bibtex cite doctoral thesis

Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “phdthesis” BibTeX type is used for PhD dissertations or theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “phdthesis” BibTeX type.

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Required Fields

The “phdthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

• author : The author of the thesis.
• title : The title of the thesis.
• school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “phdthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

• type : The type of the thesis, such as “PhD thesis” or “Master’s thesis”.
• address : The location of the institution.
• month : The month the thesis was submitted.
• note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “phdthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a PhD thesis authored by John Smith titled “An Analysis of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “PhD thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

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How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX (Part 4): Bibliographies with BibLaTeX

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

Author: Josh Cassidy (August 2013)

This five-part series of articles uses a combination of video and textual descriptions to teach the basics of writing a thesis using LaTeX. These tutorials were first published on the original ShareLateX blog site during August 2013; consequently, today's editor interface (Overleaf) has changed considerably due to the development of ShareLaTeX and the subsequent merger of ShareLaTeX and Overleaf. However, much of the content is still relevant and teaches you some basic LaTeX—skills and expertise that will apply across all platforms.

In the previous post we looked at using images and tables in our thesis. In this post we are going to look at adding a bibliography to our thesis. To do this we are going to use the biblatex package . This involves creating a list of sources in a separate file called a .bib file.

The Bib File

When we create this file we need to choose a name for it and save it as a .bib file rather than a .tex file.

Now every time we need to reference a source we can cite it in the text and then fill in the source details in the .bib file. First we'll look at filling in our .bib file and then we'll move on to discussing citations. To add a new entry to our .bib file we need to first tell BibLaTeX what type of source we are referencing. We do this using an @ symbol followed immediately by the source type.

Then comes an opening curly bracket and a citation key of our choice followed by a comma. We then need to tell it all the details it wants for that particular type of source. We do this using a list of keywords each followed by an equals sign and the corresponding information in curly brackets. Items in the list are separated by commas. Each recognised source type has a list of required details which we must provide. But we'll often want to give more details. For example, for an article entry we need to use the author , title , journaltitle and year or date keywords. For an online source we need to use the author or editor , title , year or date and url keywords, and finally for a book it's the author , title and year or date keywords. Here's an example of what they might look like filled-in:

All of the information about the recognised source types and all the keywords you can use can be found in the biblatex documentation .

Now let's return to the main .tex file. To set it up for a bibliography we need to load up the biblatex package using the \usepackage command. Also in the preamble we need to specify which .bib files we want to use by calling the \addbibresource command and entering the file name in the curly brackets including the .bib extension.

Now let's look at citations. To cite a source in the text we use one of the biblatex citation commands. The simplest is the \cite command which prints the citation without any brackets unless you are using the numeric or alphabetic styles. We'll discuss styles a little later on. For example we may cite a source in the text like this:

Another one is the \parencite command which prints citations in parentheses except when using the numeric or alphabetic styles when it uses square brackets. There are more citation commands available to you which again can be found in the biblatex documentation .

The citation commands in biblatex also give us the option of adding a prenote and postnote in as arguments:

• a prenote is a word or phrase like "see" that is inserted at the start of the citation;
• a postnote is text you want inserted at the end of the citation.

To add these notes in you uses two sets of square brackets in the citation command. If you only open one set of square brackets it will assume the contents of the brackets is a postnote , so if you only want a prenote make sure you still open the second set of square brackets and then just leave them empty. Here are some examples:

Now to actually get the bibliography printed in our thesis we use the \printbibliography command at the end of the document. By default the bibliography and citations use the numeric style which looks like this:

To change the style we pass more arguments into the \usepackage command in square brackets. For example this specifies the alphabetic style:

Which looks like this:

And this is the authoryear style:

Another thing we can change here is the way the bibliography is ordered. For example this sorts entries by year , name , title :

While this doesn't sort them at all but displays them in the order they are cited.

More information about the numerous styles and sorting options available can be found in the biblatex documentation . This concludes our discussion on adding a bibliography. In the final post of this series we'll look at customising some of the opening pages.

All articles in this series

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• Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables ;
• Part 4: Bibliographies with BibLaTeX ;
• Part 5: Customising Your Title Page and Abstract .
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LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX

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LaTeX uses the BibTeX (.bib) file format to manage and process lists of references in order to produce in-text citations and formatted bibliographies. It is possible to create a BibTeX file from scratch using a text editor, but many literature databases and most modern citation managers can export directly to this format.

