• search strategies
• space complexity
• depth limited search
• space complexity maximum number

Presentation Transcript

UNIT 2 : AI Problem Solving • Define the problem precisely by including specification of initial situation, and final situation constituting the solution of the problem. • Analyze the problem to find a few important features for appropriateness of the solution technique. • Isolate and represent the knowledge that is necessary for solution. • Select the best problem solving technique. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

State Space • The state space of a problem includes : • An initial state, • One or more goal states. • Sequence of intermediate states through which the system makes transition while applying various rules. • State space may be a tree or a graph. • The state space for WJP can be described as a set of ordered pairs of integers (x,y) such that x=0,1,2,3,or 4 and y= 0,1,2,or 3. the start state is (0,0) and the goal state is (2,n) By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Rules for Water Jug Problem • {(x, y)| x<4 } (4,y) • {(x, y) y<3 } (x,3) • {(x, y) x>0 } (0,y) • {(x, y) |y>0 } (x,0) • {(x, y) | x + y ≥ 4 and y>0} (4, x + y -4 ) • {(x, y) x + y ≥3 and x>0} (x+y-3, 3) • {(x, y) | x+y≤4 and y>0} ( x + y , 0) • {(x, y) | x+y≤3 and x>0} (0, x + y) • (0,2) (2,0) • (2,y) (0,y) • { (x , y) | y >0} (x, y-d) Useless rule • { (x , y) | x>0 } (x-d, y) Useless rule By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Problem Characteristics 1.) Is the problem decomposable? 2) . Can solution steps be ignored or at least undone if they prove unwise?E.g : 8- Puzzle problem , Monkey Banana Problem… In 8 – puzzle we can make a wrong move and to overcome that we can back track and undo that… Based on this problems can be : • Ignorable (e.g : theorem proving) • Recoverable (e.g : 8 - puzzle) • Irrecoverable (e.g: Chess , Playing cards(like Bridge game)) Note : ** Ignorable problems can be solved using a simple control structure that never back tracks. Such a structure is easy to implement. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

**Recoverable problems can be solved by a slightly more complicated control strategy that can be error prone.(Here solution steps can be undone). ** Irrecoverable are solved by a system that exp[ands a great deal of effort Making each decision since decision must be final.(solution steps can’t be undone) 3). Is the Universe Predictable? Can we earlier plan /predict entire move sequences & resulting next state. E.g : In a Bridge game entire sequence of moves can be planned before making final play….. • Certain outcomes : 8- puzzle • Uncertain outcomes : Bridge • Hardest Problems to be solved : Irrecoverable + Uncertain Outcomes 4). Is a good solution absolute / relative? By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

