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• Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | Differences, Examples & Methods

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | Differences, Examples & Methods

Published on April 12, 2019 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on June 22, 2023.

When collecting and analyzing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge.

Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.

Quantitative research is at risk for research biases including information bias , omitted variable bias , sampling bias , or selection bias . Qualitative research Qualitative research is expressed in words . It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood.

Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.

Table of contents

The differences between quantitative and qualitative research, data collection methods, when to use qualitative vs. quantitative research, how to analyze qualitative and quantitative data, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about qualitative and quantitative research.

Quantitative and qualitative research use different research methods to collect and analyze data, and they allow you to answer different kinds of research questions.

Quantitative and qualitative data can be collected using various methods. It is important to use a data collection method that will help answer your research question(s).

Many data collection methods can be either qualitative or quantitative. For example, in surveys, observational studies or case studies , your data can be represented as numbers (e.g., using rating scales or counting frequencies) or as words (e.g., with open-ended questions or descriptions of what you observe).

However, some methods are more commonly used in one type or the other.

Quantitative data collection methods

• Surveys :  List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample (online, in person, or over the phone).
• Experiments : Situation in which different types of variables are controlled and manipulated to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Observations : Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be controlled.

Qualitative data collection methods

• Interviews : Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.
• Focus groups : Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions that can be used for further research.
• Ethnography : Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of time to closely observe culture and behavior.
• Literature review : Survey of published works by other authors.

A rule of thumb for deciding whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is:

• Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or hypothesis )
• Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts, experiences)

For most research topics you can choose a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods approach . Which type you choose depends on, among other things, whether you’re taking an inductive vs. deductive research approach ; your research question(s) ; whether you’re doing experimental , correlational , or descriptive research ; and practical considerations such as time, money, availability of data, and access to respondents.

Quantitative research approach

You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: “on a scale from 1-5, how satisfied are your with your professors?”

You can perform statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: “on average students rated their professors 4.4”.

Qualitative research approach

You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: “How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study program?” and “What can be done to improve the study program?”

Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You transcribe all interviews using transcription software and try to find commonalities and patterns.

Mixed methods approach

You conduct interviews to find out how satisfied students are with their studies. Through open-ended questions you learn things you never thought about before and gain new insights. Later, you use a survey to test these insights on a larger scale.

It’s also possible to start with a survey to find out the overall trends, followed by interviews to better understand the reasons behind the trends.

Qualitative or quantitative data by itself can’t prove or demonstrate anything, but has to be analyzed to show its meaning in relation to the research questions. The method of analysis differs for each type of data.

Analyzing quantitative data

Quantitative data is based on numbers. Simple math or more advanced statistical analysis is used to discover commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are often reported in graphs and tables.

Applications such as Excel, SPSS, or R can be used to calculate things like:

• Average scores ( means )
• The number of times a particular answer was given
• The correlation or causation between two or more variables
• The reliability and validity of the results

Analyzing qualitative data

Qualitative data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative data. It consists of text, images or videos instead of numbers.

Some common approaches to analyzing qualitative data include:

• Qualitative content analysis : Tracking the occurrence, position and meaning of words or phrases
• Thematic analysis : Closely examining the data to identify the main themes and patterns
• Discourse analysis : Studying how communication works in social contexts

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Chi square goodness of fit test
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .

The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .

• If you want to measure something or test a hypothesis , use quantitative methods . If you want to explore ideas, thoughts and meanings, use qualitative methods .
• If you want to analyze a large amount of readily-available data, use secondary data. If you want data specific to your purposes with control over how it is generated, collect primary data.
• If you want to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables , use experimental methods. If you want to understand the characteristics of a research subject, use descriptive methods.

Data collection is the systematic process by which observations or measurements are gathered in research. It is used in many different contexts by academics, governments, businesses, and other organizations.

There are various approaches to qualitative data analysis , but they all share five steps in common:

• Prepare and organize your data.
• Review and explore your data.
• Develop a data coding system.
• Assign codes to the data.
• Identify recurring themes.

The specifics of each step depend on the focus of the analysis. Some common approaches include textual analysis , thematic analysis , and discourse analysis .

A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question . Research projects can take many forms, such as qualitative or quantitative , descriptive , longitudinal , experimental , or correlational . What kind of research approach you choose will depend on your topic.

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Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Methods & Data Analysis

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What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative?

The main difference between quantitative and qualitative research is the type of data they collect and analyze.

Quantitative research collects numerical data and analyzes it using statistical methods. The aim is to produce objective, empirical data that can be measured and expressed in numerical terms. Quantitative research is often used to test hypotheses, identify patterns, and make predictions.

Qualitative research , on the other hand, collects non-numerical data such as words, images, and sounds. The focus is on exploring subjective experiences, opinions, and attitudes, often through observation and interviews.

Qualitative research aims to produce rich and detailed descriptions of the phenomenon being studied, and to uncover new insights and meanings.

Quantitative data is information about quantities, and therefore numbers, and qualitative data is descriptive, and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, such as language.

What Is Qualitative Research?

Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting non-numerical data, such as language. Qualitative research can be used to understand how an individual subjectively perceives and gives meaning to their social reality.

Qualitative data is non-numerical data, such as text, video, photographs, or audio recordings. This type of data can be collected using diary accounts or in-depth interviews and analyzed using grounded theory or thematic analysis.

Qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Denzin and Lincoln (1994, p. 2)

Interest in qualitative data came about as the result of the dissatisfaction of some psychologists (e.g., Carl Rogers) with the scientific study of psychologists such as behaviorists (e.g., Skinner ).

Since psychologists study people, the traditional approach to science is not seen as an appropriate way of carrying out research since it fails to capture the totality of human experience and the essence of being human.  Exploring participants’ experiences is known as a phenomenological approach (re: Humanism ).

Qualitative research is primarily concerned with meaning, subjectivity, and lived experience. The goal is to understand the quality and texture of people’s experiences, how they make sense of them, and the implications for their lives.

Qualitative research aims to understand the social reality of individuals, groups, and cultures as nearly as possible as participants feel or live it. Thus, people and groups are studied in their natural setting.

Some examples of qualitative research questions are provided, such as what an experience feels like, how people talk about something, how they make sense of an experience, and how events unfold for people.

Research following a qualitative approach is exploratory and seeks to explain ‘how’ and ‘why’ a particular phenomenon, or behavior, operates as it does in a particular context. It can be used to generate hypotheses and theories from the data.

Qualitative Methods

There are different types of qualitative research methods, including diary accounts, in-depth interviews , documents, focus groups , case study research , and ethnography.

The results of qualitative methods provide a deep understanding of how people perceive their social realities and in consequence, how they act within the social world.

The researcher has several methods for collecting empirical materials, ranging from the interview to direct observation, to the analysis of artifacts, documents, and cultural records, to the use of visual materials or personal experience. Denzin and Lincoln (1994, p. 14)

Here are some examples of qualitative data:

Interview transcripts : Verbatim records of what participants said during an interview or focus group. They allow researchers to identify common themes and patterns, and draw conclusions based on the data. Interview transcripts can also be useful in providing direct quotes and examples to support research findings.

Observations : The researcher typically takes detailed notes on what they observe, including any contextual information, nonverbal cues, or other relevant details. The resulting observational data can be analyzed to gain insights into social phenomena, such as human behavior, social interactions, and cultural practices.

Unstructured interviews : generate qualitative data through the use of open questions.  This allows the respondent to talk in some depth, choosing their own words.  This helps the researcher develop a real sense of a person’s understanding of a situation.

Diaries or journals : Written accounts of personal experiences or reflections.

Notice that qualitative data could be much more than just words or text. Photographs, videos, sound recordings, and so on, can be considered qualitative data. Visual data can be used to understand behaviors, environments, and social interactions.

Qualitative Data Analysis

Qualitative research is endlessly creative and interpretive. The researcher does not just leave the field with mountains of empirical data and then easily write up his or her findings.

Qualitative interpretations are constructed, and various techniques can be used to make sense of the data, such as content analysis, grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), or discourse analysis .

For example, thematic analysis is a qualitative approach that involves identifying implicit or explicit ideas within the data. Themes will often emerge once the data has been coded .

Key Features

• Events can be understood adequately only if they are seen in context. Therefore, a qualitative researcher immerses her/himself in the field, in natural surroundings. The contexts of inquiry are not contrived; they are natural. Nothing is predefined or taken for granted.
• Qualitative researchers want those who are studied to speak for themselves, to provide their perspectives in words and other actions. Therefore, qualitative research is an interactive process in which the persons studied teach the researcher about their lives.
• The qualitative researcher is an integral part of the data; without the active participation of the researcher, no data exists.
• The study’s design evolves during the research and can be adjusted or changed as it progresses. For the qualitative researcher, there is no single reality. It is subjective and exists only in reference to the observer.
• The theory is data-driven and emerges as part of the research process, evolving from the data as they are collected.

Limitations of Qualitative Research

• Because of the time and costs involved, qualitative designs do not generally draw samples from large-scale data sets.
• The problem of adequate validity or reliability is a major criticism. Because of the subjective nature of qualitative data and its origin in single contexts, it is difficult to apply conventional standards of reliability and validity. For example, because of the central role played by the researcher in the generation of data, it is not possible to replicate qualitative studies.
• Also, contexts, situations, events, conditions, and interactions cannot be replicated to any extent, nor can generalizations be made to a wider context than the one studied with confidence.
• The time required for data collection, analysis, and interpretation is lengthy. Analysis of qualitative data is difficult, and expert knowledge of an area is necessary to interpret qualitative data. Great care must be taken when doing so, for example, looking for mental illness symptoms.

Advantages of Qualitative Research

• Because of close researcher involvement, the researcher gains an insider’s view of the field. This allows the researcher to find issues that are often missed (such as subtleties and complexities) by the scientific, more positivistic inquiries.
• Qualitative descriptions can be important in suggesting possible relationships, causes, effects, and dynamic processes.
• Qualitative analysis allows for ambiguities/contradictions in the data, which reflect social reality (Denscombe, 2010).
• Qualitative research uses a descriptive, narrative style; this research might be of particular benefit to the practitioner as she or he could turn to qualitative reports to examine forms of knowledge that might otherwise be unavailable, thereby gaining new insight.

What Is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative research involves the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control variables of interest.

The goals of quantitative research are to test causal relationships between variables , make predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.

Quantitative researchers aim to establish general laws of behavior and phenomenon across different settings/contexts. Research is used to test a theory and ultimately support or reject it.

Quantitative Methods

Experiments typically yield quantitative data, as they are concerned with measuring things.  However, other research methods, such as controlled observations and questionnaires , can produce both quantitative information.

For example, a rating scale or closed questions on a questionnaire would generate quantitative data as these produce either numerical data or data that can be put into categories (e.g., “yes,” “no” answers).

Experimental methods limit how research participants react to and express appropriate social behavior.

Findings are, therefore, likely to be context-bound and simply a reflection of the assumptions that the researcher brings to the investigation.

There are numerous examples of quantitative data in psychological research, including mental health. Here are a few examples:

Another example is the Experience in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), a self-report questionnaire widely used to assess adult attachment styles .

The ECR provides quantitative data that can be used to assess attachment styles and predict relationship outcomes.

Neuroimaging data : Neuroimaging techniques, such as MRI and fMRI, provide quantitative data on brain structure and function.

This data can be analyzed to identify brain regions involved in specific mental processes or disorders.

For example, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a clinician-administered questionnaire widely used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in individuals.

The BDI consists of 21 questions, each scored on a scale of 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms. 

Quantitative Data Analysis

Statistics help us turn quantitative data into useful information to help with decision-making. We can use statistics to summarize our data, describing patterns, relationships, and connections. Statistics can be descriptive or inferential.

Descriptive statistics help us to summarize our data. In contrast, inferential statistics are used to identify statistically significant differences between groups of data (such as intervention and control groups in a randomized control study).

• Quantitative researchers try to control extraneous variables by conducting their studies in the lab.
• The research aims for objectivity (i.e., without bias) and is separated from the data.
• The design of the study is determined before it begins.
• For the quantitative researcher, the reality is objective, exists separately from the researcher, and can be seen by anyone.
• Research is used to test a theory and ultimately support or reject it.

Limitations of Quantitative Research

• Context: Quantitative experiments do not take place in natural settings. In addition, they do not allow participants to explain their choices or the meaning of the questions they may have for those participants (Carr, 1994).
• Researcher expertise: Poor knowledge of the application of statistical analysis may negatively affect analysis and subsequent interpretation (Black, 1999).
• Variability of data quantity: Large sample sizes are needed for more accurate analysis. Small-scale quantitative studies may be less reliable because of the low quantity of data (Denscombe, 2010). This also affects the ability to generalize study findings to wider populations.
• Confirmation bias: The researcher might miss observing phenomena because of focus on theory or hypothesis testing rather than on the theory of hypothesis generation.

Advantages of Quantitative Research

• Scientific objectivity: Quantitative data can be interpreted with statistical analysis, and since statistics are based on the principles of mathematics, the quantitative approach is viewed as scientifically objective and rational (Carr, 1994; Denscombe, 2010).
• Useful for testing and validating already constructed theories.
• Rapid analysis: Sophisticated software removes much of the need for prolonged data analysis, especially with large volumes of data involved (Antonius, 2003).
• Replication: Quantitative data is based on measured values and can be checked by others because numerical data is less open to ambiguities of interpretation.
• Hypotheses can also be tested because of statistical analysis (Antonius, 2003).

Antonius, R. (2003). Interpreting quantitative data with SPSS . Sage.

Black, T. R. (1999). Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: An integrated approach to research design, measurement and statistics . Sage.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology , 3, 77–101.

Carr, L. T. (1994). The strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research : what method for nursing? Journal of advanced nursing, 20(4) , 716-721.

Denscombe, M. (2010). The Good Research Guide: for small-scale social research. McGraw Hill.

Denzin, N., & Lincoln. Y. (1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Inc.

Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968). The discovery of grounded theory; strategies for qualitative research. Nursing research, 17(4) , 364.

Minichiello, V. (1990). In-Depth Interviewing: Researching People. Longman Cheshire.

Punch, K. (1998). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage

Further Information

• Mixed methods research
• Designing qualitative research
• Methods of data collection and analysis
• Introduction to quantitative and qualitative research
• Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog?
• Qualitative research in health care: Analysing qualitative data
• Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach
• Using the framework method for the analysis of
• Qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research
• Content Analysis
• Grounded Theory
• Thematic Analysis

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Chapter 3: Developing a Research Question

3.5 Quantitative, Qualitative, & Mixed Methods Research Approaches

Generally speaking, qualitative and quantitative approaches are the most common methods utilized by researchers. While these two approaches are often presented as a dichotomy, in reality it is much more complicated. Certainly, there are researchers who fall on the more extreme ends of these two approaches, however most recognize the advantages and usefulness of combining both methods (mixed methods). In the following sections we look at quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodological approaches to undertaking research. Table 2.3 synthesizes the differences between quantitative and qualitative research approaches.

