1,00,000**
As seen above, Research and Rankings charges goes from moderate to high. Customers can choose subscription plans according to their needs and service required, as the plans seem to cater to small as well as large & HNI investors.
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Research and Ranking reviews have been quite positive according to their customers for the services they got, and its registered complaints on the site portal has been also very low. Most of the business websites have rated it with good ratings with moderate customer complaints. Research and Ranking customer service seem to be quite nice according to its long-term users.
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Your wealth advisor, equentis wealth advisory services pvt ltd, designed for ipad.
Description.
We have complete faith in the power of equities for creating wealth. History proves that those who identified the right opportunities were able to amass a lot of wealth in stock markets. We, at Research & Ranking, call it the 5 IN 5 Strategy aka Wealth Creation strategy. WHO IS IT FOR ? · Suitable for Investors with time horizon of 1-5+ years. · Investors who can have patience during Market Volatility. · Investors with Investible surplus of 2 lacs-25 lacs. Key Benifits · Portfolio Of 15-20 Multibagger Stocks which has the potential to grow as much as 4-5 times in 5 years. · Detailed Research Reports for every recommended stock. · Information on how much you may invest in an individual stock. · Upside Potential for every recommended stock. · Investment information on the Price Range in which recommended stock has to be purchased. · Quarterly Result Updates to track earnings growth and yearly upside for each stock. · Portfolio Fact Sheet to capture Yearly Upside for the portfolio and recommend changes in the portfolio. · Alerts Via SMS, Email Updates On Your Dashboard for news/events affecting the recommended companies. · Portfolio Tracker to manage your own equity investments. · Dedicated Support Via Live Chat, Phone and Emails from your dashboard.
Version 4.7.7
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Ok terms of service but need to work on app.
The app need lot of improvement. Example informed investor does not work on ios which should not a impossible fix in this ers. But coming to service i have experienced their quality reasearch . In fact i started with R&R when market started to fall from peak. But for 90% of suggested stocks proved both fundamentally and technically strong. But over time i felt one need not pay such a high premium for a long term investment, for the tenure specified in recommendations mostly we will see profits even if we do a small research ourselves. Also there are many mediums to get details about any company.
Thank you for your feedback Siva. We’re glad you’ve found our stock recommendations strong. Your concerns about the subscription cost are noted, and we strive to provide value for the premium charged. If you need further assistance, please contact us at 022-61013800 or [email protected].
App is always getting crashed whenever clicked on quarterly reports option.
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I am associated with them from last couple of years . Their services are below average ( Very poor) . They will sell their services like their is no one else in the market . They showcase on their website only that very few stocks which have done well and their so called mispriced opportunities are the worst performing. My humble request to anyone seeing this comment is just ask them what are their returns from last 5 years and compare them to any good mutual fund or small case . I request the guys who are running this company to please don’t sell these kind of low end services to retail investors. The only thing these guys are good at is marketing .
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It is estimated that only 2 percent of Indians invest in stocks, and Ashish Kumar Chauhan, CEO of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is quoted as saying in a Quartz report that Indians have a love-hate relationship with the stock market. The average Indian investor often finds himself working on limited information and knowledge, having to rely on the advice of possibly equally ill-informed acquaintances or opaque institutions. Mumbai-based Research & Ranking aims to change this scenario by busting the myths about equity investing and providing investors with tech-enabled solutions.
Research & Ranking is a SEBI-registered robo-advisory venture that advises retail investors on how to create and sustain wealth through long term investments into equity markets. The beta version of the platform was launched in January 2016, and the venture finally went public in October 2016.
Manish Goel, Director at Research & Ranking, says that he and his team decided to enter this space looking at the overall market size and common problems faced by equity investors, and also to bust myths and wrong perceptions around equity investment. He adds,
Equity as an asset class is not looked at the right way in India. Long term performance data, across several asset classes, has proven that equity beats all other asset classes in the long run. But people are generally not aware of how to go about investing.
Headquartered in Mumbai, Research & Ranking is a part of Equentis Group, which has two main companies – Equentis Capital, which was started in 2009, and Equentis Wealth Advisory Services, which was started in 2015. The venture currently has a team of 30, with core team consisting of Manish, Anju Prashar, Jeetendra Nair, Ritesh Jain, Gaurav Goel Pankaj Jain and Mayuri Yadav.
R&R took a few months after the beta launch to test its technology system and get the right team in place, and then in October 2016, started the sales process and onboarded clients. Says Manish,
We approached our clients personally to understand their feedback about our product and the work we are doing. The feedback we got was positive, and most of the clients appreciated our concept of C.E.R.T.A.I.N and our end-to-end wealth creation solution approach.
Research & Ranking has two main offerings-
R&R helps investors identify stocks of well-run and growing businesses and create a personalised portfolio that has the potential to grow up to four to fivefold or more in five years, based on the investor’s risk assessment. Manish noted that such companies typically exhibit the twin traits of –
a. Consistent above average growth rates, and
b. Are run by management of exceptional pedigree.
As a part of this strategy, R&R’s research team and algorithms monitor portfolios of different stocks regularly to book profits in existing opportunities and replace the underperformers with better opportunities. To churn out non-performers quickly R&R sends recommendation alerts to the customers through SMS and email and then updates their dashboard simultaneously.
The portfolio’s growth is tracked every quarter based on stock price and detailed quarterly results analyses. Based on the progress, portfolio rebalancing is advised, as required, to make sure that yearly growth is captured along with the long term growth in the businesses.
One may choose to stay invested for any period of one year and above, but the team encourages investors to subscribe to this strategy for the medium to long term, with the aim of wealth creation. Manish noted,
It is a general myth that equity investments can’t be done based on your personal goals, needs, and objectives. Investors usually think that for goal-based investments, fixed income options are the best way to go. Our strategy tracks business growth and has a fair idea of how much the portfolio can grow. Our singular focus is ‘Wealth Creation’, which we strongly differentiate from Wealth Management.
2. Customised research reports
R&R also offers investors access to customised reports about any company that they are interested in. Manish noted that, upon request, R&R does extensive market research for a few months and then presents a report that includes parameters like management pedigree, key financial parameters, business outlooks, and recommendations on whether to buy, sell, or hold a particular stock.