• Bibliography management with BibTeX An introduction to using BibTeX and .bib files for bibliography management, including solutions to common problems. From Overleaf.
• BibTeX Basic introduction to the BibTeX file format and how to use it with LaTeX.
• Choosing a BibTeX style Guide from Reed College on various citation styles and how to use them with BibTeX and LaTeX.

Citation Managers and LaTeX/BibTeX

Jabref is a free reference manager with native BibTeX and BibLaTeX support—it's designed for use with systems like LaTeX and includes cite-while-you-write functionality for LaTeX editors like Kile, LyX, and TeXstudio.

• JabRef Free citation manager with BibTeX support. Made by researchers for researchers.

Zotero is a free, open source citation manager. To create a BibTeX file with Zotero:

• Save all your references into a single collection folder
• Right click that collection in Zotero ( Ctrl + click for Mac OS)
• Choose Export Collection...
• Change the format from RIS to BibTeX

This will create a .bib file for you. Because Zotero is open source, there are a number of third-party plugins you can get to add or improve functionality. Better BibTeX for Zotero is highly recommended if you will be using Zotero for citation management for a LaTeX project.

• Better BibTeX for Zotero A plugin for Zotero that makes it easier for LaTeX users to manage bibliographic data.
• How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero For users with premium subscriptions only.

EndNote is a powerful citation manager, but the full version cannot be used without the purchase of a software license. The paid version of EndNote can produce a BibTeX file for your references, with some limitations. To do this:

• Save all your references into a single EndNote group
• Select the references in EndNote (use Ctrl +A for Windows or Cmd + A for Mac OS to select all)
• From the main menu choose File > Export...
• Choose BibTeX Export as the file output style (this may require installing the BibTeX Export style from the Style Manager)
• Save the file
• EndNote creates a plain text (.txt) file with BibTeX formatting inside; you will need to manually change it to .bib

Note: these instructions were created using EndNote 20. The process may not be exactly the same for other versions of EndNote.

• Can I use Overleaf with EndNote? Instructions for using EndNote to manage references for an Overleaf LaTeX project.

Mendeley is a free citation manager. Follow the directions below to create a BibTeX file containing the references from a Mendeley collection.

• Save all your references into a single folder
• Navigate to that folder in Mendeley Reference Manager
• Choose File > Export All from the main menu
• Choose BibTeX (*.bib) and save your file

Note: the steps may vary depending on the version of Mendeley being used.

• Exporting references from Mendeley Instructions for exporting your Mendeley reference library to a variety of formats. Note that this creates a static file.
• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: UW-Madison Templates >>
• Last Updated: May 29, 2024 3:50 PM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/latex

Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home

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Tips and tools for writing your LaTeX thesis or dissertation in Overleaf, including templates, managing references , and getting started guides.

Managing References

BibTeX is a file format used for lists of references for LaTeX documents. Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format. Some reference management tools can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents.

LaTeX on Wikibooks has a Bibliography Management page.

Find list of BibTeX styles available on Overleaf here

View a video tutorial on how to include a bibliography using BibTeX  here

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How to get started writing your thesis in LaTeX

Writing a thesis or dissertation in LaTeX can be challenging, but the end result is well worth it – nothing looks as good as a LaTeX-produced PDF, and for large documents it's a lot easier than fighting with formatting and cross-referencing in MS Word. Review this video from Overleaf to help you get started writing your thesis in LaTeX, using a standard thesis template from the Overleaf Gallery .

You can upload your own thesis template to the Overleaf Gallery if your university provides a set of LaTeX template files or you may find your university's thesis template already in the Overleaf Gallery.

This video assumes you've used LaTeX before and are familiar with the standard commands (see other tutorial videos  if not), and focuses on how to work with a large project split over multiple files.

Add Institutional Library contact info here.

Contact Overleaf   or email [email protected]

5-part Guide on How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX

5-part LaTeX Thesis Writing Guide

Part 1: Basic Structure corresponding  video

Part 2: Page Layout corresponding  video

Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables   corresponding video

Part 4: Bibliographies with Biblatex corresponding video

Part 5: Customizing Your Title Page and Abstract corresponding video

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• Last Updated: Aug 20, 2024 5:29 PM
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BibTeX Reference Formatting

B ib T E X references are formatted in the following style:

@type { unique_identifier ,    field1 = "value",    field2 = "value",    field3 = "value",     ... }

Field values can either be enclosed in quotes, as above, or in curly braces (e.g.  field1 = {value} )

The  @type  field identifies the type of resource. Common types include:

• @conference (or @proceedings )
• @inbook (book chapter/section)
• @mastersthesis
• @misc (outside the normal categories, used for websites)

Various fields are available to use. Standard ones include:

• author (i.e. city)
• address  

BibTeX Basics

B ib T E X is the bibliographic side of L A T E X.  Technically speaking, B ib T E X is a specific program which  processes bibliographic data and interfaces between . tex  and .bib files.  However, it is used as a catch-all term for a number of L A T E X  bibliographic tools with  similar functionality. Collectively, these tools get lumped into the term “B ib T E X.”  In essence “using B ib T E X” has come to mean managing references in a .bib file, rather than doing them by hand.

