term paper about planning

• Privacy Policy

Home » Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Definition:

Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student’s understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources.

Term papers are usually longer than other types of academic writing assignments and can range anywhere from 5 to 20 pages or more, depending on the level of study and the specific requirements of the assignment. They often require extensive research and the use of a variety of sources, including books, articles, and other academic publications.

Term Paper Format

The format of a term paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of your professor or institution. However, a typical term paper usually consists of the following sections:

• Title page: This should include the title of your paper, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name, and the date.
• Abstract : This is a brief summary of your paper, usually no more than 250 words. It should provide an overview of your topic, the research question or hypothesis, your methodology, and your main findings or conclusions.
• Introduction : This section should introduce your topic and provide background information on the subject. You should also state your research question or hypothesis and explain the importance of your research.
• Literature review : This section should review the existing literature on your topic. You should summarize the key findings and arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology: This section should describe the methods you used to collect and analyze your data. You should explain your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Results : This section should present your findings. You can use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your data.
• Discussion : This section should interpret your findings and explain what they mean in relation to your research question or hypothesis. You should also discuss any limitations of your study and suggest areas for future research.
• Conclusion : This section should summarize your main findings and conclusions. You should also restate the importance of your research and its implications for the field.
• References : This section should list all the sources you cited in your paper using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Appendices : This section should include any additional materials that are relevant to your study but not essential to your main argument (e.g., survey questions, interview transcripts).

Structure of Term Paper

Here’s an example structure for a term paper:

I. Introduction

A. Background information on the topic

B. Thesis statement

II. Literature Review

A. Overview of current literature on the topic

B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature

C. Identification of gaps in current literature

III. Methodology

A. Description of research design

B. Discussion of data collection methods

C. Explanation of data analysis techniques

IV. Results

A. Presentation of findings

B. Analysis and interpretation of results

C. Comparison of results with previous studies

V. Discussion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Explanation of how results address the research questions

C. Implications of results for the field

VI. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points

B. Significance of findings

C. Future directions for research

VII. References

A. List of sources cited in the paper

How to Write Term Paper

Here are some steps to help you write a term paper:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your course. If your professor has assigned a topic, make sure you understand it and clarify any doubts before you start.
• Research : Conduct research on your topic by gathering information from various sources such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Take notes and organize your information systematically.
• Create an outline : Create an outline of your term paper by arranging your ideas and information in a logical sequence. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Write a thesis statement: Write a clear and concise thesis statement that states the main idea of your paper. Your thesis statement should be included in your introduction.
• Write the introduction: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on your topic, and introduce your thesis statement.
• Write the body : The body of your paper should provide supporting evidence for your thesis statement. Use your research to provide details and examples to support your argument. Make sure to organize your ideas logically and use transition words to connect paragraphs.
• Write the conclusion : The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Edit and proofread your term paper carefully to ensure that it is free of errors and flows smoothly. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Format and cite your sources: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your professor and cite your sources properly using the appropriate citation style.
• Submit your paper : Submit your paper on time and according to the instructions provided by your professor.

Term Paper Example

Here’s an example of a term paper:

Title : The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity

As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, cybersecurity threats are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Traditional security measures are no longer enough to protect against these threats. This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, including how AI can be used to detect and respond to threats in real-time, the challenges of implementing AI in cybersecurity, and the potential ethical implications of AI-powered security systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their cybersecurity strategies.

Introduction :

The increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years has led to a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve cybersecurity. AI has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach. Additionally, AI can automate responses to threats, allowing for faster and more effective mitigation of security incidents. However, there are also challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for large amounts of high-quality data, the potential for AI systems to make mistakes, and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in security.

Literature Review:

This section of the paper reviews existing research on the use of AI in cybersecurity. It begins by discussing the types of AI techniques used in cybersecurity, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks. The literature review then explores the advantages of using AI in cybersecurity, such as its ability to detect previously unknown threats and its potential to reduce the workload of security analysts. However, the review also highlights some of the challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for high-quality training data and the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks.

Methodology :

To better understand the challenges and opportunities associated with using AI in cybersecurity, this paper conducted a survey of cybersecurity professionals working in a variety of industries. The survey included questions about the types of AI techniques used in their organizations, the challenges they faced when implementing AI in cybersecurity, and their perceptions of the ethical implications of using AI in security.

The results of the survey showed that while many organizations are interested in using AI in cybersecurity, they face several challenges when implementing these systems. These challenges include the need for high-quality training data, the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks, and the difficulty of integrating AI with existing security systems. Additionally, many respondents expressed concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in security, such as the potential for AI to be biased or to make decisions that are harmful to individuals or society as a whole.

Discussion :

Based on the results of the survey and the existing literature, this paper discusses the potential benefits and risks of using AI in cybersecurity. It also provides recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their security strategies, such as the need to prioritize data quality and to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable.

Conclusion :

While there are challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, the potential benefits of using these systems are significant. AI can help organizations detect and respond to threats more quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of security breaches. However, it is important for organizations to be aware of the potential ethical implications of using AI in security and to take steps to ensure that these systems are transparent and accountable.

References:

• Alkhaldi, S., Al-Daraiseh, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2019). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cyber Security. Journal of Information Security, 10(03), 191-207.
• Gartner. (2019). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/
• Kshetri, N. (2018). Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 80-89.
• Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490.
• Schneier, B. (2019). Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World. WW Norton & Company.
• Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2020). A Survey on AI Techniques in Cybersecurity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(2), 22-27.

When to Write Term Paper

A term paper is usually a lengthy research paper that is assigned to students at the end of a term or semester. There are several situations when writing a term paper may be required, including:

• As a course requirement: In most cases, a term paper is required as part of the coursework for a particular course. It may be assigned by the instructor as a way of assessing the student’s understanding of the course material.
• To explore a specific topic : A term paper can be an excellent opportunity for students to explore a specific topic of interest in-depth. It allows them to conduct extensive research on the topic and develop their understanding of it.
• To develop critical thinking skills : Writing a term paper requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. It helps them to develop their ability to evaluate and interpret information, as well as to present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner.
• To prepare for future academic or professional pursuits: Writing a term paper can be an excellent way for students to prepare for future academic or professional pursuits. It can help them to develop the research and writing skills necessary for success in higher education or in a professional career.

Purpose of Term Paper

The main purposes of a term paper are:

• Demonstrate mastery of a subject: A term paper provides an opportunity for students to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. It requires students to research and analyze the topic, and then present their findings in a clear and organized manner.
• Develop critical thinking skills: Writing a term paper requires students to think critically about their subject matter, analyzing various sources and viewpoints, and evaluating evidence to support their arguments.
• Improve writing skills : Writing a term paper helps students improve their writing skills, including organization, clarity, and coherence. It also requires them to follow specific formatting and citation guidelines, which can be valuable skills for future academic and professional endeavors.
• Contribute to academic discourse : A well-written term paper can contribute to academic discourse by presenting new insights, ideas, and arguments that add to the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic.
• Prepare for future research : Writing a term paper can help prepare students for future research, by teaching them how to conduct a literature review, evaluate sources, and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It can also help them develop research skills that they can apply in future academic or professional endeavors.

Advantages of Term Paper

There are several advantages of writing a term paper, including:

• In-depth exploration: Writing a term paper allows you to delve deeper into a specific topic, allowing you to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
• Improved writing skills: Writing a term paper involves extensive research, critical thinking, and the organization of ideas into a cohesive written document. As a result, writing a term paper can improve your writing skills significantly.
• Demonstration of knowledge: A well-written term paper demonstrates your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, which can be beneficial for academic or professional purposes.
• Development of research skills : Writing a term paper requires conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and synthesizing information from various sources. This process can help you develop essential research skills that can be applied in many other areas.
• Enhancement of critical thinking : Writing a term paper encourages you to think critically, evaluate information, and develop well-supported arguments. These skills can be useful in many areas of life, including personal and professional decision-making.
• Preparation for further academic work : Writing a term paper is excellent preparation for more extensive academic projects, such as a thesis or dissertation.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

What is Anthropology – Definition and Overview

Chemist – Definition, Types and Work Area

Future Studies – Types, Approaches and Methods

Academic Paper – Format, Example and Writing...

What is Biology – Definition, Concepts

Physicist – Definition, Types and Work Area

How to Write a Term Paper From Start to Finish

The term paper, often regarded as the culmination of a semester's hard work, is a rite of passage for students in pursuit of higher education. Here's an interesting fact to kick things off: Did you know that the term paper's origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, where scholars like Plato and Aristotle utilized written works to explore and document their philosophical musings? Just as these great minds once wrote their thoughts on parchment, you, too, can embark on this intellectual voyage with confidence and skill.

How to Write a Term Paper: Short Description

In this article, we'll delve into the core purpose of this kind of assignment – to showcase your understanding of a subject, your research abilities, and your capacity to communicate complex ideas effectively. But it doesn't stop there. We'll also guide you in the art of creating a well-structured term paper format, a roadmap that will not only keep you on track but also ensure your ideas flow seamlessly and logically. Packed with valuable tips on writing, organization, and time management, this resource promises to equip you with the tools needed to excel in your academic writing.

Understanding What Is a Term Paper

A term paper, a crucial component of your college education, is often assigned towards the conclusion of a semester. It's a vehicle through which educators gauge your comprehension of the course content. Imagine it as a bridge between what you've learned in class and your ability to apply that knowledge to real-world topics.

For instance, in a history course, you might be asked to delve into the causes and consequences of a significant historical event, such as World War II. In a psychology class, your term paper might explore the effects of stress on mental health, or in an environmental science course, you could analyze the impact of climate change on a specific region.

Writing a term paper isn't just about summarizing facts. It requires a blend of organization, deep research, and the art of presenting your findings in a way that's both clear and analytical. This means structuring your arguments logically, citing relevant sources, and critically evaluating the information you've gathered.

For further guidance, we've prepared an insightful guide for you authored by our expert essay writer . It's brimming with practical tips and valuable insights to help you stand out in this academic endeavor and earn the recognition you deserve.

How to Start a Term Paper

Before you start, keep the guidelines for the term paper format firmly in mind. If you have any doubts, don't hesitate to reach out to your instructor for clarification before you begin your research and writing process. And remember, procrastination is your worst enemy in this endeavor. If you're aiming to produce an exceptional piece and secure a top grade, it's essential to plan ahead and allocate dedicated time each day to work on it. Now, let our term paper writing services provide you with some valuable tips to help you on your journey:

• Hone Your Topic : Start by cultivating a learning mindset that empowers you to effectively organize your thoughts. Discover how to research a topic in the section below.
• Hook Your Readers: Initiate a brainstorming session and unleash a barrage of creative ideas to captivate your audience right from the outset. Pose intriguing questions, share compelling anecdotes, offer persuasive statistics, and more.
• Craft a Concise Thesis Statement Example : If you find yourself struggling to encapsulate the main idea of your paper in just a sentence or two, it's time to revisit your initial topic and consider narrowing it down.
• Understand Style Requirements: Your work must adhere to specific formatting guidelines. Delve into details about the APA format and other pertinent regulations in the section provided.
• Delve Deeper with Research : Equipped with a clearer understanding of your objectives, dive into your subject matter with a discerning eye. Ensure that you draw from reputable and reliable sources.
• Begin Writing: Don't obsess over perfection from the get-go. Just start writing, and don't worry about initial imperfections. You can always revise or remove those early sentences later. The key is to initiate the term papers as soon as you've amassed sufficient information.

Ace your term paper with EssayPro 's expert help. Our academic professionals are here to guide you through every step, ensuring your term paper is well-researched, structured, and written to the highest standards.

Term Paper Topics

Selecting the right topic for your term paper is a critical step, one that can significantly impact your overall experience and the quality of your work. While instructors sometimes provide specific topics, there are instances when you have the freedom to choose your own. To guide you on how to write a term paper, consider the following factors when deciding on your dissertation topics :

• Relevance to Assignment Length: Begin by considering the required length of your paper. Whether it's a substantial 10-page paper or a more concise 5-page one, understanding the word count will help you determine the appropriate scope for your subject. This will inform whether your topic should be broad or more narrowly focused.
• Availability of Resources : Investigate the resources at your disposal. Check your school or community library for books and materials that can support your research. Additionally, explore online sources to ensure you have access to a variety of reference materials.
• Complexity and Clarity : Ensure you can effectively explain your chosen topic, regardless of how complex it may seem. If you encounter areas that are challenging to grasp fully, don't hesitate to seek guidance from experts or your professor. Clarity and understanding are key to producing a well-structured term paper.
• Avoiding Overused Concepts : Refrain from choosing overly trendy or overused topics. Mainstream subjects often fail to captivate the interest of your readers or instructors, as they can lead to repetitive content. Instead, opt for a unique angle or approach that adds depth to your paper.
• Manageability and Passion : While passion can drive your choice of topic, it's important to ensure that it is manageable within the given time frame and with the available resources. If necessary, consider scaling down a topic that remains intriguing and motivating to you, ensuring it aligns with your course objectives and personal interests.

Worrying About the Quality of Your Upcoming Essay?

"Being highly trained professionals, our writers can provide term paper help by creating a paper specifically tailored to your needs.

Term Paper Outline

Before embarking on the journey of writing a term paper, it's crucial to establish a well-structured outline. Be mindful of any specific formatting requirements your teacher may have in mind, as these will guide your outline's structure. Here's a basic format to help you get started:

• Cover Page: Begin with a cover page featuring your name, course number, teacher's name, and the deadline date, centered at the top.
• Abstract: Craft a concise summary of your work that informs readers about your paper's topic, its significance, and the key points you'll explore.
• Introduction: Commence your term paper introduction with a clear and compelling statement of your chosen topic. Explain why it's relevant and outline your approach to addressing it.
• Body: This section serves as the meat of academic papers, where you present the primary findings from your research. Provide detailed information about the topic to enhance the reader's understanding. Ensure you incorporate various viewpoints on the issue and conduct a thorough analysis of your research.
• Results: Share the insights and conclusions that your research has led you to. Discuss any shifts in your perspective or understanding that have occurred during the course of your project.
• Discussion: Conclude your term paper with a comprehensive summary of the topic and your findings. You can wrap up with a thought-provoking question or encourage readers to explore the subject further through their own research.

How to Write a Term Paper with 5 Steps

Before you begin your term paper, it's crucial to understand what a term paper proposal entails. This proposal serves as your way to introduce and justify your chosen topic to your instructor, and it must gain approval before you start writing the actual paper.

In your proposal, include recent studies or research related to your topic, along with proper references. Clearly explain the topic's relevance to your course, outline your objectives, and organize your ideas effectively. This helps your instructor grasp your term paper's direction. If needed, you can also seek assistance from our expert writers and buy term paper .

Draft the Abstract

The abstract is a critical element while writing a term paper, and it plays a crucial role in piquing the reader's interest. To create a captivating abstract, consider these key points from our dissertation writing service :

• Conciseness: Keep it short and to the point, around 150-250 words. No need for lengthy explanations.
• Highlight Key Elements: Summarize the problem you're addressing, your research methods, and primary findings or conclusions. For instance, if your paper discusses the impact of social media on mental health, mention your research methods and significant findings.
• Engagement: Make your abstract engaging. Use language that draws readers in. For example, if your paper explores the effects of artificial intelligence on the job market, you might begin with a question like, 'Is AI revolutionizing our work landscape, or should we prepare for the robots to take over?'
• Clarity: Avoid excessive jargon or technical terms to ensure accessibility to a wider audience.

Craft the Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for your entire term paper and should engage readers from the outset. To craft an intriguing introduction, consider these tips:

• Hook Your Audience: Start with a captivating hook, such as a thought-provoking question or a compelling statistic. For example, if your paper explores the impact of smartphone addiction, you could begin with, 'Can you remember the last time you went a whole day without checking your phone?'
• State Your Purpose: Clearly state the purpose of your paper and its relevance. If your term paper is about renewable energy's role in combating climate change, explain why this topic is essential in today's world.
• Provide a Roadmap: Briefly outline how your paper is structured. For instance, if your paper discusses the benefits of mindfulness meditation, mention that you will explore its effects on stress reduction, emotional well-being, and cognitive performance.
• Thesis Statement: Conclude your introduction with a concise thesis statement that encapsulates the central argument or message of your paper. In the case of a term paper on the impact of online education, your thesis might be: 'Online education is revolutionizing learning by providing accessibility, flexibility, and innovative teaching methods.'

Develop the Body Sections: Brainstorming Concepts and Content

Generate ideas and compose text: body sections.

The body of your term paper is where you present your research, arguments, and analysis. To generate ideas and write engaging text in the body sections, consider these strategies from our research paper writer :

• Structure Your Ideas: Organize your paper into sections or paragraphs, each addressing a specific aspect of your topic. For example, if your term paper explores the impact of social media on interpersonal relationships, you might have sections on communication patterns, privacy concerns, and emotional well-being.
• Support with Evidence: Back up your arguments with credible evidence, such as data, research findings, or expert opinions. For instance, when discussing the effects of social media on mental health, you can include statistics on social media usage and its correlation with anxiety or depression.
• Offer Diverse Perspectives: Acknowledge and explore various viewpoints on the topic. When writing about the pros and cons of genetic engineering, present both the potential benefits, like disease prevention, and the ethical concerns associated with altering human genetics.
• Use Engaging Examples: Incorporate real-life examples to illustrate your points. If your paper discusses the consequences of climate change, share specific instances of extreme weather events or environmental degradation to make the topic relatable.
• Ask Thought-Provoking Questions: Integrate questions throughout your text to engage readers and stimulate critical thinking. In a term paper on the future of artificial intelligence, you might ask, 'How will AI impact job markets and the concept of work in the coming years?'

Formulate the Conclusion

The conclusion section should provide a satisfying wrap-up of your arguments and insights. To craft a compelling term paper example conclusion, follow these steps:

• Revisit Your Thesis: Begin by restating your thesis statement. This reinforces the central message of your paper. For example, if your thesis is about the importance of biodiversity conservation, reiterate that biodiversity is crucial for ecological balance and human well-being.
• Summarize Key Points: Briefly recap the main points you've discussed in the body of your paper. For instance, if you've been exploring the impact of globalization on local economies, summarize the effects on industries, job markets, and cultural diversity.
• Emphasize Your Main Argument: Reaffirm the significance of your thesis and the overall message of your paper. Discuss why your findings are important or relevant in a broader context. If your term paper discusses the advantages of renewable energy, underscore its potential to combat climate change and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
• Offer a Thoughtful Reflection: Share your own reflections or insights about the topic. How has your understanding evolved during your research? Have you uncovered any unexpected findings or implications? If your paper discusses the future of space exploration, consider what it means for humanity's quest to explore the cosmos.
• End with Impact: Conclude your term paper with a powerful closing statement. You can leave the reader with a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a reflection on the broader implications of your topic. For instance, if your paper is about the ethics of artificial intelligence, you could finish by asking, 'As AI continues to advance, what ethical considerations will guide our choices and decisions?'

Edit and Enhance the Initial Draft

After completing your initial draft, the revision and polishing phase is essential for improving your paper. Here's how to refine your work efficiently:

• Take a Break: Step back and return to your paper with a fresh perspective.
• Structure Check: Ensure your paper flows logically and transitions smoothly from the introduction to the conclusion.
• Clarity and Conciseness: Trim excess words for clarity and precision.
• Grammar and Style: Proofread for errors and ensure consistent style.
• Citations and References: Double-check your citations and reference list.
• Peer Review: Seek feedback from peers or professors for valuable insights.
• Enhance Intro and Conclusion: Make your introduction and conclusion engaging and impactful.
• Coherence Check: Ensure your arguments support your thesis consistently.
• Read Aloud: Reading your paper aloud helps identify issues.
• Final Proofread: Perform a thorough proofread to catch any remaining errors.

Term Paper Format

When formatting your term paper, consider its length and the required citation style, which depends on your research topic. Proper referencing is crucial to avoid plagiarism in academic writing. Common citation styles include APA and MLA.

If unsure how to cite term paper for social sciences, use the APA format, including the author's name, book title, publication year, publisher, and location when citing a book.

For liberal arts and humanities, MLA is common, requiring the publication name, date, and location for referencing.

Adhering to the appropriate term paper format and citation style ensures an organized and academically sound paper. Follow your instructor's guidelines for a polished and successful paper.

Term Paper Example

To access our term paper example, simply click the button below.

The timeline of events from 1776 to 1861, that, in the end, prompted the American Civil War, describes and relates to a number of subjects modern historians acknowledge as the origins and causes of the Civil War. In fact, pre-Civil War events had both long-term and short-term influences on the War—such as the election of Abraham Lincoln as the American president in 1860 that led to the Fall of Fort Sumter in April of the same year. In that period, contentions that surrounded states’ rights progressively exploded in Congress—since they were the initial events that formed after independence. Congress focused on resolving significant issues that affected the states, which led to further issues. In that order, the US’s history from 1776 to 1861 provides a rich history, as politicians brought forth dissimilarities, dissections, and tensions between the Southern US & the people of slave states, and the Northern states that were loyal to the Union. The events that unfolded from the period of 1776 to 1861 involved a series of issues because they promoted the great sectional crisis that led to political divisions and the build-up to the Civil War that made the North and the South seem like distinctive and timeless regions that predated the crisis itself.

Final Thoughts

In closing, approach the task of writing term papers with determination and a positive outlook. Begin well in advance, maintain organization, and have faith in your capabilities. Don't hesitate to seek assistance if required, and express your individual perspective with confidence. You're more than capable of succeeding in this endeavor!

