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2 Human Body Nervous system.pptx
Nervous System Slide Lecture . Medical Physiology
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The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS) (Ǟ A). The spinal cord is divided into similar segments, but is 30% shorter than the spinal column. The spinal nerves exit the spinal canal at the level of their respective vertebrae and contains the afferent somatic and visceral fibers of the dorsal root, which project to the spinal cord, and the effer-ent somatic (and partly autonomic) fibers of the anterior root, which project to the periphery. Thus, a nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that has different functions and conducts impulses in different directions (Ǟ p. 42). Spinal cord (Ǟ A). Viewed in cross-section, the spinal cord has a dark, butterfly-shaped inner area (gray matter) surrounded by a lighter outer area (white matter). The four wings of the gray matter are called horns (cross-section) or columns (longitudinal section). The anterior horn contains motoneurons (projecting to the muscles), the posterior horn contains interneurons. The cell bodies of most afferent fibers lie within the spinal ganglion outside the spinal cord. The white matter contains the axons of ascending and descending tracts. Brain (Ǟ D). The main parts of the brain are the medulla oblongata (Ǟ D7) pons (Ǟ D6), mesencephalon (Ǟ D5), cerebellum (Ǟ E), di-encephalon and telencephalon (Ǟ E). The medulla, pons and mesencephalon are collectively called the brain stem. It is structurally similar to the spinal cord but also contains cell bodies (nuclei) of cranial nerves, neurons controlling respiration and circulation (Ǟ pp. 132 and 212ff.) etc. The cerebellum is an important control center for motor function (Ǟ p. 326ff.). Diencephalon. The thalamus (Ǟ C6) of the diencephalon functions as a relay station for most afferents, e.g., from the eyes, ears and skin as well as from other parts of the brain. The hypothalamus (Ǟ C9) is a higher auto-nomic center (Ǟ p. 330), but it also plays a dominant role in endocrine function (Ǟ p. 266ff.) as it controls the release of hormones from the adjacent hypophysis (Ǟ D4). The telencephalon consists of the cortex and nuclei important for motor function, the basal ganglia, i.e. caudate nucleus (Ǟ C5), puta-men (Ǟ C7), globus pallidus (Ǟ C8), and parts of the amygdala (Ǟ C10). The amygdaloid nucleus and cingulate gyrus (Ǟ D2) belong to the limbic system (Ǟ p. 330). The cerebral cortex consists of four lobes divided by fissures (sulci), e.g., the central sulcus (Ǟ D1, E) and lateral sul-cus (Ǟ C3, E). According to Brodmann's map, the cerebral cortex is divided into histologi-cally distinct regions (Ǟ E, italic letters) that generally have different functions (Ǟ E). The hemispheres of the brain are closely connected by nerve fibers of the corpus callosum (Ǟ C1, D3). Cerebrospinal Fluid The brain is surrounded by external and internal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces (Ǟ B). The internal CSF spaces are called ventricles. The two lateral ventricles, I and II, (Ǟ B, C2) are connected to the IIIrd and IVth ventricle and to the central canal of the spinal cord (Ǟ B). Approximately 650 mL of CSF forms in the choroid plexus (Ǟ B, C4) and drains through the arachnoid villi each day (Ǟ B). Lesions that obstruct the drainage of CSF (e.g., brain tumors) result in cerebral compression; in children, they lead to fluid accumulation (hydro-cephalus). The blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier prevents the passage of most substances except CO2, O2, water and lipophilic substances. (As an exception, the circum-ventricular organs of the brain such as the or-ganum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT; Ǟ p. 280) and the area postrema (Ǟ p. 238) have a less tight blood-brain barrier.) Certain substances like glucose and amino acids can cross the blood-brain barrier with the aid of carriers, whereas proteins cannot. The ability or inability of a drug to cross the blood-brain barrier is an important factor in pharma-cotherapeutics. Despopoulos, Color Atlas of Physiology
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Pain is transmitted along a three-neuron pathway that relays pain signals from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. First order neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia. Each neuron has a single short axon that bifurcates, sending one end to the peripheral tissues it innervates and the other end to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it synapses with the second order neuron. Pain fibers may ascend several segments in Lissauer’s tract before synapsing with second order neurons in the grey matter of ipsilateral dorsal horn. Third order neurons are located in the thalamus and send fibers to somatosensory areas I and II in the post-central gyrus of the parietal cortex as well as the superior wall of the sylvian fissure.