Every B ib T E X citation needs a unique identifier. This is the first item after the opening curly brace, as shown in the example to the left. A best practice is to use a standard system for assigning identifiers, such as the author's last name and year (e.g. sackson1969 ).

Though they all work similarly, each bibliographic tool in  L A T E X has its own syntax. The UPenn dissertation template  uses the  natbib  package, in which the standard citation command is \citep{ identifier } . As an example, suppose you want to cite the following reference:

@book{  engel1961,    author = "Leonard Engel",    title = "Medicine Makers of Kalamazoo",    publisher = "McGraw-Hill",    address = "New York",    year = "1961" }

In your .tex file, use the command \citep{ engel1961 } . By default, the citation will be display as [Engel, 1961] . If you are using the UPenn dissertation template, the citations are pre-formatted, so it will instead display as (Engel, 1961) .

In order to use natbib , you must first add the proper commands to your .tex file. ( NOTE: If you are using the UPenn dissertation template, these commands are already included, so you can skip this step. ) There are three standard commands. The first two go in the preamble:

\usepackage{ natbib } \bibliographystyle{ plainnat }

And the last one goes just before the \end{ document }  command:

\bibliography{ filename }

Note that the filename does not include the .bib  extension.

There are various ways to customize your references and citations. Ample documentation can be found on Overleaf and elsewhere.

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Helpful Links

• Overleaf (natbib) Overleaf's information about bibliography management with natbib.
• Linking Overleaf to Mendeley/Zotero Overleaf's information about linking to citation management programs.
• UPenn Dissertation Template The official UPenn dissertation template.
• LaTeX LibGuide Penn Libraries' LibGuide about using LaTeX.
• Penn Libraries LaTeX Instruction A series of instructional videos demonstrating how to use LaTeX.
• << Previous: Style Manuals and Citation Guides
• Last Updated: Jun 25, 2024 7:34 AM
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Cite a Thesis in BIBTEX

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Avoid plagiarism — quickly check for missing citations and check for writing mistakes., is your source credible don’t forget to consider these factors., purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author: Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Is there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher: Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organization? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

Currency : timeliness of the information.

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.title

universalSourceForm.overwrites.thesis.intro.text,universalSourceForm.defaults.intro.text

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How to cite a published phd dissertation in bibtex using @phdthesis.

I have the following entry. But when I cite it in my paper, I keep getting "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" showing up in the entry. As far as I can tell there's no field to specify publishing information, so how do I get rid of this message?

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Citation Guide

• BibTeX Code ≤ v2.6
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  BIBTEX NPS Template v2.6 and earlier: Code Examples (Click  here  if you are using version 2.7 or above)

The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.

From the introduction, forward, preface, etc.

 

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Chapter in Edited Book
Book Chapter One author, one editor	Always check your output against the . Enter enter city and state in Publisher field. Major cities like Los Angeles, Boston, and Seattle do not take states. The output differs slightly from the example, but Thesis Processing will accept it. @incollection{Haynes:2009,   author     = {Haynes, P},   title      = {Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, {US} foreign policy},   booktitle  = {Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management},   editor     = {Goodname, A},   year       = {2009},   publisher  = {Routledge, New York},   pages      = {62--74} }
NEED CODE for Cordesman. Winning in Afghanistan. Introduction
Electronic Book
DOI or URL	Always check your output against the . Variant of book class. Note extra brackets in author and note fields to force desired output. @book{Bonds:2014,   author   = {{Bonds, ME}},   title    = {Absolute Music: The History of an Idea},   year     = {2014},   note     = {{h}ttps://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004} }
From book provider	Always check your output against the . Variant of book class. Note extra brackets in author and note fields. @book{Krishnan:2008,   author   = {{Krishnan, AA}},   title    = {War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting},   year     = {2008},   note     = {{h}ttps://www.amazon.com} }
From library database	Always check your output against the . Variant of book class. Note the use of backslash in Title field to prevent extra space after a colon. @book{Crabtree:Chaplin:2013,   author   = {Crabtree, J and Chaplin, A},   title    = {Bolivia:\ Processes of Change},   year     = {2013},   note     = {Proquest} }
NEED CODE for Crabtree Bolivia
Print Book
One author	Always check your output against the . Capitalize book title, and enter city and state in the Publisher field. Major cities like Los Angeles, Boston, and Seattle do not take states. @book{Pollan:2006,   title      = {The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals},   author     = {Pollan, Michael},   year       = {2006},   publisher  = {Penguin, New York} }