Need a Winning Hand in Academia?

Arm yourself with our custom-crafted academic papers that are sharper than a well-honed pencil! Order now and conquer your academic challenges with style!

What is the Difference between a Term Paper and a Research Paper?

What is the fastest way to write a term paper.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

Term Paper on Planning | Functions | Management

Here is a compilation of term papers on ‘Planning’ for class 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short term papers on ‘Planning’ especially written for school and college students.

Term Paper on Planning

Term Paper Contents:

• Term Paper on the Limitations of Planning

Term Paper # 1. Introduction to Planning:

Planning is the primary function of management. The process of planning involves the conscious determination of future course of action to achieve the desired results. Future cannot be predicted exactly and it can be guessed to a certain extent. Planning is deliberate and conscious research used to formulate the design and sequence of actions through which the organisation is expected to achieve its objectives.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

It is thus, a process of thinking before doing. Planning involves choosing one of the various alternatives available for accomplishing the desired results with economy and certainty. It sketches a complete picture of things yet to happen in the enterprise through the process of looking ahead.

Planning bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go. That is it links the present with the future. It is the mental process requiring the use of intellectual faculties, imagination, foresight and sound judgement.

There are two essential aspects of planning:

(i) Selecting targets or goals to be achieved in future.

(ii) Selecting and designing appropriate techniques and procedures that will be instrumental in achieving the objectives.

Term Paper # 2. Definition of Planning :

Various authorities on management have defined management.

Some of the definitions are given below:

Koontz and O’Donnell :

“Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action and basing of decisions on purpose, knowledge and considered estimates”. 

Louis A. Allen defines a plan “is a trap laid to capture the future”.

W.H.Newman “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done”.

George R.Terry defines “Planning is the selecting and relating of facts and the making and the using of assumptions regarding the future in the visualisation and formalisation of proposed activities believed necessary to achieve desired results.”

Theo Haimann defines planning as “deciding in advance what is to be done. When a manager plans, he projects a course of action for the future, attempting to achieve a consistent, co-ordinated structure of operations aimed at the desired results.”

George R.Terry “Planning is the selecting and relating of facts and the making and using of assumptions regarding the future in the visualisation and formulation of proposed activities, believed necessary to achieve the desired results.”

So planning is the most basic of all management functions as it involves deciding of future course of action. It logically precedes the execution of all other managerial functions as the other functions of management are reflected by proper planning. Planning is unique in the sense that it establishes the objectives for the group effort and lays down steps to accomplish them before the manager proceeds to perform other functions.

Planning is the preparatory step for action. “It ensures proper utilisation of both material and human resources in the achievement of objectives. Planning is the opposite of improvising. It is organised foresight plus corrective hind sight”.

It is a device for change to meet the future. It is a blueprint for a future course of action. Thus, it is an intellectual exercise of looking into the future. It means planning decides in advance the activities to be performed in future and also visualises the best course of action to achieve the desired objectives. Planning leads to decision making and controlling.

Term Paper # 3. Characteristics or Nature of Planning :

On the basis of foregoing definitions of planning specified above its various characteristics can be identified as follows:

(1) Primary Function :

It is the primary function of management as it precedes all other functions. Without setting goals to be achieved and line of action to be followed the other functions of management, organising, staffing, directing and controlling the activities of the enterprise become useless. Infact all other functions of management largely depends on planning.

(2) A Dynamic Process:

This means planning is a continuous process as it keeps changing based on circumstances. A plan is decided on the basis of some assumptions which may not come true in the future. The manager is to modify, revise and adjust the plans according to circumstances. Further one plan begets another plan to be followed by a series of plans in quick succession. So planning is a continuous activity and it is a never ending process.

(3) Planning is Related to Objective :

Every plan specifies the objectives to be achieved in the future and the steps necessary to reach them. Planning is related to objectives. It involves the setting up of the objectives to be achieved and determining the techniques for achieving those objectives. All the activities of the organisation are channelised towards of achieving the established objectives. So planning gives definition to performance.

(4) Planning is a Selective Process :

Planning is a choice activity. The planning process involves finding of alternatives and selection of the best alternative in achieving specified objectives. Thus, decision making is an integral part of planning. George R.Terry has described planning as the process of selecting and relating facts in visualisation and formation of proposed activities believed necessary to achieve the desired results.

(5) Planning is an Intellectual Activity :

It involves vision and foresightedness to decide the performance for the future. It involves use of mental skills for the achievement of group objectives. Managers have to consider various courses of action, achieve the desired goals, discuss in detail the pros and cons of every course of action and then finally decide about the action which suits the organisation.

(5) Planning is Forward Looking :

Planning means looking ahead. It is implemented to achieve some objectives in future. It facilitates the manager to handle future events with effortless ease. Thus, planning is futuristic in nature as in the present what is to be done in the future.

(6) Planning is Based on Facts :

It is a conscious determination of and projecting a course of action for the future and it is based on facts, objectives and considered forecasts. It is not a guess work.

(7) Planning is Pervasive:

It is incorrect to consider planning as a top management function. Planning is performed by managers at all levels, only the scope of planning varies based on the level he occupies in the hierarchy. Similarly every manager has to involve himself in decision making. A manager plans when he decides.

(8) Planning Creates Dynamism :

Planning commits the organisation to a particular course of action. Once a course of action is selected flexibility vanishes. But when a particular action is proved incorrect adopting to a new course of action is taken up based on the needs of the requirements. This need based functioning introduces flexibility in performance.

(9) Planning Aims at Efficiency :

It is stated planning gives a sense of commitment to the organisation in achieving objectives. Achievement of objectives leads to optimum handling of resources which results in efficiency. Efficiency leads to economy and accuracy.

(10) Planning Achieves Co-Ordination :

A plan for an organisation is translated downwards from top to bottom. This ensures a co-ordinated functioning of the organisation as a whole.

Term Paper # 4. Principles of Planning :

In management literature only a very few authorities like Koontz, O’Donnell and Weihrich have attempted to identify and codify the interrelated principles of planning. The following principles have been advocated by Koontz and O’Donnell.

They have classified the principles of planning into three groups:

(1) Principles dealing with purpose and nature of planning.

(2) The structure of plans and

(3) The process of planning.

(1) Principles of Purpose and Nature :

(a) Principle of Contribution of Objectives:

It means the purpose of every plan and all derivative plans facilitate the accomplishment of enterprise objectives.

(b) Principle of Efficiency Plans:

Efficiency of a plan is evaluated by correlating the plan with its achievement of objectives in the light of economy and accuracy.

(c) Primary Principle:

It means planning logically precedes the execution of all other managerial functions.

(2) The Structure of Plans:

There are three major principles that deal with the structure of plans and they facilitate co-ordination.

(i) Principle of Planning Premises:

The more individuals charged with planning understand and agree to utilise consistent planning premises will facilitate the co-ordinated functioning.

(ii) Principle of Strategy and Policy Framework:

Clearly understood strategies and policies of the organisation will facilitate and provide a consistent and effective framework for organisation plans.

(iii) Principle of Timing:

Economic and effective implementation of plans will result in the achievement of organisational objectives. Normally plans are divided into long-term, short-term and medium-term ones. They are interrelated and their integrated approach is necessary. All these plans are structured to provide appropriate timing and they should facilitate the timely accomplishment of objectives.

(3) Principles Connected with the Process of Planning:

There are four principles of planning process and their understanding will facilitate to develop a science of planning:

(i) The Principle of Limiting Factor:

It is the essence of decision making. The managers while developing plans will always focus on limiting or critical factors (manpower, money, machines, material and management) to know their capabilities for performance. This will facilitate them to go in self- introspection and develop better plans.

(ii) Commitment Principle:

It will facilitates the managers to know the commitments involved in decisions regarding plans.

(iii) Principle of Flexibility:

It means the imbedding of the element of flexibility in plans with the object of meeting the changed situations.

(iv) Principle of Navigational Change:

It means the sense of dynamism to be infected in the plans as and when the change in the course of action is needed. Built-in-plan flexibility does not mean that plans get revised automatically. It is the responsibility of the manager to adapt and change direction of his plans to meet the challenges of constantly changing environment which could not be foreseen.

Term Paper # 5. Kinds of Planning :

Planning is classified into different groups which are as follows:

1. On the Basis of Scope Planning:

On the basis of scope planning they are called as strategic and functional plans. Strategic planning is for the organisation. It is also known as corporate planning. This means the management determines the general objectives of the enterprise and the steps necessary to accomplish them with the available resources currently and likely to be available in the future. Functional planning covers functional areas like production, marketing, finance and purchasing.

2. On the Basis of Duration Plans:

Duration plans are divided into three types:

(a) Long-Range Plans:

Also known as long-term plans. The duration of the plan covers long periods may be 5 years or more. They set the long-term goals for the enterprise. It has specific plans for achieving certain goals. It considers long-term economic, social and technological factors as well as their influence on long term objectives of the organisation. It involves the commitment of resources for long term. There is always an element of uncertainty in long term plans.

(b) Medium Term Planning:

Other name Intermediate Planning. The duration ranges between one to five years. This is more detailed and specific than long-term planning. This is used for projects with a specific purposes.

(c) Short Term Planning:

Such planning normally covers a short period usually a year or less than a year. It is concerned with the determination of short-term objectives to accomplish long-term objectives. It is related to a short period. It specifies a detailed outline of certain specific activities to be completed with a specified time limit. It may be called as activity planning.

3. Based on Stability Plans:

Stability plans are classified as Ad hoc and Standing Plan. A standing plan is designed to be used over and over again. They include organisational structure, standard procedures, standard method etc.; Ad hoc planning is taken up to meet emergencies and special situations.

4. On the Basis of Evolution Planning:

Evolution planning may be classified as formal and informal planning.

Formal planning is developed by the management systematically. They specify in black and white the goals to be achieved and the steps to be taken to achieve them. They also facilitate the installation of internal control systems. Informal planning is thinking by some individuals which form the basis of formal planning in future.

5. On the Basis of Levels:

Planning may be classified on the basis of levels.

(a) Top Level Planning:

Top level planning is developed by top management. It encompasses the long-term objectives and policies of the organisation and it concerned with the results of the organisation.

(b) Middle Level Planning:

Middle level planning is done by the middle level managers or departmental heads. They are of short term nature and the orientation is towards functions and departments.

(c) Lower Level Planning:

Other names operational or activity planning. It is short term in nature. It is modified as and when needed based on requirements of the situation.

Term Paper # 6. Steps in Planning :

Planning is an intellectual exercise and it is a conscious pre-determination of future course of action which are necessary to be considered in the preparation of plans. Collection of various facts, its analysis and effective decision making are the steps in planning.

Though it is difficult to list out the steps in planning for every organisation but an attempt can be made to give an effective idea about the steps in planning:

1. Analysis of Environment :

Business environment refers to those surroundings of business enterprise which affect its operation and determine its effectiveness. According to Keith Davis, “Business environment is the aggregate of all conditions, events and influences that surround and affect it. The environment of business consists of al I those external things to which it is exposed and by which it may be influenced directly or indirectly”.

So business environment is a wide term and it includes a number of factors such as social, economic, political, technological etc., which are constantly changing and are full of risks or uncertainties which are outside the control of management.

The environment is divided into two groups known as external and internal. The external factors relate to socio-economic-cum political conditions prevailing in the country. These factors are unpredictable and uncontrollable. The plans are to be designed to meet the changing trends in external environment.

The internal environments relate to men, machines, materials, know-how finance etc. The resource audit or the self-appraisal is the essence of planning as they will facilitate the organisation to handle situations with effortless ease.

2. Definition of Enterprise Mission :

It is the duty of the top management to define the corporate mission. Mission statement describes the fundamental reason for the existence of an organisation and it provides the best climate for successful planning. The mission relates to a brief sketch of the business which specifies the present position of the business, its future, the nature of customers, an analysis of customers and the social obligations of the business etc.

3. Determination of Objectives :

The third step in planning is the statement of objectives which are to be specified in key areas of business. They are to be translated downwards. They must be realistic and measurable. They give a decisive definition for performance.

4. Forecasting the Planning Premises :

Forecasting is an important step in planning. It is a systematic attempt to probe the future with the help of known facts relating to the past and the present. Forecasting is needed for establishing planning premises. Planning premises are actually assumptions and predictions about the future. They are the environment of plans in operation and they form the basis for planning.

The forecasting technique involves the following steps:

(i) Development of the basis through systematic investigation of the economy, industry and products.

(ii) Estimation of future business operations.

(iii) Regulation of forecasts by focusing on deviations.

(iv) Review of the forecasting process.

5. Evaluation of alternatives :

In the light of planning premises and objectives various alternative course of action is to be considered. Out of the alternatives developed the best course of action is to be selected. After this the management is to decide the sequence of activities.

6. Implementation and Review :

Having decided the sequence of operations the next step is to implement the plan by determining the role to be played by various segments in the organisation. The management is to monitor and see that the implementation was done as it was desired. This feedback will facilitate the management to take the necessary corrective actions.

So the steps involved in the planning process can be outlined as:

(i) Analysis of Environment

(ii) Establishment of objectives

(iii) Forecasting and

(iv) Decision making.

Term Paper # 7. Importance and Advantages of Planning :

Planning is an activity of a highly ubiquitous character. Planning provides a rational approach to predetermined objectives as it requires a lot of systematic mental exercise on the part of Planners. Every function in business is planned in all enterprises with the object of ensuring proper utilisation of human and material resources to achieve the business objectives. Without proper planning the functioning of the organisation is likely to be more haphazard. Planning is a must for achieving a consistent and coordinated structure of operations focused on desired objectives.

Good planning can result in the following advantages:

1. Focuses Attention on Objectives :

Planning is directed towards achieving enterprise objectives the main focus of planning is objectives of the organisation. Determination of clear cut and well-defined objectives is the first step in planning. If the objectives are clearly laid down the execution of plans will be directed towards the achievement of these objectives.

2. Ensures Economy in Performance :

Planning is a mental exercise which is directed towards achieving efficient operations by optimum use of resources. This leads to minimising costs which results in economy of operations.

3. Planning Reduces Uncertainty :

Planning is connected with future. Future is full of uncertainties. Planning gives an opportunity to the manager to foresee uncertainties. Sufficient provision is made in the plans to offset these uncertainties.

4. Planning Facilitates Control :

Planning and control are inseparable. Control is in the nature of evaluation of plans. It focuses on correlation performance in the light of objectives and concentrates on deviations. Planning helps control by furnishing standards of control.

5. Planning Encourages Innovation and Creativity:

Planning is looking ahead about the future. The managers must be in a position to foresee future and be prepared to face challenges posed by the uncertainties of the future. So in drafting and designing a plan for the future and in meeting contingencies the managers are to demonstrate their innovation and creativity.

6. Planning Improves Motivation:

Good planning ensures the participation of all managers at various levels. Further the employees know clearly what is expected of them. This is specified by the plans. So the involvement of managers in planning and communication with employees promote motivation.

7. Improves Competing Potentials:

Normally plans are decided after considering the strength and weaknesses of organisation. So before developing a plan a self-introspection of the organisation is made. So the managers will be aware of their potentials and try to improve their competing potentials.

8. Achieves Better Co-Ordination:

Planning serves unity of direction towards the organisational objectives. All activities are directed towards the common objectives. There is an integrated effort throughout the organisation. This facilitates co-ordination.

9. Planning is the Basis for Decentralisation:

Delegation is possible only when the superiors know well in advance regarding the potentials of the delegates. Well-established plans serve as guides to subordinates and reduce the risk involved in delegation of authority. This facilitates decentralization. Further planning helps to improve the motivation and morale of employees by providing targets for performance.

Term Paper # 8. Limitations of Planning :

Planning plays an important role in directing the organisational activity. It is a primary function of management and has pervasive character. But it should always be kept in mind that planning is only a means to achieve certain objectives but it is not an end in itself. It is an intellectual exercise, but it cannot replace thinking and judgement. There are certain problems, barriers and limitations to planning. Every manager is to understand limitations to make planning effective, useful and purposeful.

The limitations to planning are:

1. Inaccurate:

Planning relies on forecasting. Forecasting is based on available facts and figures. Planning loses its value if reliable information is not available or if the planner fails to utilise the reliable information. If reliable forecast and data are available accuracy in planning can be ensured. Otherwise planning becomes unrealistic.

2. Internal Inflexibilities:

In the planning process managers face a set of variables which lead to inflexibilities in planning. These inflexibilities are classified into internal and external inflexibilities. Internal inflexibilities may be psychological, policy and procedures and capital investment. External inflexibilities may be political climate, trade unions and technological changes.

Psychological inflexibilities lies in the form of resistance to change. Both employees and managers resist to change as they believe that present is more desirable and acceptable rather than the new plan. So managers while instituting new plans may face objections. This is due to unwillingness of people to accept changes.

Policy and Procedural Inflexibilities:

Establishing policies and procedures may create inflexibilities. Policies and procedures are established to streamline administrative procedures. They leave little scope for managerial initiative and flexibility. The bureaucratic set-up always gives importance to rules and procedures. So the employees may not accept new plans and procedures.

Capital investment in fixed assets commits the organisation to a particular course which is difficult to change. This inflexibility continues during the entire life of fixed assets unless or otherwise the organisation changes its course of action or affords to write-off the investment.

3. External Inflexibilities :

The external inflexibilities to be considered are: social, economical, political and technological changes. The managers have little or no control over such forces.

Three environmental factors which generate inflexibilities in organisational planning are:

(a) Political climate

(b) Trade unions and

(c) Technological changes.

a. Political Climate:

This means the government attitude to business, taxation policy, regulation of business etc. These generate constraints on the organisational planning. Any change in these variables lead to changes in planning process.

b. Trade Unions:

Trade unions which are recognised and organised on national level resist any activity taken up by the management. Any changes made with reference to performance are to be communicated to the employees and with the approval of the union’s changes to be implemented. If the changes are not approved then they are to be modified for peaceful execution. To this extent, the management is not free to take decision of its choice.

c. Technological Changes:

An organisation works smoothly with the existing technology. Change in technology creates lot of problems in the organisation. The organisation faces financial problems, problems of higher cost of production, lesser competing potentials and displacement of skilled workers. Though normally planning is capable of meeting changes in technol­ogy it cannot approve of frequent changes in its technology. So change in technology affects planning.

Rapid changes in external environment affect planning. In rapidly changing conditions planning of one period cannot be relevant for another period as the conditions in the two periods are quite different.

4. Time Consuming and Costly :

Planning is a time consuming and costly operation.

It is time consuming because it needs lot of time for collection of data, analysis of data, evaluation of alternatives, developing supporting plans and forecasting. The managers are to take sufficient time to make planning realistic. Further this detailed ground-work involves cost. This cannot be undertaken by organisations with limited financial resources and by incompetent people.

5. Personal Factors :

The personal factors which are responsible for wrong planning or inadequate planning are:

Lack of commitment to planning, failure to formulate sound strategies, lack of clear and well defined objectives, tendency to overlook planning premises, failure to see planning as a rational approach, too much reliance on past experience, lack of support of the top management, lack of delegation of authority, lack of adequate control techniques.

Related Articles:

• Term Paper on Manpower Planning | Process | Staffing | Management
• Steps to Make Planning Effective | Planning | Functions | Management
• Comparison between Plan and Planning | Management
• Term Paper on Direction | Functions | Management

We use cookies

Privacy overview.

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Happiness Hub Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• Happiness Hub
• This Or That Game
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• College University and Postgraduate
• Academic Writing
• Research Papers

Everything You Need to Know to Write an A+ Term Paper

Last Updated: March 4, 2024 Fact Checked

Sample Term Papers

Researching & outlining.

• Drafting Your Paper
• Revising Your Paper

Expert Q&A

This article was co-authored by Matthew Snipp, PhD and by wikiHow staff writer, Raven Minyard, BA . C. Matthew Snipp is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Humanities and Sciences in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He is also the Director for the Institute for Research in the Social Science’s Secure Data Center. He has been a Research Fellow at the U.S. Bureau of the Census and a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has published 3 books and over 70 articles and book chapters on demography, economic development, poverty and unemployment. He is also currently serving on the National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Population Science Subcommittee. He holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin—Madison. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,247,214 times.

A term paper is a written assignment given to students at the end of a course to gauge their understanding of the material. Term papers typically count for a good percentage of your overall grade, so of course, you’ll want to write the best paper possible. Luckily, we’ve got you covered. In this article, we’ll teach you everything you need to know to write an A+ term paper, from researching and outlining to drafting and revising.

Quick Steps to Write a Term Paper

• Hook your readers with an interesting and informative intro paragraph. State your thesis and your main points.
• Support your thesis by providing quotes and evidence that back your claim in your body paragraphs.
• Summarize your main points and leave your readers with a thought-provoking question in your conclusion.

• Think of your term paper as the bridge between what you’ve learned in class and how you apply that knowledge to real-world topics.
• For example, a history term paper may require you to explore the consequences of a significant historical event, like the Civil War. An environmental science class, on the other hand, may have you examine the effects of climate change on a certain region.
• Your guidelines should tell you the paper’s word count and formatting style, like whether to use in-text citations or footnotes and whether to use single- or double-spacing. If these things aren’t specified, be sure to reach out to your instructor.