Quantitative Research Approaches

A quantitative approach to research is probably the most familiar approach for the typical research student studying at the introductory level. Arising from the natural sciences, e.g., chemistry and biology), the quantitative approach is framed by the belief that there is one reality or truth that simply requires discovering, known as realism. Therefore, asking the “right” questions is key. Further, this perspective favours observable causes and effects and is therefore outcome-oriented. Typically, aggregate data is used to see patterns and “truth” about the phenomenon under study. True understanding is determined by the ability to predict the phenomenon.

Qualitative Research Approaches

On the other side of research approaches is the qualitative approach. This is generally considered to be the opposite of the quantitative approach. Qualitative researchers are considered phenomenologists, or human-centred researchers. Any research must account for the humanness, i.e., that they have thoughts, feelings, and experiences that they interpret of the participants. Instead of a realist perspective suggesting one reality or truth, qualitative researchers tend to favour the constructionist perspective: knowledge is created, not discovered, and there are multiple realities based on someone’s perspective. Specifically, a researcher needs to understand why, how and to whom a phenomenon applies. These aspects are usually unobservable since they are the thoughts, feelings and experiences of the person. Most importantly, they are a function of their perception of those things rather than what the outside researcher interprets them to be. As a result, there is no such thing as a neutral or objective outsider, as in the quantitative approach. Rather, the approach is generally process-oriented. True understanding, rather than information based on prediction, is based on understanding action and on the interpretive meaning of that action.

Note: Researchers in emergency and safety professions are increasingly turning toward qualitative methods. Here is an interesting peer paper related to qualitative research in emergency care (two parts).

Qualitative Research in Emergency Care Part I: Research Principles and Common Applications by Choo, Garro, Ranney, Meisel, and Guthrie (2015)

Interview-based Qualitative Research in Emergency Care Part II: Data Collection, Analysis and Results Reporting

Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introduction Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Qualitative vs Quantitative Research: Differences, Examples, and Methods

There are two broad kinds of research approaches: qualitative and quantitative research that are used to study and analyze phenomena in various fields such as natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Whether you have realized it or not, your research must have followed either or both research types. In this article we will discuss what qualitative vs quantitative research is, their applications, pros and cons, and when to use qualitative vs quantitative research . Before we get into the details, it is important to understand the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research.     

Table of Contents

Qualitative v s Quantitative Research  

Quantitative research deals with quantity, hence, this research type is concerned with numbers and statistics to prove or disapprove theories or hypothesis. In contrast, qualitative research is all about quality – characteristics, unquantifiable features, and meanings to seek deeper understanding of behavior and phenomenon. These two methodologies serve complementary roles in the research process, each offering unique insights and methods suited to different research questions and objectives.    

Qualitative and quantitative research approaches have their own unique characteristics, drawbacks, advantages, and uses. Where quantitative research is mostly employed to validate theories or assumptions with the goal of generalizing facts to the larger population, qualitative research is used to study concepts, thoughts, or experiences for the purpose of gaining the underlying reasons, motivations, and meanings behind human behavior .   

What Are the Differences Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research  

Qualitative and quantitative research differs in terms of the methods they employ to conduct, collect, and analyze data. For example, qualitative research usually relies on interviews, observations, and textual analysis to explore subjective experiences and diverse perspectives. While quantitative data collection methods include surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis to gather and analyze numerical data. The differences between the two research approaches across various aspects are listed in the table below.    

Data Collection Methods  

There are differences between qualitative and quantitative research when it comes to data collection as they deal with different types of data. Qualitative research is concerned with personal or descriptive accounts to understand human behavior within society. Quantitative research deals with numerical or measurable data to delineate relations among variables. Hence, the qualitative data collection methods differ significantly from quantitative data collection methods due to the nature of data being collected and the research objectives. Below is the list of data collection methods for each research approach:    

Qualitative Research Data Collection  

• Interviews  
• Focus g roups  
• Content a nalysis  
• Literature review  
• Observation  
• Ethnography  

Qualitative research data collection can involve one-on-one group interviews to capture in-depth perspectives of participants using open-ended questions. These interviews could be structured, semi-structured or unstructured depending upon the nature of the study. Focus groups can be used to explore specific topics and generate rich data through discussions among participants. Another qualitative data collection method is content analysis, which involves systematically analyzing text documents, audio, and video files or visual content to uncover patterns, themes, and meanings. This can be done through coding and categorization of raw data to draw meaningful insights. Data can be collected through observation studies where the goal is to simply observe and document behaviors, interaction, and phenomena in natural settings without interference. Lastly, ethnography allows one to immerse themselves in the culture or environment under study for a prolonged period to gain a deep understanding of the social phenomena.   

Quantitative Research Data Collection  

• Surveys/ q uestionnaires  
• Experiments
• Secondary data analysis  
• Structured o bservations  
• Case studies   
• Tests and a ssessments  

Quantitative research data collection approaches comprise of fundamental methods for generating numerical data that can be analyzed using statistical or mathematical tools. The most common quantitative data collection approach is the usage of structured surveys with close-ended questions to collect quantifiable data from a large sample of participants. These can be conducted online, over the phone, or in person.   

Performing experiments is another important data collection approach, in which variables are manipulated under controlled conditions to observe their effects on dependent variables. This often involves random assignment of participants to different conditions or groups. Such experimental settings are employed to gauge cause-and-effect relationships and understand a complex phenomenon. At times, instead of acquiring original data, researchers may deal with secondary data, which is the dataset curated by others, such as government agencies, research organizations, or academic institute. With structured observations, subjects in a natural environment can be studied by controlling the variables which aids in understanding the relationship among various variables. The secondary data is then analyzed to identify patterns and relationships among variables. Observational studies provide a means to systematically observe and record behaviors or phenomena as they occur in controlled environments. Case studies form an interesting study methodology in which a researcher studies a single entity or a small number of entities (individuals or organizations) in detail to understand complex phenomena within a specific context.   

Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Outcomes  

Qualitative research and quantitative research lead to varied research outcomes, each with its own strengths and limitations. For example, qualitative research outcomes provide deep descriptive accounts of human experiences, motivations, and perspectives that allow us to identify themes or narratives and context in which behavior, attitudes, or phenomena occurs.  Quantitative research outcomes on the other hand produce numerical data that is analyzed statistically to establish patterns and relationships objectively, to form generalizations about the larger population and make predictions. This numerical data can be presented in the form of graphs, tables, or charts. Both approaches offer valuable perspectives on complex phenomena, with qualitative research focusing on depth and interpretation, while quantitative research emphasizes numerical analysis and objectivity.  

When to Use Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Approach  

The decision to choose between qualitative and quantitative research depends on various factors, such as the research question, objectives, whether you are taking an inductive or deductive approach, available resources, practical considerations such as time and money, and the nature of the phenomenon under investigation. To simplify, quantitative research can be used if the aim of the research is to prove or test a hypothesis, while qualitative research should be used if the research question is more exploratory and an in-depth understanding of the concepts, behavior, or experiences is needed.     

Qualitative research approach  

Qualitative research approach is used under following scenarios:   

• To study complex phenomena: When the research requires understanding the depth, complexity, and context of a phenomenon.  
• Collecting participant perspectives: When the goal is to understand the why behind a certain behavior, and a need to capture subjective experiences and perceptions of participants.  
• Generating hypotheses or theories: When generating hypotheses, theories, or conceptual frameworks based on exploratory research.  

Example: If you have a research question “What obstacles do expatriate students encounter when acquiring a new language in their host country?”  

This research question can be addressed using the qualitative research approach by conducting in-depth interviews with 15-25 expatriate university students. Ask open-ended questions such as “What are the major challenges you face while attempting to learn the new language?”, “Do you find it difficult to learn the language as an adult?”, and “Do you feel practicing with a native friend or colleague helps the learning process”?  

Based on the findings of these answers, a follow-up questionnaire can be planned to clarify things. Next step will be to transcribe all interviews using transcription software and identify themes and patterns.   

Quantitative research approach  

Quantitative research approach is used under following scenarios:   

• Testing hypotheses or proving theories: When aiming to test hypotheses, establish relationships, or examine cause-and-effect relationships.   
• Generalizability: When needing findings that can be generalized to broader populations using large, representative samples.  
• Statistical analysis: When requiring rigorous statistical analysis to quantify relationships, patterns, or trends in data.   

Example : Considering the above example, you can conduct a survey of 200-300 expatriate university students and ask them specific questions such as: “On a scale of 1-10 how difficult is it to learn a new language?”  

Next, statistical analysis can be performed on the responses to draw conclusions like, on an average expatriate students rated the difficulty of learning a language 6.5 on the scale of 10.    

Mixed methods approach  

In many cases, researchers may opt for a mixed methods approach , combining qualitative and quantitative methods to leverage the strengths of both approaches. Researchers may use qualitative data to explore phenomena in-depth and generate hypotheses, while quantitative data can be used to test these hypotheses and generalize findings to broader populations.  

Example: Both qualitative and quantitative research methods can be used in combination to address the above research question. Through open-ended questions you can gain insights about different perspectives and experiences while quantitative research allows you to test that knowledge and prove/disprove your hypothesis.   

How to Analyze Qualitative and Quantitative Data  

When it comes to analyzing qualitative and quantitative data, the focus is on identifying patterns in the data to highlight the relationship between elements. The best research method for any given study should be chosen based on the study aim. A few methods to analyze qualitative and quantitative data are listed below.  

Analyzing qualitative data  

Qualitative data analysis is challenging as it is not expressed in numbers and consists majorly of texts, images, or videos. Hence, care must be taken while using any analytical approach. Some common approaches to analyze qualitative data include:  

• Organization: The first step is data (transcripts or notes) organization into different categories with similar concepts, themes, and patterns to find inter-relationships.  
• Coding: Data can be arranged in categories based on themes/concepts using coding.  
• Theme development: Utilize higher-level organization to group related codes into broader themes.  
• Interpretation: Explore the meaning behind different emerging themes to understand connections. Use different perspectives like culture, environment, and status to evaluate emerging themes.  
• Reporting: Present findings with quotes or excerpts to illustrate key themes.   

Analyzing quantitative data  

Quantitative data analysis is more direct compared to qualitative data as it primarily deals with numbers. Data can be evaluated using simple math or advanced statistics (descriptive or inferential). Some common approaches to analyze quantitative data include:  

• Processing raw data: Check missing values, outliers, or inconsistencies in raw data.  
• Descriptive statistics: Summarize data with means, standard deviations, or standard error using programs such as Excel, SPSS, or R language.  
• Exploratory data analysis: Usage of visuals to deduce patterns and trends.  
• Hypothesis testing: Apply statistical tests to find significance and test hypothesis (Student’s t-test or ANOVA).  
• Interpretation: Analyze results considering significance and practical implications.  
• Validation: Data validation through replication or literature review.  
• Reporting: Present findings by means of tables, figures, or graphs.   

Benefits and limitations of qualitative vs quantitative research  

There are significant differences between qualitative and quantitative research; we have listed the benefits and limitations of both methods below:  

Benefits of qualitative research  

• Rich insights: As qualitative research often produces information-rich data, it aids in gaining in-depth insights into complex phenomena, allowing researchers to explore nuances and meanings of the topic of study.  
• Flexibility: One of the most important benefits of qualitative research is flexibility in acquiring and analyzing data that allows researchers to adapt to the context and explore more unconventional aspects.  
• Contextual understanding: With descriptive and comprehensive data, understanding the context in which behaviors or phenomena occur becomes accessible.   
• Capturing different perspectives: Qualitative research allows for capturing different participant perspectives with open-ended question formats that further enrich data.   
• Hypothesis/theory generation: Qualitative research is often the first step in generating theory/hypothesis, which leads to future investigation thereby contributing to the field of research.

Limitations of qualitative research  

• Subjectivity: It is difficult to have objective interpretation with qualitative research, as research findings might be influenced by the expertise of researchers. The risk of researcher bias or interpretations affects the reliability and validity of the results.   
• Limited generalizability: Due to the presence of small, non-representative samples, the qualitative data cannot be used to make generalizations to a broader population.  
• Cost and time intensive: Qualitative data collection can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, therefore, it requires strategic planning and commitment.   
• Complex analysis: Analyzing qualitative data needs specialized skills and techniques, hence, it’s challenging for researchers without sufficient training or experience.   
• Potential misinterpretation: There is a risk of sampling bias and misinterpretation in data collection and analysis if researchers lack cultural or contextual understanding.   

Benefits of quantitative research  

• Objectivity: A key benefit of quantitative research approach, this objectivity reduces researcher bias and subjectivity, enhancing the reliability and validity of findings.   
• Generalizability: For quantitative research, the sample size must be large and representative enough to allow for generalization to broader populations.   
• Statistical analysis: Quantitative research enables rigorous statistical analysis (increasing power of the analysis), aiding hypothesis testing and finding patterns or relationship among variables.   
• Efficiency: Quantitative data collection and analysis is usually more efficient compared to the qualitative methods, especially when dealing with large datasets.   
• Clarity and Precision: The findings are usually clear and precise, making it easier to present them as graphs, tables, and figures to convey them to a larger audience.  

Limitations of quantitative research  

• Lacks depth and details: Due to its objective nature, quantitative research might lack the depth and richness of qualitative approaches, potentially overlooking important contextual factors or nuances.   
• Limited exploration: By not considering the subjective experiences of participants in depth , there’s a limited chance to study complex phenomenon in detail.   
• Potential oversimplification: Quantitative research may oversimplify complex phenomena by boiling them down to numbers, which might ignore key nuances.   
• Inflexibility: Quantitative research deals with predecided varibales and measures , which limits the ability of researchers to explore unexpected findings or adjust the research design as new findings become available .  
• Ethical consideration: Quantitative research may raise ethical concerns especially regarding privacy, informed consent, and the potential for harm, when dealing with sensitive topics or vulnerable populations.   

Frequently asked questions  

• What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? 

Quantitative methods use numerical data and statistical analysis for objective measurement and hypothesis testing, emphasizing generalizability. Qualitative methods gather non-numerical data to explore subjective experiences and contexts, providing rich, nuanced insights.  

• What are the types of qualitative research? 

Qualitative research methods include interviews, observations, focus groups, and case studies. They provide rich insights into participants’ perspectives and behaviors within their contexts, enabling exploration of complex phenomena.  

• What are the types of quantitative research? 

Quantitative research methods include surveys, experiments, observations, correlational studies, and longitudinal research. They gather numerical data for statistical analysis, aiming for objectivity and generalizability.  

• Can you give me examples for qualitative and quantitative research? 