Class Notes / Lecture Published	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, entering 1) description, 2) course number 3) month and day, 4) publisher, 5) address and 6) URL, if any, in Howpublished field. In Title field, enclose proper nouns in brackets, as needed, to retain capitalization. @misc{Blanche:2017,   author        = {Blanche, C},   title         ={How {Cosmo} came to be the cutest cat in the world},   howpublished  ={Lecture, Meow Studies 402, August 21, Department of Applied Whiskers, Navel Pregraduate School, Monterey, CA. https://wallcrust.com/meows/cats.whiskers},   year          ={2017} }
Class Notes Unpublished	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, entering details in Howpublished field. In Title field, enclose proper nouns in brackets, as shown. @misc{Houston:2016,   author       = {Houston, A},   year         = {2016},   title        = {Why capitalization matters when visiting the {House of Potato Chips}},   howpublished = {Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September, 28, Fort Chip, ID} }
Lecture Unpublished	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, entering description, place, and month and day in Howpublished field. @misc{Norton:2014,   author        = {Norton, May Eagerton},   year          = {2014},   title         = {Optimizing the rotational velocity of lizards through ceiling fan modulation},   howpublished  = {Lecture, Introduction to Veterinary Studies, May 2, Department of Dragon Husbandry, Charlatan State University, Monogahela, WV}, }
Presentation or Workshop	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, entering details (including URL, if any) in Howpublished field. In Title field, enclose proper nouns in brackets, as needed, to retain capitalization. @misc{Horse:2017,   author        = {Horse, Bay Bee},   title         = {Horseshoes and hand grenades in {Texas}: On the joys of approximation},   year          = {2007},   howpublished  = {Presentation, Conference on Improbable Probabilities, Belmont Race Track, Elmont, NY. https://horse.edu/horseshoesandgrenades/perfect\_together} }

Computer Program / Software

Computer Program / Software

Always check your output against the . Use misc class. Enter VERSION number in Title field. Use Note field to output access statement and URL, if applicable. If the software is out of a box, provide publisher name and address in Note field. @misc{Borenstein:EtAl:2005,   author        = {Borenstein, M and Hedges, L and Higgins, J and Rothstein, H},   year          = {2005},   title         = {Comprehensive meta-analysis, version 2},   note          = {Accessed May 8, 2015, https://www.meta-analysis.com/index.html} } @misc{GAMS,   title         = {{General Algebraic Model System (GAMS)}},   author        = {{GAMS Development Corporation}},   address       = {Fairfax, VA},   year          = {2017},   note          = {https://www.gams.com} }

Conference Proceedings / Paper Presented at Conference
Conference Proceedings (online)	Always check your output against the . Use Note field to insert the URL. The page range will be placed in a different place than the example, but Thesis Processing will accept it. @inproceedings{Morentz:EtAl:2009,   author        = {Morentz, James W and Doyle, Christopher and Skelly, Lawrence and Adam, Nabil},   title         = {Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing},   booktitle     = {2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security},   year          = {2009},   address       = {Waltham, MA},   note          = {https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032} }
Conference Proceedings (print)	Always check your output against the . Normal use of inproceedings class, using Pages field for page range. @inproceedings{Katz:2007,   author        = {Katz, Itai and Gabayan, Kevin and Aghajan, Hamid},   year          = {2007},   title         = {A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras},   booktitle     = {Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems: 9th International Conference},   address       = {Berlin, Germany},   pages         = {97–108} }
Paper Presented at Conference Unpublished	Always check your output against the . Use misc class for presentations, use inproceedings class if there is an associated published work. @misc{Teplin:EtAl:2005,   author        = {Teplin, Linda A and McClelland, Gary M and Abram, Karen M},   title         = {Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study},   howpublished  = {Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA},   year          = {2005} }

Published

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Data Set / Database
NEED CODE for Suro. Changing Channels
Data Set / Database Published	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. Note braces around "Latinos" to preserve capitalization. Enter access date and URL, if any, in Notes field. @misc{Suro:2004,   author        = {Suro, R},   year          = {2004},   title         = {Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of {Latinos} on news media},   note          = {Accessed April 30, 2012, https://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/hanging-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/} }
Data Set Unpublished	Always check your output against the . Use unpublished or misc class, placing MONTH and DAY in Note field. @unpublished{Blanche:2006,   author        = {Blanche, C},   year          = {2006},   note          = {Data provided to the author via email, August 30} }