• Make sure your topic isn’t too broad. For example, if you want to write about Shakespeare’s work, first narrow it down to a specific play, like Macbeth , then choose something even more specific like Lady Macbeth’s role in the plot.
• If the topic is already chosen for you, explore unique angles that can set your content and information apart from the more obvious approaches many others will probably take. [3] X Research source
• Try not to have a specific outcome in mind, as this will close you off to new ideas and avenues of thinking. Rather than trying to mold your research to fit your desired outcome, allow the outcome to reflect a genuine analysis of the discoveries you made. Ask yourself questions throughout the process and be open to having your beliefs challenged.
• Reading other people's comments, opinions, and entries on a topic can often help you to refine your own, especially where they comment that "further research" is required or where they posit challenging questions but leave them unanswered.

• For example, if you’re writing a term paper about Macbeth , your primary source would be the play itself. Then, look for other research papers and analyses written by academics and scholars to understand how they interpret the text.

• For example, if you’re writing a paper about Lady Macbeth, your thesis could be something like “Shakespeare’s characterization of Lady Macbeth reveals how desire for power can control someone’s life.”
• Remember, your research and thesis development doesn’t stop here. As you continue working through both the research and writing, you may want to make changes that align with the ideas forming in your mind and the discoveries you continue to unearth.
• On the other hand, don’t keep looking for new ideas and angles for fear of feeling confined. At some point, you’re going to have to say enough is enough and make your point. You may have other opportunities to explore these questions in future studies, but for now, remember your term paper has a finite word length and an approaching due date!

• Abstract: An abstract is a concise summary of your paper that informs readers of your topic, its significance, and the key points you’ll explore. It must stand on its own and make sense without referencing outside sources or your actual paper.
• Introduction: The introduction establishes the main idea of your paper and directly states the thesis. Begin your introduction with an attention-grabbing sentence to intrigue your readers, and provide any necessary background information to establish your paper’s purpose and direction.
• Body paragraphs: Each body paragraph focuses on a different argument supporting your thesis. List specific evidence from your sources to back up your arguments. Provide detailed information about your topic to enhance your readers’ understanding. In your outline, write down the main ideas for each body paragraph and any outstanding questions or points you’re not yet sure about.
• Results: Depending on the type of term paper you’re writing, your results may be incorporated into your body paragraphs or conclusion. These are the insights that your research led you to. Here you can discuss how your perspective and understanding of your topic shifted throughout your writing process.
• Conclusion: Your conclusion summarizes your argument and findings. You may restate your thesis and major points as you wrap up your paper.

Drafting Your Term Paper

• Writing an introduction can be challenging, but don’t get too caught up on it. As you write the rest of your paper, your arguments might change and develop, so you’ll likely need to rewrite your intro at the end, anyway. Writing your intro is simply a means of getting started and you can always revise it later. [10] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
• Be sure to define any words your readers might not understand. For example, words like “globalization” have many different meanings depending on context, and it’s important to state which ones you’ll be using as part of your introductory paragraph.

• Try to relate the subject of the essay (say, Plato’s Symposium ) to a tangentially related issue you happen to know something about (say, the growing trend of free-wheeling hookups in frat parties). Slowly bring the paragraph around to your actual subject and make a few generalizations about why this aspect of the book/subject is so fascinating and worthy of study (such as how different the expectations for physical intimacy were then compared to now).

• You can also reflect on your own experience of researching and writing your term paper. Discuss how your understanding of your topic evolved and any unexpected findings you came across.

• While peppering quotes throughout your text is a good way to help make your point, don’t overdo it. If you use too many quotes, you’re basically allowing other authors to make the point and write the paper for you. When you do use a quote, be sure to explain why it is relevant in your own words.
• Try to sort out your bibliography at the beginning of your writing process to avoid having a last-minute scramble. When you have all the information beforehand (like the source’s title, author, publication date, etc.), it’s easier to plug them into the correct format.

Revising & Finalizing Your Term Paper

• Trade in weak “to-be” verbs for stronger “action” verbs. For example: “I was writing my term paper” becomes “I wrote my term paper.”

• It’s extremely important to proofread your term paper. If your writing is full of mistakes, your instructor will assume you didn’t put much effort into your paper. If you have too many errors, your message will be lost in the confusion of trying to understand what you’ve written.

• If you add or change information to make things clearer for your readers, it’s a good idea to look over your paper one more time to catch any new typos that may have come up in the process.

• The best essays are like grass court tennis—the argument should flow in a "rally" style, building persuasively to the conclusion. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
• If you get stuck, consider giving your professor a visit. Whether you're still struggling for a thesis or you want to go over your conclusion, most instructors are delighted to help and they'll remember your initiative when grading time rolls around. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 1
• At least 2 hours for 3-5 pages.
• At least 4 hours for 8-10 pages.
• At least 6 hours for 12-15 pages.
• Double those hours if you haven't done any homework and you haven't attended class.
• For papers that are primarily research-based, add about two hours to those times (although you'll need to know how to research quickly and effectively, beyond the purview of this brief guide).

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.binghamton.edu/counseling/self-help/term-paper.html
• ↑ Matthew Snipp, PhD. Research Fellow, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Expert Interview. 26 March 2020.
• ↑ https://emory.libanswers.com/faq/44525
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/planresearchpaper/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/thesis_statement_tips.html
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/outline
• ↑ https://gallaudet.edu/student-success/tutorial-center/english-center/writing/guide-to-writing-introductions-and-conclusions/
• ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26731827
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/
• ↑ https://www.ivcc.edu/stylesite/Essay_Title.pdf
• ↑ https://www.uni-flensburg.de/fileadmin/content/institute/anglistik/dokumente/downloads/how-to-write-a-term-paper-daewes.pdf
• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185937
• ↑ https://www.cornerstone.edu/blog-post/six-steps-to-really-edit-your-paper/

About This Article

If you need to write a term paper, choose your topic, then start researching that topic. Use your research to craft a thesis statement which states the main idea of your paper, then organize all of your facts into an outline that supports your thesis. Once you start writing, state your thesis in the first paragraph, then use the body of the paper to present the points that support your argument. End the paper with a strong conclusion that restates your thesis. For tips on improving your term paper through active voice, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Bill McReynolds

Apr 7, 2017

Did this article help you?

Gerard Mortera

Mar 30, 2016

Ayuba Muhammad Bello

Dec 28, 2016

Mar 24, 2016

Jera Andarino

May 11, 2016

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

Get all the best how-tos!

Sign up for wikiHow's weekly email newsletter

Term Paper - Tips for the perfect term paper in your studies

Importance of term papers in studies.

Term papers are one of the central elements of the study program and are an important part of the academic performance evaluation. They serve to apply and deepen the knowledge acquired in the course of study and to train the ability to work scientifically. A successful term paper is characterized by a clear research question, a systematic approach, appropriate argumentation and correct citation. Careful planning and structuring as well as thorough research are therefore essential for the success of a term paper. Even though writing a term paper can sometimes be tedious, it is worth investing time and effort - after all, a successful term paper not only contributes to your grade point average, but also to your personal development and competence enhancement.

Purpose and Goals of an Academic Thesis

An academic paper always has a specific purpose and clear goals to achieve. The purpose is to work on a specific topic in detail and to apply scientific methods. In this way, the author should show that he or she is able to penetrate and critically reflect on complex issues. The goals of an academic paper are very different: For example, it can be about gaining new knowledge in a certain field or summarizing and systematizing existing knowledge. The teaching of theoretical principles or the practical application of methods can also be important objectives. Therefore, it is important to be clear before starting the work exactly what purpose you are pursuing and what goals you want to achieve. This is the only way to write a structured and successful term paper.

An important basis for a perfect term paper is careful research. This is not only about finding suitable sources, but also about their evaluation and selection. A good method for this is to create a mind map or a cluster to capture different aspects of the topic and to establish connections between the sources. Using keywords when searching online can also be helpful. It is also important to critically examine the sources and make sure they are reputable and up-to-date. Solid research forms the basis for a sound term paper and is thus an indispensable step in the writing process.

The structure of a Term Paper

A term paper is an important part of your studies and requires a structured approach. The structure of a term paper consists of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. In the introduction, the topic is introduced and the objective of the paper is defined. The main part is divided into several chapters in which the arguments and theses are presented. The individual chapters should build on each other logically and be well structured. In the conclusion, the results are summarized again and a conclusion is drawn. A clear structure not only helps the reader, but also helps you to maintain an overview and to present your thoughts in an orderly manner. It is also important that you adhere to the formal requirements of your university regarding scope, citations and formatting.

Introduction

The introduction is the first impression your term paper makes on the reader. That's why it's important to create a good image and arouse interest right from the start. In this ultimate guide to the perfect term paper in college, we want to show you how to write an introduction that makes you want to know more. It's not just about what you write, but also how you word it. A good introduction should be concise and clear and give the reader an overview of what your paper is about. With our tips, you will surely be able to write a good introduction for your term paper!

1. Relevance of the topic

The relevance of the topic of a term paper is crucial when it comes to achieving a good grade. A well thought out and relevant term paper shows the professor that the student has understood the topic and is able to analyze and interpret it at an academic level. It is important to take time to select a topic that is not only interesting, but also relevant to the course content and current debates in the discipline. It is also worthwhile to seek close collaboration with the professor or tutor to ensure that the topic chosen is appropriate and that all requirements are met. A relevant term paper can make the difference between a good grade and a bad grade and should therefore be taken seriously.

2. Research question and objective

In order to write a perfect term paper in college, it is essential to deal with the formulation of a research question and objective. A clear research question and a defined objective give structure to the paper and help in not losing focus. At the same time, the research question should be precise and specific to enable targeted research. In addition, the objective should be realistic and achievable to ensure that the research question is successfully addressed. A well formulated research question and objective are thus essential components of a successful term paper in the study.

3. Structure of the paper

A structured structure is the be-all and end-all of a successful term paper in your studies. Start with an introduction, in which you explain the topic and state your research question. In the main body of the paper, you go into the individual aspects of the topic and introduce your arguments and examples. In doing so, also remember to cite sources and document them carefully. In the concluding part, you can summarize your findings and give an outlook on possible further research questions. Do not forget to include proper formatting as well as a clear outline of your paper. A clear structure makes it easier for the reader to follow your argument and focus on the essentials. At the end, double-check the spelling and grammar of your paper - because again, first impressions count!

An important part of any term paper in college is citing sources. It is crucial that you are careful about this and that you include all the information used correctly and completely. Otherwise, this could be considered plagiarism and thus call your entire paper into question. A good way to ensure that you cite all sources correctly is to use citation software such as Zotero or Citavi. These programs allow you to quickly and easily gather all the necessary information and automatically cite it in your paper. Don't forget to pay attention to proper formatting as well - there can be differences depending on your discipline. If you are unsure, ask your lecturer or a librarian for help.

The main part of the paper is about presenting the argumentation and the content of the topic in detail. Here it is important to use a clear structure and pay attention to a logical sequence of arguments. The main body should focus on the essentials and avoid unnecessary information. A good way to structure the main body is by using subheadings. These make it easier for the reader to understand the text and provide orientation. Sources should also not be forgotten in the main body to support the credibility of the statements. Overall, you should take time to carefully prepare the main body and critically review it again and again. After all, a well-structured and argumentatively convincing term paper can make the difference between a good and an excellent grade.

1. Literature research and evaluation

An important step in creating a perfect term paper in college is thorough literature research and evaluation. Here, various sources such as books, scientific articles and online resources should be used to create a broad knowledge base. It is important to critically evaluate the quality and relevance of the sources found. Criteria such as timeliness, credibility of the source and its authority can help. The type of source should also be considered, as not every type of information is suitable for a scientific paper. A systematic approach to literature research and evaluation can help to ensure that the term paper is built on a sound basis and thus produces a high-quality result.

2. Methodology and data collection (if relevant)

An important step in writing a perfect term paper in college is choosing the right methodology and data collection. This is about which research methods should be used to answer the posed question. A distinction can be made between quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research attempts to capture data in numbers and statistics. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with understanding phenomena and their interrelationships. Data collection can be done in various ways, such as interviews, observations or experiments. It is important here to choose an appropriate method in order to obtain meaningful results. The selection of the sample size as well as the validity and reliability of the collected data are also crucial for the validity of the results. Therefore, one should carefully consider in advance which methodology and data collection are best suited for one's own topic.

3. Analysis and interpretation of the results

In order to deliver a perfect term paper in college, it is crucial that you analyze and interpret your findings. This step is important not only to show that you understand the topic, but also to strengthen your argument. Successful analysis and interpretation requires a deep understanding of the data, as well as the ability to identify relationships and communicate them in a clear and concise style. It is helpful to try different methods of analysis and interpretation to find the best approach for your particular topic. Remember that it is important to present your findings in a way that is easy for the reader to understand. A well thought out analysis and interpretation of your results can make the difference between a good term paper and a great one.

4. Discussion and classification in the research context

An important component of a successful term paper is the placement of one's own work in the research context. This is not only about knowing and citing the relevant theories and research results, but also about a critical discussion of them. Discussions within the framework of the term paper should therefore always be based on sound knowledge and serve to gain one's own insights and to question the previous research situation. However, care should be taken that the discussion does not go beyond the scope of the paper and is limited to the essentials. A successful classification in the research context can help to distinguish one's own work from others and contribute to the further development of the research field.

A term paper in the study is a challenge that many students have to master. Proper citation also plays an important role. Proper citation of sources shows that one has studied the subject matter and avoids plagiarizing. The most common citation method in the academic field is the Harvard citation method. This involves citing the sources directly in the text and listing them in a bibliography at the end of the document. There are also other citation styles such as APA or MLA that can be used depending on the discipline or university. However, it is always important to follow the guidelines and properly cite all sources used. This is the only way to ensure that you do not make any mistakes and that you complete your work successfully.

An often underestimated, but nevertheless important, aspect of a term paper is the conclusion. In this last section of the paper, you should summarize your results and findings and clearly state once again which question you have answered and what conclusions result from it. There may also be room for an outlook on possible further research or areas of application here. A well-written conclusion not only rounds off your paper, but also gives the reader the feeling that you have thought through your work completely and thoroughly. Make sure that the conclusion is not simply a repetition of the introductory text, but shows that you have actually answered the question. Also, avoid introducing new topics or information in the conclusion - these belong in the body of your paper. A successful conclusion will help you achieve a good grade and show your instructor that you took the assignment seriously and worked on it thoroughly.

1. Summary of the most important results

In conclusion, the main findings of this guide to the perfect term paper in college can be summarized. Good planning and structuring are indispensable to save time and nerves. Thorough research and source analysis form the basis for a sound argument. When writing, attention should be paid to clear language and a common thread. In addition, it is advisable to pay attention to correct formatting and citation as well as to check the work carefully before handing it in. With these tips, nothing stands in the way of a successful term paper.

2. Conclusion and answer to the research question

At the end of the paper, we would like to draw a conclusion and answer the research question. In the previous chapters, we have dealt intensively with the topic and illuminated numerous aspects. In the process, we have determined that a good term paper requires, above all, a clear structure, careful research and precise formulation. Adhering to citation rules and avoiding plagiarism are also of great importance. In summary, it can be said that a perfect term paper must not only convince in terms of content, but should also meet formal criteria. Through thorough preparation and planning, as well as by adhering to time management techniques, you can make your own path to the perfect term paper easier.

3. Outlook for possible further investigations

After you have gone through all the important steps to create a perfect term paper in college, further research may still be necessary. There are several ways you can further improve and refine your paper. One option is to find and use additional sources to strengthen your argument or support your research findings. Another option would be to include expert opinions or interviews with people working in your field. Checking spelling and grammar, as well as careful formatting, can also help ensure that your term paper leaves a professional impression. Keep in mind, however, that it's important to strike a balance between attention to detail and efficiency. Ultimately, you should take the time to carefully revise your paper and ensure that it meets the requirements of your field.

When writing a term paper in college, it is important to have a clear structure and stick to it. One way to ensure this is to use outlines. These not only help to keep the thread of the paper, but also make it easier for the reader to understand. A clear outline can consist of different levels and should cover all important aspects of the work. It is advisable to prepare the outline before the actual writing process and adjust it as necessary during the course of the paper. Although it may be tempting to start writing right away, it is worth investing time in creating a good outline. This way, writing the term paper will be more effective and successful overall.

Tips for writing a successful term paper

Here are a few of our top tips for successfully completing a term paper:

Topic and research question

An important step in writing a term paper in college is choosing a suitable topic and research question. A good topic should not only be interesting, but also provide enough material to answer the research question. The research question should be precisely formulated and allow for a clear answer. A good way to find a topic and a research question is to research professional literature and scientific articles. Here, existing research can serve as a starting point or gaps in the research can be uncovered. It is important to take enough time to find a suitable topic in order to be able to work efficiently later on.

Literature research and evaluation

One of the most important steps in writing a perfect term paper is literature research and evaluation. In order to write a high-quality paper, you need to find relevant and up-to-date sources and analyze them critically. Start with a comprehensive search of libraries, online databases, and other relevant sources. Make sure your sources are trustworthy by focusing on reputable publishers and journals. Carefully read the articles you find and evaluate them based on criteria such as relevance, timeliness, and credibility. Note important information such as citations or summaries so that you can refer to them later. A thorough literature search and evaluation forms the basis for a successful term paper, as it helps you to support your argument and to formulate your thoughts clearly.

Structuring and outline of the work

A well-structured and organized term paper is the key to success in your studies. It not only provides a clear orientation for the reader, but also helps to clearly structure one's own thoughts and arguments. Before you start writing, you should therefore take time to develop a sensible outline and structure. Here, it can be helpful to orientate yourself on the requirements of the assignment and to divide it into individual sections. Creating a table of contents can also help to maintain an overview of the entire paper and ensure that all important aspects are covered. Clearly, structuring and outlining the term paper is thus an important part of any scientific work and should therefore not be neglected.

Writing process and scientific style

An important aspect of writing a perfect term paper in college is the writing process and scientific style. There are some basic rules that should be followed in order to provide the readers with a clear and understandable understanding of the topic. These include using precise phrases, avoiding colloquial expressions and adhering to formal writing. Another important aspect is the correct citation of sources in order to avoid plagiarism and to emphasize the scientific claim of the paper. Careful planning of the writing process can also help save time and provide a clear structure for the paper. By following these guidelines, students can ensure that their term paper is not only well written, but also meets the requirements of a scholarly text.

References and citation

An important aspect in the preparation of a perfect term paper in the study is the choice of the right topic. Here, one should not only be guided by one's own interests, but also by the relevance and topicality of the topic. A good option is to be inspired by current debates or research results and relate them to your own field of study. Choosing a suitable supervisor can also be helpful here, as he or she can provide valuable tips on finding a topic and also has contacts with experts in the field. A clear formulation of the topic as well as a precise question are also essential for a successful term paper. One should always keep in mind that the goal of a term paper is not only to get a good grade, but also to learn scientific work and to deal with current issues in the respective field.

Challenges and approaches to academic work

Writing an academic paper can be challenging, especially if you don't have much experience with it. One of the biggest challenges is narrowing down the topic and formulating a clear research question. Structuring the paper can also be difficult, especially if you are trying to fit in all the relevant information. Another difficulty is conducting a comprehensive literature review and critically evaluating the sources found. To overcome these challenges, it is helpful to take your time and do some careful planning. A clear outline and detailed timeline can help keep track of the work and make the writing process more effective. Getting feedback from instructors or fellow students can also help identify weaknesses in the paper and make improvements. Ultimately, it is important to focus on the goal of the paper and not get distracted by unnecessary details.

Time management and planning

Time management and planning are critical when completing academic work. As a student, it is important to manage your time effectively and have a clear plan for your assignments. Here are some tips and strategies that can help you do just that:

• Create a schedule : Start by creating a detailed schedule that takes into account both your academic commitments and other important activities. Set realistic goals and break your work into smaller, manageable tasks. Include buffer time for unforeseen events or additional research.
• Prioritize your tasks : Identify the most important tasks and prioritize them. Focus first on those that have a direct impact on your academic performance, such as preparing for exams or writing term papers. Rank your tasks by urgency and importance and work through them accordingly.
• Avoid procrastination : The temptation to put off tasks is often strong. However, it's important to resist this impulse and hold yourself accountable. Find strategies to motivate yourself, such as setting intermediate goals or rewarding your progress. Also, identify potential distractions and try to minimize them during your work hours.
• Use effective work techniques : Find out which work techniques work best for you. Some prefer working in short, focused intervals (e.g., the Pomodoro technique), while others prefer longer periods of work. Experiment and find out what helps you stay focused and productive the best.
• Be flexible and adaptable : Despite careful planning, unforeseen events can occur that disrupt your schedules. Be flexible and willing to make adjustments. Learn to reprioritize and adapt to new circumstances.

By practicing effective time management and planning, you can increase your productivity, reduce stress, and achieve a better balance between your academic obligations and your personal life. Stay consistent and disciplined to successfully navigate through your academic work.

Dealing with writer's block

Writer's block can affect any student and is often a very frustrating experience. When you're pressed for time and just can't seem to get the right words down on paper, it can become a real challenge. However, there are some strategies that can help overcome writer's block. One way, for example, is to take a break and clear your head. Writing bullet points or brainstorming ideas can also help get the writing process back on track. It's also important not to put too much pressure on yourself and realize that it's normal to have writer's block every now and then. With a little patience and perseverance, every student can successfully complete their term paper - even if it gets a little more difficult at times.