Qualitative Research Example: 

Research Question: What are the experiences of parents with autistic children in accessing support services?  

Method: Conducting in-depth interviews with parents to explore their perspectives, challenges, and needs.  

Quantitative Research Example: 

Research Question: What is the correlation between sleep duration and academic performance in college students?  

Method: Distributing surveys to a large sample of college students to collect data on their sleep habits and academic performance, then analyzing the data statistically to determine any correlations.  

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Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research in Psychology

• Key Differences

Quantitative Research Methods

Qualitative research methods.

• How They Relate

In psychology and other social sciences, researchers are faced with an unresolved question: Can we measure concepts like love or racism the same way we can measure temperature or the weight of a star? Social phenomena⁠—things that happen because of and through human behavior⁠—are especially difficult to grasp with typical scientific models.

At a Glance

Psychologists rely on quantitative and quantitative research to better understand human thought and behavior.

• Qualitative research involves collecting and evaluating non-numerical data in order to understand concepts or subjective opinions.
• Quantitative research involves collecting and evaluating numerical data. 

This article discusses what qualitative and quantitative research are, how they are different, and how they are used in psychology research.

Qualitative Research vs. Quantitative Research

In order to understand qualitative and quantitative psychology research, it can be helpful to look at the methods that are used and when each type is most appropriate.

Psychologists rely on a few methods to measure behavior, attitudes, and feelings. These include:

• Self-reports , like surveys or questionnaires
• Observation (often used in experiments or fieldwork)
• Implicit attitude tests that measure timing in responding to prompts

Most of these are quantitative methods. The result is a number that can be used to assess differences between groups.

However, most of these methods are static, inflexible (you can't change a question because a participant doesn't understand it), and provide a "what" answer rather than a "why" answer.

Sometimes, researchers are more interested in the "why" and the "how." That's where qualitative methods come in.

Qualitative research is about speaking to people directly and hearing their words. It is grounded in the philosophy that the social world is ultimately unmeasurable, that no measure is truly ever "objective," and that how humans make meaning is just as important as how much they score on a standardized test.

Used to develop theories

Takes a broad, complex approach

Answers "why" and "how" questions

Explores patterns and themes

Used to test theories

Takes a narrow, specific approach

Answers "what" questions

Explores statistical relationships

Quantitative methods have existed ever since people have been able to count things. But it is only with the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte (which maintains that factual knowledge obtained by observation is trustworthy) that it became a "scientific method."

The scientific method follows this general process. A researcher must:

• Generate a theory or hypothesis (i.e., predict what might happen in an experiment) and determine the variables needed to answer their question
• Develop instruments to measure the phenomenon (such as a survey, a thermometer, etc.)
• Develop experiments to manipulate the variables
• Collect empirical (measured) data
• Analyze data

Quantitative methods are about measuring phenomena, not explaining them.

Quantitative research compares two groups of people. There are all sorts of variables you could measure, and many kinds of experiments to run using quantitative methods.

These comparisons are generally explained using graphs, pie charts, and other visual representations that give the researcher a sense of how the various data points relate to one another.

Basic Assumptions

Quantitative methods assume:

• That the world is measurable
• That humans can observe objectively
• That we can know things for certain about the world from observation

In some fields, these assumptions hold true. Whether you measure the size of the sun 2000 years ago or now, it will always be the same. But when it comes to human behavior, it is not so simple.

As decades of cultural and social research have shown, people behave differently (and even think differently) based on historical context, cultural context, social context, and even identity-based contexts like gender , social class, or sexual orientation .

Therefore, quantitative methods applied to human behavior (as used in psychology and some areas of sociology) should always be rooted in their particular context. In other words: there are no, or very few, human universals.

Statistical information is the primary form of quantitative data used in human and social quantitative research. Statistics provide lots of information about tendencies across large groups of people, but they can never describe every case or every experience. In other words, there are always outliers.

Correlation and Causation

A basic principle of statistics is that correlation is not causation. Researchers can only claim a cause-and-effect relationship under certain conditions:

• The study was a true experiment.
• The independent variable can be manipulated (for example, researchers cannot manipulate gender, but they can change the primer a study subject sees, such as a picture of nature or of a building).
• The dependent variable can be measured through a ratio or a scale.

So when you read a report that "gender was linked to" something (like a behavior or an attitude), remember that gender is NOT a cause of the behavior or attitude. There is an apparent relationship, but the true cause of the difference is hidden.

Pitfalls of Quantitative Research

Quantitative methods are one way to approach the measurement and understanding of human and social phenomena. But what's missing from this picture?

As noted above, statistics do not tell us about personal, individual experiences and meanings. While surveys can give a general idea, respondents have to choose between only a few responses. This can make it difficult to understand the subtleties of different experiences.

Quantitative methods can be helpful when making objective comparisons between groups or when looking for relationships between variables. They can be analyzed statistically, which can be helpful when looking for patterns and relationships.

Qualitative data are not made out of numbers but rather of descriptions, metaphors, symbols, quotes, analysis, concepts, and characteristics. This approach uses interviews, written texts, art, photos, and other materials to make sense of human experiences and to understand what these experiences mean to people.

While quantitative methods ask "what" and "how much," qualitative methods ask "why" and "how."

Qualitative methods are about describing and analyzing phenomena from a human perspective. There are many different philosophical views on qualitative methods, but in general, they agree that some questions are too complex or impossible to answer with standardized instruments.

These methods also accept that it is impossible to be completely objective in observing phenomena. Researchers have their own thoughts, attitudes, experiences, and beliefs, and these always color how people interpret results.

Qualitative Approaches

There are many different approaches to qualitative research, with their own philosophical bases. Different approaches are best for different kinds of projects. For example:

• Case studies and narrative studies are best for single individuals. These involve studying every aspect of a person's life in great depth.
• Phenomenology aims to explain experiences. This type of work aims to describe and explore different events as they are consciously and subjectively experienced.
• Grounded theory develops models and describes processes. This approach allows researchers to construct a theory based on data that is collected, analyzed, and compared to reach new discoveries.
• Ethnography describes cultural groups. In this approach, researchers immerse themselves in a community or group in order to observe behavior.

Qualitative researchers must be aware of several different methods and know each thoroughly enough to produce valuable research.

Some researchers specialize in a single method, but others specialize in a topic or content area and use many different methods to explore the topic, providing different information and a variety of points of view.

There is not a single model or method that can be used for every qualitative project. Depending on the research question, the people participating, and the kind of information they want to produce, researchers will choose the appropriate approach.

Interpretation

Qualitative research does not look into causal relationships between variables, but rather into themes, values, interpretations, and meanings. As a rule, then, qualitative research is not generalizable (cannot be applied to people outside the research participants).

The insights gained from qualitative research can extend to other groups with proper attention to specific historical and social contexts.

Relationship Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

It might sound like quantitative and qualitative research do not play well together. They have different philosophies, different data, and different outputs. However, this could not be further from the truth.

These two general methods complement each other. By using both, researchers can gain a fuller, more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon.

For example, a psychologist wanting to develop a new survey instrument about sexuality might and ask a few dozen people questions about their sexual experiences (this is qualitative research). This gives the researcher some information to begin developing questions for their survey (which is a quantitative method).

After the survey, the same or other researchers might want to dig deeper into issues brought up by its data. Follow-up questions like "how does it feel when...?" or "what does this mean to you?" or "how did you experience this?" can only be answered by qualitative research.

By using both quantitative and qualitative data, researchers have a more holistic, well-rounded understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon.

Qualitative and quantitative methods both play an important role in psychology. Where quantitative methods can help answer questions about what is happening in a group and to what degree, qualitative methods can dig deeper into the reasons behind why it is happening. By using both strategies, psychology researchers can learn more about human thought and behavior.

Gough B, Madill A. Subjectivity in psychological science: From problem to prospect . Psychol Methods . 2012;17(3):374-384. doi:10.1037/a0029313

Pearce T. “Science organized”: Positivism and the metaphysical club, 1865–1875 . J Hist Ideas . 2015;76(3):441-465.

Adams G. Context in person, person in context: A cultural psychology approach to social-personality psychology . In: Deaux K, Snyder M, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology . Oxford University Press; 2012:182-208.

Brady HE. Causation and explanation in social science . In: Goodin RE, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. Oxford University Press; 2011. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0049

Chun Tie Y, Birks M, Francis K. Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers .  SAGE Open Med . 2019;7:2050312118822927. doi:10.1177/2050312118822927

Reeves S, Peller J, Goldman J, Kitto S. Ethnography in qualitative educational research: AMEE Guide No. 80 . Medical Teacher . 2013;35(8):e1365-e1379. doi:10.3109/0142159X.2013.804977

Salkind NJ, ed. Encyclopedia of Research Design . Sage Publishing.

Shaughnessy JJ, Zechmeister EB, Zechmeister JS.  Research Methods in Psychology . McGraw Hill Education.

By Anabelle Bernard Fournier Anabelle Bernard Fournier is a researcher of sexual and reproductive health at the University of Victoria as well as a freelance writer on various health topics.

Reference management. Clean and simple.

Qualitative vs. quantitative research - what’s the difference?

What is quantitative research?

What is quantitative research used for, how to collect data for quantitative research, what is qualitative research, what is qualitative research used for, how to collect data for qualitative research, when to use which approach, how to analyze qualitative and quantitative research, analyzing quantitative data, analyzing qualitative data, differences between qualitative and quantitative research, frequently asked questions about qualitative vs. quantitative research, related articles.

Both qualitative and quantitative research are valid and effective approaches to study a particular subject. However, it is important to know that these research approaches serve different purposes and provide different results. This guide will help illustrate quantitative and qualitative research, what they are used for, and the difference between them.

Quantitative research focuses on collecting numerical data and using it to measure variables. As such, quantitative research and data are typically expressed in numbers and graphs. Moreover, this type of research is structured and statistical and the returned results are objective.

The simplest way to describe quantitative research is that it answers the questions " what " or " how much ".

To illustrate what quantitative research is used for, let’s look at a simple example. Let’s assume you want to research the reading habits of a specific part of a population.

With this research, you would like to establish what they read. In other words, do they read fiction, non-fiction, magazines, blogs, and so on? Also, you want to establish what they read about. For example, if they read fiction, is it thrillers, romance novels, or period dramas?

With quantitative research, you can gather concrete data about these reading habits. Your research will then, for example, show that 40% of the audience reads fiction and, of that 40%, 60% prefer romance novels.

In other studies and research projects, quantitative research will work in much the same way. That is, you use it to quantify variables, opinions, behaviors, and more.

Now that we've seen what quantitative research is and what it's used for, let's look at how you'll collect data for it. Because quantitative research is structured and statistical, its data collection methods focus on collecting numerical data.

Some methods to collect this data include:

• Surveys . Surveys are one of the most popular and easiest ways to collect quantitative data. These can include anything from online surveys to paper surveys. It’s important to remember that, to collect quantitative data, you won’t be able to ask open-ended questions.
• Interviews . As is the case with qualitative data, you’ll be able to use interviews to collect quantitative data with the proviso that the data will not be based on open-ended questions.
• Observations . You’ll also be able to use observations to collect quantitative data. However, here you’ll need to make observations in an environment where variables can’t be controlled.
• Website interceptors . With website interceptors, you’ll be able to get real-time insights into a specific product, service, or subject. In most cases, these interceptors take the form of surveys displayed on websites or invitations on the website to complete the survey.
• Longitudinal studies . With these studies, you’ll gather data on the same variables over specified time periods. Longitudinal studies are often used in medical sciences and include, for instance, diet studies. It’s important to remember that, for the results to be reliable, you’ll have to collect data from the same subjects.
• Online polls . Similar to website interceptors, online polls allow you to gather data from websites or social media platforms. These polls are short with only a few options and can give you valuable insights into a very specific question or topic.
• Experiments . With experiments, you’ll manipulate some variables (your independent variables) and gather data on causal relationships between others (your dependent variables). You’ll then measure what effect the manipulation of the independent variables has on the dependent variables.

Qualitative research focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data. As such, it's typically unstructured and non-statistical. The main aim of qualitative research is to get a better understanding and insights into concepts, topics, and subjects.

The easiest way to describe qualitative research is that it answers the question " why ".

Considering that qualitative research aims to provide more profound insights and understanding into specific subjects, we’ll use our example mentioned earlier to explain what qualitative research is used for.

Based on this example, you’ve now established that 40% of the population reads fiction. You’ve probably also discovered in what proportion the population consumes other reading materials.

Qualitative research will now enable you to learn the reasons for these reading habits. For example, it will show you why 40% of the readers prefer fiction, while, for instance, only 10% prefer thrillers. It thus gives you an understanding of your participants’ behaviors and actions.

We've now recapped what qualitative research is and what it's used for. Let's now consider some methods to collect data for this type of research.

Some of these data collection methods include:

• Interviews . These include one-on-one interviews with respondents where you ask open-ended questions. You’ll then record the answers from every respondent and analyze these answers later.
• Open-ended survey questions . Open-ended survey questions give you insights into why respondents feel the way they do about a particular aspect.
• Focus groups . Focus groups allow you to have conversations with small groups of people and record their opinions and views about a specific topic.
• Observations . Observations like ethnography require that you participate in a specific organization or group in order to record their routines and interactions. This will, for instance, be the case where you want to establish how customers use a product in real-life scenarios.
• Literature reviews . With literature reviews, you’ll analyze the published works of other authors to analyze the prevailing view regarding a specific subject.
• Diary studies . Diary studies allow you to collect data about peoples’ habits, activities, and experiences over time. This will, for example, show you how customers use a product, when they use it, and what motivates them.

Now, the immediate question is: When should you use qualitative research, and when should you use quantitative research? As mentioned earlier, in its simplest form:

• Quantitative research allows you to confirm or test a hypothesis or theory or quantify a specific problem or quality.
• Qualitative research allows you to understand concepts or experiences.

Let's look at how you'll use these approaches in a research project a bit closer:

• Formulating a hypothesis . As mentioned earlier, qualitative research gives you a deeper understanding of a topic. Apart from learning more profound insights about your research findings, you can also use it to formulate a hypothesis when you start your research.
• Confirming a hypothesis . Once you’ve formulated a hypothesis, you can test it with quantitative research. As mentioned, you can also use it to quantify trends and behavior.
• Finding general answers . Quantitative research can help you answer broad questions. This is because it uses a larger sample size and thus makes it easier to gather simple binary or numeric data on a specific subject.
• Getting a deeper understanding . Once you have the broad answers mentioned above, qualitative research will help you find reasons for these answers. In other words, quantitative research shows you the motives behind actions or behaviors.

Considering the above, why not consider a mixed approach ? You certainly can because these approaches are not mutually exclusive. In other words, using one does not necessarily exclude the other. Moreover, both these approaches are useful for different reasons.