5). Is the solution state or path? 6). Role of Knowledge 7). Requiring interaction with a person 8). Problem classification By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Search Techniques(Blind) • Search strategies following the two properties (Dynamic and Systematic) are • Breadth First Search (BFS) • Depth First Search (BFS) • Problem with the BFS is “Combinatorial explosion”. • Problem with DFS is that it may lead to “blind alley”. • Dead end. • The state which has already been generated. • Exceeds to futility value. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Advantages Advantages of BFS are • Will not get trapped exploring a blind alley. • Guaranteed to find the solution if exist. The solution found will also be optimal (in terms of no. of applied rules) Advantages of DFS are • Requires less memory. • By chance it may find a solution without examining much of the search space. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Search Strategies • A search strategy is defined by picking the order of node expansion • Strategies are evaluated along the following dimensions: • completeness: does it always find a solution if one exists? • time complexity: number of nodes generated • space complexity: maximum number of nodes in memory • optimality: does it always find a least-cost solution? • Time and space complexity are measured in terms of • b:maximum branching factor of the search tree • d: depth of the least-cost solution • m: maximum depth of the state space (may be ∞) By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Classification of Search Strategies I. Uninformed Search strategies use only the information available in the problem definition • Breadth-first search • Depth-first search • Depth-limited search • Iterative deepening search • Branch and Bound II . Informed Search (Heuristic Search) • Hill climbing (i) Simple Hill climbing (ii) Steepest Ascent Hill climbing • Best First Search • A*, AO * algorithms • Problem Reduction • Constraint Satisfaction • Means & End Analysis , Simulated Annealing. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Breadth-first search • Expand shallowest unexpanded node • Implementation: • fringe is a FIFO queue, i.e., new successors go at end By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Properties of breadth-first search • Complete?Yes (if b is finite) • Time?1+b+b2+b3+… +bd + b(bd-1) = O(bd+1) • Space?O(bd+1) (keeps every node in memory) • Optimal? Yes (if cost = 1 per step) • Space is the bigger problem (more than time) By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Depth-first search • Expand deepest unexpanded node • Implementation: • fringe = LIFO queue, i.e., put successors at front By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Properties of depth-first search • Complete? No: fails in infinite-depth spaces, spaces with loops • Modify to avoid repeated states along path • complete in finite spaces. • Time?O(bm): terrible if m is much larger than d • but if solutions are dense, may be much faster than breadth-first • Space?O(bm), i.e., linear space! • Optimal?No By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Comparison b/w DFS & BFS Depth First Search Breadth First Search Downward traversal in the tree. If goal not found up to the leaf node back tracking occurs. Preferred over BFS when search tree is known to have a plentiful no. of goal states else DFS never finds the solution. Depth cut-off point leads to problem. If it is too shallow goals may be missed, if set too deep extra computation of search nodes is required. 5. Since path from initial to current node is stored , less space required. If depth cut-off = d , Space Complexity= O (d). Performed by exploring all nodes at a given depth before moving to next level. If goal not found , many nodes need to be expanded before a solution is found, particularly if tree is too deep. Finds minimal path length solution when one exists. No Cut – off problem. Space complexity = O (b)d By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Depth-limited search = depth-first search with depth limit l, i.e., nodes at depth l have no successors • Recursive implementation: By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Iterative deepening search By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Iterative deepening search l =0 By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Iterative deepening search l =1 By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Iterative deepening search l =2 By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Iterative deepening search l =3 By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Iterative deepening search • Number of nodes generated in a depth-limited search to depth d with branching factor b: NDLS = b0 + b1 + b2 + … + bd-2 + bd-1 + bd • Number of nodes generated in an iterative deepening search to depth d with branching factor b: NIDS = (d+1)b0 + d b^1 + (d-1)b^2 + … + 3bd-2 +2bd-1 + 1bd • For b = 10, d = 5, • NDLS = 1 + 10 + 100 + 1,000 + 10,000 + 100,000 = 111,111 • NIDS = 6 + 50 + 400 + 3,000 + 20,000 + 100,000 = 123,456 • Overhead = (123,456 - 111,111)/111,111 = 11% By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Properties of iterative deepening search • Complete? Yes • Time?(d+1)b0 + d b1 + (d-1)b2 + … + bd = O(bd) • Space?O (bd) • Optimal?Yes , if step cost = 1 By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Difference b/w informed & Uninformed search Un -Informed Search Informed Search Nodes in the state are searched mechanically, until the goal is reach or time limit is over / failure occurs. Info about goal state may not be given 3. Blind grouping is done 4. Search efficiency is low. 5. Practical limits on storage available for blind methods. 6. Impractical to solve very large problems. 7. Best solution can be achieved. E.g : DFS , BFS , Branch & Bound , Iterative Deepening …etc. More info. About initial state & operators is available . Search time is less. Some info. About goal is always given. Based on heuristic methods Searching is fast Less computation required Can handle large search problems 7. Mostly a good enough solution is accepted as optimal solution. E.g: Best first search , A* , AO *, hill climbing…etc By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Heuristic Search • Search strategies like DFS and BFS can find out solutions for simple problems. • For complex problems also although DFS and BFS guarantee to find the solutions but these may not be the practical ones. (For TSP time is proportional to N! or it is exponential with branch and bound). • Thus, it is better to sacrifice completeness and find out efficient solution. • Heuristic search techniques improve efficiency by sacrificing claim of completeness and find a solution which is very close to the optimal solution. • Using nearest neighbor heuristic TSP can be solved in time proportional to square of N. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

When more information than the initial state , the operators & goal state is available, size of search space can usually be constrained. If this is the case, better info. available more efficient is the search process. This is called Informed search methods. • Depend on Heuristic information • Heuristic Search improves the efficiency of search process, possibly by sacrificing the claims of completeness. “Heuristics are like tour guides. They are good to the extent that they point in generally interesting directions . Bad to the extent that they may miss points of interest to a particular individuals. E. g : A good general purpose heuristic that is useful for a variety of combinatorial explosion problems is the “Nearest Neighbor Heuristic”. This works by selecting the locally superior alternate at each step. Applying it to Traveling Salesman Problem, following algo is used: By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