Revision and proofreading

An often neglected, yet crucial step in creating a perfect term paper is revision and proofreading. After the content has been carefully researched, organized and written down, you should take enough time to go through your paper. Start with a thorough revision of the content and make sure that your argument is coherent and your writing style is fluent and understandable. After that, you should focus on proofreading. Look for spelling and grammatical errors as well as misplaced punctuation marks. Stylistic errors can also be corrected in this step. To make revision and proofreading effective, it's a good idea to take breaks between passes or ask a second person for feedback. Careful revision and thorough proofreading are essential for a perfect term paper in college.

An important aspect of writing a perfect term paper in college is proper citation of sources. Plagiarism can not only lead to bad grades, but also to expulsion from the degree program. Therefore, it is important to familiarize yourself with the different citation styles and apply them consistently. Each university or college has its own guidelines regarding citation, so it is important to get accurate information in advance. Online tools such as Citavi or Zotero can also help you keep track of the sources you use and cite them correctly. Careful research and correct citation are essential components of every successful term paper in your studies.

Tools and resources for writing term papers

In order to write a perfect term paper in college, it is important to have access to tools and resources. One of the best sources of information is the library of the university or college. There are numerous books, journals, and online databases available here that can assist with research. The Internet can also be a valuable source, but care should be taken here to use reputable and trustworthy sources. In addition, there are special programs such as Citavi or EndNote that can help organize literature sources and insert citations correctly. The writing program Word also offers many useful features, such as automatically creating a table of contents or checking spelling and grammar. Together with good planning and structuring, this can create a perfect term paper.

Libraries and online databases

An important source for researching term papers during studies are libraries and online databases. In libraries, books, journals and other media relevant to one's own work can be borrowed. In addition, many libraries also offer workstations and rooms for concentrated work. Online databases provide access to a wide range of scientific articles and studies that are often not available in printed form. It is important to find out in advance about the quality of the database and, if necessary, to read literature reviews of the articles found. When using online databases, one should also be careful to cite them correctly and not violate any copyrights. Good research in libraries and online databases can help to write a sound and meaningful term paper.

Literature management programs

An important part of any term paper is an extensive literature search. But how do you keep track of all the different sources and citations? This is where literature management programs come into play. These practical tools make it possible to collect all the relevant information on books, articles and the like in one place and organize them clearly. Most programs also offer the option of inserting citations directly into the term paper and automatically creating a bibliography. Popular literature management programs include Citavi, Mendeley or Zotero. It is definitely worth looking into these programs to save time and nerves when writing the term paper.

Writing and formatting tools

To write a perfect term paper, it is important to pay attention to the writing and formatting tools. With the help of Word you'll be able to format and structure your work more easily. The "Styles" and "Styles" functions will help you maintain a consistent formatting and will make it easier to manage headings, body text and citations. In addition, there are other tools like Grammarly or Hemingway Editor that can help you correct your grammar and spelling mistakes as well as improve your writing style. Another useful tool is Zotero, which allows you to manage your source citations automatically. Using these writing and formatting tools will not only improve the quality of your work, but also reduce the amount of work you have to do.

One of the most important tasks when writing a term paper is researching suitable sources. Here, the Internet can be of great help, but it can also be a challenge. There are countless websites and online databases that can provide relevant material for the term paper. However, to ensure that one is accessing reputable and trustworthy sources, one should adhere to certain criteria. These include, for example, checking the authority and credibility of the source as well as its timeliness and relevance to the topic. Also, different sources should be compared to get a balanced picture. A good way to find high-quality sources is to use specialized search engines or library catalogs. Careful research can provide a solid foundation for a successful term paper.

Interested in Business Studies? Request our information material now!

Popular courses at munich business school.

Our Bachelor's and Master's Degree Programs will provide you with relevant knowledge and skills you need for a successful career.

Did you find this article helpful? Do you have any suggestions or questions about this article? Did you notice something or is there a topic you would like to learn more about in our dictionary? Your feedback is important to us! This helps us to constantly improve our content and deliver exactly what you are interested in. Contact editorial office

Elsenheimerstraße 61,  80687 Munich Germany

• +49(0)89 547678-0
• [email protected]
• Virtual Campus
• Study Abroad Portal
• Data Privacy Statement
• Cookie settings
• Directions & Contact
• Jobs at MBS
• Study in Germany in English
• Bachelor in English in Germany
• Master in English in Germany
• Masters in Germany
• English-taught Masters in Germany

This Website uses cookies to improve your visit on our website.  More Info

How To Write a Term Paper: A Guide That Works

30 June, 2020

16 minutes read

Author:  Mathieu Johnson

Once you’ve started your university career, you are going to be asked to present a term paper. What’s the difference between a term paper and a research paper? How can you write a good term? What’s the best way to structure it? Where can you find some tips to make the writing process faster? In this article, we’ll discuss a few tips to help you prepare a term paper quickly and professionally.

What Is a Term Paper… And What Is The First Step?

A term paper is a critical and analytical report on the topic or subject that you covered within the course of studies. It usually consists of two separate but equally important aspects: your own thoughts about the topic and a demonstration of your understanding of the existing literature. The main goal of this assignment is to summarize the material you learned and showcase your understanding of the topic. This aspect makes the term paper a universal instrument for assessing a student’s proficiency. It also explains why term papers cost so many points of your course grade.

We usually associate a term paper with a research paper , but although the concepts are quite similar, a research paper requires a more academic approach and a deeper investigation into the literature of your field of study.

To write an outstanding college term paper, you must understand that your professor has requested it in order to test your analytical thinking skills. You must collect relevant data, analyze it, and then make a summary or solve a particular problem. Such skills are highly relevant to the business world, so this type of the task is as practical as it is educational.

So, let’s start the preparation!

Before you begin writing

Unfortunately, there is no magical recipe that allows you to get everything done fast. You will need to choose the best way forward in whatever situation you find yourself, but here are some tips to help you prepare for the assignment.

To begin with, take the research stage seriously . Sometimes, when students are really interested in a topic, they only want to present their personal ideas about the problem. Unfortunately, if you’re not completely familiar with all the data from the various sources, you will need to reinvent the bicycle.

Term paper writing was never an easy ride. Well, not for our expert writers. Place an order with our term paper writing service and secure yourself an “A!”

In the initial stages of your research, investigate everything you can find on the topic . This may sound like a tall order, but you’ll find that it doesn’t actually entail that much reading. At this point you are only compiling the research, so you will be skimming through numerous prospects rather than reading them completely. Bear in mind that your aim is to get acquainted with the various aspects of your problem. The term paper summarizes the knowledge you gained within a course and requires to familiarize yourself with the research that other people have already made on your topic.

Thinking that your opinions are completely original and unique is quite egocentric, and it can get you into trouble. So, “your” thoughts about the problem are usually just somebody else’s statements that you have rephrased (or even a well-established academic concept!). Remember that your professor will be familiar with all the literature surrounding the issue: if you merely rewrite someone else’s thoughts and present them as your own (even if you don’t realize doing it), be prepared for criticism!

Applying a Structure To Your Term Paper

Once you have read all the leading authors and their approaches to your problem, it’s time to create a structure for your work. This is not yet an outline; you just need to decide what to write about. Sketch out the topic for the theoretical portion of your work and think about practical aspects and how you can approach the research in the best possible way.

At this point, you really need to call or email your supervisor . Your professor will have seen hundreds of term papers like yours (i.e., they have not yet been written, but a definite idea exists!) and will be prepared to give you feedback and advice. He or she will tell you what literature you have omitted, offer suggestions about what you should read, and give you feedback about your paper. It may well be that your approach has already occurred to somebody else, in which case there is no need to repeat it.

Choosing a Topic: Easy as Riding a Bike?

When you choose your topic, make sure you choose something that you are interested in . That’s our advice if you want a painless term paper. If you prefer to investigate a field that you’ve never really explored before, you can challenge yourself to do that, too. That might be sophisticated, but why not?

If you decide to investigate a topic or a problem that you are pretty familiar with, your writing will be more fluid. You will focus your attention on a specific aspect of the chosen field and expand your knowledge within that scope. On the contrary, choosing an unfamiliar subject matter can wash out your expertise.

Be prepared to change the topic if you find out that your research isn’t going anywhere. It might occur that you presuppose that your topic has a potential but somewhere at the stage of initial research, you find that it just won’t work. It’s always a good idea to consider two or three topics when you kick off the term paper writing – even if they are just different ways of examining the same problem. By doing this, you will be able to choose the best version, which may not be the one you started with at all!

Related Post: 100 Persuasive essay topics

Formulating a Thesis statement

Writing a proper thesis statement can also be challenging. To begin with, write down a couple of prominent ideas or concepts, then try to make rough drafts of them to see how they’ll work in the structural framework. You will probably find that one idea fits your style, interests, and knowledge base: you can choose that one as your thesis statement.

Remember that the thesis statement is the skeleton, the central concept of your paper. It is the elemental attribute of almost any academic paper – from master’s thesis to a simple five paragraph essay. If you do a thorough job on it, you will find that writing (and defending!) your argument is much easier.

Be aware that all of these stages are parts of a procedure – one leads to another. When writing a term paper, you should collect the material and wrap it up at the same time.

Planning – The Key To Success

Some people claim that they can write a term paper without any planning. In our opinion, this is impossible. If you don’t have a postgraduate degree and you aren’t a certified genius, you need to prepare an outline for your project. It may come as a surprise, but even people who claim otherwise actually prepare outlines – in their heads. But if you don’t have that much experience, use a pencil and your notebook to ensure that you don’t forget anything.

Don’t procrastinate on your College or University papers anymore. Get professional help with our essay writer !

That’s when we get to preparing your first draft . There’s only one thing to add here: do as many drafts as you need in order to achieve your goal. Understand that your aim is to create an excellent term paper and keep working at it until you are satisfied.

Term Paper Outline: Write Everything In The Proper Section!

In the Introduction , state the topic that you are going to investigate and the context of your work. This is the critical ‘selling’ moment of your work. In a nutshell, your introduction combined with a conclusion should give a sneak peek into what the whole paper is about. If your introduction is well-prepared, it will be quite complacent about the body of your project. The introduction must include an abstract that presents your thesis statement . You should explain your motivation (why should the reader be concerned about this problem?) , your methods (what scientific tools did you use?) , and the results (what you achieved) .

The Literature Review totally corresponds to its name – it is here to review the literature you compiled. Your professor will double check it to make sure that you understand the context of your argument. One more thing to add is: collect all the information you can! Ideally, you should read or at least glance through every book and author that you can find on the topic. Think of your task as a fascinating journey: if you approach it like that, reading hundreds of pages won’t seem like that much of a challenge.

In the Discussion , you must present the interpretations of the problem. Be honest, explain what you pieces of data you don’t agree with and what ideas and concepts you support. This section connects the dots between theory and practice when writing a term paper. Wherever possible, provide several interpretations of the subject matter, then choose the one(s) that are most relevant to the case you are presenting.

In the Body , focus on those arguments that prove your thesis statement. This section must be absolutely logical. If you have chosen a more complicated topic, use heading and sub-headings to improve the appearance of this section. While writing the body, keep your target audience (your professors) in mind. In other words, don’t just record the obvious causes/effects/solutions but also showcase your own findings – what you have discovered and how that proves your thesis statement. Demonstrate that you are familiar with the details and you will stun your readers with the prolific mastery of the topic.

Now, the Conclusion   is her to summarize both the content and the purpose of the paper. The most challenging part is not to make it too dry. Reiterate your thesis statement and briefly show how your results justified your proposition. At the very end, you can suggest a call to action or pose a rhetorical question or statement that leaves your reader wanting more.

What to do next?

When you have finished, reread your work a couple of times. You will almost certainly find a few faults, whether they are contextual, factual, syntactical, grammatical, or even simple spelling mistakes. A very useful tip is to wait for two or three days after writing your final draft to proofread it afterward. Your brain will have time to process the information, and you’ll be able to look at it with a fresh view.

When proofreading, take care to polish the structural problems. The skeleton (the logic and the thesis statement) should make sense. If they don’t, try to approach the problem from another perspective. The changes may take some time, but bear in mind that your objective is to produce professional work. Be patient!

After that, print the term paper. The human eye processes information differently on the paper than on a computer screen; that’s why you need to print it and take one final look for any possible mistakes. Even if you don’t see any serious defects, pay attention to formatting, punctuation, and synonyms. It’s an academic text, so make it shine!

Term Paper Sample

Be sure to check the sample of a term paper, completed by our writers. Use it as an example to perfect your own writing. Link:  Term Paper Sample: Consumer Buying Behavior .

The Do’s and Don’ts of Term Paper Writing

There you have the most important tips to help you succeed in writing a term paper. Now it’s up to you to stop reading and start writing!

A life lesson in Romeo and Juliet taught by death

Due to human nature, we draw conclusions only when life gives us a lesson since the experience of others is not so effective and powerful. Therefore, when analyzing and sorting out common problems we face, we may trace a parallel with well-known book characters or real historical figures. Moreover, we often compare our situations with […]

Ethical Research Paper Topics

Writing a research paper on ethics is not an easy task, especially if you do not possess excellent writing skills and do not like to contemplate controversial questions. But an ethics course is obligatory in all higher education institutions, and students have to look for a way out and be creative. When you find an […]

Art Research Paper Topics

Students obtaining degrees in fine art and art & design programs most commonly need to write a paper on art topics. However, this subject is becoming more popular in educational institutions for expanding students’ horizons. Thus, both groups of receivers of education: those who are into arts and those who only get acquainted with art […]

How to Write a Term Paper: A Complete Guide With Examples

You just got your term paper assignment and have no idea what to do or how to start? This guide will navigate you through every step of the process, from idea formation to final editing and proofreading. We will start with outlining, drafting and brainstorming, and get you through the writing part in no time. So, let’s dive into the question of how to write a term paper.

If you want to know everything you will need about term papers, this guide, written by the writers at the best essay writing service will help you along.

Table of Contents

What is a term paper.

A term paper is an academic milestone more so than anything else. As a student, you are tasked with learning and then transmitting that knowledge to others. A term paper is just that, a way to show what you have learnt, and disseminate the knowledge to others. Unlike other types of academic writing , a term paper is more detailed, requires more research, and is generally seen as the hardest piece of written work aside from a thesis.

The aim of a term paper is to showcase your understanding of the subject matter and how well you handle pressure and deadlines. In this context, a term paper proves invaluable. In terms of scope, term papers may zero in on an important historical event – if you’re studying history – a scientific concept, or a contentious argument. The choice hinges on the prompt created by your academic advisor. The typical length of a term paper can stretch to five or seven pages, and is generally the prerequisite to attend end-of-semester examination. But, it is also a part of the weighted grade you’ll receive, which only adds to its importance.

For the average student, writing a term paper takes around two weeks, and is a process many do not fully understand. Term paper starts from a very basic element, a question.

Say your teacher wants you to analyze the arguments for and against US involvement in World War II. How would you start? By asking a question; something like: Why did the US enter the war? Or, why did the US waive its neutrality and entered the war.

This opens the door for you and allows you to find an article or two that then leads to the second step, and so on and so on, until you are done. The problem is many students do not know how the process works, or what skills are needed to get the job done. To write an excellent paper you need to plan carefully, adapt to new conditions, be analytical yet persuasive, and understand how referencing works. In addition, the paper has to be formatted to specifications of your chosen citation style – APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, etc. This is a lot of work!

What is the Purpose of a Term Paper

At its core, a term paper serves to test your ability to understand arguments and defend them using written constructs within a pre-determined time period. Put simply, it tests your ability to navigate complex ideas when faced with a deadline – something that comes in handy in almost every job you’ll ever have later in life. If you can understand a complex event, a scientific theory, or a debatable stance, based on the directive from your academic mentor, you can manage pretty much anything that is thrown your way.

A typical term paper will be between five to seven pages, and represents the pinnacle of writing tasks in the semester. The process of term paper writing, even when the topic is prescribed, can be an arduous and time-consuming undertaking. To succeed you need meticulous planning, good composition skills, and scrupulous analysis, structure, and edit

Doing the Basics Right Saves You Time

As Seneca famously said, “Luck Is What Happens When Preparation Meets Opportunity.” In short, prepare, prepare, prepare. To create a perfect term paper you need to know, well in advance, how it will look, what will it be about, and how will it be structured. This then allows you to simply fill in the blanks as you go. But, if you start a day before submission, you’re toast – or, you can always ask for help from us J – because the result will be Red Bull frenzy induced compilation of internet’s best hits. And trust me when I say, your teacher has those stored in memory; you’re not the first student to turn a deaf ear on old Seneca….

So, let’s see how to start your term paper:

• Select your topic – If possible choose something that you’re personally interested in. When you choose early, all the good topics are still free, so keep that in mind.
• Research your topic – Once chosen, sit at your computer and run through Google Scholar or your University Library for anything that pops up when you type in your exact topic.
• Create an outline – When you have a basic understanding of the topic, prepare an outline. It’s always going to be fairly standard, so once you get it right, you can re-use whenever you need to in the future.
• Thesis statement – Now starts the tricky part. Just kidding, this is still the Top Lane, we’re not even close to the Jungle. Thesis statements are always pretty similar. Jolt down your guiding question and then, based on what you’ve read, write a one sentence argument. For example, if writing about solar and wind, you might go with: Solar and wind power are the future of energy production because fossil fuels are unsustainable.
• Topics, topic sentences, and paragraphs – Every paragraph starts with a topic sentence that describes what the paragraph is talking about. The easiest way to understand is this. If writing a paper about wind and solar, you would need at least three topic sentences – 1)Wind 2)Solar 3)Benefits of using wind and solar. Naturally, a term paper needs much more than just three, but you get the idea.
•   Conclusion – Once you’ve written down the topic sentences and outlined the paper, note your own expectations of what you’ll find in the conclusion. This will help you understand what is happening, and when you’re actually writing the conclusion it will tell you if you were right or wrong.

Pro tip: If all of this is too much for you, there is always the possibility of asking professionals for help. Our team of term paper writers are here to help, so feel free to reach out!

Structure of a Term Paper

As you’ve probably guessed by now, every paper has to have a specific structure. In general, you can expect to have at least three parts – introduction, body, and a conclusion. However, longer papers may need several sub-sections, perhaps even an abstract or a summary, and a page dedicated to bibliography.

A typical term paper has three to five body paragraphs that form the backbone of your arguments and analytical discourse. A bibliography is always needed, even if your sources predominantly comprise course materials or excerpts from consulted textbooks. Depending on the chosen style, you will need either a Works Cited page (MLA), a Reference page (APA) or a Bibliography (Harvard, Chicago). Given its pivotal role in determining your final course grade, make sure to adhere to the highest writing and editing standards.

Term Paper Outline

• Title page – this is where you enter your name, teacher name, school, class, and date. The formatting will depend on your chosen style
• Introduction – Introduction sets the stage for your arguments. This is where you present statistics, define helpful terms, and finally present your thesis statement. IMPORTANT: Thesis statement is always the last sentence in the introduction.
• Body 1: Historical setting or development
• Body 2: Current state of knowledge about the problem
• Body 3: Main argument and potential implications
• Body 4: Argument for
• Body 5: Argument against
• Body 6: Summary
• Conclusion : Bring all of the body arguments together and restate your thesis statement.
• Bibliography : Provide references for all sources cited in the term paper using the style of your choice

Now let’s get to the nitty gritty of the writing process.

Topic Selection – In most cases teachers or instructors will provide students with a list of pre-approved topics to choose from. But, in some cases you will get the opportunity to choose for yourself. This is both a blessing and a curse, because it can lead you into a deep pit of despair if you are not careful.

Length – Every paper will have an assigned length. You should never go under the minimum or the maximum word/page count, as that will take points away from your final score. If the prompt asks for 10 pages, write that.

Sources – Consult your school library, Google Scholar, and any other database that has access to journals and books on your topic.

Simplify – While it is admirable to be able to write in a high-brow voice, it’s much better to use plain language as much as possible, but staying within the confines of academic jargon. No don’t’s, couldnt’s, or should’ve. If something is too complicated to explain simply, you do not understand it properly. Ask for clarification.

Do not be afraid to wander – Choosing a common topic may be a safe bet, but your teacher will grade you higher if you take a topic nobody else even though about. Brownie points are there for the taking. Just make sure you know what you’re talking about!

Don’t overextend – While the entire combined histories of all monastic orders may seem like an interesting topic (well, to us at least), it is waaaaaaay too broad to cover in 5 or 10 pages. Heck, that would probably take an entire compendium with multiple volumes. In short, don’t be a megalomaniac and choose a topic that fits in 5 pages.

How to Write a Term Paper: The Writing Process

Before starting your write up, the teacher will expect a proposal. This is a very short summary of the topic, your thesis statement, and a few sources. The goal is to present a topic that you can defend and ask the teacher to approve it.

So how do you write a proposal? Start by writing down your thesis statement and guiding question. Then identify three to four sources and jolt down key statistics and pieces of information that are linked to your thesis statement. The goal is to show you’ve done the work. The proposal will generally have a full outline (see above) so that the teacher knows what you are planning to do. If you explain what the topic is and why it is important in writing , the teacher will accept the proposal.

Introduction, well, Introduces the Term Paper

Your essay has to start strong, which is why 99.99%  of all introductions start with a hook that captivates the audience. A hook can be anything, a statistic (like 40% of people in the US have no savings whatsoever, which means around 140 million people are completely broke – now that’s a hook, line, and sinker).

Once you know the reader is hooked, you present a brief overview of the topic you will discuss. This is where you bring statistics, data, and broader theories or concepts that may relate.

The end of the introduction is always reserved for the thesis statement, which is the last sentence of the introduction.