This means you could use both approaches in one project to achieve different goals. For example, you could use qualitative to formulate a hypothesis. Once formulated, quantitative research will allow you to confirm the hypothesis.

So, to answer the initial question, the approach you use is up to you.  However, when deciding on the right approach, you should consider the specific research project, the data you'll gather, and what you want to achieve.

No matter what approach you choose, you should design your research in such a way that it delivers results that are objective, reliable, and valid.

Both these research approaches are based on data. Once you have this data, however, you need to analyze it to answer your research questions. The method to do this depends on the research approach you use.

To analyze quantitative data, you'll need to use mathematical or statistical analysis. This can involve anything from calculating simple averages to applying complex and advanced methods to calculate the statistical significance of the results. No matter what analysis methods you use, it will enable you to spot trends and patterns in your data.

Considering the above, you can use tools, applications, and programming languages like R to calculate:

• The average of a set of numbers . This could, for instance, be the case where you calculate the average scores students obtained in a test or the average time people spend on a website.
• The frequency of a specific response . This will be the case where you, for example, use open-ended survey questions during qualitative analysis. You could then calculate the frequency of a specific response for deeper insights.
• Any correlation between different variables . Through mathematical analysis, you can calculate whether two or more variables are directly or indirectly correlated. In turn, this could help you identify trends in the data.
• The statistical significance of your results . By analyzing the data and calculating the statistical significance of the results, you'll be able to see whether certain occurrences happen randomly or because of specific factors.

Analyzing qualitative data is more complex than quantitative data. This is simply because it's not based on numerical values but rather text, images, video, and the like. As such, you won't be able to use mathematical analysis to analyze and interpret your results.

Because of this, it relies on a more interpretive analysis style and a strict analytical framework to analyze data and extract insights from it.

Some of the most common ways to analyze qualitative data include:

• Qualitative content analysis . In a content analysis, you'll analyze the language used in a specific piece of text. This allows you to understand the intentions of the author, who the audience is, and find patterns and correlations in how different concepts are communicated. A major benefit of this approach is that it follows a systematic and transparent process that other researchers will be able to replicate. As such, your research will produce highly reliable results. Keep in mind, however, that content analysis can be time-intensive and difficult to automate. ➡️  Learn how to do a content analysis in the guide.
• Thematic analysis . In a thematic analysis, you'll analyze data with a view of extracting themes, topics, and patterns in the data. Although thematic analysis can encompass a range of diverse approaches, it's usually used to analyze a collection of texts like survey responses, focus group discussions, or transcriptions of interviews. One of the main benefits of thematic analysis is that it's flexible in its approach. However, in some cases, thematic analysis can be highly subjective, which, in turn, impacts the reliability of the results. ➡️  Learn how to do a thematic analysis in this guide.
• Discourse analysis . In a discourse analysis, you'll analyze written or spoken language to understand how language is used in real-life social situations. As such, you'll be able to determine how meaning is given to language in different contexts. This is an especially effective approach if you want to gain a deeper understanding of different social groups and how they communicate with each other. As such, it's commonly used in humanities and social science disciplines.

We’ve now given a broad overview of both qualitative and quantitative research. Based on this, we can summarize the differences between these two approaches as follows:

Qualitative research focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data. As such, it's typically unstructured and non-statistical. The main aim of qualitative research is to get a better understanding and insights into concepts, topics, and subjects. Quantitative research focuses on collecting numerical data and using it to measure variables. As such, quantitative research and data are typically expressed in numbers and graphs. Moreover, this type of research is structured and statistical and the returned results are objective.

3 examples of qualitative research would be:

• Interviews . These include one-on-one interviews with respondents with open-ended questions. You’ll then record the answers and analyze them later.
• Observations . Observations require that you participate in a specific organization or group in order to record their routines and interactions.

3 examples of quantitative research include:

• Surveys . Surveys are one of the most popular and easiest ways to collect quantitative data. To collect quantitative data, you won’t be able to ask open-ended questions.
• Longitudinal studies . With these studies, you’ll gather data on the same variables over specified time periods. Longitudinal studies are often used in medical sciences.

The main purpose of qualitative research is to get a better understanding and insights into concepts, topics, and subjects. The easiest way to describe qualitative research is that it answers the question " why ".

The purpose of quantitative research is to collect numerical data and use it to measure variables. As such, quantitative research and data are typically expressed in numbers and graphs. The simplest way to describe quantitative research is that it answers the questions " what " or " how much ".

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• Knowledge Base
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• Qualitative vs Quantitative Research | Examples & Methods

Qualitative vs Quantitative Research | Examples & Methods

Published on 4 April 2022 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on 8 May 2023.

When collecting and analysing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research  deals with words and meanings. Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge.

Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions. Qualitative research Qualitative research is expressed in words . It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood.

Table of contents

The differences between quantitative and qualitative research, data collection methods, when to use qualitative vs quantitative research, how to analyse qualitative and quantitative data, frequently asked questions about qualitative and quantitative research.

Quantitative and qualitative research use different research methods to collect and analyse data, and they allow you to answer different kinds of research questions.

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Quantitative and qualitative data can be collected using various methods. It is important to use a data collection method that will help answer your research question(s).

Many data collection methods can be either qualitative or quantitative. For example, in surveys, observations or case studies , your data can be represented as numbers (e.g. using rating scales or counting frequencies) or as words (e.g. with open-ended questions or descriptions of what you observe).

However, some methods are more commonly used in one type or the other.

Quantitative data collection methods

• Surveys :  List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample (online, in person, or over the phone).
• Experiments : Situation in which variables are controlled and manipulated to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Observations: Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be controlled.

Qualitative data collection methods

• Interviews : Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.
• Focus groups: Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions that can be used for further research.
• Ethnography : Participating in a community or organisation for an extended period of time to closely observe culture and behavior.
• Literature review : Survey of published works by other authors.

A rule of thumb for deciding whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is:

• Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or hypothesis)
• Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts, experiences)

For most research topics you can choose a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods approach . Which type you choose depends on, among other things, whether you’re taking an inductive vs deductive research approach ; your research question(s) ; whether you’re doing experimental , correlational , or descriptive research ; and practical considerations such as time, money, availability of data, and access to respondents.

Quantitative research approach

You survey 300 students at your university and ask them questions such as: ‘on a scale from 1-5, how satisfied are your with your professors?’

You can perform statistical analysis on the data and draw conclusions such as: ‘on average students rated their professors 4.4’.

Qualitative research approach

You conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: ‘How satisfied are you with your studies?’, ‘What is the most positive aspect of your study program?’ and ‘What can be done to improve the study program?’

Based on the answers you get you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. You transcribe all interviews using transcription software and try to find commonalities and patterns.

Mixed methods approach

You conduct interviews to find out how satisfied students are with their studies. Through open-ended questions you learn things you never thought about before and gain new insights. Later, you use a survey to test these insights on a larger scale.

It’s also possible to start with a survey to find out the overall trends, followed by interviews to better understand the reasons behind the trends.

Qualitative or quantitative data by itself can’t prove or demonstrate anything, but has to be analysed to show its meaning in relation to the research questions. The method of analysis differs for each type of data.

Analysing quantitative data

Quantitative data is based on numbers. Simple maths or more advanced statistical analysis is used to discover commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are often reported in graphs and tables.

Applications such as Excel, SPSS, or R can be used to calculate things like:

• Average scores
• The number of times a particular answer was given
• The correlation or causation between two or more variables
• The reliability and validity of the results

Analysing qualitative data

Qualitative data is more difficult to analyse than quantitative data. It consists of text, images or videos instead of numbers.

Some common approaches to analysing qualitative data include:

• Qualitative content analysis : Tracking the occurrence, position and meaning of words or phrases
• Thematic analysis : Closely examining the data to identify the main themes and patterns
• Discourse analysis : Studying how communication works in social contexts

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to test a hypothesis by systematically collecting and analysing data, while qualitative methods allow you to explore ideas and experiences in depth.

In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .

The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .

• If you want to measure something or test a hypothesis , use quantitative methods . If you want to explore ideas, thoughts, and meanings, use qualitative methods .
• If you want to analyse a large amount of readily available data, use secondary data. If you want data specific to your purposes with control over how they are generated, collect primary data.
• If you want to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables , use experimental methods. If you want to understand the characteristics of a research subject, use descriptive methods.

Data collection is the systematic process by which observations or measurements are gathered in research. It is used in many different contexts by academics, governments, businesses, and other organisations.

There are various approaches to qualitative data analysis , but they all share five steps in common:

• Prepare and organise your data.
• Review and explore your data.
• Develop a data coding system.
• Assign codes to the data.
• Identify recurring themes.

The specifics of each step depend on the focus of the analysis. Some common approaches include textual analysis , thematic analysis , and discourse analysis .

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Quantitative and Qualitative Research: An Overview of Approaches

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In Chap. 1 , the nature and scope of research were outlined and included an overview of quantitative and qualitative research and a brief description of research designs. In this chapter, both quantitative and qualitative research will be described in a little more detail with respect to essential features and characteristics. Furthermore, the research designs used in each of these approaches will be reviewed. Finally, this chapter will conclude with examples of published quantitative and qualitative research in medical imaging and radiation therapy.

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research: Comparing the Methods and Strategies for Education Research

No matter the field of study, all research can be divided into two distinct methodologies: qualitative and quantitative research. Both methodologies offer education researchers important insights.

Education research assesses problems in policy, practices, and curriculum design, and it helps administrators identify solutions. Researchers can conduct small-scale studies to learn more about topics related to instruction or larger-scale ones to gain insight into school systems and investigate how to improve student outcomes.

Education research often relies on the quantitative methodology. Quantitative research in education provides numerical data that can prove or disprove a theory, and administrators can easily share the number-based results with other schools and districts. And while the research may speak to a relatively small sample size, educators and researchers can scale the results from quantifiable data to predict outcomes in larger student populations and groups.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research in Education: Definitions

Although there are many overlaps in the objectives of qualitative and quantitative research in education, researchers must understand the fundamental functions of each methodology in order to design and carry out an impactful research study. In addition, they must understand the differences that set qualitative and quantitative research apart in order to determine which methodology is better suited to specific education research topics.

Generate Hypotheses with Qualitative Research

Qualitative research focuses on thoughts, concepts, or experiences. The data collected often comes in narrative form and concentrates on unearthing insights that can lead to testable hypotheses. Educators use qualitative research in a study’s exploratory stages to uncover patterns or new angles.

Form Strong Conclusions with Quantitative Research

Quantitative research in education and other fields of inquiry is expressed in numbers and measurements. This type of research aims to find data to confirm or test a hypothesis.

Differences in Data Collection Methods

Keeping in mind the main distinction in qualitative vs. quantitative research—gathering descriptive information as opposed to numerical data—it stands to reason that there are different ways to acquire data for each research methodology. While certain approaches do overlap, the way researchers apply these collection techniques depends on their goal.

Interviews, for example, are common in both modes of research. An interview with students that features open-ended questions intended to reveal ideas and beliefs around attendance will provide qualitative data. This data may reveal a problem among students, such as a lack of access to transportation, that schools can help address.

An interview can also include questions posed to receive numerical answers. A case in point: how many days a week do students have trouble getting to school, and of those days, how often is a transportation-related issue the cause? In this example, qualitative and quantitative methodologies can lead to similar conclusions, but the research will differ in intent, design, and form.

Taking a look at behavioral observation, another common method used for both qualitative and quantitative research, qualitative data may consider a variety of factors, such as facial expressions, verbal responses, and body language.

On the other hand, a quantitative approach will create a coding scheme for certain predetermined behaviors and observe these in a quantifiable manner.

Qualitative Research Methods

• Case Studies : Researchers conduct in-depth investigations into an individual, group, event, or community, typically gathering data through observation and interviews.
• Focus Groups : A moderator (or researcher) guides conversation around a specific topic among a group of participants.
• Ethnography : Researchers interact with and observe a specific societal or ethnic group in their real-life environment.
• Interviews : Researchers ask participants questions to learn about their perspectives on a particular subject.

Quantitative Research Methods

• Questionnaires and Surveys : Participants receive a list of questions, either closed-ended or multiple choice, which are directed around a particular topic.
• Experiments : Researchers control and test variables to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
• Observations : Researchers look at quantifiable patterns and behavior.
• Structured Interviews : Using a predetermined structure, researchers ask participants a fixed set of questions to acquire numerical data.

Choosing a Research Strategy

When choosing which research strategy to employ for a project or study, a number of considerations apply. One key piece of information to help determine whether to use a qualitative vs. quantitative research method is which phase of development the study is in.

For example, if a project is in its early stages and requires more research to find a testable hypothesis, qualitative research methods might prove most helpful. On the other hand, if the research team has already established a hypothesis or theory, quantitative research methods will provide data that can validate the theory or refine it for further testing.

It’s also important to understand a project’s research goals. For instance, do researchers aim to produce findings that reveal how to best encourage student engagement in math? Or is the goal to determine how many students are passing geometry? These two scenarios require distinct sets of data, which will determine the best methodology to employ.

In some situations, studies will benefit from a mixed-methods approach. Using the goals in the above example, one set of data could find the percentage of students passing geometry, which would be quantitative. The research team could also lead a focus group with the students achieving success to discuss which techniques and teaching practices they find most helpful, which would produce qualitative data.

Learn How to Put Education Research into Action

Those with an interest in learning how to harness research to develop innovative ideas to improve education systems may want to consider pursuing a doctoral degree. American University’s School of Education online offers a Doctor of Education (EdD) in Education Policy and Leadership that prepares future educators, school administrators, and other education professionals to become leaders who effect positive changes in schools. Courses such as Applied Research Methods I: Enacting Critical Research provides students with the techniques and research skills needed to begin conducting research exploring new ways to enhance education. Learn more about American’ University’s EdD in Education Policy and Leadership .

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The differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods

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15 January 2023

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Two approaches to this systematic information gathering are qualitative and quantitative research. Each of these has its place in data collection, but each one approaches from a different direction. Here's what you need to know about qualitative and quantitative research.

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• The differences between quantitative and qualitative research

The main difference between these two approaches is the type of data you collect and how you interpret it. Qualitative research focuses on word-based data, aiming to define and understand ideas. This study allows researchers to collect information in an open-ended way through interviews, ethnography, and observation. You’ll study this information to determine patterns and the interplay of variables.

On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on numerical data and using it to determine relationships between variables. Researchers use easily quantifiable forms of data collection, such as experiments that measure the effect of one or several variables on one another.

• Qualitative vs. quantitative data collection

Focusing on different types of data means that the data collection methods vary. 

Quantitative data collection methods

As previously stated, quantitative data collection focuses on numbers. You gather information through experiments, database reports, or surveys with multiple-choice answers. The goal is to have data you can use in numerical analysis to determine relationships.

