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How to Write a Hypothesis
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Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing
Aug 14, 2012
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7-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing 7-2 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Large Samples 7-3 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Small Samples 7-4 Testing a Claim about a Proportion 7- 5 Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation (will cover with chap 8). Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing. 7-1.
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7-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing 7-2 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Large Samples 7-3 Testing a Claim about a Mean: Small Samples 7-4 Testing a Claim about a Proportion 7- 5 Testing a Claim about a Standard Deviation (will cover with chap 8) Chapter 7Hypothesis Testing
7-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis in statistics, is a statement regarding a characteristic of one or more populations Definition
Statement is made about the population Evidence in collected to test the statement Data is analyzed to assess the plausibility of the statement Steps in Hypothesis Testing
Components of aFormal Hypothesis Test
Form Hypothesis Calculate Test Statistic Choose Significance Level Find Critical Value(s) Conclusion Components of a Hypothesis Test
A hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted in order to support an alternate hypothesis. When used, the null hypothesis is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test indicates otherwise. Null Hypothesis: H0
Statement about value of population parameter like m, p or s Must contain condition of equality =, , or Test the Null Hypothesis directly RejectH0 or fail to rejectH0 Null Hypothesis: H0
Must be true if H0 is false , <, > ‘opposite’ of Null sometimes used instead of Alternative Hypothesis: H1 H1 Ha
If you are conducting a study and want to use a hypothesis test to support your claim, the claim must be worded so that it becomes the alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis must contain the condition of equality Note about Forming Your Own Claims (Hypotheses)
Set up the null and alternative hypothesis The packaging on a lightbulb states that the bulb will last 500 hours. A consumer advocate would like to know if the mean lifetime of a bulb is different than 500 hours. A drug to lower blood pressure advertises that it drops blood pressure by 20%. A doctor that prescribes this medication believes that it is less. Set up the null and alternative hypothesis. (see hw # 1) Examples
a value computed from the sample data that is used in making the decision about the rejection of the null hypothesis Testing claims about the population proportion Test Statistic x - µ σ Z*= n
Critical Region - Set of all values of the test statistic that would cause a rejection of the null hypothesis Critical Value - Value or values that separate the critical region from the values of the test statistics that do not lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis
One Tailed Test Critical Region and Critical Value Critical Region Critical Value ( z score )
Two Tailed Test Critical Region and Critical Value Critical Regions Critical Value ( z score ) Critical Value ( z score )
Denoted by The probability that the test statistic will fall in the critical region when the null hypothesis is actually true. Common choices are 0.05, 0.01, and 0.10 Significance Level
Two-tailed,Right-tailed,Left-tailed Tests The tails in a distribution are the extreme regions bounded by critical values.
H0: µ = 100 H1: µ 100 Two-tailed Test is divided equally between the two tails of the critical region Means less than or greater than Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Reject H0 100 Values that differ significantly from 100
H0: µ 100 H1: µ > 100 Fail to reject H0 Reject H0 Right-tailed Test Points Right Values that differ significantly from 100 100
H0: µ 100 H1: µ < 100 Left-tailed Test Points Left Reject H0 Fail to reject H0 Values that differ significantly from 100 100
Traditional Method Reject H0if the test statistic falls in the critical region Fail to reject H0if the test statistic does not fall in the critical region P-Value Method Reject H0if the P-value is less than or equal Fail to reject H0if the P-value is greater than the Conclusions in Hypothesis Testing
Finds the probability (P-value) of getting a result and rejects the null hypothesis if that probability is very low Uses test statistic to find the probability. Method used by most computer programs and calculators. Will prefer that you use the traditional method on HW and Tests P-Value Methodof Testing Hypotheses
Two tailed test p(z>a) + p(z<-a) One tailed test (right) p(z>a) One tailed test (left) p(z<-a) Finding P-values Where “a” is the value of the calculated test statistic Used for HW # 3 – 5 – see example on next two slides
Determine P-value Sample data: x = 105 or z* = 2.66 Reject H0: µ = 100 Fail to Reject H0: µ = 100 * µ = 73.4 or z = 0 z = 1.96 z* = 2.66 Just find p(z > 2.66)
Determine P-value Sample data: x = 105 or z* = 2.66 Reject H0: µ = 100 Reject H0: µ = 100 Fail to Reject H0: µ = 100 * z = - 1.96 µ = 73.4 or z = 0 z = 1.96 z* = 2.66 Just find p(z > 2.66) + p(z < -2.66)
Always test the null hypothesis Choose one of two possible conclusions 1. Reject the H0 2. Fail to reject the H0 Conclusions in Hypothesis Testing
Never “accept the null hypothesis, we will fail to reject it. Will discuss this in more detail in a moment We are not proving the null hypothesis Sample evidence is not strong enough to warrant rejection (such as not enough evidence to convict a suspect – guilty vs. not guilty) Accept versus Fail to Reject
Accept versus Fail to Reject
Need to formulate correct wording of finalconclusion Conclusions in Hypothesis Testing
Wording of final conclusion 1. Reject the H0 Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence to conclude………………………(what ever H1 says) 2. Fail to reject the H0 Conclusion: There is not sufficient evidence to conclude ……………………(what ever H1 says) Conclusions in Hypothesis Testing
State a conclusion The proportion of college graduates how smoke is less than 27%. Reject Ho: The mean weights of men at FLC is different from 180 lbs. Fail to Reject Ho: Example Used for #6 on HW
The mistake of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. (alpha) is used to represent the probability of a type I error Example: Rejecting a claim that the mean body temperature is 98.6 degrees when the mean really does equal 98.6 (test question) Type I Error
the mistake of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. ß (beta) is used to represent the probability of a type II error Example: Failing to reject the claim that the mean body temperature is 98.6 degrees when the mean is really different from 98.6 (test question) Type II Error
Type I and Type II Errors True State of Nature H0 True H0 False Reject H0 Correct decision Type I error Decision Fail to Reject H0 Type II error Correct decision In this class we will focus on controlling a Type I error. However, you will have one question on the exam asking you to differentiate between the two.