Published

-->

NEED CODE for Suro. Changing Channels
Dictionary / Encyclopedia
Dictionary / Encyclopedia	Always check your output against the . Variant of book class, entering subject term in Author field. Enter access statement and URL in Note field, with a comma between. If NOT online, use Publisher field instead of Note field (see book class examples).  @book{Metamorphosis:2011,   author        = {Metamorphosis},   title         = {Merriam-Webster},   year          = {2011},   note          = {Accessed March 4, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis}, }

Published

-->

NEED CODE for Suro. Changing Channels
Fact Sheet
Fact Sheet	Always check your output against the . Use misc class, entering URL in Note field. Enclose "h" in https in brackets, to force it to remain lowercase. @misc{FLSA:2008,   author    = {{Department of Labor}},   title     = {The construction industry under the {Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)}},   year      = {2008},   note      = {{h}ttps://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm} }

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

-->

Government / Military Documents
Directive / Instruction
Directive / Instruction	Always check your output against the . Use techreport class. Enter URL in Notes field. @techreport{DOD.8570.01-M,   author        = {{Department of Defense}},   year          = {2005},   title         = {Information assurance training, certification, workforce management},   number        = {DoD Directive 8570.01-M},   address       = {Washington, DC},   note          = {https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf} }
Doctrine
Joint Doctrine	Always check your output against the . Variant of misc class. In Notes field, place 1) report number, 2) CITY and STATE and 3) URL, if any, separated by COMMAS. Note backslashes before underscores in URL, to prevent format corruption. @misc{JP-3-01,   title         = {Countering air and missile threats},   author        = {{Joint Chiefs of Staff}},   year          = {2017},   note          = {JP 3-01, Washington, DC, https://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new\_pubs/jp3\_01\_20172104.pd}, }
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Field Manual / Military Regulation	Always check your output against the . Use manual class. Enter DOC NUMBER in Address field, BEFORE the city and state. Note backslashes before underscores and percent signs in URL, which prevent format corruption. @manual{FM-23-10,   author    = {{Department of the Army}},   year      = {1994},   title     = {{Sniper Training}},   address   = {FM 23-10, Washington, DC},   note      = {https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm\_23-10\2894\29.pdf} }
NEED CODE for  White House. National Security Strategy

Handbook
Handbook (online)	Always check your output against the . Use manual class, entering URL in Note field. @book{TSP-168:1972,   author  = {{Western Spud}},   title   = {{Transmission Systems for Potatoes, \em168th ed.}},   address = {Kinston-Slalom, ID},   year    = {1972},   note    = {https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html} }
Handbook (print)	Always check your output against the . Use book class. If edition is needed, enter it in Title field, PRECEDED with the \em command, in order to remove italics from edition number. @book{Trans:1985,    author    = {{Western Electric}},    title     = {Transmission Systems for Communications, \em3rd ed.},    year      = {1985},    address   = {Winston-Salem, NC} }

Journal Article
Journal Article (online)	Always check your output against the . DOI preferred. Use \ to retain symbols such as "&". Enter URL in Note field. @article{Sanico:Kakinaka:2008,     author   = {Sanico, G and Kakinaka, M},     title    = {Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support},     journal  = {Defence \& Peace Economics},     year     = {2008},     volume   = {19},     number   = {2},     note     = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419} } NEED CODE for  Newmann. Reorganizing for national security. from database -->
Journal Article (print)	Always check your output against the . Normal use of article class. @article{Griffin:2009,     author   = {Griffin, G},     title    = {Managing peacekeeping communications},     journal  = {Journal of Business Continuity \& Emergency Planning},     year     = {2009},     volume   = {3},     number   = {2},     pages    = {317--327} }

Magazine / Newspaper Article
Magazine / Newspaper Article No author given (online)	Always check your output against the . Variant use of article class. Place "The" in publication name at the end of the name, to maintain alphabetization. Force ITALICS in publication name with \em command. Enter month and year in Number field. Enter URL in note field, enclosing the "h" in https in braces to retain lowercase. @article{Economist:2014,     author   = {{\em Economist, The}},     title    = {So long easy money: Foreign drug firms face a severe profit squeeze},     year     = {2014},     number   = {June 12},     note     = {https://www.economist.com/news/business/21604178-foreign-drug-firms-face-severe-profit-squeeze-so-long-easy-money}, }
Magazine Article Author given (print)	Always check your output against the . Normal use of article class. @article{Beforebad:2014,     author   = {Beforebad, Sarah},     title    = {Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat?},     journal  = {Pasta Dynamics},     year     = {2014},     number   = {January 1} }