Qualitative data collection methods

On the other hand, the data collected for qualitative research is an exploration of a subject's attributes, thoughts, actions, or viewpoints. Researchers will typically conduct interviews , hold focus groups, or observe behavior in a natural setting to assemble this information. Other options include studying personal accounts or cultural records. 

• Qualitative vs. quantitative outcomes

The two approaches naturally produce different types of outcomes. Qualitative research gains a better understanding of the reason something happens. For example, researchers may comb through feedback and statements to ascertain the reasoning behind certain behaviors or actions.

On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on the numerical analysis of data, which may show cause-and-effect relationships. Put another way, qualitative research investigates why something happens, while quantitative research looks at what happens.

• How to analyze qualitative and quantitative data

Because the two research methods focus on different types of information, analyzing the data you've collected will look different, depending on your approach.

Analyzing quantitative data

As this data is often numerical, you’ll likely use statistical analysis to identify patterns. Researchers may use computer programs to generate data such as averages or rate changes, illustrating the results in tables or graphs.

Analyzing qualitative data

Qualitative data is more complex and time-consuming to process as it may include written texts, videos, or images to study. Finding patterns in thinking, actions, and beliefs is more nuanced and subject to interpretation. 

Researchers may use techniques such as thematic analysis , combing through the data to identify core themes or patterns. Another tool is discourse analysis , which studies how communication functions in different contexts.

• When to use qualitative vs. quantitative research

Choosing between the two approaches comes down to understanding what your goal is with the research.

Qualitative research approach

Qualitative research is useful for understanding a concept, such as what people think about certain experiences or how cultural beliefs affect perceptions of events. It can help you formulate a hypothesis or clarify general questions about the topic.

Quantitative research approach

On the other hand, quantitative research verifies or tests a hypothesis you've developed, or you can use it to find answers to those questions. 

Mixed methods approach

Often, researchers use elements of both types of research to provide complex and targeted information. This may look like a survey with multiple-choice and open-ended questions.

• Benefits and limitations

Of course, each type of research has drawbacks and strengths. It's essential to be aware of the pros and cons.

Qualitative studies: Pros and cons

This approach lets you consider your subject creatively and examine big-picture questions. It can advance your global understanding of topics that are challenging to quantify.

On the other hand, the wide-open possibilities of qualitative research can make it tricky to focus effectively on your subject of inquiry. It makes it easier for researchers to skew the data with social biases and personal assumptions. There’s also the tendency for people to behave differently under observation.

It can also be more difficult to get a large sample size because it's generally more complex and expensive to conduct qualitative research. The process usually takes longer, as well. 

Quantitative studies: Pros and cons

The quantitative methodology produces data you can communicate and present without bias. The methods are direct and generally easier to reproduce on a larger scale, enabling researchers to get accurate results. It can be instrumental in pinning down precise facts about a topic. 

It is also a restrictive form of inquiry. Researchers cannot add context to this type of data collection or expand their focus in a different direction within a single study. They must be alert for biases. Quantitative research is more susceptible to selection bias and omitting or incorrectly measuring variables.

• How to balance qualitative and quantitative research

Although people tend to gravitate to one form of inquiry over another, each has its place in studying a subject. Both approaches can identify patterns illustrating the connection between multiple elements, and they can each advance your understanding of subjects in important ways. 

Understanding how each option will serve you will help you decide how and when to use each. Generally, qualitative research can help you develop and refine questions, while quantitative research helps you get targeted answers to those questions. Which element do you need to advance your study of the subject? Can both of them hone your knowledge?

Open-ended vs. close-ended questions

One way to use techniques from both approaches is with open-ended and close-ended questions in surveys. Because quantitative analysis requires defined sets of data that you can represent numerically, the questions must be close-ended. On the other hand, qualitative inquiry is naturally open-ended, allowing room for complex ideas.

An example of this is a survey on the impact of inflation. You could include both multiple-choice questions and open-response questions:

1. How do you compensate for higher prices at the grocery store? (Select all that apply)

A. Purchase fewer items

B. Opt for less expensive choices

C. Take money from other parts of the budget

D. Use a food bank or other charity to fill the gaps

E. Make more food from scratch

2. How do rising prices affect your grocery shopping habits? (Write your answer)

We need qualitative and quantitative forms of research to advance our understanding of the world. Neither is the "right" way to go, but one may be better for you depending on your needs. 

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qualitative and quantitative header

Learning Objective

Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Hong is a physical therapist who teaches injury assessment classes at the University of Utah. With the recent change to online for the remainder of the semester, Hong is interested in the impact on students’ skills acquisition for injury assessment. He wants to utilize both quantitative and qualitative approaches—he plans to compare previous student test scores to current student test scores. He also plans to interview current students about their experiences practicing injury assessment skills virtually. What specific study design methods will Hong use?

Making sense of the evidence

hen conducting a literature search and reviewing research articles, it is important to have a general understanding of the types of research and data you anticipate from different types of studies.

In this article, we review two broad categories of study methods, quantitative and qualitative, and discuss some of their subtypes, or designs, and the type of data that they generate.

Quantitative vs. qualitative approaches

Quantitative is measurable. It is often associated with a more traditional scientific method of gathering data in an organized, objective manner so that findings can be generalized to other persons or populations. Quantitative designs are based on probabilities or likelihood—it utilizes ‘p’ values, power analysis, and other scientific methods to ensure the rigor and reproducibility of the results to other populations. Quantitative designs can be experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, or correlational.

Qualitative is usually more subjective , although like quantitative research, it also uses a systematic approach. Qualitative research is generally preferred when the clinical question centers around life experiences or meaning. Qualitative research explores the complexity, depth, and richness of a particular situation from the perspective of the informants—referring to the person or persons providing the information. This may be the patient, the patient’s caregivers, the patient’s family members, etc. The information may also come from the investigator’s or researcher’s observations. At the heart of qualitative research is the belief that reality is based on perceptions and can be different for each person, often changing over time.

Study design differences

Quantitative design methods

Quantitative designs typically fall into four categories: experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, or correlational. Let’s talk about these different types. But before we begin, we need to briefly review the difference between independent and dependent variables.

The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated, or the one that varies. It is sometimes called the ‘predictor’ or ‘treatment’ variable.

The dependent variable is the outcome (or response) variable. Changes in the dependent variables are presumed to be caused or influenced by the independent variable.

Experimental

In experimental designs, there are often treatment groups and control groups. This study design looks for cause and effect (if A, then B), so it requires having control over at least one of the independent, or treatment variables. Experimental design administers the treatment to some of the subjects (called the ‘experimental group’) and not to others (called the ‘control group’). Subjects are randomly assigned—meaning that they would have an equal chance of being assigned to the control group or the experimental group. This is the strongest design for testing cause and effect relationships because randomization reduces bias. In fact, most researchers believe that a randomized controlled trail is the only kind of research study where we can infer cause (if A, then B). The difficulty with a randomized controlled trial is that the results may not be generalizable in all circumstances with all patient populations, so as with any research study, you need to consider the application of the findings to your patients in your setting. 

Quasi-experimental

Quasi-Experimental studies also seek to identify a cause and effect (causal) relationship, although they are less powerful than experimental designs. This is because they lack one or more characteristics of a true experiment. For instance, they may not include random assignment or they may not have a control group. As is often the case in the ‘real world’, clinical care variables often cannot be controlled due to ethical, practical, or fiscal concerns. So, the quasi experimental approach is utilized when a randomized controlled trial is not possible. For example, if it was found that the new treatment stopped disease progression, it would no longer be ethical to withhold it from others by establishing a control group.

Descriptive

Descriptive studies give us an accurate account of the characteristics of a particular situation or group. They are often used to determine how often something occurs, the likelihood of something occurring, or to provide a way to categorize information. For example, let’s say we wanted to look at the visiting policy in the ICU and describe how implementing an open-visiting policy affected nurse satisfaction. We could use a research tool, such as a Likert scale (5 = very satisfied and 1 = very dissatisfied), to help us gain an understanding of how satisfied nurses are as a group with this policy.

Correlational

Correlational research involves the study of the relationship between two or more variables. The primary purpose is to explain the nature of the relationship, not to determine the cause and effect. For example, if you wanted to examine whether first-time moms who have an elective induction are more likely to have a cesarean birth than first-time moms who go into labor naturally, the independent variables would be ‘elective induction’ and ‘go into labor naturally’ (because they are the variables that ‘vary’) and the outcome variable is ‘cesarean section.’ Even if you find a strong relationship between elective inductions and an increased likelihood of cesarean birth, you cannot state that elective inductions ‘cause’ cesarean births because we have no control over the variables. We can only report an increased likelihood.   

Qualitative design methods

Qualitative methods delve deeply into experiences, social processes, and subcultures. Qualitative study generally falls under three types of designs: phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.

Phenomenology

In this approach, we want to understand and describe the lived experience or meaning of persons with a particular condition or situation. For example, phenomenological questions might ask “What is it like for an adolescent to have a younger sibling with a terminal illness?” or “What is the lived experience of caring for an older house-bound dependent parent?”

Ethnography

Ethnographic studies focus on the culture of a group of people. The assumption behind ethnographies is that groups of individuals evolve into a kind of ‘culture’ that guides the way members of that culture or group view the world. In this kind of study, the research focuses on participant observation, where the researcher becomes an active participant in that culture to understand its experiences. For example, nursing could be considered a professional culture, and the unit of a hospital can be viewed as a subculture. One example specific to nursing culture was a study done in 2006 by Deitrick and colleagues . They used ethnographic methods to examine problems related to answering patient call lights on one medical surgical inpatient unit. The single nursing unit was the ‘culture’ under study.

Grounded theory

Grounded theory research begins with a general research problem, selects persons most likely to clarify the initial understanding of the question, and uses a variety of techniques (interviewing, observation, document review to name a few) to discover and develop a theory. For example, one nurse researcher used a grounded theory approach to explain how African American women from different socioeconomic backgrounds make decisions about mammography screening. Because African American women historically have fewer mammograms (and therefore lower survival rates for later stage detection), understanding their decision-making process may help the provider support more effective health promotion efforts. 

Being able to identify the differences between qualitative and quantitative research and becoming familiar with the subtypes of each can make a literature search a little less daunting.

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This article originally appeared July 2, 2020. It was updated to reflect current practice on March 21, 2021.

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Performing a rapid critical appraisal helps evaluate a study for its worth by ensuring validity, meaningful data, and significance to the patient. Contributors Barb Wilson, Mary Jean Austria, and Tallie Casucci share a checklist of questions to complete a rapid critical appraisal efficiently and effectively.

Relationship building isn’t typically the focus of medical training but is a necessary skill for truly excellent clinicians. Deirdre, Joni, Jared and colleagues developed a model to integrate relationship management skills into medical training, helping create a more well-rounded, complete clinician.

Medical students Rachel Tsolinas and Sam Wilkinson, along with SOM professor Kathryn Moore, share a practical tool all health care professionals can use to broaden our understanding of how culture influences decisions and events.

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Research methods--quantitative, qualitative, and more: qualitative research.

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About Qualitative Data

Qualitative data are data representing information and concepts that are not represented by numbers. They are often gathered from interviews and focus groups, personal diaries and lab notebooks, maps, photographs, and other printed materials or observations. Qualitative data are distinguished from  quantitative data , which focus primarily on data that can be represented with numbers. 

Qualitative data can be analyzed in multiple ways. One common method is data coding, which refers to the process of transforming the raw collected data into a set of meaningful categories that describe essential concepts of the data. Qualitative data and methods may be used more frequently in humanities or social science research and may be collected in descriptive studies.

(From the Data Glossary , National Center for Data Services, National Library of Medicine)

Methods Texts

Below are some methods texts recommended by qualitative workshop leaders from the UC Berkeley Library and the D-Lab: 

Workshops and Training

• Managing qualitative data 101 Tips on managing qualitative materials from your qualitative research librarian.
• D-Lab workshops Free online workshops on quant and qualitative skills, including coding and using qualitative analysis software.
• Institute for the Study of Societal Issues (ISSI) Training Ethnographic methods workshop from a campus institute.
• Qualitative Methods classes Filter to upcoming semesters and look for qualitative methods classes; the Graduate School of Education and School of Public Health offer extensive methods training.

Qualitative Data Analysis Software

Unfortunately, Berkeley does not yet have a sitewide license for any qualitative analysis software.

If you are a student, you can find affordable student licenses with a web search.

If you are a faculty member, instructor, lecturer, or visiting scholar without grant funding, unfortunately software is quite expensive.

You can find reviews of many qualitative software packages at this University of Surrey link:

• Choosing an Appropriate CAQDAS package .

You can also check out the websites of several major options below: 

• Taguette Taguette has fewer features than other qualitative analysis software, but is free and open-source.
• Atlas.ti Atlas.ti is a major qualitative analysis software, and has affordable licenses for students.
• MaxQDA MaxQDA is a major qualitative analysis software, with affordable student licenses. The D-Lab often teaches workshops on this software.
• NVIVO NVIVO is an established QDA software, with affordable student licenses.
• Dedoose Dedoose supports qualitaive and mixed methods research, using an online interface. Students pay $11 per month.

Resources for Qualitative Data Management

• Managing and Sharing Qualitative Data 101 This page from Berkeley's research data management website offers several things to consider.
• Tutorials on Ethnographic Data Management This curricula includes eight presentations and accompanying exercises for you to think through your qualitative data project--or coach others to do the same.
• Support Your Data: Evaluation Rubric Download the evaluation rubric on this page to assess where you are with qualitative data management, and consider areas to explore next.
• The Qualitative Data Repository (QDR) QDR is one of the top US-based repositories focused on the challenges of managing, storing, and sharing qualitative research materials.
• Research Data @ Berkeley Email Research Data for a consultation about how to set up your qualitative data management plan; they can help you locate other resources on campus.

Mixed Methods Research

Interpretations related to mixed (sometimes called merged) methods vary; be wary of jargon!  Gery Ryan, of the Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, gives these definitions, while arguing that we should be thinking of the purposes of the research rather than the methodological labels:

Mixed methods research : “Combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches (e. g., use of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, inference techniques) for the broad purposes of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration.”

Multimethod research : “Either solely combine multiple qualitative approaches or solely combine multiple quantitative approaches.”

Data triangulation : “Uses multiple sources of data or multiple approaches to analyzing data to enhance the credibility of a research study.”

(From " Mixed Methods Research Designs and Data Triangulation " by Gery Ryan, Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine)

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Quantitative and Qualitative Research

• I NEED TO . . .
• What is Quantitative Research?
• What is Qualitative Research?
• Quantitative vs Qualitative
• Step 1: Accessing CINAHL
• Step 2: Create a Keyword Search
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What is qualitative research?

Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. Rather than by logical and statistical procedures, qualitative researchers use multiple systems of inquiry for the study of human phenomena including biography, case study, historical analysis, discourse analysis, ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology.