Try to be concise – not more than ¾ of a page (cca 200-250 words), but detailed enough so that the reader understands what the paper is about.

Writing the Body Sections

When you are certain you can understand the concepts and arguments presented in the literature, it’s time to write your body paragraphs.

The goal is to provide the reader with enough context and argumentation to prove your point. So, if you’re writing about the advantages of nuclear energy, you have to provide evidence from the literature as well as a thorough analysis of all benefits and drawbacks. The goal is to be as objective as possible, while ensuring your results are accurate.

Do not dwell on too much detail, you cannot fit all of the information in a 5 – 10 page paper. Isolate the most important pieces of evidence, maybe 3-4 and focus on those.

As a rule of thumb, you will aim for 4 – 5 body paragraphs minimum, but in most cases you will need more. The first section should be the literature review, where you analyze state-of-the-art of the topic you are writing about.

Following the literature review is your analysis, which draws from the information you’ve collected. It’s important to note, do not try and make up new stuff, or draw conclusions in this section. Simply analyze and summarize the findings in your own voice.

The last paragraph of the body section can be your own summary, where you present a different opinion. Be concise and do not go into too much detail, simply note if you think there are any discrepancies in the literature.

Remember : Always start your paragraphs with a topic sentence and try to contain the information within the paragraph to the topic.

Writing the Conclusion

Conclusion is the most important part of the term paper, even though many do not give it enough attention. This is where you put everything you’ve written together and summarize key findings.

Important : Conclusion is not the place to add new information or knowledge!

To write a good conclusion keep in mind your initial research question and thesis statement. The goal of the term paper is to answer the question and prove your thesis statement is correct. Has your paper done this? Write it down and explain why or why not your initial proposal was correct. A thesis statement can be wrong, and you must acknowledge this in your conclusion.

In the conclusion:

• Summarize your findings
• Discuss implications for future reseasrch

Editing and Finalization

The final word of the conclusion has been written, references added and alphabetized, the paper and the title page formatted. You are finally done. Or, maybe not! Now is the time for the final edit.

Teachers, above everything else, hate reading papers with spelling mistakes and poor grammar. To make sure your paper does not annoy the teacher (you don’t want a lower grade), make sure it is completely free of any errors.

The best way to do this is by using a machine learning tool combined with close reading on your own. The machine will weed out the glaring errors, and you will finish the job.

Read through the draft carefully. Remove any fluff or excess words that add nothing to the argument. You will likely find several sentences you will want to change. Do this now. Once done, start the second read-through.

In this read-through you will hone in on the arguments. Do they make sense? Are statistics properly cited, and do you sound coherent? If the answer is no, you will want to fix the mistakes until satisfied.

Now, finally, you are done! Congratulations. Pat yourself on the back. Oh, wait, we forgot about the abstract!

Abstract Comes First, or Last

In no uncertain terms, do not write the abstract before you’ve completed the term paper. This is always the last part of the writing process, but strangely enough the one your paper starts with. Go figure.

When you do get to this stage, use our secret formula. Well, it’s not really secret but we like to think so. The abstract needs three parts to work well, the introduction, the method/procedure, and the conclusion/findings. Depending on the topic these will vary slightly but you will always find them in an abstract.

Introduce your topic and what you plan to do in two to three sentences.

Describe what method you will use – such as literature review, an experiment, or something else. Two to three sentences.

Define the results you obtained after using the method. Two to three sentences.

Remember : The abstract should be between 120 and 200 words in length, no more is needed.

No, they are not. A research paper is an original piece of writing that comes after some type of original research has been done. Maybe you’ve found a new civilization during a dig, or a new chemical element. The research paper is meant to publicize this finding so other scientists can critique, refute, or confirm its validity. A term paper is a much simpler version that requires no original research. But, a term paper is your preparation for writing a research paper later in life.

This will depend on your teacher. In many cases, you will get a pre-defined format to follow, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. If not, we recommend using APA or Harvard, as they are relatively simple to learn and have a ton of resources to help you along.

It is important to remember you are not writing a book, so keep the topic narrow. For example, if writing about renewable energy, choose only one type of energy or just one region. Do not try to cram everything into 5-10 pages; it won’t work.

Writing a term paper is certainly a challenge, but it is also manageable if you dedicate yourself to the process. Prepare well in advance, read a lot, and do not be afraid to ask for help if you get stuck. Your teachers are paid to help you, so email them if you get stuck. Above everything, make sure you are interested in the topic, as that will make the process so much easier.

Related Posts

10 Tips To Study Effectively

How To Buy Essays Online? A Safety-First Guide For Students!

How to write a term paper

Published September 27, 2020. Updated June 1, 2022.

Term Paper Definition

A term paper is usually the culmination of a semester-long class and is meant to synthesize the information that you learned.

Overview of term paper

To start writing a term paper, you should first choose a topic that you are interested in that is related to the class. Then, do some pre-searching to identify preliminary sources that you could potentially use. Write a thesis statement addressing your topic that is arguable and provable. Thorough research should be conducted to identify a variety of credible sources. Recording and citing the sources as you go helps to make sure nothing is missed. An outline should be created before you write to make sure that the structure and organization of the paper are logical. After completion of the paper, make sure to read each section carefully and edit your draft. Double-check if all the required rules are followed for in-text citations and formatting. In addition to self-editing, it is also a good idea to get another person to read it and provide feedback if possible.

Worried about your writing? Submit your paper for a Chegg Writing essay check , or for an Expert Check proofreading . Both can help you find and fix potential writing issues.

This page will cover the following points:

Key takeaways

Choosing a topic, writing a thesis statement, read, analyze, and take notes, organize your ideas into categories and create an outline, write the paper, edit your draft.

• Turn in your paper and relax !
• Choose a term paper topic that you are interested in and have knowledge of, and then do some pre-searching to identify preliminary sources that you could potentially use.
• Write a thesis statement that is arguable, provable, adequately addresses your topic, and is not too broad or narrow.
• Conduct thorough research to identify a variety of credible sources and begin recording and citing your sources as you go to make sure nothing is missed.
• Create an outline before you write to make sure that the structure and organization of your paper is logical.
• Be sure to edit your draft and have another person read it and provide feedback if possible.

The magic of writing lies in writing about what you know. A term paper is the culmination of a semester’s worth of learning, so you should already have a good head start if you’ve been paying attention in class. In order to choose a strong topic, the following tips will help:

• Consult your class syllabus carefully.
• Clarify what the professor is asking you to do.
• Utilize your professor’s office hours to ask questions if confused.

Finding clarity at the beginning of the project will lead to smoother sailing throughout the journey.

In the process of writing the term paper, perhaps no step is more important than PRE-searching. After carefully reading the syllabus and clarifying what is expected of you, take some time to examine your own interests and skills that align with the assignment. In other words, what do you already know about the topic that would make a good term paper? Is there anything related to this topic that you feel passionate about?

Pre-searching involves asking yourself a few pointed questions:

• Do I fully understand what is expected of me with this project?
• What skills do I already possess surrounding this topic?
• What do I already know about the topic that would make a good term paper?
• What am I passionate about?

The more you already know, and the more invested you are in the project, the easier it will be. Once you start narrowing down your topic, your pre-search should also include some quick online searching to ensure that you will be able to find valid sources on your chosen topic. Taking time at this stage to ensure a solid topic with viable sources will save you time and aggravation in the future.

A thesis statement is the road map for your paper. There are several tips for writing a good thesis statement:

• Write a provable, arguable statement. You are not stating a fact; you are stating a debatable idea. You will use the rest of your paper to prove this statement.
• Usually, it is written in the third person.
• It should address the requirements and topic of your assigned project.
• Too broad: Plastic straws are bad.
• Too narrow: Because plastic straws with stripes harm marine life and contribute to Atlantic ocean pollution, so we should consider banning them in coastal towns with populations of more than 60,000.
• Just right: Because plastic straws harm marine life and contribute to ocean pollution, we should consider banning them.
• Put your thesis statement at the end of your first paragraph.
• Understand that your thesis statement will grow and change. As you research and learn more, it’s natural to tweak your thesis statement to account for new information and conclusions.

The art of research cannot be overstated. Working smarter and not harder is the key to your success here.

• Use your college library’s databases. Most of these can be accessed in the library or online. Since these databases have been vetted by librarians, you can trust the sources you find on them.
• Evaluate any sources you find via an online search engine. Though there are some great sources online (government data, newspaper articles, etc.), you have to be careful about what you choose to use. Not every source is reputable enough to include in a term paper.
• Use a mix of sources. You don’t want to only cite one or two sources over and over again or only cite sources from the same author. The more variety you have, the stronger your argument will be. At the college level, some academic journal articles should definitely be included (these can be found in the above–mentioned databases).
• Make a bibliography of your sources as you research. It’s easier to record your sources from the start rather than forgetting a source later on and being accused of accidental plagiarism.

What makes a good source? One guide to consider following is the CRAAP method of evaluating sources:

• Currency: How recent is your source? Does it present the most up-to-date information? Does it have information from a time period you’re focusing on? Check the copyright, posting date, or publication date carefully.
• Relevance: Your source needs to contain pertinent information for the topic you have chosen. It should also be at an appropriate scholarly level for the assignment.
• Authority: The source’s author needs to be credible. Check the author’s credentials, as well as the publisher’s or website’s background. Avoid personal blogs and random sources that are not written by experts.
• Accuracy: Your information needs to give you solid evidence to write your paper. Analyze a source’s use of language and information to make sure it is accurate.
• Purpose: You need to determine why your source was written. Was it written by an objective expert, or did an author or company with a vested interest in the topic write the article? Avoid articles with heavy bias.

One final note on research: Now is a good time to note that the word “research” means just what it sounds like. The prefix “re-” means ¨to do again,¨ so research means to search and search again. Don’t become discouraged if it takes a while to find good sources. The more work you do on the front end of the project, the better off you will be.

Want to look at a sample paper first? Check out this example term paper .

Once you have your sources, the hard work begins. You will need to read and analyze your source information. Taking notes is a MUST. In order to organize your thoughts and prove what you are trying to prove, you need to take detailed, relevant notes. Here are some reading strategies that will help streamline the process:

• Read your source through once to get a general idea of what it is talking about.
• Read it a second time to take notes and focus on the points you want to include in your paper.

The kind of notes you take could range from summarizing the material to making bullet points of useful facts to jotting down direct quotes. There are also specific note-taking approaches you can follow. If you’re interested in learning more, visit this helpful site .

The next step in the process is to organize the information you have gathered in your note-taking stage. There are several tips that will help you stay on track in this stage:

• Organize your notes into categories.
• Take the information in each category and decide what order to put it in to create the strongest argument.
• Write an outline. After organizing your notes, writing a phrase or full-sentence outline will really help you organize your thinking and keep your writing focused. You can be as informal or formal as you like, but this step is a lifesaver when it comes time to compose.

Consider using this outline template:

Creative Title of Research Paper

• Opening Statement (this is the “hook” for your reader)
• Thesis Statement
• ______________________________
• Recap thesis statement
• Summarize argument

At this point, you already have all the hard work done. All you have to do now is build out the sections in your outline using the research you’ve collected and analyzed.

Here are some helpful tips to make the most of your writing time:

• Format the paper according to the professor’s guidelines. You will probably use MLA or APA style.
• Use formal writing and strong vocabulary throughout.
• Use transition words like “therefore” and “additionally” to connect ideas.
• Use transition sentences at the beginning and/or end of each paragraph to set the reader up for what comes next.
• Create in-text citations as you go along to give credit for your information.
• Double–check your work.

After all of this time and effort, do yourself a favor and edit carefully. Read each section closely and double-check that you’re following all of the proper rules for in-text citations and formatting. There are two great tricks for editing that will help you catch errors:

• Reading your paper out loud will help you catch mistakes, especially words you accidentally skipped.
• Reading each sentence backwards from the end of your paper to the beginning will also help you polish your work. Although they might sound bizarre, these two tricks will really help!

In addition to self-editing, it’s always a good idea to get an outside opinion. There are many options:

• Ask a friend or classmate to read through your paper.
• Visit your university writing center in-person or online and use their review services.
• Submit your paper to an online paper checker like Chegg Writing. This option is great when you’re in a time crunch.

Before you turn in that paper, don’t forget to cite your sources in APA format , MLA format , or a style of your choice.

Turn in your paper and relax!

After going through this process, your fear will melt away and you will have a solid paper to show for your efforts. Imagine what you can learn and produce when you put your mind to it and follow a few simple steps!

Example term paper on Geoffrey of Monmouth

By Kathryne Bradesca. Kathryne has a aster´s degree in Teaching from Kent State University and a BA in English and Communications from Gannon University. She has been a junior high and high school teacher for 24 years.

Common Writing Assignments, Apps & Tests

• Analytical Essay
• AP synthesis Essay
• Argumentative Essay
• Book Report
• Compare and Contrast Essay
• Cause and Effect Essay
• College Admissions Essay
• Critical Analysis Essay
• Definition Essay
• Descriptive Essay
• Dissertation
• Explanatory Essay
• Expository Essay
• Informative Essay
• Narrative Essay
• Opinion Essay
• Personal Essay
• Persuasive Essay
• Reflective Essay
• Research Paper
• Rhetorical Analysis
• Scholarship Essay
• Short Essay
• Thesis Paper

What’s included with a Chegg Writing subscription

• Unlimited number of paper scans
• Plagiarism detection: Check against billions of sources
• Expert proofreading for papers on any subject
• Grammar scans for 200+ types of common errors
• Automatically create & save citations in 7,000+ styles
• Cancel subscription anytime, no obligation

Project Types We Cover

• Admissions Essay
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Research Paper
• Book Reviews
• Personal Statement
• Ph.D Dissertation
• Proofreading

Academic Fields & Subjects

• Programming
• Computer Science
• Other projects we help with
• Our Experts
• Plagiarism Checker
• Writing Tips

How to Write a Successful Term Paper

By: Tasha Kolesnikova

Studying at college or university, you have to deal with a variety of assignments. They are necessary to gain new knowledge, skills, and experience important for your future career. Some tasks may be pretty easy, while others require a lot of time and effort. However, you should challenge yourself because it is when you’re developing and becoming better.

Can I Ignore the Length Requirements?

Introduction, make sure you have enough time, start by creating an outline, use a strong tongue, don't forget about proofreading, how to write a term paper proposal, how to start a term paper, how to finish a term paper, term paper apa formatting, term paper mla formatting, term paper chicago formatting, social issues topics.

Regardless of the major you choose, each discipline has a specific structure and goals. You’ll have lectures, practical lessons, internships, and so on. Your professor may use different strategies to test your knowledge, and writing is one of them.

It is not so hard when it goes about regular essays. But the term paper is something the most students are afraid of. It is a voluminous piece that synthesis all your knowledge received during the course.

We’re ready to provide you with an ultimate guide to write a term paper. Let’s start from the beginning.

Definition of a Term Paper

A term paper is a research document that you write after a semester or year of work. This assignment helps you determine your understanding of the course content and the aspects required by the curriculum.

Writing a term paper has other purposes as well. Working on your task, you delve deeper into the discipline, get acquainted with its main problems and challenges. It also improves your analytical, critical thinking, and writing skills, which are useful both during your studies and after university.

Your professor can assign you a specific topic, depending on the material being studied. Sometimes the choice is up to you, or you can choose a narrower theme from a broader list of options.

Regardless of the title, it would help if you delved in. We’ve prepared some actionable tips to come up with outstanding writing. You may follow them or send us your “ write my essay ” message if you need professional assistance. Our authors are eager to share their experiences and help you to boost academic performance.

How Long Is a Term Paper?

There is no universal standard for the volume you should adhere to. It depends on the requirements of your institution.

If you search for this information on the Internet, you will see that different sources offer different data. One website claims that you need to submit a 10-page document, while another writes about 45 pages. This is why it is important to read your professor's requirements carefully.

The volume determines which approach you take to writing. For example, if your paper is short, you need to state your thoughts concisely and clearly, going straight to the point. If it is long, do not fill the pages with hot air, but try to do thorough research and look at the issue from different angles.

You may write about 10% less or more, but overall try to adhere to the particular number of pages or words. All students are in identical conditions, so your article should be standardized. If you don’t know what to write about, ask your professor about additional instructions.

It would also be a great idea to read some examples written by other students or professional authors. Filter out the documents with the same volume as you need and pay notice to the paper writer's structure .

Term Paper and Research Paper - Differences

We understand if you are confused after reading our introduction. If you need to conduct research, why are you writing a term paper and not a research one?

Many students confuse these two types of assignments. But certain aspects indicate the differences between them.

Writing a research paper takes months or even years. It covers various aspects of the topic, up to the development of new strategies and innovative ideas.

The term paper should be submitted by the end of the semester or year. Its content is based on the material covered. Of course, you can use additional resources, but in general, custom term paper assignment is only relevant to the themes you discussed in class.

The purpose is another crucial difference between the two assignments.

When you work on a research paper, you need to work through the problem and find a viable solution. You are dealing with a hypothesis that needs to be confirmed or refuted.

The term papers have the task of reflecting your knowledge of the discipline. It is more straightforward but influences the final score much more.

What Are Parts of Term Paper?

Each student paper has its structure you should strictly adhere to. It is useful to organize your thoughts and to provide your readers with a clear and understandable text. Here is the list of the main parts you should include in your term assignment.

The cover or title page is necessary to introduce your paper and provide the basic information about it, including your data, professor’s name, topic, etc. More detailed requirements depend on the particular formatting style, so read your instructions carefully.

This part is something like a short introduction to your paper. It lets your readers understand the overall direction, the issue you explore, and why you have decided to choose this particular theme. If you have additional comments that may be interesting for your audience, provide them here as well.

Start your paper with an exciting and engaging statement. The main thing you should know about the thesis is that it is a pivot point of your writing. You build all body paragraphs and the primary research around it.

If you don’t know how to write a thesis , you may read some articles or ask for professional help.

The body consists of the main paragraphs. The traditional essay structure includes 3 of them; however, if you’re writing a 10-pages or even 40-pages paper, you should change your structure according to requirements.

You should develop your findings, ideas, or arguments, considering the final goal. For example, if your task is to analyze some issues and perceive readers to accept your point of view, you should provide compelling evidence-based arguments. If you need to explore the theme, write down, and develop the main ideas it covers. Make sure each paragraph is devoted to one aspect only.

This part is of great significance because you should show particular progress. Have you accepted certain things about your topic? Have you changed your view from the moment you started working on the piece? Any insights you’ve gained you should describe in the Results section. If you’re not satisfied with them, you can explain the reasons here as well.

It is a conclusion chapter where you can wrap up. You should analyze your text and provide readers with the next steps one should follow to continue one’s research on the subject you’re working through.

As an unusual essay conclusion, the discussion doesn’t contain any new information.

Main Tips to Write a Killer Term Paper

Do not hope that you will complete this task in a day or an hour. Some students make the mistake of starting paper right away. This is a beginner's mistake. You may think that if you have already written a few lines, this indicates significant progress. But these proposals will be weak, meaningless.

Any work takes time. Think of it as a project with specific goals. You can split a task into multiple milestones and set a deadline for each one.

If you realize that you cannot write this piece on time, hire an experienced writer. The more experience you have, the faster the process lasts.

So, you've gathered enough information. We understand if you don't know what to do next and what your first step should be.

Get a sense of control with a paper outline. This is your plan that describes all stages of the process. It also helps you organize your time and information.

In the end, you can come back to this plan again to check how the final version matches your initial expectations. If you have developed a high-quality outline, you can quickly determine which aspects of the document are needed and which are just filling the space.

You should write the term paper competently. You have done the research, collected enough information, analyzed it. Any of your doubts will indicate a lack of professionalism.

This is why you need to keep an eye on your writing style. Formal academic writing involves an active voice, professional vocabulary, and no fluffy words. You don't need to write something that doesn't make any sense for the main task.

Remember, we said that writing a term paper is long and complicated? Most students hate this. They spent a lot of time writing all sections of the article and do not feel like proofreading the entire text.

But if you have not yet encountered academic writing, you may not imagine how many mistakes a text can contain. Even if you are a very literate person, you may not notice some typos and occasional flaws. Of course, this does not make you incompetent, but readers can lose confidence in your paper.

Proofread the piece very thoroughly and carefully. Wait a few days before doing this; your brain should not be tired.

How to Make a Term Paper Outline

An outline is the part of the writing process that deserves a little more attention.

Use it as the guiding map that is always ready to point you in the right direction if you get confused.

There are several ways to design an outline, and you can download different templates from the Internet.

Some methods are suitable for people who like to organize all information in a coherent plan. But if you are a creative person, you can also choose a suitable template for yourself. For example, a mind map.

An outline is not something that your professor will check, so you don't have to worry about the exact format and details. The main thing is to make sure that you fully understand the content and use it for your writing.

Even before you start researching a topic and writing, you need to prepare a college term paper proposal. This is a document that will help you defend your idea in front of the professor. Even before starting the main work, you will submit this proposal to get approval.

You need to show the importance of this theme by including recent data with correct links. Why do you think your piece will correlate with the course syllabus? How is it useful for you and your fellow students?

Set goals for your college assignment and organize your ideas into one article. This will let the professor know that you have understood the assignment correctly.

It's okay if you fail at this stage. It is needed just so that the professor checks whether you are on the same wavelength and can provide you with any further instructions.

So, you received confirmation from your professor, came up with a topic, conducted initial research, and made an outline. What's next?