Patent

Patent

Always check your output against the . Use misc class. Note double braces around Title field to retain word capitalization. Enter URL in Note field, if available. @misc{Bell:1876,     author        = {Bell, Alexander Graham},     title         = {{U.S. Patent No. 174,465}},     howpublished  = {U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC},     year          = {1876},     note          = {{h}ttps://www.google.com/patents/US174465} }

Personal Communication
Email	Always check your output against the . Use unpublished class. Enter description of communication and month and day in Note field, in the order shown. @unpublished{Wunkerbunk:2002,     author    = {Wunkerbunk, Ted Telly},     year      = {2002},     note      = {Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11} }
Interview	Always check your output against the . Use unpublished class. Enter description in Note field, in order shown. @unpublished{Monster:1985,     author    = {Monster, Chad},     year      = {2002},     note      = {Interview by Ernest J. Keebler. Betamax, November 20. Keebler Company} }

Report
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. Note use of backslash before underscores in web address. Note return space in the URL, to keep URL from flowing past right margin. @misc{Dixon:2017,     author         = {Dixon, L and Clancy, N and Miller, B},     year           = {2017},     title          = {The cost and affordability of flood insurance in {New York City. RR-1776-NYCEDC}},     howpublished   = {Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA},     note           = {https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research\_reports     /RR1700/RR1776/RAND\_RR1776.pdf} }
Technical Report
Technical Report	Always check your output against the . Use techreport class, which forces the word "Technical Report" to output. Use BRACES to retain capitalization of proper noun and acronyms in title.   @techreport{Wonka:1972,     author        = {Wonka, W and Loompa, O and Bucket, C},     title         = {{Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA)}},     number        = {VK-1916},     institution   = {Gloop Corporation},     address       = {Great Missenden, UK},     year          = {1876},     note          = {{h}ttps://www.google.com/patents/US174465} }

Secondary Source

Secondary Source

Always check your output against the . Use class of appropriate source type. In this case, it's a book. Note format of author name in Author field to express his three first initials. @book{Nicholson:2003,      author     = {Nicholson, Ian A M},      title      = {Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood},      year       = {2003},      publisher  = {American Psychological Association, Washington, DC} }

Thesis / Dissertation
From a commercial database	Always check your output against the . Use mastersthesis class. Note double braces in not field to force capitalization of "ProQuest." @mastersthesis{Nekeip:2008,      author     = {Nekeip, Ray},      title      = {Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven},      school     = {Garden of Sushi School of Sushi},      address    = {Maui, HI},      year       = {2008},      type       = {Master's thesis},      note       = {{P}roQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426)} }
From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun	Always check your output against the . Use mastersthesis class. ENTER department in School field. LOWERCASE title, except for first word, proper nouns, and first word after colon. @mastersthesis{Yoshi:1988,      author     = {Yoshi, Helen},      title      = {Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids},      school     = {Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman \& Laird University},      address    = {New York, NY},      year       = {1988},      type       = {Doctoral Dissertation},      note       = {https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html} }

Unpublished / Informally Published Work
Unpublished Accepted for Publication (online)	Always check your output against the . BECAUSE this is a journal article, the journal class was a better choice than the unpublished class. ENTER word "Forthcoming" in Note field. @article{Horse:1996,       author       = {Horse, Bob Brewster},        title        = {Back in the saddle 2:\ {Back} in the saddle},       journal      = {Gaucho Marx: A Journal of Cowpoke Consciousness.},       year         = {1996},       note         = {Forthcoming. https://blahblahblahhorse.com/bits2bits} }
Unpublished (print)	Always check your output against the . The output differs slightly from the example, but Thesis Processing will accept it. @unpublished{Horse:1995,        author     = {Horse, Bob Brewster},        title      = {Back in the saddle},        year       = {1995},        note       = {Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL} }