University of Utah College of Nursing, (n.d.). What is qualitative research? [Guide] Retrieved from  https://nursing.utah.edu/research/qualitative-research/what-is-qualitative-research.php#what 

The following video will explain the fundamentals of qualitative research.

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General Nursing Research Guide

• Synonyms, Related Terms and Boolean Operators
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• Linfield Library Catalog
• Finding Quantitative, Qualitative, Primary and Secondary Sources
• Evaluating Sources

Quantitative and Qualitative

• What is Quantitative and Qualitative Research?

Quantitative research is a methodology that relies on the exploration of numerical patterns, and it can be precisely measured. Using scientific inquiry, quantitative research  relies on data that are observed or measured  to examine research questions.  Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT), Systematic Reviews, and Meta-Analysis  are all examples of Quantitative research.  

Qualitative research refers to any research based on something that is impossible to accurately and precisely measure. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives.  Case studies, Ethnography, Grounded Theory, Narrative Studies or Focus Groups , are all examples of Qualitative research. 

• Finding Quantitative and Qualitative Research in PubMed and CINAHL?

The best way to find quantitative and/or qualitative articles in either PubMed or CINAHL is to search by publication type.

For quantitative articles, select  Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT), Systematic Reviews, or Meta-Analysis  in either  CINAHL  or  PubMed. 

For qualitative, search for  Case Studies, Observational, Personal Narratives  in  PubMed , and  Anecdote, Case Study, Editorial, Interview, Meta Synthesis  in  CINAHL . 

You can also search both PubMed and CINAHL using 'quantitive' or 'qualitative' as part of your keyword search, but it's usually more effective to look for a specific publication type. 

Primary and Secondary Research

• What is Primary Research?

Primary research   in nursing is one that reports the original findings of a study or experiment. It is usually written by the person(s) conducting the research, and is often found in peer reviewed journals. 

Sources of primary research include:

Case studies

Clinical trials or randomized clinical trials (RCT)

Cohort studies

Dissertations or theses

Survey research

• What is Secondary Research?

S econdary Research  is one that summarizes, synthesizes or comments on original research. The Author(s) describe research done by others.

Sources of secondary research include:

Clinical practice guidelines

Meta-analysis

Patient education material

Reviews of literature

Systematic reviews

• Finding Primary Research in PubMed and CINAHL

To find primary research in PubMed and CINAHL, you'll need to filter by article type. Trying searching for Clinical Trials, Randomized Controlled Trials, or Case Study/Reports in either database to find primary research. 

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Research approach for quantitative vs. qualitative research.

Home » Research Approach for Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Research methodologies are crucial in shaping our understanding of phenomena, influencing both academic and practical outcomes. Methodological distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research greatly impact how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted. Recognizing these differences allows researchers to choose appropriate methods that align with their objectives and target populations.

Quantitative research emphasizes numerical data and statistical analysis, seeking to establish patterns and test hypotheses through measurable variables. In contrast, qualitative research focuses on understanding human experiences and social phenomena through detailed observations and interviews. By grasping the methodological distinctions, researchers can enhance the validity and reliability of their studies, ultimately contributing to deeper insights and informed decision-making.

Quantitative Research: Methodological Distinctions and Approach

Quantitative research is distinguished by its reliance on numerical data and statistical analysis, setting it apart from qualitative methods. Researchers often use structured tools, such as surveys or experiments, to gather quantifiable data. This data can be analyzed using various statistical methods, allowing for the identification of patterns and relationships. Such methodological distinctions are vital in forming clear conclusions based on measurable evidence, contributing to decision-making processes.

In contrast, qualitative research emphasizes understanding human experiences and perspectives through open-ended questions and unstructured approaches. While both methodologies have their strengths, it is essential to recognize the unique contributions of quantitative research. Its focus on quantifiable results helps to ensure objectivity and reliability, providing a solid foundation for further analytical endeavors. Understanding these methodological distinctions enables researchers to select the most appropriate approach for their specific research inquiries.

Data Collection Techniques

Data collection techniques vary significantly between qualitative and quantitative research, reflecting distinct methodological distinctions. In qualitative research, techniques such as interviews, focus groups, and observations enable researchers to gather in-depth insights. These methods allow for open-ended responses, which help in understanding participants' thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.

Conversely, quantitative research relies on structured tools like surveys and experiments, which facilitate the collection of numerical data. This approach aims to quantify variables and ultimately identify relationships, enabling hypothesis testing. By employing both qualitative and quantitative methods, researchers can create a more comprehensive understanding of their study subject. The choice of technique profoundly influences the research outcome, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate method based on the research goals.

Statistical Analysis and Interpretation

Statistical analysis and interpretation play pivotal roles in discerning the methodological distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research relies on statistical methods to process numerical data, enabling researchers to identify patterns and test hypotheses. In contrast, qualitative research emphasizes understanding phenomena through non-numerical data, such as interviews and observations, often requiring thematic or content analysis for interpretation.

The methodological distinctions also dictate the tools employed for analysis. For quantitative approaches, researchers often utilize software for statistical computations and visual representations of data. Qualitative analysis, however, focuses on deriving meaning and insights from textual information, often utilizing coding strategies. Each method’s interpretative framework influences not only how data is collected but also the subsequent conclusions derived, shaping the research output's validity and reliability. This understanding enhances the research's overall impact and informs best practices for conducting robust analyses across different research paradigms.

Qualitative Research: Methodological Distinctions and Approach

Qualitative research focuses on understanding human experiences and the meanings individuals attach to those experiences. Its methodological distinctions set it apart from quantitative approaches, emphasizing depth over breadth. Data collection methods such as interviews, focus groups, and participant observations allow researchers to gather rich narratives that illuminate complex social phenomena. This depth creates a nuanced understanding of participant perspectives, enabling the extraction of themes and patterns inherent in the data.

Moreover, qualitative research prioritizes context and rich descriptions, capturing the variability of human behavior. Unlike quantitative research, which seeks to measure and quantify, qualitative methods emphasize subjective meaning. This approach promotes exploration and discovery, allowing researchers to adapt their inquiries based on emerging findings. Through these methodological distinctions, qualitative research offers valuable insights that inform theory and practice, contributing to a holistic understanding of diverse experiences.

Thematic Analysis and Interpretation

Thematic analysis and interpretation play a crucial role in understanding qualitative data. By identifying patterns and themes, researchers can gain deeper insights into the perspectives and experiences of participants. This process requires careful coding of data, where segments are categorized based on recurring ideas. Methodological distinctions become evident here, as qualitative analysis focuses on context and meaning, contrasting with the more structured approach of quantitative research.

In executing thematic analysis, researchers typically follow several stages. First, they familiarize themselves with the data through thorough reading. Next, they generate initial codes that capture significant features. Following coding, themes are constructed, allowing for interpretation of the results in relation to the research questions. Finally, researchers refine these themes, ensuring they accurately represent the data. Each of these steps underscores the relevance of methodological distinctions in effectively analyzing and interpreting qualitative research.

Conclusion: Synthesizing Methodological Distinctions and Choosing the Right Approach

In conclusion, understanding methodological distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research is essential for effective inquiry. Each approach offers unique insights and caters to different research questions. Quantitative research excels at measuring and analyzing numerical data, establishing patterns and relationships through statistical techniques. Conversely, qualitative research delves into the rich, subjective experiences of individuals, uncovering deeper meanings and nuanced perspectives.

Choosing the right approach hinges on your objectives, context, and the nature of the questions posed. A clear understanding of each methodology's strengths enables researchers to select the most suitable framework. Ultimately, synthesizing these distinctions fosters a more comprehensive understanding of research outcomes and supports informed decision-making in diverse fields.