R&R offers these services at a half-yearly or annual subscription, and also has a more premium plan, if one doesn’t wish to subscribe.
Manish noted that their guiding principle is captured by Paul Samuelson – “Investing should be more like watching the paint dry or watching grass grow. If you want excitement, go to Las Vegas.”
He believes that value investment is the right way to create wealth, and that wealth creation beats wealth preservation. The key objective for wealth creation is to purchase sound businesses run by competent management at a price that represents a material discount to their long term intrinsic value. This then allows the business value to surface over time through “Investment Discipline” and the “Power of Compounding”. He added,
Our approach for finding out the value opportunities and staying invested in them for the long term, with a lot of patience, is broadly aligned with the philosophy of Warren Buffet and Benjamin Graham .
According to reports by KMPG , financial majors like Wells Fargo, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and Fidelity Investments have discussed or announced automated financial advisory services.
India, however, is estimated to has among the lowest mutual fund investment rates (7 percent), with mutual funds accounting for only 3.4 percent of total investments by individual investors (including HNIs and retail). So, during the initial stages, incumbents (or banks and larger financial institutions) will be the early adopters of robo-advisory solutions, before it hits the ancillary markets. AdviseSure, part-human, part-robot finance advisor, is a player in this space that offers counsel at Re 1 per day . Then there are players like Wixifi and TrakInvest that demystify stock trading. According to YourStory Research, there are close to 50 Indian early-stage startups flocking to the robo-advisory space.
Manish noted that Research and Ranking’s focus is on reaching the milestone of 20,000 customers in FY17-FY18. R&R also aims to come out with new tools and services, like a dashboard that compares one’s R&R portfolio to a mutual fund run-rate.
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2 sep 2021 i subscribe there MPO plan they asked me they will give me atleast 25 to 35 percent gain but as they are cheater i am in big loss after investing of 8 companies they suggested 6 are in loss loss loss and it is painful to me so guys dont go for research and ranking they charge me for subscription and still i am facing loss of money. so please keep away from research and ranking
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Subscription service statistics and costs 2022.
From Netflix to Stitch Fix, subscription services have changed the way consumers get their entertainment, apparel, food, etc. Convenient payment options through recurring monthly charges are one of the driving factors that attract many consumers to use subscription services.
Oftentimes the monthly payments for these services fly under the radar, especially when consumers subscribe to more than one. We wanted to take a closer look at consumers’ relationships with these subscription services as well as their awareness of how much they pay for them. Our survey asked consumers across the country about their relationship with subscription services and the associated recurring monthly charges.
In order to conduct our analysis, we first asked consumers to think generally about the number of subscription services they use and estimate how much they spend per month on them. Respondents were given 10 seconds to complete this question. Then, a while later, these same consumers were asked to individually break down their monthly payments for each subscription service across various categories such as streaming, apparel, cosmetics, food, and other categories.
On average, $86 per month was the initial amount consumers estimated they spent on subscription services.
But upon closer look at their itemized expenses, the average monthly spend for consumers was more than 2.5 times the amount they thought at $219 – a whopping $133 higher than their original estimate. Almost one-third (30%) of the people underestimated by $100 to $199 and nearly a quarter each underestimated by less than $25, $25-$99, and $200 or more.
As we see, consumers not only lose track of how much they spend on monthly subscriptions, but they also lose track of how many services they subscribe to and use.
Overall, about three-quarters (74%) of consumers said it was easy to forget about their recurring monthly subscription service charges. Meanwhile, a significant minority (42%) admit that they’ve stopped using a subscription service(s) but forgot they were still paying for the service (with Gen Z being most likely to forget and Boomers least likely). It appears that it’s pretty easy to forget about payments considering that the majority (72%) said they set all their monthly subscription payments to auto-pay.
With the increase in subscription services, several companies and banks are now offering subscription tracking programs. These apps and services allow consumers to get a snapshot of how many subscriptions they pay for and how much they’re being charged per month. Overall, one-in-ten consumers said they use these services, with Mint being the most popular.
Recently, streaming services such as Netflix announced a crackdown on password and account sharing across their platform. Overall, more than one-quarter (26%) said they share a streaming service account with someone without paying for it. And nearly one-in-five (18%) said they share an account and split the costs with someone else.
When streaming services first became popular in the late 2000s, so did the concept of “cord-cutting,” or dropping cable TV, primarily to save money. But with more and more of these services to choose from, nearly half (47%) of consumers feel that streaming will become more expensive than paying for cable. More than one-in-ten (12%) feel that only some streaming services will become more expensive than cable.
Despite the rise in subscription services, some consumers said they are looking to cut back on subscriptions; in fact, one-third said they’ll be cutting back on subscriptions within the next six months.
There’s no doubt that subscription services offer many conveniences to consumers, but as inflation continues to take hold and prices across the board are increasing, more and more consumers will undoubtedly begin to scrutinize where their money is going – including to these services. Many will be weighing the trade-off of the service with price as well as the number of subscriptions they have. And, given that almost one-quarter (22%) feel overwhelmed with the number of subscription services they currently have, companies can expect to see their subscriber bases start to decrease. It will be more important than ever for companies to reinforce the value propositions of their subscription services to combat potential cancellations.
From April 22 to May 2, 2022, we surveyed 1,000 self-reporting consumers across the country to ask about their relationship with subscription services. Respondents were split evenly among Gen Z, Millennial, Gen X and Baby Boomer age ranges. The average age of respondents was 43. Gender split: 51% female; 49% male. Income: Under $20K: 13%; $20K – Under 40K: 20%; $40K – Under $60K: 18%; $60K – Under $80K: 15%; $80-100K: 13%; Over $100K: 21%.
Relationship status: single: 36%; married: 37%; in a relationship: 17%; divorced: 7%; separated: 1%; widowed: 2%.
When using this data and research, please attribute by linking to this study and citing https://www.crresearch.com/
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This article is included in the Research on Research, Policy & Culture gateway.
publishing, journals, costs, prices, scholarly publishing, scholarly communication,publisher
In this version, we have used the feedback from the reviewers to improve the description of our methods and different wordings throughout the text. Specifically, we have described the publishing process in more generic terms and described the similarities and differences between the different publishing scenarios in more detail. We also updated the spreadsheet containing our raw data to reflect these new wordings.