• Try to narrow down your topic. You need a learning perspective that allows you to organize and structure your thoughts.
• Create bait for your readers. Have a brainstorming session and write down different ideas: rhetorical questions, anecdotes, statistical facts, etc
• Come up with a thesis statement. If you cannot summarize your article's main idea in 1-2 sentences, you need to return to the first step and think about narrowing the topic.
• Check out the style requirements. Your piece must be in a standardized format. Below you will learn more about APA format and others.
• Do more research. You can go deeper because now you know your goals better. Use quality and trusted sources only.
• Write the first sentence. If you worry too much, just start. You may delete the first sentences later, but don’t look for a perfect moment: start as soon as you have enough information.

You may think that the conclusion chapter is not so important because it doesn’t provide your readers with any new information. However, each section has its tasks and goals, so don't relax too early.

The last paragraphs should provide an answer to a fundamental question. This question is “So what?”. Just imagine your regular reader who finishes the text and doesn’t understand what is next. Was your text just a pleasant evening reading? Is it one more piece to improve academic performance? Or is it something more that was created to contribute to the field you’ve studied?

If you don’t have strict instructions from your professor, you can decide on your own. Think about questions your work creates, and provide the audience with steps to follow.

Term Paper Format

All college and university papers must be standardized. The requirements are the same for all students regardless of their educational institutions. If you plan to pursue a scientific career, you’ll deal with these standards all the time.

Formatting is not the most straightforward task because you need always be concentrated on some details that seem to be useless for you. It is clear why you should develop a unique thesis statement, but some students can’t get why they should use the particular font type or double-spacing.

That’s why formatting is one of the most popular writing services. While you’re working on tasks you like, the professional author and editor provide you with quality formatting.

Several styles are typical for the modern scientific society. Let’s look at them to get a basic understanding.

If you are studying psychology or other social sciences, the APA format is your choice. Here's a shortlist of the main things to consider:

• White A4 sheet 8.5 x 11 inches.
• Times New Roman or other easily readable 12 point font.
• Double spacing for all text.
• 1 "margins on the left, right, top, and bottom of the sheet.
• Indent the paragraph by 1/2 inch.
• The first-page heading, which includes the capitalized running head and the page number.

The MLA style is the preferred guideline for dealing with the humanities such as English and Literature, Arts, etc. Some of the features of this style are:

• Times New Roman, Arial or similar, 12 point font.
• Double spacing for the entire document. Get rid of single or one and a half intervals.
• Enter your contact details and instructor in the upper left corner.
• Take care of 1 "padding on all sides of the sheet.
• Add your last name and page number to all pages in the upper right corner.
• Align the title of the article in the center. Don't use bold, italic, quotation marks, underlines, etc.
• Align the entire article to the left.
• Indent all paragraphs to the right 1/2 inch.

Chicago or Turabian styles are used when it goes about the law assignments. The requirements are similar, but there are some differences as well. Take a look at this list:

• Times, Times New Roman 12 pt font.
• 1-inch margins on all sides.
• Double-spacing.
• Left-justified text with a ragged right edge.
• 12 inch indent for the first sentence of each paragraph.
• Provide page numbers in the top right corner.

Of course, we can’t provide you with all the format requirements in this article. You should have an official relevant guide with all details and examples to follow. Ask your professor if you have any questions. And don’t forget about correct citing, it is necessary to avoid plagiarism.

• The main arguments for and against the death penalty.
• What is more important: national identity or globalization?
• Social isolation and its consequences.
• Should church and state function together?
• Could modern advertising be dangerous?

User ratings:

User ratings is 4.5 stars.

4.5 /5 ( 13 Votes)

Content Writer

I studied sociology and marketing at Europa-Universität Viadrina (Germany) and Universidade da Beira Interior (Portugal). When I was a sophomore, back in 2018, I decided to put what I've learned into practice, so I got my first job in digital marketing. I currently work in the content marketing department at Studybay, building strong, effective, and respectful communication between the platform and our clients.

Add Your Comment

We are very interested to know your opinion

Very helpful, thanks😌

Excellent Explanation! Thanks.

very insightful

Adeola Hannah

Thanks🥰 for the summary

Excellent explanation! Thx😀❤️

Your guidance is very good. Thank you.

I like the material of this website

Bakhtar iqbal

Thank very much for your help, it is very interesting and very clear description about term paper

mamuye ashagire

This is a very useful tip. Thanks

Dimgba Chiamaka

Impactful and resourceful. Thank you for your all essay writing guides!

Princess Anto

I very satisfied with clear discussion on the topic, thanks for mentioning mla format

Mulugeta Tesfaye

Upgrade your writing skills!

Try our AI essay writer from Studybay today!

Apr 19, 2024

Mastering Term Papers: The Essential Guide From Start to Finish

Forget those groans and sighs whenever a term paper is assigned. Think of them as an incredible opportunity to take a deep dive into a topic you find fascinating, flex your research skills, and produce a piece of work that truly showcases your academic growth. 

This guide will walk you through every step of the process, simplifying term papers and empowering you to achieve your best possible results.

Understanding Term Papers

Term papers are a cornerstone of academic life, but are they the same as research papers? Not quite! While both involve research and writing, term papers hold a specific weight in your academic journey.

What is a Term Paper?

A term paper, also known as a course paper, is an extended research essay assigned towards the end of a term. It goes deeper than a typical essay, requiring you to present a comprehensive grasp of the course material.

Unlike a book report that summarizes information, a term paper demands critical analysis, where you explore a specific topic within the course framework. It's your chance to not just regurgitate facts, but to engage with the subject, form an argument, and support it with credible evidence.

Key Elements of a Term Paper: Building a Strong Foundation

Every successful term paper rests on a solid foundation. Here are the essential components you'll need to master:

Thesis Statement: This is the central argument of your paper, acting as a roadmap for your reader. A strong thesis statement is clear, concise, and directly addresses the prompt or topic.

Argument Structure: Think of your paper as a well-constructed building. Your arguments act as the supporting beams, holding your thesis statement aloft. Each body paragraph should focus on a single point that strengthens your overall argument.

Evidence Base: Facts, statistics, and expert opinions are the bricks and mortar of your argument. Ensure your evidence comes from credible sources, such as academic journals, scholarly books, and reputable websites. Don't forget to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.

Differentiating Term Papers from Other Academic Works

While different academic assignments share similarities, each has a unique flavor. Let's unravel how term papers differ from their scholarly cousins:

Term Paper vs. Research Paper: They overlap significantly, yet depth is the key differentiator. Term papers focus on demonstrating knowledge acquired during a course. Research papers delve deeper, expecting original research, analysis, and a novel contribution to the field.

Term Paper vs. Dissertation: Dissertations are doctoral-level behemoths compared to the smaller-scale term paper. Dissertations involve far more extensive original research, with broader implications across a discipline. Term papers often build the research muscle needed for such larger projects.

Term Paper vs. Essay: Think of essays as sprints, while term papers are marathons. Essays are shorter, with a more focused thesis and narrower argument. Term papers require you to sustain a thesis over a greater length and offer more comprehensive analysis.

Choosing a Topic for Your Term Paper

Selecting the right topic is like finding the right key to unlock the door of a compelling term paper. Here's your toolkit:

Brainstorming with Bounds: Start by mind-mapping concepts covered in your course. Remember, your instructor wants to see your grasp of the material, so stay within those parameters.

Finding Your Passion: What intrigued you in class discussions or readings? A passion for the topic fuels your research and makes the writing process more enjoyable.

Scope Matters: Be realistic about the time and resources you have. Choose a topic that is narrow enough to research thoroughly but broad enough to support a substantial argument.

The Goldilocks Zone: Your topic shouldn't be so general that you drown in information, nor so specific that research hits a dead end. Find that perfect "just right" balance.

Get Feedback Early: Run your topic ideas by your instructor. Their insights can save you from a path strewn with frustration.

Research Strategies for Term Papers

A well-researched term paper stands out. Here's how to navigate the ocean of information for that academic treasure:

Library Power: Your campus library is your ally! Librarians are masters at guiding you to the best databases, books, and journals for your field. Don't hesitate to ask for help.

Digital Databases: Academic databases like JSTOR and Google Scholar are goldmines of peer-reviewed articles, essential for credible research.

Beyond Textbooks: Expand your worldview! Consider primary sources (e.g., interviews, archival documents), government reports, and credible news websites to add depth.

Notes Are Your Lifeline: Effective note-taking isn't just copying information. Summarize key points in your own words, note the source and page number for easy referencing, and tag information based on how it fits your argument.

Organization is Key: Create an outline or mind map to see the big picture of your research. Digital tools like Evernote or OneNote can be lifesavers for managing a large project.

The Importance of Originality and Plagiarism Avoidance

Your unique insights are what make your term paper valuable. Here's how to safeguard your work and reputation:

The Art of Attribution: Whenever you use someone else's ideas or words, credit them through citations. Use the citation style required by your instructor (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

Paraphrase with Care: Even if you rephrase an idea in your own words, it still needs citation. Aim to primarily express your original thoughts and analysis.

When in Doubt, Cite: It's far better to over-cite than accidentally slip into plagiarism.

Is It Necessary to Use Plagiarism Detection Software for Every Term Paper?

Plagiarism detection tools like Turnitin or Grammarly are your failsafe. They help identify unintentional plagiarism, such as missed citations or poorly paraphrased passages. Consider it a step in ensuring your hard work reflects your originality and understanding.

Important Note: These tools are not foolproof, and should not replace your own careful citation practices. Use them as part of your editing process, not as a shortcut.

Selecting a Topic

Choosing a compelling topic is the first step to a successful term paper. Here's where originality and research scope become your guiding lights.

We already outlined how you can select the best topic for your term paper (see above), but you can also look for connections between your ideas and the broader themes in your field to make this process easier. This can create a deeper understanding and even pave the way for future research, like a dissertation or capstone project, that explores the topic in greater detail.

Can Any Topic Be Suitable for a Term Paper as Long as It's Well-Researched?

While thorough research is essential, topic suitability plays a crucial role. Here's why:

Alignment Matters: Your topic should align with the course objectives and the professor's expectations. Check the assignment guidelines carefully to ensure your chosen subject fits the scope of the course.

Finding the Sweet Spot: Consider research availability. Can you find enough credible sources to support a comprehensive analysis? Conversely, is the topic so narrow that locating sufficient information becomes a challenge?

Term Paper Format

Term papers have a specific format that ensures clarity and professionalism. Here's a breakdown with practical tips to set you apart:

Title Page: This is your first impression, so make it count! Include the title of your paper, your name, your instructor's name, course number, and the due date.

Abstract (Optional): A concise summary (100-200 words) highlighting your thesis statement, key arguments, and main points.

Introduction: Hook your reader with a captivating introduction that introduces the topic, presents the research question, and outlines your thesis statement.

Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your overall argument. Use clear transitions to connect your ideas and integrate evidence effectively. Remember to properly cite your sources according to the required style guide (e.g., APA, MLA).

Conclusion: Summarize your main points, restate your thesis in a new way, and leave the reader with a lasting impression.

References: This is where you meticulously list all the sources you used in your paper. Formatting should be consistent with the chosen style guide. ( Tip: Use a reference management tool like Zotero or Mendeley to streamline this process!)

Research Papers

Term papers and research papers share some similarities, but also have distinct purposes and structures:

Term Papers: Focus on demonstrating your understanding of course material through critical analysis and synthesis of existing research.

Research Papers: Delve deeper, often requiring original research, a more complex argument, and a contribution to a specific field of study.

The skills you hone while writing term papers, like crafting a strong thesis statement, conducting effective research, and properly citing sources, are invaluable for tackling research papers later in your academic journey.

Writing Process: Transforming Ideas into a Polished Paper

A term paper isn't born overnight. Here's a step-by-step journey to guide you through the process:

Research and Exploration: Dive deep into your sources, take meticulous notes, and organize your findings around your potential thesis statement.

Outlining: Create a skeleton of your paper, mapping out your introduction, body paragraphs (each with clear topic sentences), and conclusion. This helps with structure and avoids wandering arguments.

Drafting the Rough Cut: Let the words flow! Focus on getting your main ideas on paper. Don't worry about perfection at this stage; focus on the big picture of your argument.

Revision – Part 1: The Big Picture. Step back for a few hours (or even a day!) then reread your draft with a critical eye. Does the structure flow? Are there areas that need better evidence? Does your thesis shine through clearly?

Revision – Part 2: The Nitty Gritty. Focus on sentence structure, clarity, and word choice. Read out loud to catch awkward phrasing. Double-check your citations to ensure accuracy.

Proofreading with a Fresh Eye: Enlist a classmate or use a tool like Grammarly for a final polish. Look for typos, grammatical errors, and clarity issues.

Position Papers: Term Papers as a Foundation

The skills you develop in drafting a term paper translate directly to persuasive writing formats like position papers :

Building a Strong Argument: In both term papers and position papers, your ability to develop a clear thesis and support it with evidence is essential.

Organization is Key: Both formats demand a structured presentation, with clear introductions, supporting paragraphs, and impactful conclusions.

Power of Persuasive Language: Term papers help you sharpen your writing for impact. Apply that skill in position papers to convince readers of your perspective.

Crafting an Effective Outline: The Blueprint for Your Paper

A robust outline is like your term paper's compass. Here's how to create one that'll steer you towards a polished final product:

Start Simple, Get Detailed: Begin with your thesis statement at the very top. Then, list your main points (think Roman numerals - I, II, III). Under each main point, break down supporting arguments or evidence (using capital letters - A, B, C).

Flexibility is Key: Outlines are fluid! As your research progresses, add more supporting points or rearrange them as your understanding of the topic solidifies.

Digital Tools to the Rescue: Consider apps like OneNote, Evernote, or even good old Google Docs to easily rearrange sections, add notes, and keep your outline dynamic.

Does an Outline Need to Include Every Detail That Will Appear in the Term Paper?

Your outline should not be a word-for-word preview of your term paper. It's a roadmap, highlighting the major points, supporting arguments, and overall structure. Including every tiny detail leads to a cumbersome outline that hinders your writing flow.

Understanding the Purpose of an Outline: Benefits Beyond Structure

Outlining does more than organize your thoughts. Here's why it's worth the effort:

Early Warning System: A well-made outline can reveal gaps in your research early on. Did you find enough evidence to support Point III? Time to hit the library again!

Time Saver: A clear outline makes the writing process smoother. You know what to write about next, reducing time spent staring at a blank screen.

Combats Overwhelm: Seeing your term paper broken down into smaller chunks makes the entire project seem less daunting.

A Living Document: Don't be afraid to revisit and revise your outline as you research and your ideas evolve.

Components of a Term Paper Outline

A well-structured outline is the backbone of a successful term paper. Here's a breakdown of its key components:

Thesis Statement: This is the foundation of your entire paper, so prominently position it at the top of your outline. It should be a concise and clear statement of your central argument.

Introduction: Briefly outline the key points you'll cover in the introduction, such as background information, the research question, and a preview of your thesis statement.

Body Paragraphs: This is the heart of your outline. Break down each body paragraph by:

Main Topic: Identify the main point you'll address in each paragraph.

Key Arguments: List the sub-points or arguments that will support your main topic.

Evidence: Briefly mention the sources (e.g., author, publication) that you'll use to substantiate your arguments. Don't worry about full citations here, just enough detail to jog your memory.

Conclusion: Outline the key takeaways you'll emphasize in your conclusion, including a restatement of your thesis in a new way and the significance of your findings.

Selecting Main Topics and Subtopics

Choosing strong main topics and subtopics is crucial for a clear and coherent outline. Here's how to navigate this step:

Brainstorming Power: Start by listing all the relevant points you want to cover in your paper. Group related points together to form potential main topics.

Prioritization is Key: Order your main topics logically, ensuring they flow smoothly from one point to the next and build towards your thesis.

Subtopics – Your Supporting Cast: Each main topic needs strong subtopics to develop your arguments. Ensure they directly connect back to your main topic and provide specific evidence for your claims.

Integrating Research and Sources

Your outline should reflect how you'll use research to support your arguments. Here are some tips:

Source Integration: As you identify relevant sources, jot down brief notes about their main points and how they align with your subtopics.

Avoid Information Overload: Don't try to list every detail from your sources. Focus on how they support specific arguments you'll make in the body paragraphs.

Credibility Check: Briefly evaluate the credibility and relevance of each source as you incorporate it into your outline.

Should You Cite Every Source You Consult During Your Research Process?

Yes, you should develop a comprehensive reference list that includes all the sources you consult during your research, even if you don't directly quote them in your paper. Here's why:

Credit Where Credit is Due: Citing all your sources acknowledges the work of others and avoids plagiarism.

Evaluation Matters: Consulting a variety of sources demonstrates a thorough investigation of the topic. However, use your critical thinking skills to evaluate the credibility and relevance of each source before incorporating it into your paper.

Tip: Use a reference management tool like Zotero or Mendeley to keep track of your sources and streamline the citation process!

Outline Formatting and Styles

The right outline format helps bring clarity and organization to your term paper. Here's a look at common styles and when to use them:

Alphanumeric Format: This classic format uses a combination of Roman numerals, letters, and numbers to create a hierarchy.

I. Introduction

A. Background

B. Thesis Statement

Decimal Format: A purely numerical system that creates a clear visual outline. Ideal for complex papers with many subtopics.

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Thesis Statement

Choosing the Right Style:

Complexity: For straightforward term papers, alphanumeric may suffice. If multiple levels of supporting points are necessary, the decimal format keeps things organized.

Instructor Preference: Always check with your professor for any specific requirements or guidelines they may have.

Revision and Refinement of the Outline

Your initial outline may not be perfect. Here's how to refine it throughout your writing journey:

Research-Driven Refinement: As you delve into your sources, you may discover new subtopics or need to rearrange sections. Continuously adapt your outline to reflect your evolving understanding.

Feedback Loop: Submit your outline to your professor early for valuable feedback. Their guidance can steer you in the right direction from the start.

Don't Be Afraid to Reorganize: If a particular section isn't flowing well, try restructuring it in your outline. Experiment until you find a logical and persuasive argument flow.

Capstone Project

The rigorous research and organizational skills you hone with term papers directly translate to the grand culmination of your academic program – the capstone project . Here's how:

Research Base: Capstones demand in-depth, original research. Your term paper experience will help you effectively navigate scholarly sources and synthesize information.

Time Management: Large projects benefit from strong planning. Outlining skills developed through term papers aid in structuring a capstone's complex timeline.

Writing Foundation: Capstones require clear, persuasive writing – something you've practiced consistently in term papers.

Critical Thinking: Term papers teach you to analyze and interpret information. This skill is vital when tackling the complex, real-world issues often addressed in capstone projects.

Advanced Academic Writing Techniques

While term papers lay a solid foundation, advanced academic writing techniques elevate your work to a new level. Let's explore strategies that can be applied across various academic papers:

Nuances of Argumentation: Go beyond simply stating your argument. Anticipate counterarguments and address them head-on, demonstrating a well-rounded understanding of the topic.

Evidentiary Strength: Proof matters! Utilize a variety of credible sources, from peer-reviewed journals to primary sources when applicable, to support your claims and add depth to your analysis.

Coherence is Key: Ensure a seamless flow of ideas. Transitions between paragraphs and sections should be clear and logical, guiding the reader through your argument effortlessly.

Engaging with the Conversation: Don't write in a vacuum. Reference and engage with the works of scholars in your field. Show how your work contributes to the ongoing academic dialogue.

Are Advanced Writing Techniques Essential for the Success of an Undergraduate Term Paper?

While not strictly mandatory, advanced writing techniques can improve your term paper. Here's how:

Stronger Arguments: Anticipating counterarguments demonstrates critical thinking and strengthens the overall persuasiveness of your work.

Impressing Your Professor: Professors appreciate well-researched and well-argued papers. Advanced techniques showcase your dedication and understanding of the subject matter.

Standing Out from the Crowd: A well-crafted term paper with advanced elements can distinguish you from your peers, especially in competitive programs.

Dissertations or Thesis: Building on Your Expertise

The skills you refine with term papers become the cornerstone for tackling more complex projects like dissertations or theses . Here's how your experience translates:

Research Prowess: Term papers hone your research skills, preparing you for the more intensive research required for dissertations or theses.

Organizational Mastery: Outlining and structuring term papers prepare you for the even more intricate planning involved in a dissertation or thesis.

Critical Thinking Powerhouse: Analyzing and synthesizing information is a core skill practiced in term papers, essential for dissecting complex issues in a dissertation or thesis.

Academic Papers: A Spectrum of Skills in Action

The skills you develop through term papers are valuable across a range of academic writing formats :

Research Papers: Term papers build a strong foundation for research papers, which delve deeper into a specific topic and often require original research.

Literature Reviews: Analyzing and synthesizing sources in term papers translates directly to the comprehensive literature review process required for many academic endeavors.

Grant Proposals: Clear and persuasive writing, honed through term papers, is essential for crafting compelling grant proposals to secure research funding.

Securing Academic Success Through Effective Term Paper Writing

Term papers, while sometimes daunting, are powerful tools in your academic arsenal. Mastering the art of crafting a compelling term paper increases your grades and opens a broader gateway to scholarly achievement.

Remember these key takeaways:

Originality Matters: Developing your unique voice, analyzing sources critically, and avoiding plagiarism set your work apart and demonstrate your understanding of the material.

Research is Your Foundation: Dedicating time to exploring high-quality sources elevates your arguments by adding depth and credibility.

Structure Brings Clarity: A well-organized outline and clear writing guide your reader through your thought process and make your arguments more impactful.

