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An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation.
There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements. However, most essays at university level are argumentative — they aim to persuade the reader of a particular position or perspective on a topic.
The essay writing process consists of three main stages:
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Essay writing process, preparation for writing an essay, writing the introduction, writing the main body, writing the conclusion, essay checklist, lecture slides, frequently asked questions about writing an essay.
The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay .
For example, if you’ve been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay , on the other hand, you’ll need to spend more time researching your topic and developing an original argument before you start writing.
1. Preparation | 2. Writing | 3. Revision |
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Before you start writing, you should make sure you have a clear idea of what you want to say and how you’re going to say it. There are a few key steps you can follow to make sure you’re prepared:
Once you’ve got a clear idea of what you want to discuss, in what order, and what evidence you’ll use, you’re ready to start writing.
The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It should grab the reader’s interest and inform them of what to expect. The introduction generally comprises 10–20% of the text.
The first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.
Let’s say we’re writing an essay about the development of Braille (the raised-dot reading and writing system used by visually impaired people). Our hook can make a strong statement about the topic:
The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.
Next, it’s important to give context that will help your reader understand your argument. This might involve providing background information, giving an overview of important academic work or debates on the topic, and explaining difficult terms. Don’t provide too much detail in the introduction—you can elaborate in the body of your essay.
Next, you should formulate your thesis statement— the central argument you’re going to make. The thesis statement provides focus and signals your position on the topic. It is usually one or two sentences long. The thesis statement for our essay on Braille could look like this:
As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness.
In longer essays, you can end the introduction by briefly describing what will be covered in each part of the essay. This guides the reader through your structure and gives a preview of how your argument will develop.
The invention of Braille marked a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by blind and visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.
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The body of your essay is where you make arguments supporting your thesis, provide evidence, and develop your ideas. Its purpose is to present, interpret, and analyze the information and sources you have gathered to support your argument.
The length of the body depends on the type of essay. On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up 8–10 pages.
To give your essay a clear structure , it is important to organize it into paragraphs . Each paragraph should be centered around one main point or idea.
That idea is introduced in a topic sentence . The topic sentence should generally lead on from the previous paragraph and introduce the point to be made in this paragraph. Transition words can be used to create clear connections between sentences.
After the topic sentence, present evidence such as data, examples, or quotes from relevant sources. Be sure to interpret and explain the evidence, and show how it helps develop your overall argument.
Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.
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The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. It should generally take up no more than 10–15% of the text . A strong essay conclusion :
A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence that leaves the reader with a strong final impression.
To make your essay’s conclusion as strong as possible, there are a few things you should avoid. The most common mistakes are:
Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.
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My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).
My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.
My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.
I use paragraphs to structure the essay.
I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.
Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.
I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.
My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.
I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.
I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.
I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.
My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .
My essay has an interesting and informative title.
I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).
Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.
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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.
In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.
Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.
The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.
The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.
Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:
The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .
A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.
The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:
Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.
A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
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understanding
(Entry 1 of 2)
Definition of understanding (Entry 2 of 2)
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'understanding.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1
13th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2
understander
“Understanding.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/understanding. Accessed 16 Sep. 2024.
Kids definition of understanding.
Kids Definition of understanding (Entry 2 of 2)
Nglish: Translation of understanding for Spanish Speakers
Britannica English: Translation of understanding for Arabic Speakers
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about understanding
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Related terms for clear understanding - synonyms, antonyms and sentences with clear understanding, similar meaning.
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Find 232 synonyms and antonyms for understanding, a word that can be a noun, adjective, or verb. See definitions, examples, and related words for each sense of understanding.
Find 80 synonyms and antonyms of understand, a verb meaning to have a clear or complete idea of something. See definitions, examples, and related words for understand.
Find similar words for understanding in different contexts, such as noun, verb, or adjective. Browse a list of synonyms for understanding, with definitions and examples, from WordHippo Thesaurus.
Find different words and phrases that mean the same or opposite of understanding in English. Learn the definitions, examples and usage of agreement, knowledge, sympathy, comprehension and more.
Find synonyms for understand, a verb meaning to be aware of the meaning of, to believe based on information, or to demonstrate empathy. Browse a list of similar words from different contexts and categories.
Find synonyms for understanding in different senses, such as perception, sympathy, agreement, belief, and more. Compare British and American English synonyms and see examples and quotations.
Related terms for understanding- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with understanding
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings, and they can improve your writing by making it more interesting and engaging. Learn how to use synonyms correctly in academic writing, avoid common problems, and find online sources for synonyms.
Find synonyms for the verb understand in different senses and contexts, such as comprehend, sympathize, believe, and assume. Compare British and American English synonyms and see examples and quotations.
Grasping the vastness of "understand" and its synonyms offers a richer vocabulary and a deeper appreciation of linguistic nuances. It underscores the human yearning to know, to decode, and to make sense of the world around. Each synonym, with its unique shade, enriches our understanding of, well, "understanding" itself.
Learn how to revise your papers for word-level clarity, avoid wordiness and clichés, and choose words that suit an academic audience. Find examples, strategies, and tips for improving your word choice in essays and other academic writing.
Learn how to express understanding with different phrases in casual and formal contexts. See examples of synonyms for I understand, such as I catch your drift, I see what you mean, and that makes sense.
Find synonyms for UNDERSTANDING in different senses, such as perception, interpretation, agreement, sympathy, and belief. Compare American and British English synonyms and see examples, quotations, and related terms.
Find 728 words and phrases for deep understanding, such as profound knowledge, in-depth knowledge, and sound understanding. Power Thesaurus also provides clarification and examples for each synonym.
Find 340 synonyms for "easy to understand" and other similar words that you can use instead based on 3 separate contexts from our thesaurus. See examples of words that mean clear, simple, straightforward, intelligible, and more.
Find 50 similar and opposite words for explain, a verb that means to make plain or understandable or to give the reason for something. See definitions, examples, phrases, and related articles for explain and its synonyms.
Learn the essay writing process from preparation to revision with this beginner's guide. Find out how to choose a topic, do research, create an outline, write an introduction and conclusion, and avoid common mistakes.
Learn the various meanings and uses of the word understanding, from a mental grasp to a mutual agreement. See synonyms, examples, word history, and related phrases for understanding.
Find different ways to say UNDERSTAND in American and British English, such as comprehend, believe, sympathize, and more. See definitions, examples, and pronunciation tips for each synonym.
Related terms for clear understanding- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with clear understanding