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	Aug 14, 2024   2024-2025 Graduate Catalog     2024-2025 Graduate Catalog EDU 7303 - Mixed Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Research An official website of the United States government The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Publications Account settings Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now . Advanced Search Journal List J Korean Med Sci v.38(37); 2023 Sep 18 PMC10506897 Conducting and Writing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Edward barroga. 1 Department of Medical Education, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Glafera Janet Matanguihan 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA, USA. Atsuko Furuta Makiko arima, shizuma tsuchiya, chikako kawahara, yusuke takamiya. Comprehensive knowledge of quantitative and qualitative research systematizes scholarly research and enhances the quality of research output. Scientific researchers must be familiar with them and skilled to conduct their investigation within the frames of their chosen research type. When conducting quantitative research, scientific researchers should describe an existing theory, generate a hypothesis from the theory, test their hypothesis in novel research, and re-evaluate the theory. Thereafter, they should take a deductive approach in writing the testing of the established theory based on experiments. When conducting qualitative research, scientific researchers raise a question, answer the question by performing a novel study, and propose a new theory to clarify and interpret the obtained results. After which, they should take an inductive approach to writing the formulation of concepts based on collected data. When scientific researchers combine the whole spectrum of inductive and deductive research approaches using both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, they apply mixed-method research. Familiarity and proficiency with these research aspects facilitate the construction of novel hypotheses, development of theories, or refinement of concepts. Graphical Abstract INTRODUCTION Novel research studies are conceptualized by scientific researchers first by asking excellent research questions and developing hypotheses, then answering these questions by testing their hypotheses in ethical research. 1 , 2 , 3 Before they conduct novel research studies, scientific researchers must possess considerable knowledge of both quantitative and qualitative research. 2 In quantitative research, researchers describe existing theories, generate and test a hypothesis in novel research, and re-evaluate existing theories deductively based on their experimental results. 1 , 4 , 5 In qualitative research, scientific researchers raise and answer research questions by performing a novel study, then propose new theories by clarifying their results inductively. 1 , 6 RATIONALE OF THIS ARTICLE When researchers have a limited knowledge of both research types and how to conduct them, this can result in substandard investigation. Researchers must be familiar with both types of research and skilled to conduct their investigations within the frames of their chosen type of research. Thus, meticulous care is needed when planning quantitative and qualitative research studies to avoid unethical research and poor outcomes. Understanding the methodological and writing assumptions 7 , 8 underpinning quantitative and qualitative research, especially by non-Anglophone researchers, is essential for their successful conduct. Scientific researchers, especially in the academe, face pressure to publish in international journals 9 where English is the language of scientific communication. 10 , 11 In particular, non-Anglophone researchers face challenges related to linguistic, stylistic, and discourse differences. 11 , 12 Knowing the assumptions of the different types of research will help clarify research questions and methodologies, easing the challenge and help. SEARCH FOR RELEVANT ARTICLES To identify articles relevant to this topic, we adhered to the search strategy recommended by Gasparyan et al. 7 We searched through PubMed, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: quantitative research, qualitative research, mixed-method research, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, study design, descriptive research, correlational research, experimental research, causal-comparative research, quasi-experimental research, historical research, ethnographic research, meta-analysis, narrative research, grounded theory, phenomenology, case study, and field research. AIMS OF THIS ARTICLE This article aims to provide a comparative appraisal of qualitative and quantitative research for scientific researchers. At present, there is still a need to define the scope of qualitative research, especially its essential elements. 13 Consensus on the critical appraisal tools to assess the methodological quality of qualitative research remains lacking. 14 Framing and testing research questions can be challenging in qualitative research. 2 In the healthcare system, it is essential that research questions address increasingly complex situations. Therefore, research has to be driven by the kinds of questions asked and the corresponding methodologies to answer these questions. 15 The mixed-method approach also needs to be clarified as this would appear to arise from different philosophical underpinnings. 16 This article also aims to discuss how particular types of research should be conducted and how they should be written in adherence to international standards. In the US, Europe, and other countries, responsible research and innovation was conceptualized and promoted with six key action points: engagement, gender equality, science education, open access, ethics and governance. 17 , 18 International ethics standards in research 19 as well as academic integrity during doctoral trainings are now integral to the research process. 20 POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM THIS ARTICLE This article would be beneficial for researchers in further enhancing their understanding of the theoretical, methodological, and writing aspects of qualitative and quantitative research, and their combination. Moreover, this article reviews the basic features of both research types and overviews the rationale for their conduct. It imparts information on the most common forms of quantitative and qualitative research, and how they are carried out. These aspects would be helpful for selecting the optimal methodology to use for research based on the researcher’s objectives and topic. This article also provides information on the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research. Such information would help researchers appreciate the roles and applications of both research types and how to gain from each or their combination. As different research questions require different types of research and analyses, this article is anticipated to assist researchers better recognize the questions answered by quantitative and qualitative research. Finally, this article would help researchers to have a balanced perspective of qualitative and quantitative research without considering one as superior to the other. TYPES OF RESEARCH Research can be classified into two general types, quantitative and qualitative. 21 Both types of research entail writing a research question and developing a hypothesis. 22 Quantitative research involves a deductive approach to prove or disprove the hypothesis that was developed, whereas qualitative research involves an inductive approach to create a hypothesis. 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 In quantitative research, the hypothesis is stated before testing. In qualitative research, the hypothesis is developed through inductive reasoning based on the data collected. 27 , 28 For types of data and their analysis, qualitative research usually includes data in the form of words instead of numbers more commonly used in quantitative research. 29 Quantitative research usually includes descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative / quasi-experimental, and experimental research. 21 On the other hand, qualitative research usually encompasses historical, ethnographic, meta-analysis, narrative, grounded theory, phenomenology, case study, and field research. 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 A summary of the features, writing approach, and examples of published articles for each type of qualitative and quantitative research is shown in Table 1 . 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 Research Type Methodology feature Research writing pointers Example of published article Quantitative Descriptive research Describes status of identified variable to provide systematic information about phenomenon Explain how a situation, sample, or variable was examined or observed as it occurred without investigator interference Östlund AS, Kristofferzon ML, Häggström E, Wadensten B. Primary care nurses’ performance in motivational interviewing: a quantitative descriptive study. 2015;16(1):89. Correlational research Determines and interprets extent of relationship between two or more variables using statistical data Describe the establishment of reliability and validity, converging evidence, relationships, and predictions based on statistical data Díaz-García O, Herranz Aguayo I, Fernández de Castro P, Ramos JL. Lifestyles of Spanish elders from supervened SARS-CoV-2 variant onwards: A correlational research on life satisfaction and social-relational praxes. 2022;13:948745. Causal-comparative/Quasi-experimental research Establishes cause-effect relationships among variables Write about comparisons of the identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable with unexposed groups : Sharma MK, Adhikari R. Effect of school water, sanitation, and hygiene on health status among basic level students in Nepal. Environ Health Insights 2022;16:11786302221095030. Uses non-randomly assigned groups where it is not logically feasible to conduct a randomized controlled trial Provide clear descriptions of the causes determined after making data analyses and conclusions, and known and unknown variables that could potentially affect the outcome [The study applies a causal-comparative research design] : Tuna F, Tunçer B, Can HB, Süt N, Tuna H. Immediate effect of Kinesio taping® on deep cervical flexor endurance: a non-controlled, quasi-experimental pre-post quantitative study. 2022;40(6):528-35. Experimental research Establishes cause-effect relationship among group of variables making up a study using scientific method Describe how an independent variable was manipulated to determine its effects on dependent variables Hyun C, Kim K, Lee S, Lee HH, Lee J. Quantitative evaluation of the consciousness level of patients in a vegetative state using virtual reality and an eye-tracking system: a single-case experimental design study. 2022;32(10):2628-45. Explain the random assignments of subjects to experimental treatments Qualitative Historical research Describes past events, problems, issues, and facts Write the research based on historical reports Silva Lima R, Silva MA, de Andrade LS, Mello MA, Goncalves MF. Construction of professional identity in nursing students: qualitative research from the historical-cultural perspective. 2020;28:e3284. Ethnographic research Develops in-depth analytical descriptions of current systems, processes, and phenomena or understandings of shared beliefs and practices of groups or culture Compose a detailed report of the interpreted data Gammeltoft TM, Huyền Diệu BT, Kim Dung VT, Đức Anh V, Minh Hiếu L, Thị Ái N. Existential vulnerability: an ethnographic study of everyday lives with diabetes in Vietnam. 2022;29(3):271-88. Meta-analysis Accumulates experimental and correlational results across independent studies using statistical method Specify the topic, follow reporting guidelines, describe the inclusion criteria, identify key variables, explain the systematic search of databases, and detail the data extraction Oeljeklaus L, Schmid HL, Kornfeld Z, Hornberg C, Norra C, Zerbe S, et al. Therapeutic landscapes and psychiatric care facilities: a qualitative meta-analysis. 2022;19(3):1490. Narrative research Studies an individual and gathers data by collecting stories for constructing a narrative about the individual’s experiences and their meanings Write an in-depth narration of events or situations focused on the participants Anderson H, Stocker R, Russell S, Robinson L, Hanratty B, Robinson L, et al. Identity construction in the very old: a qualitative narrative study. 2022;17(12):e0279098. Grounded theory Engages in inductive ground-up or bottom-up process of generating theory from data Write the research as a theory and a theoretical model. Amini R, Shahboulaghi FM, Tabrizi KN, Forouzan AS. Social participation among Iranian community-dwelling older adults: a grounded theory study. 2022;11(6):2311-9. Describe data analysis procedure about theoretical coding for developing hypotheses based on what the participants say Phenomenology Attempts to understand subjects’ perspectives Write the research report by contextualizing and reporting the subjects’ experiences Green G, Sharon C, Gendler Y. The communication challenges and strength of nurses’ intensive corona care during the two first pandemic waves: a qualitative descriptive phenomenology study. 2022;10(5):837. Case study Analyzes collected data by detailed identification of themes and development of narratives written as in-depth study of lessons from case Write the report as an in-depth study of possible lessons learned from the case Horton A, Nugus P, Fortin MC, Landsberg D, Cantarovich M, Sandal S. Health system barriers and facilitators to living donor kidney transplantation: a qualitative case study in British Columbia. 2022;10(2):E348-56. Field research Directly investigates and extensively observes social phenomenon in natural environment without implantation of controls or experimental conditions Describe the phenomenon under the natural environment over time Buus N, Moensted M. Collectively learning to talk about personal concerns in a peer-led youth program: a field study of a community of practice. 2022;30(6):e4425-32. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Deductive approach. The deductive approach is used to prove or disprove the hypothesis in quantitative research. 21 , 25 Using this approach, researchers 1) make observations about an unclear or new phenomenon, 2) investigate the current theory surrounding the phenomenon, and 3) hypothesize an explanation for the observations. Afterwards, researchers will 4) predict outcomes based on the hypotheses, 5) formulate a plan to test the prediction, and 6) collect and process the data (or revise the hypothesis if the original hypothesis was false). Finally, researchers will then 7) verify the results, 8) make the final conclusions, and 9) present and disseminate their findings ( Fig. 1A ). Types of quantitative research The common types of quantitative research include (a) descriptive, (b) correlational, c) experimental research, and (d) causal-comparative/quasi-experimental. 21 Descriptive research is conducted and written by describing the status of an identified variable to provide systematic information about a phenomenon. A hypothesis is developed and tested after data collection, analysis, and synthesis. This type of research attempts to factually present comparisons and interpretations of findings based on analyses of the characteristics, progression, or relationships of a certain phenomenon by manipulating the employed variables or controlling the involved conditions. 44 Here, the researcher examines, observes, and describes a situation, sample, or variable as it occurs without investigator interference. 31 , 45 To be meaningful, the systematic collection of information requires careful selection of study units by precise measurement of individual variables 21 often expressed as ranges, means, frequencies, and/or percentages. 31 , 45 Descriptive statistical analysis using ANOVA, Student’s t -test, or the Pearson coefficient method has been used to analyze descriptive research data. 46 Correlational research is performed by determining and interpreting the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. This involves recognizing data trends and patterns without necessarily proving their causes. The researcher studies only the data, relationships, and distributions of variables in a natural setting, but does not manipulate them. 21 , 45 Afterwards, the researcher establishes reliability and validity, provides converging evidence, describes relationship, and makes predictions. 47 Experimental research is usually referred to as true experimentation. The researcher establishes the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables making up a study using the scientific method or process. This type of research attempts to identify the causal relationships between variables through experiments by arbitrarily controlling the conditions or manipulating the variables used. 44 The scientific manuscript would include an explanation of how the independent variable was manipulated to determine its effects on the dependent variables. The write-up would also describe the random assignments of subjects to experimental treatments. 21 Causal-comparative/quasi-experimental research closely resembles true experimentation but is conducted by establishing the cause-effect relationships among variables. It may also be conducted to establish the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between, or among groups of individuals. 48 This type of research compares outcomes between the intervention groups in which participants are not randomized to their respective interventions because of ethics- or feasibility-related reasons. 49 As in true experiments, the researcher identifies and measures the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. However, unlike true experiments, the researchers do not manipulate the independent variable. In quasi-experimental research, naturally formed or pre-existing groups that are not randomly assigned are used, particularly when an ethical, randomized controlled trial is not feasible or logical. 50 The researcher identifies control groups as those which have been exposed to the treatment variable, and then compares these with the unexposed groups. The causes are determined and described after data analysis, after which conclusions are made. The known and unknown variables that could still affect the outcome are also included. 7 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Inductive approach. Qualitative research involves an inductive approach to develop a hypothesis. 21 , 25 Using this approach, researchers answer research questions and develop new theories, but they do not test hypotheses or previous theories. The researcher seldom examines the effectiveness of an intervention, but rather explores the perceptions, actions, and feelings of participants using interviews, content analysis, observations, or focus groups. 25 , 45 , 51 Distinctive features of qualitative research Qualitative research seeks to elucidate about the lives of people, including their lived experiences, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, personality characteristics, emotions, and feelings. 27 , 30 It also explores societal, organizational, and cultural issues. 30 This type of research provides a good story mimicking an adventure which results in a “thick” description that puts readers in the research setting. 52 The qualitative research questions are open-ended, evolving, and non-directional. 26 The research design is usually flexible and iterative, commonly employing purposive sampling. The sample size depends on theoretical saturation, and data is collected using in-depth interviews, focus groups, and observations. 27 In various instances, excellent qualitative research may offer insights that quantitative research cannot. Moreover, qualitative research approaches can describe the ‘lived experience’ perspectives of patients, practitioners, and the public. 53 Interestingly, recent developments have looked into the use of technology in shaping qualitative research protocol development, data collection, and analysis phases. 54 Qualitative research employs various techniques, including conversational and discourse analysis, biographies, interviews, case-studies, oral history, surveys, documentary and archival research, audiovisual analysis, and participant observations. 26 Conducting qualitative research To conduct qualitative research, investigators 1) identify a general research question, 2) choose the main methods, sites, and subjects, and 3) determine methods of data documentation access to subjects. Researchers also 4) decide on the various aspects for collecting data (e.g., questions, behaviors to observe, issues to look for in documents, how much (number of questions, interviews, or observations), 5) clarify researchers’ roles, and 6) evaluate the study’s ethical implications in terms of confidentiality and sensitivity. Afterwards, researchers 7) collect data until saturation, 8) interpret data by identifying concepts and theories, and 9) revise the research question if necessary and form hypotheses. In the final stages of the research, investigators 10) collect and verify data to address revisions, 11) complete the conceptual and theoretical framework to finalize their findings, and 12) present and disseminate findings ( Fig. 1B ). Types of qualitative research The different types of qualitative research include (a) historical research, (b) ethnographic research, (c) meta-analysis, (d) narrative research, (e) grounded theory, (f) phenomenology, (g) case study, and (h) field research. 23 , 25 , 28 , 30 Historical research is conducted by describing past events, problems, issues, and facts. The researcher gathers data from written or oral descriptions of past events and attempts to recreate the past without interpreting the events and their influence on the present. 6 Data is collected using documents, interviews, and surveys. 55 The researcher analyzes these data by describing the development of events and writes the research based on historical reports. 2 Ethnographic research is performed by observing everyday life details as they naturally unfold. 2 It can also be conducted by developing in-depth analytical descriptions of current systems, processes, and phenomena or by understanding the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture. 21 The researcher collects extensive narrative non-numerical data based on many variables over an extended period, in a natural setting within a specific context. To do this, the researcher uses interviews, observations, and active participation. These data are analyzed by describing and interpreting them and developing themes. A detailed report of the interpreted data is then provided. 2 The researcher immerses himself/herself into the study population and describes the actions, behaviors, and events from the perspective of someone involved in the population. 23 As examples of its application, ethnographic research has helped to understand a cultural model of family and community nursing during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. 56 It has also been used to observe the organization of people’s environment in relation to cardiovascular disease management in order to clarify people’s real expectations during follow-up consultations, possibly contributing to the development of innovative solutions in care practices. 57 Meta-analysis is carried out by accumulating experimental and correlational results across independent studies using a statistical method. 21 The report is written by specifying the topic and meta-analysis type. In the write-up, reporting guidelines are followed, which include description of inclusion criteria and key variables, explanation of the systematic search of databases, and details of data extraction. Meta-analysis offers in-depth data gathering and analysis to achieve deeper inner reflection and phenomenon examination. 58 Narrative research is performed by collecting stories for constructing a narrative about an individual’s experiences and the meanings attributed to them by the individual. 9 It aims to hear the voice of individuals through their account or experiences. 17 The researcher usually conducts interviews and analyzes data by storytelling, content review, and theme development. The report is written as an in-depth narration of events or situations focused on the participants. 2 , 59 Narrative research weaves together sequential events from one or two individuals to create a “thick” description of a cohesive story or narrative. 23 It facilitates understanding of individuals’ lives based on their own actions and interpretations. 60 Grounded theory is conducted by engaging in an inductive ground-up or bottom-up strategy of generating a theory from data. 24 The researcher incorporates deductive reasoning when using constant comparisons. Patterns are detected in observations and then a working hypothesis is created which directs the progression of inquiry. The researcher collects data using interviews and questionnaires. These data are analyzed by coding the data, categorizing themes, and describing implications. The research is written as a theory and theoretical models. 2 In the write-up, the researcher describes the data analysis procedure (i.e., theoretical coding used) for developing hypotheses based on what the participants say. 61 As an example, a qualitative approach has been used to understand the process of skill development of a nurse preceptor in clinical teaching. 62 A researcher can also develop a theory using the grounded theory approach to explain the phenomena of interest by observing a population. 23 Phenomenology is carried out by attempting to understand the subjects’ perspectives. This approach is pertinent in social work research where empathy and perspective are keys to success. 21 Phenomenology studies an individual’s lived experience in the world. 