See the authors' detailed response to the review by Pandelis Perakakis See the authors' detailed response to the review by Lisa Rose-Wiles
The affordability problem of scholarly publishing, i.e., the supra-inflationary price increases with stagnating library budgets, has been a hot topic for more than three decades (see, e.g., 1 – 8 ). In recent years, perhaps precipitated by some so-called ‘gold’ open access (OA) journals requiring payments in the form of article-processing charges (APCs; fees for authors or their institutions upon acceptance for publishing an article and making it openly available), the average cost of an article has emerged as a useful measure with which to compare different business models (but see 9 for a critique). However, most authors refer to the prices charged by the publisher, not the actual cost to the publisher (e.g., 10 – 13 ). One consequence of this mis-attribution is a potential overestimation of the actual costs of scholarly publishing due to the inclusion of the business models and pricing strategies of publishers into the calculation. To close this gap, here we provide a bottom-up calculation of the cost of efforts and services which are required to achieve a certain service level in order to publish an academic journal article. These calculations are analogous to what a new publisher would have to calculate before entering the publishing market. We compare our cost calculations with the current pricing schemes of publishers.
In this article, we assume the role of a newcomer to the academic publishing market and list the various steps and procedures for a representative publishing workflow according to current industry standards. Each step incurs a cost which can be determined by analyzing the market rates for each service or procedure. These costs comprise the direct costs. We also add several indirect (or fixed) cost items which do not accrue on a per article basis. The final per-article costs are then specified as a range depending on the number of articles published and the service level desired. These ranges denote current market rates at which customers can obtain publishing services.
To arrive at a meaningful figure denoting how much the publication of an article costs on average, it is necessary to arrive at the exact cost for each step in the processing workflow of a manuscript being submitted for publication. These direct or variable costs then have to be combined with the indirect or fixed costs of operating a publishing enterprise, such as staff costs, real estate, insurance and energy costs, etc. The former requires granular insight and expertise about the different service levels for the entire publishing workflow. The latter is commonly calculated as staff overhead. In this work, we have therefore calculated the cost for each step in the standard publication workflow under consideration of both fixed and variable costs. Both external and internal expenses have been taken into account as well as overhead costs to cover fixed non-direct company costs of the publishing venture.
There are three main areas in which production steps have to be considered: content acquisition, content preparation (production) and content dissemination/archiving. Importantly, ‘content acquisition’ does not imply active acquisition of authors and/or manuscripts.
1. Content acquisition
a. Online submission system
b. Searching and assigning reviewers
c. Communication with reviewers
d. Communication with authors
e. Handling of re-submission process
f. Plagiarism check
g. Similarity Check (CrossRef)
h. DOI for article (CrossRef)
i. DOI for 2 or more reviews (CrossRef)
j. APC collection
2. Content preparation (production)
a. Manuscript tracking system
b. Production system check-in
c. Technical checking of manuscript
d. Copyediting
e. Typesetting
f. Formatting figures/graphs/tables
g. Altmetric badge
h. XML and metadata preparation
i. Handling author corrections
3. Content dissemination/archiving
a. Web OA platform and hosting
b. Long-term digital preservation (CLOCKSS/Portico, etc.)
c. Distribution to indexing services (Scopus, PMC, DOAJ, etc.)
Pricing figures have been deducted by openly available price lists of vendors, as for example for Scholastica, Akron Aps, CrossRef, CLOCKSS (see Table 1 , Table 2 ). In all other cases where pricing list or fees were not openly available on the web, prices were indicated after a direct request for proposal or communicated privately. For the latter we have checked with other partners to validate that information. Some service vendors have not split their services in a granular manner but offer a full service for more steps of the publishing workflow. In those cases, we have tried to split those costs or consider the full cost as part of one of the scenarios (see below) which cover the complete manuscript acquisition and article production process.
Services | Service Provider | Permalink to fee page |
---|---|---|
Long-term preservation | CLOCKSS | |
DOI | CrossRef | |
Peer-review management, publishing, typesetting | Scholastica | |
Peer-review management | Akron Aps |
Publisher | Permalink to cost structure page |
---|---|
Frontiers | |
Open Library of the Humanities | |
Ubiquity | |
eLife |
Expenses and fees for each individual service have been arrived at from two main sources. Some standard services have been taken from openly available price lists ( Table 1 ).
Second, we requested quotes from vendors without publicly available fees, or turned to other sources 14 . For services such as manuscript submission and peer review management systems we considered vendors such as Manuscript Central (Clarivate) and Editorial Manager (ARIES).
Other costs such as internal staff costs (including overhead, EU/US standard) were estimated taking into account not only current market costs we have requested ourselves, but also numbers from major publishing houses (MDPI, Wiley, Springer, DeGruyter, Frontiers, Ubiquity, SciELO, Open LIbrary of the Humanities). While some of these publishers have made their costs public ( Table 2 ), others have either provided their numbers under the condition of confidentiality or the numbers were gained from internal sources.
For certain tasks, for example copyediting or typesetting, there are hundreds of individual companies worldwide providing those services on a industry-standard level. In our quote requests, we have considered only those with which we have collaborated in real business life so far or from which we know the performance and service level in detail from co-operations over two decades. Having compared the pricing of those service providers with others, we found only a very small variation of cost for such tasks, which justifies our practical approach. It was never our ambition to perform an exhaustive but always incomplete market study of service providers worldwide, but an attempt to provide an authoritative documentation of approximate current publishing costs as a valuable information tool for decision-makers and other stakeholders in policy drafting, contract negotiations or public discourse.