Website / Webpage
Author and date given	Always check your output against the . Use misc class. Enter WEBSITE OWNER NAME and access date in Note field. (Provide access date only if no publication date is available, the info is likely to change, as in Wikipedia entries, or the link is now broken.) @misc{Sushi:1995,       author       = {Sushi, Ursella Quest},       year         = {1995},       title        = {Absorption of cats in sushi},       note         = {Sushi Lab. Accessed November 9, 1999, https://www.wallcrust.com/?hgtehrwOIASD.html} }
Organization as author	Always check your output against the . See notes above. @misc{FBI:2017,       author      = {{Federal Bureau of Investigation}},       year        = {1995},       title       = {Forging papers to sell fake art},       note        = {Accessed April 13, 2017, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art} }
No date given	Always check your output against the . See notes in above entry, entering YEAR ACCESSED in Year field. @misc{Python:2017,       author     = {Python, Mary},       year       = {2017},       title      = {Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk},       note       = {Ministry of Silly Walks. Accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers} }
Janes example	Always check your output against the . @misc{Jane:2017,        author    = {Janes},        year      = {2017},        title     = {Mali: Executive summary},        note      = {Accessed June 16, 2017, https://customer.janes.com/} }

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Always check your output against the . Variant of article class. Enter ENTRY TITLE in Author field (the entry title goes in the author position, and is used in the in-text citation. Enter "Wikipedia" in Journal field, with a PERIOD. Not normally an accepted source in academia; please ask your instructor or advisor. @article{Psychology:2016,        author     = {Psychology},        year       = {2016},        journal    = {Wikipedia.},        note       = {Accessed October 10, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology} }

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Cite a Thesis in BIBTEX

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Citing parts of a thesis or dissertation using IEEE referencing

I've found myself extensively referencing parts of theses and dissertations for my own research paper. The IEEE editorial style manual suggests that they should be referenced in the following form:

[1] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. [2] J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

I have a 120 page paper that I reference heavily and I find it unusual that there aren't any suggestions or examples that attempt to reference parts of theses or dissertations. I feel like readers would be dissinterested to pursue the paper to locate the source information.

Perhaps I am confused about how frequently references are pursued by readers? When reading internet articles, or PDFs from research papers that aren't published in an academic institution, I enjoy how authors place hyperlinks to provide further reading on information that readers might wish to pursue further. Could it be that readers aren't really engaged into further pursuing references and that it's not an issue if I don't reference parts of these or dissertations?

2 Answers 2

According to the third edition of How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper that I have, one should list only significant, published references. References to unpublished data, papers in press, abstracts, theses, and other secondary materials should not clutter up the References or Literature Cited section (i.e. Bibliography). If such a reference seems absolutely necessary, one may add it parenthetically, or as a footnote in the text.

I do not necessarily agree with this since, I have seen theses (at least) being cited in the Bibliography, not to mention URL's to websites (where information is more transient).

As for the use of inclusive pagination (i.e. first and last page numbers), it makes it easier for potential users to distinguish between one-page notes and 50 page review articles. The only time I have seen this done is to distinguish between articles/chapters in @journal, @incollection, @book or @inbook type references to say the least. Typically, the style has been to include all pages of the reference rather than a subset of pages. If you want to make reference to a particular page or chapter of a dissertation or thesis, however, you may do so in your text along with the citation. For example,

Where [1] appears beside the reference to Micciancio's PhD thesis in the Bibliography. At least, that's how I've seen others do it.

Ex-citing stuff, isn't it...? ;-)

P.S. Here are a couple of examples of how referenced articles, books and theses appear in the Bibliography using the IEEE style.

Note that the first citation is from an @inprocedings type reference, while the fourth is from a @journal. The second and third citation are @book type references, while the fifth is a thesis. Note that the above references were generated using BiBTeX. Although it is possible to add inclusive pagination to the @book and @thesis type references, BiBTeX will ignore them. I have tried and tested this for the @thesis style at least.

• Great answer! I was just thinking about the IEEE citation style when answering a question over on English SE. And actually, yes, it is very cool stuff you are citing! I can only read about that stuff (breaking MD5, new/improved cryptographic hash functions) for fun, wish I could do it all day long. –  Ellie Kesselman Commented Dec 18, 2011 at 23:04
• Thanks for that. If you are interested, there is a group on the Stack Exchange dedicated to Cryptography. Here's the link: Cryptography.SE . Go for your life.... ;-) –  Bill Commented Dec 19, 2011 at 23:55

Citing specific pages of a long source is quite common. There are two ways of doing it:

Cite the page number(s) along with the reference number in the body of the text, e.g. [12, pp140-142], or [Smith 90, pp140-142].

Give each reference in the body of the text a different number, and then list them using " ibid ". For example:

[12] J. K. Author, "Title of thesis", ... , pp140-142. [13] Ibid., p42. [14] Ibid., pp10-12.