63 The researcher collects data by interviews, observations, and surveys. 16 These data are analyzed by describing experiences, examining meanings, and developing themes. The researcher writes the report by contextualizing and reporting the subjects’ experience. This research approach describes and explains an event or phenomenon from the perspective of those who have experienced it. 23 Phenomenology understands the participants’ experiences as conditioned by their worldviews. 52 It is suitable for a deeper understanding of non-measurable aspects related to the meanings and senses attributed by individuals’ lived experiences. 60 Case study is conducted by collecting data through interviews, observations, document content examination, and physical inspections. The researcher analyzes the data through a detailed identification of themes and the development of narratives. The report is written as an in-depth study of possible lessons learned from the case. 2 Field research is performed using a group of methodologies for undertaking qualitative inquiries. The researcher goes directly to the social phenomenon being studied and observes it extensively. In the write-up, the researcher describes the phenomenon under the natural environment over time with no implantation of controls or experimental conditions. 45 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Scientific researchers must be aware of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research in terms of their working mechanisms to better understand their specific applications. This knowledge will be of significant benefit to researchers, especially during the planning process, to ensure that the appropriate type of research is undertaken to fulfill the research aims. In terms of quantitative research data evaluation, four well-established criteria are used: internal validity, external validity, reliability, and objectivity. 23 The respective correlating concepts in qualitative research data evaluation are credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. 30 Regarding write-up, quantitative research papers are usually shorter than their qualitative counterparts, which allows the latter to pursue a deeper understanding and thus producing the so-called “thick” description. 29 Interestingly, a major characteristic of qualitative research is that the research process is reversible and the research methods can be modified. This is in contrast to quantitative research in which hypothesis setting and testing take place unidirectionally. This means that in qualitative research, the research topic and question may change during literature analysis, and that the theoretical and analytical methods could be altered during data collection. 44 Quantitative research focuses on natural, quantitative, and objective phenomena, whereas qualitative research focuses on social, qualitative, and subjective phenomena. 26 Quantitative research answers the questions “what?” and “when?,” whereas qualitative research answers the questions “why?,” “how?,” and “how come?.” 64 Perhaps the most important distinction between quantitative and qualitative research lies in the nature of the data being investigated and analyzed. Quantitative research focuses on statistical, numerical, and quantitative aspects of phenomena, and employ the same data collection and analysis, whereas qualitative research focuses on the humanistic, descriptive, and qualitative aspects of phenomena. 26 , 28 Structured versus unstructured processes The aims and types of inquiries determine the difference between quantitative and qualitative research. In quantitative research, statistical data and a structured process are usually employed by the researcher. Quantitative research usually suggests quantities (i.e., numbers). 65 On the other hand, researchers typically use opinions, reasons, verbal statements, and an unstructured process in qualitative research. 63 Qualitative research is more related to quality or kind. 65 In quantitative research, the researcher employs a structured process for collecting quantifiable data. Often, a close-ended questionnaire is used wherein the response categories for each question are designed in which values can be assigned and analyzed quantitatively using a common scale. 66 Quantitative research data is processed consecutively from data management, then data analysis, and finally to data interpretation. Data should be free from errors and missing values. In data management, variables are defined and coded. In data analysis, statistics (e.g., descriptive, inferential) as well as central tendency (i.e., mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation), and parameter estimation (confidence intervals) measures are used. 67 In qualitative research, the researcher uses an unstructured process for collecting data. These non-statistical data may be in the form of statements, stories, or long explanations. Various responses according to respondents may not be easily quantified using a common scale. 66 Composing a qualitative research paper resembles writing a quantitative research paper. Both papers consist of a title, an abstract, an introduction, objectives, methods, findings, and discussion. However, a qualitative research paper is less regimented than a quantitative research paper. 27 Quantitative research as a deductive hypothesis-testing design Quantitative research can be considered as a hypothesis-testing design as it involves quantification, statistics, and explanations. It flows from theory to data (i.e., deductive), focuses on objective data, and applies theories to address problems. 45 , 68 It collects numerical or statistical data; answers questions such as how many, how often, how much; uses questionnaires, structured interview schedules, or surveys 55 as data collection tools; analyzes quantitative data in terms of percentages, frequencies, statistical comparisons, graphs, and tables showing statistical values; and reports the final findings in the form of statistical information. 66 It uses variable-based models from individual cases and findings are stated in quantified sentences derived by deductive reasoning. 24 In quantitative research, a phenomenon is investigated in terms of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable which are numerically measurable. The research objective is to statistically test whether the hypothesized relationship is true. 68 Here, the researcher studies what others have performed, examines current theories of the phenomenon being investigated, and then tests hypotheses that emerge from those theories. 4 Quantitative hypothesis-testing research has certain limitations. These limitations include (a) problems with selection of meaningful independent and dependent variables, (b) the inability to reflect subjective experiences as variables since variables are usually defined numerically, and (c) the need to state a hypothesis before the investigation starts. 61 Qualitative research as an inductive hypothesis-generating design Qualitative research can be considered as a hypothesis-generating design since it involves understanding and descriptions in terms of context. It flows from data to theory (i.e., inductive), focuses on observation, and examines what happens in specific situations with the aim of developing new theories based on the situation. 45 , 68 This type of research (a) collects qualitative data (e.g., ideas, statements, reasons, characteristics, qualities), (b) answers questions such as what, why, and how, (c) uses interviews, observations, or focused-group discussions as data collection tools, (d) analyzes data by discovering patterns of changes, causal relationships, or themes in the data; and (e) reports the final findings as descriptive information. 61 Qualitative research favors case-based models from individual characteristics, and findings are stated using context-dependent existential sentences that are justifiable by inductive reasoning. 24 In qualitative research, texts and interviews are analyzed and interpreted to discover meaningful patterns characteristic of a particular phenomenon. 61 Here, the researcher starts with a set of observations and then moves from particular experiences to a more general set of propositions about those experiences. 4 Qualitative hypothesis-generating research involves collecting interview data from study participants regarding a phenomenon of interest, and then using what they say to develop hypotheses. It involves the process of questioning more than obtaining measurements; it generates hypotheses using theoretical coding. 61 When using large interview teams, the key to promoting high-level qualitative research and cohesion in large team methods and successful research outcomes is the balance between autonomy and collaboration. 69 Qualitative data may also include observed behavior, participant observation, media accounts, and cultural artifacts. 61 Focus group interviews are usually conducted, audiotaped or videotaped, and transcribed. Afterwards, the transcript is analyzed by several researchers. Qualitative research also involves scientific narratives and the analysis and interpretation of textual or numerical data (or both), mostly from conversations and discussions. Such approach uncovers meaningful patterns that describe a particular phenomenon. 2 Thus, qualitative research requires skills in grasping and contextualizing data, as well as communicating data analysis and results in a scientific manner. The reflective process of the inquiry underscores the strengths of a qualitative research approach. 2 Combination of quantitative and qualitative research When both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used in the same research, mixed-method research is applied. 25 This combination provides a complete view of the research problem and achieves triangulation to corroborate findings, complementarity to clarify results, expansion to extend the study’s breadth, and explanation to elucidate unexpected results. 29 Moreover, quantitative and qualitative findings are integrated to address the weakness of both research methods 29 , 66 and to have a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon spectrum. 66 For data analysis in mixed-method research, real non-quantitized qualitative data and quantitative data must both be analyzed. 70 The data obtained from quantitative analysis can be further expanded and deepened by qualitative analysis. 23 In terms of assessment criteria, Hammersley 71 opined that qualitative and quantitative findings should be judged using the same standards of validity and value-relevance. Both approaches can be mutually supportive. 52 Quantitative and qualitative research must be carefully studied and conducted by scientific researchers to avoid unethical research and inadequate outcomes. Quantitative research involves a deductive process wherein a research question is answered with a hypothesis that describes the relationship between independent and dependent variables, and the testing of the hypothesis. This investigation can be aptly termed as hypothesis-testing research involving the analysis of hypothesis-driven experimental studies resulting in a test of significance. Qualitative research involves an inductive process wherein a research question is explored to generate a hypothesis, which then leads to the development of a theory. This investigation can be aptly termed as hypothesis-generating research. When the whole spectrum of inductive and deductive research approaches is combined using both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, mixed-method research is applied, and this can facilitate the construction of novel hypotheses, development of theories, or refinement of concepts. Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ. Data curation: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Furuta A, Arima M, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara C, Takamiya Y, Izumi M. Formal analysis: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Furuta A, Arima M, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara C. Investigation: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Takamiya Y, Izumi M. Methodology: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Furuta A, Arima M, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara C, Takamiya Y, Izumi M. Project administration: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ. Resources: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Furuta A, Arima M, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara C, Takamiya Y, Izumi M. Supervision: Barroga E. Validation: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Furuta A, Arima M, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara C, Takamiya Y, Izumi M. Visualization: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ. Writing - original draft: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ. Writing - review & editing: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ, Furuta A, Arima M, Tsuchiya S, Kawahara C, Takamiya Y, Izumi M. Evaluation of the LEAP 1000 Program in Ghana: Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to understand processes and mechanisms of impact Since March 2008, the Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MoGCSP) in Ghana has been implementing the Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) program, a cash transfer for extremely poor households. A new initiative, LEAP 1000, was implemented in 2015-2018 targeting children in the first 1000 days of their life to improve nutrition and well-being in households with pregnant women and children under 12 months of age. CPC led the design, implementation, analysis, and interpretation of qualitative data about the processes and mechanisms of LEAP impact collected from caregivers in an embedded, longitudinal qualitative cohort of LEAP participants and provided technical support to the quantitative evaluation implemented by UNICEF. Baseline data was collected in 2015 with endline data collected in 2018. Findings from this evaluation contribute to the growing evidence base regarding cash transfer programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Project Details The principal investigator and other individuals who contribute to the scientific development or execution of a project in a substantial or meaningful way. (per NIH) Funding Source The entity or entities that have provided funding for this research. Project Status We classify projects as on hold or ongoing. Ongoing projects are defined as projects where data collection or analysis is continuing. Project Website If a project has a standing externally-facing website, it is listed here. Publications Website An online listing of the project's published works. The overarching themes associated with each project. Countries whose populations are the focus of a project or analysis. Cohort Information Defined as a group whose members share a defining characteristic or experience at a point in time. Funding Dates The date range over which a project received funding. Parent Project The parent project under which this project operates. Research Themes Data source. Location where the project's published data can be requested. Public Use Source Code Link to information about obtaining public-use source-code. Project Dates The date range through which the project ran. 396 IMAGES Qualitative vs Quantitative Research: Differences and Examples Qualitative vs Quantitative Research: Differences and Examples Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Research Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research Qualitative V/S Quantitative Research Method: Which One Is Better? -Comparison of qualitative and quantitative research approaches COMMENTS Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research When collecting and analyzing data, quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Both are important for gaining different kinds of knowledge. Quantitative research. Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research: What's the Difference? The main difference between quantitative and qualitative research is the type of data they collect and analyze. Quantitative research collects numerical data and analyzes it using statistical methods. The aim is to produce objective, empirical data that can be measured and expressed in numerical terms. A Practical Guide to Writing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Unlike in quantitative research where hypotheses are usually developed to be tested, qualitative research can lead to both hypothesis-testing and hypothesis-generating outcomes.2 When studies require both quantitative and qualitative research questions, this suggests an integrative process between both research methods wherein a single mixed ... 3.5 Quantitative, Qualitative, & Mixed Methods Research Approaches Table 2.3 synthesizes the differences between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Quantitative Research Approaches. A quantitative approach to research is probably the most familiar approach for the typical research student studying at the introductory level. Arising from the natural sciences, e.g., chemistry and biology), the ... Qualitative vs Quantitative Research For example, qualitative research usually relies on interviews, observations, and textual analysis to explore subjective experiences and diverse perspectives. While quantitative data collection methods include surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis to gather and analyze numerical data. The differences between the two research approaches ... Difference Between Qualitative and Qualitative Research Qualitative Research Methods . Qualitative data are not made out of numbers but rather of descriptions, metaphors, symbols, quotes, analysis, concepts, and characteristics. This approach uses interviews, written texts, art, photos, and other materials to make sense of human experiences and to understand what these experiences mean to people. What are Different Research Approaches? Comprehensive Review of Keywords: Research methodology Research approach Qualitative research Quantitative research Mixed methods approach Research design 1. Research Approaches Different types of research are classified ... Qualitative vs. quantitative research Quantitative research allows you to confirm or test a hypothesis or theory or quantify a specific problem or quality. Qualitative research allows you to understand concepts or experiences. Let's look at how you'll use these approaches in a research project a bit closer: Formulating a hypothesis. Research Methods--Quantitative, Qualitative, and More: Overview About Research Methods. This guide provides an overview of research methods, how to choose and use them, and supports and resources at UC Berkeley. As Patten and Newhart note in the book Understanding Research Methods, "Research methods are the building blocks of the scientific enterprise. They are the "how" for building systematic knowledge. Qualitative vs Quantitative Research This type of research can be used to establish generalisable facts about a topic. Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions. Qualitative research. Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. Quantitative and Qualitative Research: An Overview of Approaches Abstract. In Chap. 1, the nature and scope of research were outlined and included an overview of quantitative and qualitative research and a brief description of research designs. In this chapter, both quantitative and qualitative research will be described in a little more detail with respect to essential features and characteristics. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research: Comparing the Methods and Educators use qualitative research in a study's exploratory stages to uncover patterns or new angles. Form Strong Conclusions with Quantitative Research. Quantitative research in education and other fields of inquiry is expressed in numbers and measurements. This type of research aims to find data to confirm or test a hypothesis. Qualitative and Quantitive Research: What's the Difference? Qualitative research gains a better understanding of the reason something happens. For example, researchers may comb through feedback and statements to ascertain the reasoning behind certain behaviors or actions. On the other hand, quantitative research focuses on the numerical analysis of data, which may show cause-and-effect relationships. PDF CHAPTER 4 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Quantitative research is an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory, measured with numbers, and analyzed using statistical techniques. The goal of quantitative methods is to determine whether the predictive generalizations of a theory hold true. By contrast, a study based upon a qualitative process of inquiry has the goal ... Understanding Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches Quantitative designs can be experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, or correlational. Qualitative is usually more subjective, although like quantitative research, it also uses a systematic approach. Qualitative research is generally preferred when the clinical question centers around life experiences or meaning. PDF CHAPTER 1 The Selection of a Research Approach Describe the differences between quantitative methods, qualitative methods, and mixed methods research. 7. Identify the reasons for choosing either a quantitative, qualitative, or ... Often the distinction between qualitative research and quantitative research is framed in terms of using words (qualitative) rather than num-bers (quantitative ... PDF The Selection of a Research Approach The Selection of a Research Approach 7. The Postpositivist Worldview. The postpositivist assumptions have represented the traditional form of research, and these assumptions hold true more for quantitative research than qualitative research. This worldview is sometimes called the . scientific method, or doing . science research. It is also called Qualitative Research Mixed methods research: "Combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches (e. g., use of qualitative and quantitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, inference techniques) for the broad purposes of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration." Quantitative and Qualitative Research Qualitative vs Quantitative Research; QUAL ITATIVE QUANT ITATIVE; Methods include focus groups, unstructured or in-depth interviews, and reviews of documents for types of themes: Surveys, structured interviews, measurements & observations, and reviews of records or documents for numeric or quantifiable information Understanding quantitative and qualitative research methods: A Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been further considered in the research methodology, especially in the field of education. In most pieces of research, these approaches are ... What are Different Research Approaches? Comprehensive Review of qualitative, quantitative approaches considering the type of data sought. Also, a mixture of these methods is known as mixed-method study that covers advantages of both methods. These approaches are defined as the following: 2.1 Qualitative Approach There are different definitions for qualitative research. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. Finding Quantitative, Qualitative, Primary and Secondary Sources Using scientific inquiry, quantitative research relies on data that are observed or measured to examine research questions. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT), Systematic Reviews, and Meta-Analysis are all examples of Quantitative research. Qualitative research refers to any research based on something that is impossible to accurately and ... Research Approach for Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Qualitative Research: Methodological Distinctions and Approach. Qualitative research focuses on understanding human experiences and the meanings individuals attach to those experiences. Its methodological distinctions set it apart from quantitative approaches, emphasizing depth over breadth. Book Title: Graduate research methods in social work 10.2 Sampling approaches for quantitative research; 10.3 Sample quality; 11. Quantitative measurement. ... Part 4: Using qualitative methods. 17. Qualitative data and sampling. ... Graduate research methods in social work quiz bank (Day et al., 2020) PDF Qualitative Evaluation Checklist Qualitative evaluations use qualitative and naturalistic methods, sometimes alone, but often in combination with quantitative data. Qualitative methods include three kinds of data collection: (1) in-depth, open-ended interviews; (2) direct observation; and (3) written documents. Qualitative Evaluation Checklist Michael Quinn Patton EDU 7303 Credits: 3 Research designs and statistical methods for studies that combine quantitative analysis with qualitative inquiry. Also, review of literature employing mixed methods and computer methods of analysis. Conducting and Writing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Combination of quantitative and qualitative research. When both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used in the same research, mixed-method research is applied.25 This combination provides a complete view of the research problem and achieves triangulation to corroborate findings, complementarity to clarify results, expansion to ... Evaluation of the LEAP 1000 Program in Ghana: Integrating qualitative CPC led the design, implementation, analysis, and interpretation of qualitative data about the processes and mechanisms of LEAP impact collected from caregivers in an embedded, longitudinal qualitative cohort of LEAP participants and provided technical support to the quantitative evaluation implemented by UNICEF. Looking beyond duty hours: Offering a balanced quantitative-qualitative In this article, we offer our perspectives on pursuing a balanced approach towards both meaningful quantitative reduction in working hours as well as practical qualitative improvement in nature of ... assignment essay homework paper phd report resume review speech thesis