The calculation of per-article figures from costs that do not accrue on a per-article basis (e.g., salaries, annual fees, etc.) was based on the following assumptions: (i) The average STM article contains 12 printed pages 13 , with 1500 words on each page (i.e., 18,000 words total). (ii) We estimated an average STM article to contain 10 non-text items such as figures or tables. (iii) We also assumed an average rejection rate of 50% after conventional (pre-publication) peer-review with at least two reports and ten contact requests to secure one reviewer. (iv) We assume a desk-rejection rate of 10% after editorial review. (v) We also base our staff costs on the granular work load per article and not on full-time equivalents (FTE). These assumptions entail that all editorial duties (on average 7.5 person-hours per submitted manuscript) are handled by in-house staff and none by academic editors, while peer-review is still performed by volunteer academics. In this way, staff costs, including overhead expenses, are calculated on a per-article basis (i.e., per published article, not per submitted manuscript). Salary costs are based on industry standards in more economically developed countries for the different editorial tasks. Overhead expenses can vary significantly depending on the profit and loss structure of the publisher and include rent, repairs, depreciation, interest, insurance, travel expenditures, labor burden, telephone bills, supplies, taxes, accounting fees, etc. We have estimated an average 33% overhead on top of salary costs. The following publication tasks are commonly covered by annual (membership) fees plus an initial, one-time set-up or installment fee: Web OA platform and hosting, CLOCKSS/Portico, DOAJ, Altmetric Badge and Crossref. Because these costs accrue regardless of how many articles are published (i.e., fixed costs), we have calculated per-article costs for journals with different numbers of articles published per year. All of these assumptions have been made with the overarching goal to ensure upper-bound costs. For each of these cost items, there exist numerous ways in which their contributions to overall costs can be reduced. Thus, the figures we provide here describe an upper cost ceiling that many publishers will easily fall below.
While some general fixed costs are covered by salary overheads (see above), we deliberately chose to not include certain fixed costs: Cost of sales have not been considered because for open access journals no longer sales representatives are required which have to negotiate renewals of subscriptions with libraries on an annual basis. We also excluded management costs as these are highly variable and in large publishers with many journals (and hence articles), per article costs of management are often negligible. We realize that this may be different for publishers which publish low-volume journals but with nevertheless highly paid executives (see Discussion). Because making an article public (i.e., ‘publishing’) is distinct from locking it behind a paywall, we have also not calculated the often very significant paywall costs. While innovation (or acquisition of innovative technologies) as well as branding and advertising/marketing are crucial for a company to succeed and thrive in a market in the long term, we have also not included these costs as they are not directly related to publishing scholarly articles. Such costs would include conference attendance, advertisement in print, online, social media and search platforms, as well as search engine optimization (SEO). Similarly, government relations (lobbying) may be considered a necessary expense for any business, but as it does not directly relate to the process of publishing academic papers, we did not include these costs in our calculations either. However, we do discuss the probable extent to which these non-publication costs may affect pricing.
The motivation for the above assumptions was to combine a robust cost calculation (i.e., sourced from measurable time efforts and industry-standard salaries) with an upper bound cost calculation which would come to lie above most academic-run journals. However, the journal landscape is diverse and journals can be run on a shoestring budget, supported exclusively by volunteer labor and institutional resources, or by multi-billion dollar publicly traded corporations with professional in-house staff handling every individual step. In an attempt to reflect this heterogeneity, we divided our cost calculations into three broad categories, each with two sub-categories for a total of six scenarios ( Table 3 ).
PPPR - post publication peer-review (i.e., no rejections after peer-review). OJS - Open Journal System
All publishing steps; Scholastica as specialized full-service provider; in-house editors | |
Scenario A, but PPPR | |
All publishing steps, generic service providers; in-house editors | |
Scenario B, but PPPR | |
All publishing steps; generic service providers, no submission, reviewing, and tracking system costs (e.g., OJS); no external hosting/archiving costs (i.e., institutional servers); volunteer editors | |
Scenario C, but Scholastica as a specialized full-service provider instead of OJS and institutional servers |
The first two scenarios A and B correspond to professionally run journals where salaried in-house staff handle each manuscript and only peer-reviewers provide volunteer labor. These correspond to traditional commercial journal publishing scenarios. Scenario A differs from Scenario B in that the individual production steps are not sourced from a variety of generic publishing service providers, each specializing in their particular publishing step, but from a full-service provider specialized in scholarly publishing, providing most of the publication services listed above, from a single source. In our example, we have chosen a service provider which is representative for this sector and with considerable name recognition, Scholastica, as such a specialized, full-service provider. Selecting a single, specialized provider is more convenient and requires less expertise than multiple generic providers, as a single contract replaces sourcing and contracting of multiple partners. However, such convenience commonly comes with an additional cost. Scenario A corresponds, e.g., to those society or university-run journals with salaried editors, while many corporate publishers run their journals according to Scenario B. The third scenario takes into account that many scholarly journals are operating with minimal budgets by not paying their editors at all, using institutional servers, for instance with the free, open source Open Journal System handling submission and peer-review, with little space for long-term preservation or indexing. Of course, their institution covers server costs for these journals, but with servers being shared and provided centrally already, per-article costs approach zero. This aspect is analogous to the salaries of the volunteer editors being paid for by their institutions, irrespective of how many hours of editorial work are being volunteered. At first approximation, Scenario A is likely to be the most expensive option, all else being equal, with Scenario B expected to come to lie between Scenario A and the least costly Scenario C.
We calculated an additional sub-category for each scenario to better cover the scholarly diversity. For Scenario A and B we also considered an additional scenario where costs would be reduced by post-publication peer-review as it is practiced by journals like, e.g., F1000Research. In these scenarios, submitted manuscripts are published immediately and peer-review then merely creates additional versions, such that there are no more rejections after editorial review. Journals in Scenario C are often operated by individuals whose primary specialization is not scholarly publishing. Therefore, a provider that bundles the different publishing steps may be more expensive but enticing due to the convenience it offers. Therefore, we also calculated the costs for articles in such scholar-led journals, but with Scholastica replacing the generic service providers.
All costs are calculated per published article, i.e., a journal that publishes 1,000 articles per year has received 2,000 articles if their rejection rate is 50%. Our costs are calculated for the 1,000 published articles, not for the 2,000 submissions the journal has received. For each of the six scenarios, we have also calculated the same costs, but assuming a 90% rejection rate (see raw data file). As fixed costs are distributed over all published articles, article volume per year is another factor we considered. Our calculations yielded a lower bound of 100 articles per year (see results), below which it becomes difficult to operate a journal with in-house staff. Beyond 1,000 articles per year, indirect costs per article shrink to a negligible fraction. We thus calculated per-article costs for each scenario for journals with 100 articles per year and for 1000 articles per year, for a grand total of 24 different cost estimates. The results for the 12 cases that represent the more common journals with an average rejection rate of 50% are depicted in Table 4 .