• The citation style for books defines how chapters, sections and pages can be referenced ch. xx, sec. xx, pp. [xx/xx-xx] at the end of the reference. Additionally, when referencing a particular chapter, the format "Title of chapter" in Title of book is used. It would be common sense that I can specify the location of the referenced text in a thesis or dissertation. But since the style document doesn't include any specification, and I can't find any paper with references that can support it, I'm really left confused. –  kron Commented Sep 18, 2010 at 22:41
• Can you not just use the same format as is used for books? –  Steve Melnikoff Commented Sep 18, 2010 at 22:51

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: testing and evaluation of large language models: correctness, non-toxicity, and fairness.

Abstract: Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have rapidly penetrated into people's work and daily lives over the past few years, due to their extraordinary conversational skills and intelligence. ChatGPT has become the fastest-growing software in terms of user numbers in human history and become an important foundational model for the next generation of artificial intelligence applications. However, the generations of LLMs are not entirely reliable, often producing content with factual errors, biases, and toxicity. Given their vast number of users and wide range of application scenarios, these unreliable responses can lead to many serious negative impacts. This thesis introduces the exploratory works in the field of language model reliability during the PhD study, focusing on the correctness, non-toxicity, and fairness of LLMs from both software testing and natural language processing perspectives. First, to measure the correctness of LLMs, we introduce two testing frameworks, FactChecker and LogicAsker, to evaluate factual knowledge and logical reasoning accuracy, respectively. Second, for the non-toxicity of LLMs, we introduce two works for red-teaming LLMs. Third, to evaluate the fairness of LLMs, we introduce two evaluation frameworks, BiasAsker and XCulturalBench, to measure the social bias and cultural bias of LLMs, respectively.

Comments:	PhD Thesis
Subjects:	Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Software Engineering (cs.SE)
Cite as:	[cs.CL]
	(or [cs.CL] for this version)
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BibTeX mastersthesis template

The mastersthesis entry type is intended to be used for a Master's thesis.

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Citation problem using Bibtex

I want to cite a PhD dissertation in my paper. I am using IEEEtrans class along with Bibtex for bibliography. The following is my entry in the .bib file.

Upon compiling I get the following result.

I dont know why it is not printing out the school name and the department name. This question had a similar problem but I checked that I have no lines commented out in the .bib file. Can anyone help identifying the issue here.

• bibliographies

• 4 You're missing a comma at the end of the howpublished line. There should be an error or warning message to this effect in the blg file. As BibTeX crashes at that point, none of the information in the school field is processed, which explains why it's not shown in the formatted entry. –  Mico Commented Jan 10, 2015 at 22:07
• 2 Incidentally, in the IEEEtran bibliography style, the entry type @phdthesis will only process fields named author , title , school , address , date , note , and url . Hence, the contents of the howpublished field will not get processed by the IEEEtran style. I suggest you rename the field name to, say, note . –  Mico Commented Jan 10, 2015 at 22:41
• @Mico Thanks for catching the mistake as well as suggesting a solution as I have to stay with IEEEtran style. Can you put your comments in form of an answer so that I can accept it? –  Abhinav Commented Jan 11, 2015 at 1:06
• I've posted the comments as an answer. :-) –  Mico Commented Jan 11, 2015 at 9:13

2 Answers 2

There are two issues with the bib entry you've posted. First, there's a comma missing at the end of the field named howpublished ; remember that BibTeX expects a comma as the delimiter between fields. Second, the howpublished field isn't recognized -- and hence isn't processed -- by the bibliography style IEEEtran . I suggest you rename the field to either note or url . (With the bib style IEEEtr , only note would work correctly.)

You might consider using biblatex-ieee : biblatex has a specific url field, which works just fine, after the missing comma has been added:

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• I want to be a observational astronomer, but have no idea where to start
• Model reduction in linear regression by stepwise elimination of predictors with "non-significant" coefficients
• Are all pass filters stable?
• Why does my LED bulb light up dimly when I touch it?
• How to delete members of a list by rule
• Mistake on car insurance policy about use of car (commuting/social)
• Plausible orbit to have a visible object slowly circle over the night sky
• Acceleration command in proportional navigation?
• Fundamental Question on Noise Figure
• Nothing to do with books but everything to do with "BANGS"!
• Understanding the parabolic state of a quantum particle in the infinite square well
• Movie / episode where a spaceplane is stuck in orbit
• The head of a screw is missing on one side of the spigot outdoor
• How would you read this time change with the given note equivalence?
• What is the missing fifth of the missing fifths?
• Has anyone returned from space in a different vehicle from the one they went up in? And if so who was the first?
• Could a lawyer agree not to take any further cases against a company?
• Are there many more verbs like 'abflauen' where the basic infinitive 'flauen' does not exist?
• How many color information loss if I iterate all hue and value while keep saturation constant?