a = p(rejecting a true null hypothesis) b = p(failing to reject a false null hypothesis) n, a and b are all related Type I and Type II Errors
Identify the type I and type II error. The mean IQ of statistics teachers is greater than 120. Type I: We reject the mean IQ of statistics teachers is 120 when it really is 120. Type II: We fail to reject the mean IQ of statistics teachers is 120 when it really isn’t 120. Example
For any fixed sample size n, as decreases, increases and conversely. To decrease both and , increase the sample size. Controlling Type I and Type II Errors
Power of a Hypothesis Test is the probability (1 - ) of rejecting a false null hypothesis. Note: No exam questions on this. Usually covered in a more advanced class in statistics. Definition
7-2 Testing a claim about the mean (large samples)
Goal Identify a sample result that is significantly different from the claimed value By Comparing the test statistic to the critical value Traditional (or Classical) Method of Testing Hypotheses
Determine H0 and H1. (and if necessary) Determine the correct test statistic and calculate. Determine the critical values, the critical region and sketch a graph. Determine Reject H0 or Fail to reject H0 State your conclusion in simple non technical terms. Traditional (or Classical) Method of Testing Hypotheses (MAKE SURE THIS IS IN YOUR NOTES)
Test Statistic for Testing a Claim about a Proportion Can Use Traditional method Or P-value method
1) Traditional method 2) P-value method 3) Confidence intervals Three Methods Discussed
for testing claims about population means 1) The sample is a random sample. 2) The sample is large (n > 30). a) Central limit theorem applies b) Can use normal distribution 3) If is unknown, we can use sample standard deviation s as estimate for . Assumptions
Test Statistic for Claims about µ when n > 30 x - µx Z*= n
Reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic is in the critical region Fail to reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic is not in the critical region Decision Criterion
Claim: = 69.5 years H0 : = 69.5 H1 : 69.5 Example:A newspaper article noted that the mean life span for 35 male symphony conductors was 73.4 years, in contrast to the mean of 69.5 years for males in the general population. Test the claim that there is a difference. Assume a standard deviation of 8.7 years. Choose your own significance level. Step 1: Set up Claim, H0, H1 Select if necessary level: = 0.05
Step 2: Identify the test statistic and calculate x - µ 73.4 – 69.5 z*=== 2.65 8.7 n 35
Step 3: Determine critical region(s) and critical value(s) & Sketch = 0.05 /2= 0.025 (two tailed test) 0.4750 0.4750 0.025 0.025 z = - 1.96 1.96 Critical Values - Calculator
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IMAGES
COMMENTS
The document discusses different types of hypotheses used in research studies, including simple, complex, empirical, null, alternative, statistical, directional, non-directional, causal, and associative hypotheses. It defines each type of hypothesis and provides examples.
A hypothesis helps translate research problems into clear predictions about expected outcomes. Hypotheses are derived from literature reviews and conceptual frameworks. The main types discussed are research hypotheses, null hypotheses, and testable hypotheses.
The document outlines characteristics of good hypotheses and different types of hypotheses, including simple vs. complex, associative vs. causal, directional vs. non-directional, and null vs. research hypotheses.
8 Forms of Hypothesis: (i) Question form: A hypothesis stated as a question represents the simplest level of empirical observation.
Hypothesis writing.ppt . Slideshow Share. Sign in. The version of the browser you are using is no longer supported. ... Hypothesis. HTML view of the presentation ...
It discusses the key steps in hypothesis testing, including formulating the null and alternative hypotheses, determining the significance level, calculating the test statistic, defining the critical region, and interpreting the results. It also describes point and interval estimation.
A research hypothesis is an assumption or a tentative explanation for a specific process observed during research. Unlike a guess, research hypothesis is a calculated, educated guess proven or disproven through research methods.
“A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables” (Kerlinger, 1956). “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable” (Creswell, 1994).
The document outlines the nature of hypotheses and importance in providing direction and conclusions to research. It discusses independent and dependent variables and types of hypotheses like directional, non-directional, associative, and causal hypotheses.
Chapter 9 -Hypothesis Testing. Hypothesis testing can be used to determine whether a statement about the value of a population parameter should or should not be rejected. The null hypothesis , denoted by H 0 , is a tentative assumption about a population parameter. 560 views • 40 slides