The scenarios are labeled with A, A2, B, B2, C, C2 (see Table 3 ). Values correspond to an average 50% rejection rate, 90% rejection rate calculations in the text.
scenario | total | direct | indirect | in-house staff |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional peer review, Scholastica, 100 articles (A) | 374.08 | 59.18 | 289.91 | |
Conventional peer review, Scholastica, 1,000 articles (A) | 374.08 | 5.92 | 289.91 | |
Conventional peer review, generic providers, 100 articles (B) | 266.53 | 87.18 | 289.91 | |
PPPR, Scholastica, 100 articles (A2) | 369.88 | 87.18 | 140.69 | |
Conventional peer review, generic providers, 1,000 articles (B) | 266.53 | 8.72 | 289.91 | |
PPPR, Scholastica, 1,000 articles (A2) | 389.88 | 8.72 | 140.63 | |
PPPR, generic providers, 100 articles (B2) | 241.45 | 87.18 | 140.69 | |
Volunteer editors, Scholastica, 100 articles (C2) | 358.33 | 47.18 | 49.12 | |
Volunteer editors, Scholastica, 1,000 articles (C2) | 358.33 | 4.72 | 49.12 | |
PPPR, generic providers, 1,000 articles (B2) | 241.45 | 8.72 | 140.63 | |
Volunteer editors, generic providers, 100 articles (C) | 141.05 | 47.18 | 49.12 | |
Volunteer editors, generic providers, 1,000 articles (C) | 141.05 | 4.72 | 49.12 |
Finally, we also considered a seventh scenario which we did not list with the other six: a decentralized, federated platform solution where all scholarly articles are published without being divided into journals. Such a solution is not currently in widespread use, is not based on journals and thus remains, so far, largely hypothetical. While, e.g., Open Research Central may someday evolve into such a “Global Open Archive” as these solutions were called in 2010 15 , at the present time this is still a hypothetical scenario, despite repeated calls for such a platform since then 16 – 20 . With such a modern, decentralized, federated platform providing publishing functionalities without journals (see, e.g., 21 for details), some of the publishing steps listed above become obsolete, while others remain relevant. Steps that may become obsolete include DOIs, long-term archiving such as CLOCKSS or Portico, indices such as Scopus. Relevant steps remaining are typesetting/copyediting, XML preparation, format conversion, plagiarism checks.
An earlier version of this article, with more price information and discussion can be found on PeerJ 22 .
All the data we have based our calculations on are available at Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8118197.v2 ).
One of the first findings of our calculations is that in order to employ at least one 50% FTE of an in-house editor, a journal has to publish approx. 100 articles per year or more. Hence, in the following, we will base our figures on journals publishing at least 100 articles per year (corresponding to 50% FTE) or 1,000 articles (corresponding to 5 FTEs), to show the spread of fixed and indirect costs over the number of articles published.
Our calculation of per-article publishing costs in a conventional pre-publication peer-review (50% rejection rate) scenario where all editorial duties are performed by in-house staff (Scenario B) ranges from US$643.61 for a journal that publishes 100 articles per year down to US$565.15 for such a journal that publishes 1,000 articles (or more, as the indirect costs become increasingly negligible around this value). These values consist of US$266.53 direct publishing costs (i.e., Similarity Check, DOI for an article, DOIs for two or more reviews, copyediting, typesetting, formatting figures/graphs/tables, Altmetric badge, indexing, XML and metadata preparation), US$ 289.91 for editorial staff and US$8.72 to US$87.18 for 1,000 to 100 articles, respectively, in indirect costs (i.e., Web OA platform and hosting, digital preservation, memberships).
These numbers were calculated using generic, full-service providers (based in India), where applicable. There are open access service providers that provide packaged deals for the same services as these generic service providers. We have calculated the same steps using a well-known provider in this area, representative for this class of service providers, Scholastica (Scenario A). Not unexpectedly, these figures are slightly higher: US$ 374.08 for direct publishing costs and US$5.92 to US$59.18 for 1,000 to 100 articles, respectively, for indirect costs (editorial staff costs remain the same).
While these costs have been calculated for a generic journal with 50% rejection rate, per-article costs will increase with increased rejection rates and decrease with less rejections as in, e.g., a post-publication peer-review (PPPR) model. In a journal that uses generic service providers and publishes all submitted manuscripts as PDF preprints with a DOI before performing otherwise identical peer-review as described above (i.e., PPPR with in-house editors and volunteer reviewers), per article editorial services drop from US$289.91 to US$140.69 (Scenario A2/B2), with all other costs remaining nearly identical. Conversely, prestigious journals with rejection rates of around 90% see their costs rise to US$1053.87 for 100 articles per year or US$770.53 for the larger journals with about 1,000 articles per year (generic service providers).
These numbers also show that for a conventional journal today, where academics perform their editorial duties on a volunteer basis (i.e., Scenario B, but no editorial costs as editor salaries are paid for by their academic institutions), direct publication costs come to lie at US$266.53 with generic service providers and total costs depend on the scale at which the journal operates. Small journals with 100 articles would face average per article total publication costs of US$353.71, while journals with 1,000 or more articles would only face costs of US$275.25 or less per published article. Even at the highest convenience for a small, volunteer-run journal, costs come to lie at US$454.63 where a full-service provider (Scholastica) handles all of the technical aspects of the work (Scenario C2).
The above calculations (summarized in Table 4 ) demonstrate economies of scale. The more articles are being published, the lower the costs for each article, approaching the fixed costs for each article.
Because of the economies of scale and recent calls for the replacement of journals with a modern publishing platform 15 – 20 , we have also calculated the cost of publishing the annual output of the STM community, approx. 3 million articles, on such a platform that facilitates PPPR organized by academic editors on a single, decentralized, federated platform running modern software solutions (a “Global Open Archive” 15 or “Next Generation Repository” 21 , such as, e.g., Open Research Central or equivalent). Such a platform would dispense with several production steps which are necessitated by the current balkanization of the literature in different journals published by different publishers, but keep others (see Methodology). In this scenario, the indirect and fixed costs per article approach zero due to the high number of published articles (but see Discussion), such that the only remaining costs would be the direct publishing costs of US$190.17 per published article.