1. Arbitrarily select a starting point let say A. 2. To select the next city , look at all the cities not yet visited & select the one closest to the current city…. Go to it Next. 3. Repeat step 2 until all the cities have been visited. Combinatorial Explosion TSP involves n cities with paths connecting the cities. A tour is any path which begins with some starting city , visits each of the other city exactly once & returns to the starting city. • If n cities then no. of different paths among them are (n-1) ! • Time to examine single path is proportional to n . T (total) = n ( n-1) ! = n !, this is total search time required • If n = 10 then 10 ! = 3, 628 , 800 paths are possible. This is very large no.. This phenomenon of growing no. of possible paths as n increases is called “ Combinatorial Explosion” By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Branch and Bound Technique • To over come the problem of combinatorial explosion Branch & Bound Technique is used. • This begins with generating one path at a time , keeping track of shortest (BEST) path so far. This value is used as a Bound(threshold) for future paths. • As paths are constructed one city at a time , algorithm examines and compares it from current bound value. • We give up exploring any path as soon as its partial length becomes greater than shortest path(Bound value) so far…. • This reduces search and increases efficiency but still leaves an exponential no. of paths. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Heuristic Function • Heuristic function is a function that maps from problem state descriptions to measures of desirability and it is usually represented as a number. • Well designed heuristic functions can play an important role in efficiently guiding a search process towards a solution. • Called Objective function in mathematical optimization problems. • Heuristic function estimates the true merits of each node in the search space • Heuristic function f(n)=g(n) + h(n) • g(n) the cost (so far) to reach the node. • h(n) estimated cost to get from the node to the goal. • f(n) estimated total cost of path through n to goal. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Heuristic Search Techniques • Generate and Test • Hill Climbing • Simple Hill Climbing • Steepest Hill Climbing • Best First Search • Problem Reduction Technique • Constraint Satisfaction Technique • Means Ends Analysis By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Generate and Test • Generate a possible solution and compare it with the acceptable solution. • Comparison will be simply in terms of yes or no i.e. whether it is a acceptable solution or not? • A systematic generate and test can be implemented as depth first search with backtracking. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Hill Climbing • It is a variation of generate and test in which feedback from the test procedure is used to help the generator decide which direction to move in the search space. • It is used generally when good heuristic function is available for evaluating but when no other useful knowledge is available. • Simple Hill Climbing: From the current state every time select a state which is better than the current state. • Steepest Hill Climbing: At the current state, select best of the new state which can be generated only if it is better than the current state. • Hill Climbing is a local method because it decides what to do next by looking only at the immediate consequences of its choice rather than by exhaustively exploring all the consequences. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Problems with Hill Climbing • Both simple and steepest hill climbing may fail to find solution because of the following. • Local Maximum: A state that is better than all its neighbors but is not better than some other states farther away. • A Plateau: Is a flat area of the search space in which a whole set of neighboring states have the same value. • A Ridge: A special kind of local maximum. An area of the search space that is higher than surrounding areas and that itself has slope By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Example • Block World Problem Initial Goal By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Example • Heuristic Function: Following heuristic functions may be used • Local: Add one point for every block that is resting on the thing it is supposed to be resting on. Subtract one point for every block that is sitting on the wrong thing. • Global: For each block that has the correct support structure, add one point for every block in the support structure. For each block that has incorrect support structure, subtract one point for every block in the existing support structure. • With local heuristic function the initial state has the value 4 and the goal state has the value 8 whereas with global heuristic the values are -28 and +28 respectively. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

Example • From the initial state only one move is possible giving a new state with value 6 (-21). • From this state three moves are possible giving three new states with values as 4(-28), 4(-16), and 4(-15). • Thus we see that we are reached to plateau with local evaluation. • With global evaluation next state to be selected (with steepest hill climbing) is that with the value as -15 which may lead to the solution. • Why we are not able to find the solution? Because of deficiency of search technique are because of poor heuristic function. By: AnujKhanna(Asst. Prof.) www.uptunotes.com

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