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The overall purpose of this preparatory course textbook is to help students familiarize with some terms and some basic concepts they will find later in the Human Anatomy and Physiology I course. The organization and functioning of the human organism generally is discussed in terms of different levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest building blocks to the entire body. This Anatomy and Physiology preparatory course covers the foundations on the chemical level, and a basic introduction to cellular level, organ level, and organ system levels. There is also an introduction to homeostasis at the beginning.
PIUS PATRICK
• Design = Function – Gray matter = • integration of information – White matter tracts =
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Development of the Nervous system
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Presentation on theme: "Development of the Nervous system"— Presentation transcript:
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Presentation Transcript. Chapter 22 The Nervous System. Nervous System - Function • Separated into Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems • Receive information about what's happening to the body (both inside & out) • Responds to those internal and environmental stimuli • Maintains homeostasis • Nerve Impulse travels w ...
Development Aspects of the Nervous System, cont'd. Arteriosclerosis (plaque build up in arteries) and high blood pressure result in less O2 supply to brain. Can causes senility - forgetfulness, irritability, confusion, and difficulty in concentrating and thinking clearly.
Presentation transcript: 1 The Nervous System Anatomy & Physiology. 2 The Basics The nervous system is your body's decision and communication center. The central nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of nerves. Together they control every part of your daily life, from breathing ...
Presentation on theme: "The Central Nervous System"— Presentation transcript: 2 Regions of the Brain The brain is the largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the human body. It is protected by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. The largest portion of the brain. Is divided into left and right halves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM. NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION Central Nervous System - thought, emotion, brain memory spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic (SNS) - voluntary Autonomic (ANS) - involuntary AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensory Motor - sympathetic - parasympathetic INTERNEURONS (90% of neurons) Located only in the CNS Purkinje cells in ...
Autonomic Nervous System. consists of: Sympathetic Nervous System: which mobilizes the body's resources during emergencies or during stress. Parasympathetic Nervous System: which brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal after an emergency. Sympathetic VS. Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Presentation Transcript. Central Nervous System: • Brain • Spinal cord. The Brain • Performs the most complex neural functions • Intelligence • Consciousness • Memory • Sensory-motor integration • Involved in innervation of the head. Organization of CNS • Centrally located gray matter - neuron cell bodies, interneurons ...
The autonomic nervous system innervates: • Smooth muscles, • Cardiac muscle, • Secretory glands. • It is an important part of the homeostatic mechanisms that control the internal environment of the body with the endocrine system. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES • The largest part of the brain. • They have elevations, called gyri.
1. Sensory input - gathering information. To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2. Processing - to interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: It has the opposite effect of the sympathetic nervous system. When threat has passed, nerves of this system slow heart rate and breathing rate. We associate the PNS with "rest and digest". It causes the pupil of the eye to contract, promotes food digestion and slows the heartbeat.
The Central Nervous System. 12. P A R T A. The Central Nervous System. Central Nervous System (CNS). CNS - composed of the brain and spinal cord Cephalization Elaboration of the anterior portion of the CNS Increase in number of neurons in the head Highest level is reached in the human brain. The Brain. 839 views • 44 slides
Andrea Galdames S. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS) (Ǟ A). The spinal cord is divided into similar segments, but is 30% shorter than the spinal column. The spinal nerves exit the spinal canal at the level of their respective vertebrae and contains the afferent somatic and visceral fibers of the dorsal root ...
Download ppt "Development of the Nervous system". EARLY DEVELOPMENT By the beginning of the 3rd week of development, three germ cell layers become established, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. During the middle of the 3rd week, the dorsal midline ectoderm undergoes thickening to form the neural plate. The margins of the plate become elevated ...
Functions of the nervous system. 1. Initiate and/or regulate movement of body parts 2. Regulate secretions from glands 3. Gather information about the external environment and the internal environment of the body. Download Presentation. called. nervous system. intermediate zone.
Nervous System (597.0K) We welcome your feedback. Please send comments and questions to: [email protected]. To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its Information Center. 2009 McGraw-Hill Professional ... Home > Chapter 2 > PowerPoint Presentation
Integration: Central nervous system processes sensory input and responds. • It may store info as a memory. 3.Control of Muscles and Glands: May control the skeletal muscles to contract when stimulated. Controls the major movements. • Also controls the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and major glands. 4.
Nervous System Chapter 12 & 13. Fig 12-2 Organization of Nervous System A. Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord - integrating and command center of the nervous system B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - part of nervous system that extends from the brain and spinal cord 1. cranial nerves : carry signals to and from the brain 2. spinal nerves: carry signals to and from the ...