Finally, taking a ballpark cost figure of US$600 for a scholarly article with full editorial services (i.e., scenario A/B) and comparing it to the low end of the average price estimate for a subscription article of about US$4,000 10 – 13 , 22 , 23 , it becomes clear that publication costs only cover 15% of the subscription price ( Figure 1 ). Assuming a conservative profit margin of 30% (i.e., US$1,200 per article) for one of the large publishers 24 – 27 , there remains a sizeable gap of about US$2,200 in non-publication costs, or 55% of the price of a scholarly subscription article ( Figure 1 ).
Assuming the commonly accepted US$4,000 price tag for a subscription article, published profit margins of 30% and our calculation of about US$600 in publication costs for a full-service subscription article (scenario A/B, see Table 4 ), there remain US$2,200 in non-publication costs per article.
Since the 1990s, it has been recognized that the prices of scholarly journals were escalating at unsustainable rates 3 . In the last 30 years, this “serials crisis” has never been coherently addressed, let alone solved. With this work, we aim to provide more financial evidence for future evidence-based policies addressing the affordability problem of scholarly communication 1 , 2 .
Not only current discussions are addressing the affordability problem in the unit of cost per article 10 – 13 , 23 , 28 – 30 and we follow this precedent. Drawing from publicly available price lists and industry-standard service costs, we find that publishing costs per article vary from US$194.89 to US$723.16, depending on the level of service and publishing volume ( Table 4 ). It is important to emphasize that these are conservative calculations, likely to constitute upper bounds, where innovation and changes in practice can be expected to decrease costs. For instance, our assumptions of an average article containing 12 printed pages (or 18,000 words) and 10 figures or tables is likely a substantial overestimate (especially given that pages with a figure or table must have much fewer than 1,500 words). Moreover, we used US/EU salary levels in our calculations. In countries with lower salaries, labor costs will be correspondingly lower.
Perhaps not surprisingly, the convenience of outsourcing the main publishing services to a specialized full-service provider comes with a small increase in cost (Scenario A vs. Scenario B), when compared to an itemized sourcing of publishing services. In our cost calculation, we have not factored in the management cost of sourcing the itemized services, as we have not included company management in our calculations. Any decision between these two options will thus have to be made after factoring in such costs as well.
Even in the rare, most expensive case, these costs compare very favorably both to the current subscription pricing of around US$4,000-5,000 10 – 13 , 22 , 23 and current APCs (US$1,400-2,200) 11 , 28 – 32 . See 22 for a discussion on subscription and APC pricing. Our highest value encompasses conventional, journal-based pre-publication peer-review with a generic 50% rejection rate at a small journal (~100 articles per year) where all management of peer-review is performed by in-house editorial staff with no volunteer academic editors. Our data suggest that increasing only the rejection rate, for example from 50% to 90%, leads to an increase in publication costs of around 30–40% (e.g., in scenario B from US$565.15 to US$770.53 for 1,000 article journals or from US$643.61 to US$1,053.87 for 100 article journals). Apparently, this is a consequence of the respective increase of direct personnel expenses for managing the peer review process and communicating with both reviewers and authors for classical pre-publication peer review. As currently most highly selective journals publish on the order of 800–900 research articles per year about US$1,000 per article can be seen as an upper bound of total publication costs at such journals.
On the other end of the spectrum are small journals that are run mainly on volunteer efforts. Even in cases where these journals use specialized full-service providers such as Scholastica, there are numerous ways to reduce per-article costs to below the US$100 mark. For instance, specializing in rapid dissemination of short articles reduces per-article costs at the Journal “Findings” to below US$100 33 , when the journal in all other aspects but article length follows our low-volume Scenario C2. Such numbers also highlight one of the problematic aspects of using per-article costs, averaged over a highly diverse publishing landscape.
The workflow we model consists of verifiable, modular components, available to any entity with the desire to enter the academic publishing world. Numerous publishers are already on the record to operate at similar costs to the ones we have calculated. These publishers include, but are not limited to SciELO, Pensoft/arpha, Open Library of the Humanities, Ubiquity, PeerJ or Scholastica. Our data confirm that at prices of around US$500 per article, these providers stand to arrive at around a 10% profit margin. Further corroborating these calculations, the 2018 STM report cites survey-based data that arrive at only slightly higher average costs than our calculation (US$420-650, excluding overhead, i.e., about US$560-870 with overhead) 13 . Our calculations also fall in the same range as other methodologies 34 .
Our calculations also show that with publishing volumes exceeding 1,000 articles per year, fixed costs shrink below 1% of the direct article costs and become negligible. This was expected and already concluded in a previous analysis 35 . These insights are important for designing a transition towards a scholarly publishing platform instead of journals 15 – 21 .
Due to the limited possibility in dividing labor contracts into arbitrarily small portions, we find that journals with volumes below approx. 100 articles per year would be best served financially if they operated on the concept of volunteer academic editors handling the peer-review, instead of in-house staff.
In conclusion, given the congruence of the available data and the publicly available prices for the services required, the market rate ranges for publication services we arrive at here do not appear controversial. Perhaps more controversial is the number and amount of non-publication costs a scholarly article, funded by the taxpayer, ought to accrue.
If the lowest publication costs for journals with volunteer editors constituted merely 5–10% of current subscription prices and publicly reported publisher profits only amount to an additional 30–40%, which non-publication costs are publishers currently facing and taxpayers paying for? While these costs are opaque and variable between publishers and, indeed, between journals, some estimates can be made from publicly available data. If one assumes revenue of about US$4,000 per subscription article (i.e., on the low end of the converging estimates), a conservative 30% profit margin (i.e., US$1,200 per article) for one of the large publishers 24 – 27 and generous publication costs of US$600 per article (scenario A/B; table 4 ), then there remains a sizeable gap of about US$2,200 in non-publication costs per article - more than the sum of publication costs and profits combined, or 55% of the subscription cost of a scholarly article ( Figure 1 ). While some of these costs may be considered necessary for any business, none of them are associated with publishing primary research articles (see Methods).