By prioritizing these strategies, you'll create term papers that meet the requirements and demonstrate a commitment to learning and understanding. This dedication pays off – the skills acquired in term paper writing translate directly to improved performance in future academic pursuits, whether that be in research papers, capstone projects, or even graduate-level dissertations.

Start Writing With Jenni Today!

Sign up for a free Jenni AI account today. Unlock your research potential and experience the difference for yourself. Your journey to academic excellence starts here.

Try Jenni for free today

Create your first piece of content with Jenni today and never look back

How to Write a Term Paper

How to Write a Term Paper - Getting to the Basics

A term paper is generally structured with an opening introduction, followed by several body paragraphs, and culminates with a conclusion. It articulates a central thesis statement, bolstered by corroborative evidence and critical analysis. The writing is formal in nature, adheres to a designated formatting style like APA or MLA, and is complemented by accurate citations and a comprehensive bibliography.

Writing a term paper is a structured process that demands careful planning and execution. Here’s a step-by-step approach to guide you:

• Understand the Assignment : Ensure you grasp the requirements, the topic's scope, and the deadline.
• Choose a Topic : Select a topic that is interesting to you and meets the assignment's criteria. It should be narrow enough to explore fully within the paper's constraints.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Gather background information to further refine your topic, develop a thesis, and create a research question.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : This is the central argument or claim of your paper. It should be clear, concise, and arguable.
• Create an Outline : Organize your main points and supporting details into an outline. This will serve as a roadmap for your term paper.
• Conduct Detailed Research : Use credible sources to collect evidence and information that support your thesis. Take careful notes and keep track of your sources for citations.
• Write the Introduction : Start with a hook to grab the reader's interest, provide background information, and present your thesis statement.
• Write the Body : Each paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your thesis. Use evidence and analysis to back up each point.
• Write the Conclusion : Summarize your main points and restate the thesis in the context of the evidence you provided. Discuss the implications of your findings or future directions for research.
• Revise and Edit : Look for any gaps in logic or content, check for clarity and flow, and ensure each part of the paper supports your thesis. Edit for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Format Your Paper : Follow the required citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) for your discipline, and ensure your paper adheres to all formatting guidelines.
• Final Review : Give your paper a final read-through, checking for coherence, structure, and formatting.
• Submit : Turn in your paper by the deadline, and ensure you have a copy saved for your records.

You always hear the word “term paper,” and in the most basic sense, it is the paper that sums up everything you have learned in a term or semester. Think of it as the ‘gate pass’ for a checkpoint in a game: you need to secure one by finishing one important challenge.

As every game requires, that particular challenge is not similar to other challenges you have encountered. Thus, you must conserve every remaining energy and time to prepare for the challenge.

Going back to our topic, term papers require your knowledge, effort, and time. You can only produce a faultless and astounding term paper once you have mastered the fundamental things you will continuously see in every paper you will be crafting in the coming semesters.

Research-Based

In a term paper, you may not want to ditch your personal experiences or observations when integrating what you have learned in a single term or semester. Most of the time, integrating salient findings and concepts from literature and other scholarly sources may be required depending on the type of paper you are asked to write.

A topic, especially if it is purely theoretical or academic, may warrant you to do a literature review and background research. Fret not, though, as this blog will guide you through making your term paper a work of research.

Since a term paper is research-based, it is almost always impossible not to involve critical thinking and analysis on a certain topic. After all, the best way to discuss a topic, especially if it is complex, is to break it down into pieces. Once disassembled, you can evaluate the evidence, examine its validity, and draw reasoned conclusions based on your findings.

Thesis Statement

You might be able to equate a term paper to an essay. They seem to get along, especially with the structure and purpose of writing. However, you can never go wrong with formulating a good thesis statement for your term paper.

As it is more similar to a research paper, a term paper can be quite long, so having a good thesis statement reinstates the main argument or purpose of your writing. It guides the entire direction of your paper and helps your reader grasp its focus– no matter how long and winding his or her experience will be.

Logical Flow

We may love a fun, creative, and often chaotic way of writing, especially when reading a narrative essay as a coursework assignment. Sorry to burst your bubbles, but a term paper may not follow the same route.

As a standard term paper is full of concepts, terms, arguments, and ideas, it deserves great attention to logic and organization. This means that each section of the paper must build up from the previous one, and transitions between paragraphs and sections should observe smoothness and coherence.

What is a Term Paper In Terms of Its Various Types and Forms

Writing a term paper entails preparation. You can only wish that you have a ton of brain cells and resources to help you finalize your paper that is good for submission– and a stellar score.

However, preparation is only one thing in the long-lasting process of term paper writing.

The term paper structure will still depend on the scope of analysis, as well as the categories of the term paper. Yes, you saw it correctly: types or categories of term papers may have different structures or, in most cases, purposes.

This part of your journey in term paper writing will acquaint you with different types of term papers according to purpose and structure. 

Analytical Paper

From the word itself, an analytical paper requires you to break down a concept, theory, or phenomenon into several parts. These parts may come in the form of elements, experiences, principles, and many other related components.

An analytical paper aims to examine these parts critically and evaluate them accordingly. Analytical papers are often found in social sciences and humanities, and they are mostly requested for a term paper writing service .

Possible topics that resemble your future topic under the mentioned fields are critiquing a philosophical theory or analyzing globalization's impact on a specific country's pop culture.

Argumentative Paper

What is a term paper without presenting a stance? In an argumentative term paper, your professor might give you a debatable or controversial topic that requires your critical thinking and persuasive skills to be utilized.

In this type of term paper, you must integrate a literature review and empirical evidence to support your stance and counter several opposing views. Argumentations are often found in several branches of the social sciences, such as law, ethics, and literature.

You may stumble upon topics like augmenting a controversial public policy or defending a particular interpretation of a literary piece.

Descriptive Paper

Fulfilling this type of term paper entails more than injecting fancy adjectives, imageries, and vivid narrations. When dealing with descriptive term papers, you must provide a detailed overview of a particular topic, event, phenomenon, or concept.

If you ask me how to format a term paper of this kind, the descriptive language used must be realistic and accurate, not just merely ornamental. This orientation would provide a seamless and truthful picture for the reader of your paper.

Although your term paper may be descriptive, objectivity should not be taken away. Descriptive term papers are mostly required in the natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, Earth science, and biology. A perfect example is the description of the geological features of a national park. 

Comparative Papers

True to its name, this type of term paper compares and contrasts two or more theories, subjects, schools of thought, and approaches.

Upon taking the two major steps, you will need to analyze the similarities and differences between the elements, and you may formulate conclusions regarding their significance or implications. Comparative term papers are commonly seen in economics, political science, literature, sociology, and history.

A prime example might be comparing two distinct economic systems or analyzing the similarities and differences between political theories, such as Republicanism and Democracy.

Expository Papers

How to start a term paper of this type? We just have to take a hint at its name: it ‘exposes’ a piece of information. Elaborating on this, term papers adhering to this type explain or inform the prospective audience about a specific topic, concept, process, or phenomenon.

Since we are dealing with information, it has to be ensured that the latter must be accurate, truthful, and sufficient. Writing expository papers may also entail a handful of related writing tasks, such as defining key terms and organizing information according to related themes.

The fields that most likely require expository term papers are education, communication arts, journalism, and several liberal arts areas.

Grasping each type of term paper above may be quite a handful. Apart from preparing a term paper, you are confronted with a big challenge to choose a type or, in some cases, integrate one type into another.

Regardless of your writing decisions, you are always in for a treat: your term paper proposal will not be a failure if you are more than familiar with your purpose of writing one.

In addition, writing services like Studyfy let you access term paper help like no other. From your term paper outline to the final touches, an array of professional writers are present to provide personalized writing services for negotiable pricing.

What’s The Proper Term Paper Format? From the Ground Up

I am fully aware that you have been wired up with all the information you need to know about term papers, but do not falter yet, as we are just in the most needed part of this blog: formatting your term paper.

Writing a term paper will not be as polished and organized if you do not prepare your format ahead of your writing preparations. So, from conceptualizing your title to proofreading your paper, our tips and tricks will propel you to the towering heights of marks you have always aimed for.

Start Strong with Your Title Page

A well-established term paper will not be realized without a strong facade through a title page. Many students are seen as not focusing on this part of the paper, thinking that it does not hold as much importance as other parts, but if you are thinking the same, you need to change your mind.

Some instructors and professors look at the title page to check if you adhere to the formatting guidelines. If you are less likely to notice such inconsistencies, your professor might think you are not keen enough to eye important details in the rest of your paper.

Pro-Tip: As early as creating your title page, be sure to follow any specific formatting guidelines provided by your professor or academic institution, such as font size, spacing, and margin specifications.

Abstract– Concise Yet Complete

An abstract is likewise an important component of a term paper, just as in a research paper. It encapsulates the crucial pieces of information that the reader must know. It includes the background of the paper, methods, results, and implications of the findings.

While the abstract may require a specific word count that differs from one academic institution to another, it is generally preferred to keep everything short yet complete. Remember: the term paper itself will likely become wordy and extensive, so let us spare space for urgency on the paper’s abstract.

Pro-Tip : Keep everything concise and elaborate on the findings more than the background. The usual word count for an abstract is 150-200 words.

Term Paper’s Background: Where the Thesis Statement is Cleared Its Way

Term paper writing will get as fired up at this point since this part introduces the rationale or context of the paper, asking the question, “What is the topic all about?” In presenting the background, the introduction of the paper's main argument is given– the thesis statement.

This crucial part of the paper is often written as a declarative sentence or a question. To make everything clear and articulated, the paper’s background must provide an extensive exploration of the topic that could lead to formulating the thesis statement. There should be a profound connection between the rationale of the paper and its main purpose.

Pro-Tip : Term papers are more flexible than research papers and journal articles in terms of structuring their introduction. You may hook the reader's attention by putting an engaging opening sentence or anecdote.

Arranging Lit Review: To Each Its Own

Regardless of whether the literature review section of a term paper is separated or integrated into the introduction, this part must provide an extensive overview of existing research and scholarship relevant to the topic.

While one can put empirical and observational studies into the review, it is important to put a premium on reputable articles and research reports that are peer-reviewed and published in indexed journals. When no single guideline talks about a window period for acceptable literature, you may set one for yourself as a guide. 

Pro-Tip: Arrange the literature review thematically, chronologically, or topically, depending on the ways that you desire to highlight some aspects of your term paper.

To an Extensive Results and Discussion Section

Term papers will not be complete without the discussion section. This part seals the deal and is an important piece of a complex puzzle. It interprets the results in conjunction with the questions at hand and assesses their value by comparing them with previous studies according to their agreement or disagreement. 

Pro-Tip: When sourcing previous studies as points of reference for the results, always strive to find ones that both agree or disagree with them. This ensures the polarity and absence of bias in the reporting of the results.

Closing the Curtains with the Paper’s Conclusion

When concluding your term paper writing, always restate the thesis statement. It always feels right and justifiable if the main purpose of the entire term paper is reiterated in the last part of the paper. Apart from that, recommendations and final thoughts may be included in this section.

The conclusion section, deemed shorter than other key sections in the term paper, may come in a short paragraph or bullet format, depending on your guidelines.

Pro-Tip: New information that is not previously included in the paper is not welcome in the conclusion. You might need to write my term paper again if I committed a mistake. You may instead synthesize the key points and results and leave a lasting impression on your reader by either providing a strong closing statement or a reinforcement of the main argument of the term paper.

References and Appendices: Two Pieces That Complete

One may argue that writing term papers may not need references and appendices sections, but the material they provide may prove otherwise. Without the references, sources will not be identified nor assessed, leaving no room for integrity on the writer's part. 

Having no appendices section, on the other hand, does not provide enough context or additional information about the important plans that were executed during the creation of the paper. It is in these sections that small things matter.

Pro-Tip: Double-check the veracity of the references and appendices section. This may entail using the proper citation style for the reference titles and labeling the materials under the appendices section.

What’s a term paper? How to write a successful term paper?

A: A term paper is a type of academic paper that a student, typically from a higher academic institution such as a university, completes at the end of a semester or a term. Since it is considered a terminal requirement, writing a term paper requires one to conduct research, utilize higher-order thinking skills such as analysis, and present findings on a topic or subject by incorporating the knowledge and skills throughout the entirety of the term. 

Since a term paper qualifies as an academic paper, writing services offer custom term paper assistance whenever needed. It is only through tailor-fit writing assistance and professional guidance from seasoned writers that you can achieve a stellar grade without getting down a rough route, thanks to Studyfy.

How to write a term paper if there is a word count?

A word count may be a bummer for some, but it can motivate you to budget how you will use your words efficiently. Make sure to allocate several words strategically. It is recommended that the discussion section gets the highest allocation among all the term paper sections.

Your research and writing process can be influenced by the term paper format and word count. As academic papers often have a specific set of rules, make sure to follow them to the dot.

What is the general structure of a term paper? Is it the same as a research paper?

The universally accepted structure of a term paper is quite similar to a research report: title page, rationale/background, literature review, methodology, results and discussion, and references. An appendices section is optional but necessary for other fields of interest.

A good term paper is like a good research paper. Research papers, like other academic papers, follow the named predictable pattern; just make sure to present your own research through engaging body paragraphs and state primary and secondary sources, including other research papers you used while writing.

Are term papers similar to research papers? How similar and different is the writing process?

Term paper writing is similar to research writing in terms of structure and purpose. However, they differ in scope, audience, and length. While a term paper has a broader scope and is meant to be seen by the course instructor, a research paper has a narrower scope and is written for a wider academic audience. However, what's crucial is the thorough research process.

Featured Posts

How to make an essay longer.

How to Write a Dissertation

How to Write an Essay

How to Write a Research Paper

How to Write a Discussion Post

How to Write a Lab Report

A Quick-Start Guide on How to Write a Term Paper

[Post information was updated in April, 2024]

Writing a term paper may be a hard task. We don’t want to sugarcoat it. Creating term papers and other academic papers can be frustrating, and cause worries who can write my term paper . There is a learning curve and you may not be pleased with your first paper.

In the article below you will find recommendations and detailed tips on how to write a term paper. In addition, you will find out what term paper format looks like, and an excerpt of a written term paper sample.

What is a term paper

A term paper is an academic paper that can take the form of a report or research paper. Typically it is assigned at school, college, and university at the end of the term. The term paper has a great value in the final score for the subject.

Every course typically has various requirements for writing a term paper. In the following guide we offer a standard approach and elements to writing a term paper.

Typical term paper format

Before we get too deep into how to start a term paper and how to find the best topic for it, here is the typical format of term paper.

Structure matters. All well-written academic papers have a clear structure, as it helps the reader easily absorb information from the text. Also, a good structure will help you not to get lost in the variety of information and write a concise paper. Let’s look at the format below.

Title page. This page usually contains the title, name of the student, course and code, instructor’s name, and the date. Abstract (optional). The abstract is a short summary of the main ideas, theoretical approaches, and findings you are going to highlight in the paper. Table of contents. This section is needed for easy navigation between the paper sections. Generally includes headings of every section and page numbers. Introduction. This is the opening paragraph that tells the reader basic information about the paper. Main sections. This part of the paper may consist of several sections, as the topics of term papers are diverse. The parts should follow each other in a logical framework. Conclusion. The conclusion is the last part that ties the paper up in a logical ending. Here the author needs to restate the main findings and indicate the importance of these findings to the current circumstance. References. All sources that were used and cited in the paper should be listed in the reference list in alphabetical order. Appendix (optional). The purpose of the appendix is to provide information that would be distracting in the body of the paper. Typically authors place in the appendix large tables, questionnaires, images, and other documentation and materials.

Also, you can add a list of figures, tables, or abbreviations if needed. Some term papers have a lot of information that can’t be placed in the text, so it can be attached after the references.

Term paper structure

This example hits all the right paragraphs to create a well-structured term paper. Once you’ve got the basics down, it’s up to you to determine the best way to write the term paper.

Before writing a term paper

If you want to make something great, you need to prepare greatly. As the term paper is usually a longer paper than essays, you will need to make a more detailed plan before writing it.

Carefully read the assignment. To realize what the instructor wants to see from a term paper, just read the instructions attentively, like each essay writer does before writing a paper.

• Highlight the keywords. You should have already faced such assignments that begin with: analyze, comment, compare, describe, discuss, etc.
• Rewrite the requirements. It may happen that you will skip an important point when briefly skimming over the instructions. Rewrite the assignment directions in your own words and try to keep the same meaning. You can also print the requirements and place them before your eyes.
• Point out questions that should be addressed in the paper. On the basis of your assignment you can make a list of questions that should be addressed in the paper.

Conduct research. The research should be aimed at finding a distinct amount of information for the chosen topic. During this stage you need to use these skills: active reading, effective note-taking, and critical thinking.

• Find out and analyze the existing information related to the topic. While reading, always keep in mind the sole question. Consider the author’s main point and how he or she supports that point. Decide what sources you can use as a basis for your paper.
• Make notes as you read and mark the most significant information and quotes that you can use in your paper. Don’t forget to mention where you have found the information.
• Use mind-mapping, charts, diagrams, and clustering to get more ideas about the topic and gather the main points in one place.

Make an outline. On the basis of the obtained information, you can create a plan. As you can see in our “Term Paper Format” section, you can give titles to each section of your future paper. Also, we recommend you to add topic sentences to each section – this will ease the writing process.

Create a calendar. Divide the paper writing process into several steps and list them in your calendar. Term papers take more than one night to write, so make sure that you have planned enough time for it. You can make a hard copy of the timetable or save it on your computer.

How to pick sources for a term paper

Every builder knows that the foundation is the core part of the building. Without a strong foundation, the building may quickly fall to ruin. The same refers to academic writing. Without reliable sources and information, you will construct a poor paper, and will look for someone to write a term paper for cheap .

On the internet and at the library you may find tons of information related to your topic. How can you pick a reliable source? Imagine that you are Sherlock Holmes and you need to find the truth hidden in the text. You don’t need superpowers to learn how to do it.

Use your critical thinking skills while looking through each source. Let’s see what you need to pay attention to:

• Design and layout. Check whether the source looks professional.
• Date. Define whether the information is relevant.
• Author. It should be easy to find the author of the source. Think on what you know about the authors and their credentials.
• Objectivity. It should be clearly seen that the source was created for an educational or professional purpose. If you notice that the source tries to sell something, skip it.
• Writing style. If you have noticed grammar mistakes or typos, there is a high probability that the source is unreliable.
• Amount and quality of information. Look how much information is presented in the source and whether it contains graphic information, numbers, a reference list, etc. Broken links and the absence of external links may indicate a poor source.
• Suitability for your topic. Think about whether the source meets the limitations of your topic.
• Reputation. Check whether the source is non-biased. Use a fact-checking website that uses only authoritative sources.

Tip: Reading general texts from the journals and articles can help you clarify your thoughts at the beginning of your research and deciding what point you can consider on your paper.

Tip: Most search engines use the data from your web browser to sort information according to your preferences. It is also known as a “filter bubble.” Delete your browser history and cookies, and tune into the incognito mode to get another list of search results.

When you obtain a certain amount of information, you can create an extended outline. What does it mean? Take your old outline and add any new points that you have found in the sources. Think in what section you can incorporate new facts, examples, quotes, or expert opinions.

Writing the first draft of a term paper

There are many approaches to writing a term paper. The key to success is simple: be prepared before you start. Have a clear purpose, a thesis statement, enough background information, and a clear plan. If you can’t choose a good topic, use our college essay title generator to have more ideas for writing.

1. Write the abstract.

This first section should focus on what your research is about. But the best decision will be writing it after all subsequent sections. Mention major findings in your research so even a person unfamiliar with the topic can read and understand it. Keep it simple and informative.

A good abstract should consist of the following sections:

• Intro. State the issue you are addressing in your paper. Explain why the chosen topic is important. What practical, scientific, or theoretic purpose does your research have?
• Body. Highlight the major points of the research and what investigating strategy you have chosen. Describe the nature of the results.
• Conclusion. Explain how the results can be implicated.

To write an abstract, you need to reread your paper and underline the key statements related to research objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Copy these sentences and you will receive the first draft of the abstract.

Tip: The abstract should be limited to 120-250 words (depending on assignment instructions).

What is the difference between the introduction and abstract? An abstract presents the essence of the paper: it lists the main points of the paper, including results and conclusions. The introduction provides background information on the topic, gives the proposition (or thesis statement), and outlines key issues that will be discussed in the paper.

2. Write the introduction.

Strong introductions can make it harder to put the paper down. Think about how you can “sell” your paper to the reader. What is the main point of your term paper?

• Grab attention. A good introduction starts with an interesting fact, surprising statement, contradiction, or a statement that points out the importance of the topic.
• Provide an overview. The introduction should provide a brief description of the issue and state the goal of the paper. Also, it is important to mention how this specific topic meets a broader context.
• Write the thesis statement. Tell the reader what you are arguing or what question you are addressing in your paper. Don’t announce your intentions.

The introduction should contain only general information about the paper. Its aim is to give an overview of the term paper. Examples, quotations, and excess details are not accepted.

Tip: Don’t be boring or too general. Immediately dive into the essence of the topic and draw the reader’s attention deeper into the paper.

3. Write the body sections: generating ideas and text.

Once you have received certain research results and notes, take a look at what you’ve found. Record the outcomes of your research and cut unnecessary materials.

One of the best ways to start writing body sections is drafting topic sentences referring to the outline. Write complete sentences on its basis and add supporting details.