Running a business: Management. While our cost calculations include generic running costs such as rent, repairs, depreciation, interest, insurance, travel expenditures, labor burden, telephone bills, supplies, taxes, accounting fees, etc., we have explicitly omitted some indirect costs such as management cost and paywalls. For instance, according to their 2016 tax statement, the New England Journal of Medicine spends 4% of its publication revenue on their top ten management staff alone (which would translate to about US$160 per article if applied to our example above; Figure 1 ).
Preventing access: Paywalls. Subscription journals also face costs associated with paywalls. It’s difficult to estimate the cost of such technology for publishers, but the cost of a new paywall for the New York Times was reported to lie between US$25-50 million 36 , 37 . Alternatively, as the functional distinction between subscription articles and OA articles is precisely the missing paywall in OA articles, one could also assume that publishers arrive at their current APC pricing of around US$2,000 by subtracting paywall costs from their subscription price. This assumption would entail paywall costs of approx. US$2,000 per article (i.e., the difference between APC and subscription pricing).
On top of the technical costs of a paywall, one may also consider the legal fees for defending paywalls for this cost item. Publishers have a track record of litigation with regard to articles outside of their paywalls and regularly seek damages in court for actual or perceived threats to their subscription business model 38 – 44 . These costs accrue by seeking to enclose the scholarly literature within the paywalls of publishers via alternative routes in addition to the digital paywalls.
News, advertising, sales, marketing, public relations: branding. Another cost item is publishing non-research content. For instance, for 2017, PubMed lists a total of 1,595 articles published by the Lancet, while Clarivate Analytics only counts 302 articles for their Impact Factor. Assuming that only the latter articles amount to primary research publications, this journal’s revenue also pays for 1,293 non-research articles. Similar numbers also hold for other prestigious journals (e.g.: Nature: 837/2469, Science: 769/2629, New England Journal of Medicine: 327/1449; research/total), often with their own journalist and editorial staff commissioning articles and/or reporting themselves on research and policy news. However, the number of journals where this can constitute a significant fraction of their total costs is presumably small, likely restricted to the most prestigious journals.
Prestigious journals also often practice active author or materials acquisition, by traveling to conferences and laboratories, building networks in a strategy to entice the next exciting research finding to be published in their journals. Active author acquisition accrues costs both in terms of travel and time spent networking and communicating with authors that is not covered in our cost calculations (see Methods).
Sometimes, new journals also need to engage in such author acquisition practices, which, perhaps, can be best subsumed under general marketing or public relations costs required for building and maintaining a brand. These marketing costs also include, e.g., advertising in various venues targeting both authors and subscribers. For many publishers it is also common to promote their brand at conferences and institutions with, e.g., hosted speakers, travel grants or sponsored awards.
Because of the complex, time-consuming negotiations with libraries on ever tighter budgets due to the supra-inflationary subscription price increases, publishers also need to employ expert sales teams. The task of these sales teams is not only to find the most irresistible way to package and bundle subscription journals and/or databases, but also to device the most inexorable psychological strategy for their negotiations with librarians. These sales teams need to operate in close connections with the various advertising, marketing and public relations teams of the publisher to accomplish a coherent brand image. One may argue that in times of OA, these sales costs are not necessary expenses any more and more associated with paywall costs than with publication costs. On the other hand, in an OA world, one may argue that branding was never more important for author acquisition.
New technologies: innovation and acquisitions. Publishers also need to invest in innovation, in order to stay current with their technologies and functionalities. While scholarly publishers have been quick to transition from print to web-based technologies in the past, the digital functionalities of most of the scholarly literature today lag at least a decade behind current functionalities of other digital objects outside of the scholarly literature. The level of investment in innovation thus remains unclear and its effects questionable. Instead of investments into their own technological innovation, publishers today appear to acquire companies that have invented desired functionalities around the scholarly workflow, with the goal to provide services beyond publications 45 – 48 .
Government relations: Lobbying. Most international publishers, as any other corporation, also spend significant amounts of money on government relations (i.e., lobbying). Some of these corporations employ staff at the vice president level not only in the most important research nations, but also at the level of supra-national bodies such as the European Commission 49 . These staff, in turn, employ assistants and other members of their teams. Obviously, the task of these employees is to protect current revenue streams, e.g., subscription or APC income. For instance, one publisher, Elsevier, spends more than 400,000€ per year on lobbying at the level of the European Commission alone 50 . The consequences of such efforts have been observable, e.g., in the so-called “Finch Report” in the UK 51 , which surprised many commentators with its publisher-friendly recommendations ( 49 ,see, e.g., 52 ).
Which non-publication costs should remain bundled up with publishing? Regardless of all of these estimates necessarily remaining vague and imprecise, the fact remains that the scholarly community must eventually make a number of decisions, if it is to tackle the affordability problem. Which of the above non-publication costs should remain bundled up with the process of publishing scholarly research articles? Which of these costs are avoidable, which necessary and which even desirable? Are profit margins of 30–40% on taxpayer funds tolerable?
In fact, one may even ask which of the services we list as part of the scholarly publishing standard are actually necessary for scholarly publishing. After all, journals such as the Journal of Machine Learning Research, Discrete Analysis or the Journal of Open Source Software publish their articles with internal costs below US$10 53 , 54 . Likewise, the preprint archive arXiv publishes their articles at similar costs 55 . Overlay journals 56 – 58 take advantage of the preprint infrastructure to reduce costs much below the ones we have calculated here. A competitive market where service providers compete with their services and where price pressure forces market participants to consider internal production costs, unlike the current publisher monopolies, would facilitate such decision-making 22 , 59 .
Underlying data.
Figshare: Journal_Production_Cost_010519.xlsx. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8118197.v2 60 .
This project contains the data used to calculate production costs for articles.
Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).
We are indebted to Michael Dowling, Jon Tennant, Isabell Welpe, Bernhard Mittermeier and Pete Binfield for critically reading and commenting on earlier versions of this document. We are also grateful to Abel Packer from SciELO and Brian Cody from Scholastica for privately sharing cost data from their organizations with us.
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Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Reviewer Expertise: Scholarly communication, Open peer review
Reviewer Expertise: Library science, information literacy, citation analyses, circulation and journal/book pricing analyses.
Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature?
Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound?
Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others?
If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate?
Not applicable
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Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results?
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Nifty 50 Stocks : Adani Ports and SEZ, Asian Paints, Bajaj Finserv Ltd, Bharti Airtel, ICICI Bank Share Price, Tata Steel Ltd, Mahindra & Mahindra, Kotak Mahindra, Reliance Industries Limited, Titan Company, Tata Motors, UltraTech Cement, Wipro, Hero MotoCorp, Shree Cement, Nestle India, Maruti Suzuki, HCL Technologies, ITC Limited, Bharti Airtel
Trending Stocks : Adani Green, Tata Power, Central Dep. Service, Yes Bank, IRCTC, Adani Wilmar, Tata Steel, Visa steel, Oil India, BPCL, Affle India, Adani Power, Happiest Minds Technologies, Punjab & Sind National Bank, Canara Bank, CDSL, Yes Bank, Trident, Urja Global, SAIL
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Research and Ranking Charges. Research and Ranking charges for its services on yearly basis, with the plans for one and five years and the paying cycle being in every 6 months. ... Customers can choose subscription plans according to their needs and service required, as the plans seem to cater to small as well as large & HNI investors. Read ...
Why should I subscribe to Equentis - Research & Ranking services? Our singular focus has been "Wealth Creation" through long-term equity investments. Our platform executes over 300 algorithms to analyze Risk Tolerance, Stock Selection, Portfolio Diversification, and Stock Allocation, and then create a Personalized Portfolio of 20-25 ...
The Equentis - Research & Ranking subscription plans are mentioned above. We charge a service fee for the subscription only. There are no hidden charges involved. Is Equentis - Research & Ranking genuine? Equentis - Research & Ranking is a SEBI-registered investment advisory. We are a fintech platform built by Equentis Wealth Advisory Services ...
Equentis - Research & Ranking conducts ongoing monitoring and analysis if a recommended stock is underperforming. We may reassess the stock's outlook and provide timely updates or alternate recommendations to help investors make informed decisions. +91 22 61013800/18.
Research and Ranking, Mumbai, Maharashtra. 94,676 likes · 18,082 talking about this · 20 were here. India's equity wealth advisory established to make equity investments easy. Registered Name:...
Key Benifits. · Portfolio Of 15-20 Multibagger Stocks which has the potential to grow as much as 4-5 times in 5 years. · Detailed Research Reports for every recommended stock.u0010u0010. · Information on how much you may invest in an individual stock. · Upside Potential for every recommended stock.
Story so far. Research & Ranking is a SEBI-registered robo-advisory venture that advises retail investors on how to create and sustain wealth through long term investments into equity markets.
Welcome to Equentis Research and Ranking. We make equity investments easy for you ...
Dont believe to research and ranking team. 2 sep 2021 i subscribe there MPO plan they asked me they will give me atleast 25 to 35 percent gain but as they are cheater i am in big loss after investing of 8 companies they suggested 6 are in loss loss loss and it is painful to me so guys dont go for research and ranking they charge me for ...
Learn more. Call us +1 888 997 1563. As an IIResearch subscriber, you have access to the top-ranked or top-line results of Institutional Investor's research and rankings, as well as premium journalism. Research and rankings data includes sell-side research, trading and sales from across equities and fixed income, allowing subscribers to search ...
This Website offers for sale Research Reports via subscription and also Customized Research Reports (the "Products"). ... (Broker / Bank). The customer will be responsible for any charges and taxes incurred by them on any type of capital gains in both the short or long term. ... Research & Ranking . Equentis Wealth Advisory Services Limited ...
Jan 8, 2024. In early 2021, the number one service most subscribed to by consumers in the United States was Amazon Prime: in the first quarter of that year, approximately half of the country's ...
Comparable services, like Teji Mandi by Motilal Oswal Group, offer similar ready-made portfolios for just ₹99 per month. This makes me question the high cost of Research and Ranking's services. Overall, I am highly disappointed with the unprofessional and impersonal service and cannot recommend Research and Ranking. Reply as Brand.
Author fees or page charges have existed since at least the 1930s. [14] Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $100 to over $5000, and even sometimes as high as €9500 ($10851) for the journal Nature. [1] [15] [16] [17] Meanwhile, an independent study indicated that the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article should be in the region of ...
Research and Ranking is a SEBI registered investment advisory, specializing in stock market investments and long-term wealth building strategies. The company offers personalized stock portfolio creation, utilizing AI-based algorithms to analyze and recommend high-growth stocks, alongside providing investment strategy development and financial ...
But upon closer look at their itemized expenses, the average monthly spend for consumers was more than 2.5 times the amount they thought at $219 - a whopping $133 higher than their original estimate. Almost one-third (30%) of the people underestimated by $100 to $199 and nearly a quarter each underestimated by less than $25, $25-$99, and $200 ...
They can advise clients directly or provide advisory reports, videos and publications about specific securities, such as high-growth stock recommendations. Some firms may use both methods like Equentis Research & Ranking -stock advisory company, which has been specializing in smart investment and long-term stocks since 2015.
We find that these costs range from less than US$200 per article in modern, large scale publishing platforms using post-publication peer-review, to about US$1,000 per article in prestigious journals with rejection rates exceeding 90%. The publication costs for a representative scholarly article today come to lie at around US$400.
With subscriptions you have the option of customization so you can be confident you are getting exactly the information you need. Subscriptions allow you to gain access to a selection of our extensive product range focused on your industry. Simply outline your area of interest and requirements and we will help you to build a subscription that ...
Premium Statistic Reasons for retail subscription cancellations in the U.S. 2023 Premium Statistic Mother's Day: consumers interest in gifting a subscription box U.S. 2023, by age
Equentis - Research and Ranking™ SEBI Registered Investment Adviser Details: Registered name: Equentis Wealth Advisory Services Limited, SEBI Registration No.: INA000003874. Type of registration: Non-Individual. Validity: Dec 08, 2015 - Perpetual.
Zomato-Paytm's ₹2,048 crore Deal Boosts Stock Prices. Zomato Gains 2.71% & Paytm 5.47%. Equentis Wealth Advisory Services Limited.