The number of paragraphs will depend on the topic and assignment instructions. Frequently, a term paper body section consists of a literature review and the research itself.

Tip: Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence. It should be a very clear introduction of the paragraph’s main idea.

How can you write a literary review? Present the analysis of the literature you have found on the topic. You need to present what materials you have found and how you have connected this information to the context of your research. Summarize the arguments and theories of various authors you agree with. Also, you need to highlight what points were absent or not considered in the author’s research.

Here are general recommendations while writing the body sections:

• The text should be well-structured and divided into sections or subsections. Each chapter should have a title and refer to one particular idea or main point.
• Develop arguments gradually. All your ideas should move from the general to specific.
• A good academic text needs evidence. All quotations, ideas, and data should be referenced according to the required formatting style.
• Prioritize the following points depending on your assignment instructions and objectives: analysis of primary and secondary sources, current issues and state of research, and personal point of view.
• Avoid simple summaries of existing information. Incorporate citations to prove your own point of view on the topic.
• Don’t rely on the sources only. It is your paper and it should contain your original idea about the topic. Keep the balance between the source material and your own ideas.
• Avoid writing lengthy body paragraphs. If you want to put a great amount of information into the paragraph, it would be better to divide it into subsections.

4. Write the conclusion.

When you finish writing the main part of the term paper, it’s time to summarize what information you have received and discuss the further implication of your research. Consider the following points in your conclusion:

• Refresh the points that you have already highlighted in the body paragraph and restate the thesis statement.

Note: Don’t present any new information in this paragraph.

• Describe the final results of your research.
• Explain the implication for future studies.

How can I evaluate my research results? What meaning does my research have? Does my topic intersect other topics or areas?

• Write the concluding sentence.

For example: “Forgiveness therapy is a new approach in psychology and has much need for testing, but it is an important practice in the treatment of many psychological disorders.”

Revising and polishing the first draft

If you have succeeded in writing your first draft and have some time left, it’s time to proofread your text. Don’t neglect the possibility of reading the term paper once more. Many professors perceive misspellings, as well as punctuation and grammar errors as a personal insult. These mistakes may draw more attention than your original ideas and significant results. So, how can you make your text look better?

First, you need to read your first draft and think about how you can make your paper cleaner or more convincing. Look at the ideas that don’t fit the context and remove or modify them. Then, look at what points need more detailed support. And finally, add transitional phrases or words to connect ideas. If you can’t cope with all these steps on your own, use EssayShark essay rephraser to save your nerves.

Second, when the content is logical and well-structured, it’s time to check for errors. Correct all grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors.

Last, check whether your paper has the right format and layout. Make sure that pages are numbered correctly. Images, tables, diagrams, and other visual materials also should be numbered and titled appropriately. So, check the same things you check when you finish write my essay process.

How to write a term paper in 7 steps – infographic

How to write a term paper in 4 hours: video guide

Mistakes to avoid in term paper writing

• Using unreliable sources. This means that all sources you have based your work on should be professional. Use newsprint, magazines, statistical data, and publications.
• Plagiarism. Whenever you are reusing someone’s ideas or incorporating expressions from other sources as your own thoughts, this is considered plagiarism. Pay attention to correct citation style and document outside sources.
• Not supporting your statements. Always back up your point of view with references or your own findings.
• Using nested sentences, repetitions, and passive voice. The text should be objective, clear, and correct.
• Choosing a topic too broad. As a result, it will be hard to meet the word limit and highlight the topic in the right way. Also, you will face the problem of having excessive amounts of information on the topic. A good term paper requires a narrow topic.
• Failing to proofread the paper. Even editing the text once may not be enough. Don’t rely on the computer’s spell check. Ask a friend or someone else to read your paper.

How to find excellent term paper topics

Paper instructions that you receive from a teacher typically provide a list of term paper topics to choose from. Luckily, sometimes students are given the freedom of choice.

First, you can start with a fairly broad idea of the area you want to research, such as “body image.” As you can see, the topic is too general and if you start googling about this topic over the internet you will get a great amount of information. You can narrow it down considering other areas:

Narrowing down the topic will make your research more manageable. You can add more limitations to your research:

Sometimes it’s difficult to pick a topic on your own, as there are so many interesting topics to write about! We are happy to propose you a list of interesting term paper topics that you can reuse for your own paper.

• Analyze the influence of the shadow economy on the productivity of a country (your choice) from a macroeconomic perspective.
• What is the meaning of inflation/deflation/hyperinflation? Explain the causes and consequences. Support your claims with evidence.
• Define the meaning of middle class. What is the economic meaning of the middle class?

Legal Issues

• Discuss the approaches to providing censorship in social media and over the internet.
• Compare government regulation for physical desecration of national symbols in various countries.
• Discuss the meaning of mental disorder defense. What are the peculiarities?
• Is it the right idea to hide the truth from a dying patient in palliative care?
• Find out the reasons, consequences, and legal regulations of organ donation.
• Is it ethically right to test new drugs on dying patients?
• Should parents determine what the school should learn?
• Should the discipline in the school be more strict?
• Discuss streamlining in the context of the educational system of a particular country.

Tip: On our blog you can find more information on how to choose topics for term paper writing and get inspired with a list of term paper topics on technology, economics, political science, sports, media and culture, and health.

Term paper topic ideas

Term paper sample about healthy lifestyle promotion

In the text below you can see a portion of a term paper written by our college essay writer . It should help you understand the theoretical approaches that we have written above. Also check the comments below.

Title: The Promotion of a Healthy Lifestyle Through Social Media

This paper discusses the growing popularity of healthy lifestyles in social media. It looks into the methods of health promotion through evolving technologies. The research was built on questionnaires and existing information on the issue. The paper presents a plan for actions aimed to keep the topics about health popular over social media. (…)

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 2. Overview of Social Media 3. Plan of Action 4. Conclusion 5. References

Introduction

Social networks are some of the most popular websites over the internet. Social media use has been increasing in health promotion because it removes geographic and physical barriers. However, social media still has the potential to increase the influence of healthy lifestyles. (…)

Overview of Social Media

According to articles published in NBC Statistics, the most popular social media sites estimate more than a billion visits every day. The statistics show that more than 77 percent of people in the US have a social media profile. The majority of Americans use Facebook and Youtube on a daily basis.(…)

One of the researches has measured the change in knowledge, attitudes, behavior, eating habits, weight, energy and fat intake, self-efficacy, and sharing in social media (Hoshi, 2017). The amount of information, even in small doses, has an influence on promotion of healthy habits.

Welch et al. (2016) studied the effectiveness of health promotion campaigns in social media as Facebook, Twitter, and video sharing like YouTube. The research has shown the increased effectiveness of social media interventions in improving healthy habits among youth and older adults. (…)

Plan of Action

Social media campaigns should relate to the specific topic and plan ahead. To construct an effective campaign, we should collect the relevant information, pictures, videos, and texts.

Facebook activities. This social media platform has a wide list of events that can be used for promotion.

• Wellness events
• Health volunteers
• Sharing healthy recipes
• Tips for improving health habits
• Healthy competitions and challenges (…)

A healthy lifestyle is one of the main things that every person should apply in everyday life. To help the person make the right choice, government and organizations should spread the information about tools and advice to promote a healthy lifestyle. (…)

Hoshi, T. (2017). SES, Dietary and Lifestyle Habits, Three Health-Related Dimensions, and Healthy Survival Days. International Perspectives on Aging the Structure of Healthy Life Determinants , 121-141.

Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018, September 19). Social Media Use 2018: Demographics and Statistics. Pew Research Center . Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/

Welch, V., Petkovic, J., Pardo, J. P., Rader, T., & Tugwell, P. (2016). Interactive social media interventions to promote health equity: An overview of reviews. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice , 36(4), 63–75.

FAQ about term paper writing

1. what is the format of a term paper.

Speaking about the format standard for a term paper, we need to mention MLA, APA, and Chicago/Turabian as the most common format types.

In addition, students may create a specific format of term paper when it comes to its structure. The format will include several obligated elements such as title page, abstract, introduction, conclusion, and references.

2. How many pages should a good term paper be?

The standard term paper must contain at least 10-12 double-spaced pages. Term papers of 15-20 pages are also appropriate, but you must consider the quality of the content. It is always better to make the paper shorter but informative than make it longer with bland, repeated statements.

3. What is the difference between a term paper and a research paper?

The core difference between a term paper and a research paper is in the approach to sourcing. A research paper assumes a deeper investigation of a topic and analysis. When it comes to structuring, there are specific differences as well. A term paper consists of such core elements as an introduction, the main body, a conclusion, and a bibliography. A search paper includes methods, results, discussion, and other aspects of a deep analytical paper.

4. Want is the fastest way to write a term paper?

If you have a strict and short deadline, you must act quickly, skipping the outlining stage. Start with a brief brainstorm. Afterward, you will require providing research on a chosen topic. You will then have to draft a paper and quickly polish it. If you have some minutes left, read your paper to edit it or skip the proofreading stage.

5. How many citations are considered suitable for a term paper?

It depends on the discipline and the topic involved; skilled authors suggest supplementing a term paper with at least five citations, with a maximum of ten.

Term paper writing help from industry experts

Want more term paper examples? Check out our EssayShark blog. If you compare our examples, you will see that they all share three qualities: they are interesting to read, they have good grammar and style, and contain in-text references to reliable sources.

We know how writing a term paper can be a struggle. A lack of time, missed deadlines, a sudden flu, tons of homework, and other troubles may spoil even the most accurate writing plan. There is no need to get discouraged while you have a trusted term paper writing service at hand.

Even if you have never tried such services, you need to know that it’s the ultimate solution for students who need urgent help with their assignments. EssayShark experts can help you with term papers for any course, discipline, and school. Also, our experts can help you pick the right topic for the term paper, write missing paragraphs for existing parts of the paper, and edit your first draft.

Get a unique and polished term paper help before the deadline and live your life to the fullest!

2 thoughts on “ A Quick-Start Guide on How to Write a Term Paper ”

I have got good ideas for my first term paper preparation. Thank you so much.

like this term paper writing guide

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

What our customers say

Our website uses secure cookies. More details

Get professional help from best writers right from your phone

Grab our 3 e-books bundle for $27 FREE

How to Write a Term Paper 101: A Tutorial to Takeover

As the end of the semester draws closer, many students are losing their sleep over the thought of writing a term paper. But you’re worrying pointlessly because  PaperPerk  has brought expert help to your doorstep! 

Our comprehensive guide on how to write a term paper is sure to help you with every step. So read this article thoroughly because we cover everything from definition to steps on composition and templates with examples.

Table of Contents

What Is a Term Paper?

A term paper is a written project required at the end of a semester. It is designed to evaluate a student’s knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. Typically, it takes the form of a discussion or analysis of an assigned topic. 

But it can also resemble a scientific report,  reflective essay , or even a research paper. As an essential component of a student’s academic journey, a term paper is characterized by its in-depth exploration of a specific subject matter.

Key Characteristics

One of the key features of a term paper is that it requires a significant amount of research , as it aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This research-intensive nature of the term paper sets it apart from other academic assignments. 

Additionally, term papers demand technical writing skills, as they need to be well-organized, structured, and adhere to specific formatting requirements. A high-quality term paper should be well-written, thoroughly researched, and analytical. 

It should demonstrate critical thinking and provide valuable insights into the subject matter. With an Impactful term paper, a student showcases their ability to synthesize and analyze information, ultimately contributing to their overall academic success.

How to Write a Term Paper: A Comprehensive Guide

The biggest step in learning how to write a term paper is to understand the importance of creating a term paper outline. This  research paper outline  is the beacon that will guide through your writing process. The following part of this post contains steps on composing an outline and its component. 

How to Write a Term Paper: Outlining a Term Paper

Below are the essential components of an outline. Once you gather your information, you’ll incorporate it within these compartments to avoid creating a chaotic cluster of random data. 

Introduction

Let’s look at these a bit more closely and understand how to use these elements in the best way. 

Also known as the  title page , the cover page of a term paper is the first impression of the paper. It provides all the necessary information about the paper along with a neat and professional look. It should include the following information:

• Title of the paper
• Course name and code
• Instructor’s name
• Date of submission

Steps to compose a cover page:

• Centrally align the title of your paper in the middle of the page.
• Add your name, course name, and number below the title.
• Include your instructor’s name and the date of submission at the bottom.

You might be required to add more than these common elements if your professor asks you to. Many students additionally write the name of the university, department or other relevant details. 

The abstract is a brief summary of your term paper, usually between 150-250 words. It should highlight the main points, including the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. 

Using an  abstract  optimally allows readers to quickly grasp the main points and significance of your term paper. The abstract is usually placed at the beginning of the paper, right after the cover page. 

Steps to compose an abstract:

• Write a concise summary of your paper’s purpose and research question.
• Briefly describe the methods used in your research.
• Summarize the main findings or results.
• Conclude with a brief statement of your paper’s implications or significance.

Ensure that all the information you incorporate within your abstract accurately reflects the content and findings within your paper. Double-check that there is consistency between the abstract and the main body of the paper in terms of the research objectives, methodology, and conclusions. 

The  introduction  sets the stage for your term paper. It provides background information, states the research question, depicts the purpose of the study and explains the paper’s significance. 

Steps to compose an introduction:

• Begin with a hook to capture the reader’s attention.
• Provide background information on your topic.
• Clearly state your research question.
• Explain the significance of your research and its contribution to the field.

The body of your term paper is where you present your arguments , evidence, and analysis. It should be organized into sections or subheadings, each focusing on a specific aspect of your research.

Steps to compose the body:

• Organize your content into logical sections or subheadings.
• Present your arguments and support them with evidence from your research.
• Analyze the evidence and explain its relevance to your research question.
• Use appropriate citations to acknowledge the sources of your information.

The results section presents the outcomes and the findings of your research study. It should be clear, concise, and focused on the data collected during your study.

Steps to compose the results section:

• Summarize the data collected during your research.
• Use tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent your findings.
• Describe any patterns, trends, or relationships observed in the data.
• Ensure that your results are relevant to your research question.
• Avoid repetition of any information. 

The  discussion section  interprets the results of your term paper and explains their implications. It should also address any limitations of your research and suggest areas for future study.

Steps to compose the discussion section:

• Interpret your results and explain their significance.
• Discuss any limitations or weaknesses in your research.
• Compare your findings to previous studies and explain any differences.
• Suggest areas for future research based on your findings.

The  conclusion  brings your term paper to a close by summarizing the main points. This final section of your paper also restates the significance of your research.

Steps to compose a conclusion:

• Restate your research question and summarize the main points of your paper.
• Emphasize the significance of your research and its contribution to the field.
• Offer recommendations or suggestions for future research.
• End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

By following this comprehensive guide, you can write a well-structured and impactful term paper that demonstrates your understanding of the subject and contributes valuable insights to the field.

How to Write a Term Paper Proposal: A Tutorial

A term paper proposal serves as a blueprint for your research. It helps in organizing your thoughts and ideas. Lets focus on the essential features of a term paper proposal and understand steps on how to compose each part.

Essential Features of a Term Paper Proposal

Relevance and importance.

The title of your term paper proposal should attract your readers and provide them with a clear idea of your work. It should be clear, concise, and accurately reflect the subject of your research.

Steps to compose a title:

• Identify the main topic or theme of your research.
• Choose relevant keywords that represent the key concepts of your research.
• Combine these keywords to create a clear and informative title.
• Ensure that your  title  is not too long or overly complex.
• Consider your audience’s ability to understand your title.

The objectives section outlines the specific goals of your research. These goals should be clear, measurable, and achievable within the scope of your term paper.

Steps to compose objectives:

• Begin by stating the general purpose of your research.
• Break down this purpose into specific, measurable objectives.
• Ensure that your objectives are achievable within the timeframe and resources available for your term paper.
• Keep your objectives focused and relevant to your research question.

The relevance and importance section demonstrates the significance of your research within the context of your field of study. It should explain why your research is necessary and how it contributes to the existing body of knowledge.

Steps to compose the relevance and importance section:

• Explain the context of your research by providing background information on the topic.
• Identify gaps or limitations in the existing literature that your research aims to address.
• Explain how your research contributes to the field by offering new insights or perspectives.
• Emphasize the potential impact of your research on the broader academic community or society as a whole.

Putting It All Together: Writing a Term Paper Proposal

Now that you clearly understand the essential features of a term paper  proposal , it’s time to put it all together. Follow these steps to create a well-structured and compelling proposal:

• Begin by writing a clear and concise title that accurately reflects the subject of your research.
• Compose a brief introduction that overviews your research topic and its significance. This introduction should also include a clear statement of your research question.
• Outline the specific objectives of your research, ensuring that they are clear, measurable, and achievable within the scope of your term paper.
• Explain the relevance and importance of your research by demonstrating its significance within your field of study. Highlight the gaps or limitations in the existing literature that your research aims to address.
• Provide a brief overview of your research methodology, including the methods you plan to use for data collection and analysis.
• Include a tentative timeline for your research, outlining the milestones and deadlines for each project stage.
• Conclude your proposal with a summary of the main points and a restatement of the significance of your research.

By following these comprehensive steps, you can create a well-structured and persuasive term paper proposal that demonstrates the importance of your research and sets the stage for a successful term paper.

How to Write a Term Paper: Formatting

A term paper format refers to the set of rules and standards that dictate the structure and presentation of a term paper. Formatting is essential to learn how to write a term paper as it ensures consistency, enhances readability, and maintains a professional appearance. 

A proper structure allows readers to concentrate on the content rather than the presentation. Several formatting styles are used in term papers, with the American Psychological Association (APA) style and the Modern Language Association (MLA) style being the most common.

Using APA Style in a Term Paper:

• Choose a standard font, such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 12-point Times New Roman.
• Apply double-spacing throughout the paper, including the abstract, main text, quotes, tables, figures, and references.
• Create a title page containing the paper’s title, author’s name, affiliated institution, and a running head.
• Organize the content using headings that adhere to  APA guidelines for different heading levels.
• Incorporate the author-date citation method for in-text citations and format the reference list according to APA guidelines.

Using MLA Style in a Term Paper:

• Opt for a standard font, such as 12-point Times New Roman.
• Double-space the entire paper, including the main text, quotes, and the Works Cited page.
• Include a header with the last name of the author and page number on the top right corner of all pages.
• Use parenthetical citations within the text and format according to  MLA guidelines .
• Follow MLA guidelines for formatting headings and subheadings, if applicable.

Adhering to the appropriate style guide when formatting term papers is crucial for maintaining academic integrity and ensuring that your work is easily comprehended and properly cited.

Choosing the Perfect Term Paper Topics

Writing a term paper can be a daunting task, but choosing the right term paper topics can make all the difference. In this part, we will provide you with some useful tips and tricks to make the process as smooth as possible.

The Starting Point

In most cases, students are assigned term papers by their professors. These topics are related to course outline to assess pupil’s understanding of the course material. As well as their ability to think critically and conduct research on a specific subject. 

Other times, teachers provide students a chance to choose a topic of their liking. But before you go on and pick a topic for your term paper, put the following concerns at the forefront. 

• The course objective 
• Your own interest. 

The Course Objective

Your term paper is essentially assigned to assess your command on the subject. Prioritize your course outline or objective before picking your  research paper topics . This will ensure that your paper is relevant and reflects what you have learnt so far about the subject. 

Your Interests

Your personal interests play a significant role in the success of your term paper. When you choose a topic that genuinely interests you, you are more likely to engage in  writing a research paper . This enthusiasm will not only make the writing process more enjoyable but also result in a higher quality term paper. 

Before picking a specific topic, make sure to conduct thorough research and align your personal liking to your course objective. The following tips on how to pick the perfect term paper topic will assist you in acing your grade.

Tips for Choosing the Perfect Term Paper Topic

While picking a topic for yourself, be mindful of certain things:

Adjusting Topic Length

Consider if the topic would adjust your required length for a term paper. Suppose you’re to write a  10-page research paper , what kind of topic would adjust within those 10 pages? Registering the narrowness or broadness of the topic can help.

Authentic Resources

The second thing you need to consider is the resources of your information. Check if the source you’re working with is authentic. Reliable  sources for a research paper  include academic journals, books, think tanks, and reputable websites.

Complexity of the Subject

To ensure the clarity of your topic, consider its complexity. It is important that the chosen subject can be effectively presented to your audience. Additionally, ensure that you have a solid understanding of the subject matter yourself.

By considering the length, resources, and complexity of your chosen topic, you can ensure that your term paper is engaging, informative, and well-researched. So, take the time to select the perfect topic and get ready to ace your term paper!

How to Write a Term Paper: A Template With Example

This template also contains examples that are highlighted in a different color. 

Title Page 

Abstract 

• Remember to never exceed the abstract more than 250 words.

1.1 Background

1.2 problem statement, 1.3 objectives, 2. literature review, 3. methodology, 5. discussion, 6. conclusion, 7. references.

• The references section uses the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

8. Appendices

• If necessary, this section includes additional material such as raw data, survey questionnaires, interview transcripts, or any other supplementary information that supports the research.

This guide on how to write a term paper must have been helpful to you. But we understand that wrapping your head around something so detailed can be difficult when you’re stressed out. And most students are stressed out by the end of the semester due to multiple deadlines.  That’s why we have brought you our  term paper writing service  so you can relax and focus more on your upcoming exams. Our experts are dedicated to helping students excel academically with quality content and on-time submission. Check us out today and bid goodbye to academic worries!

Order Original Papers & Essays

Your First Custom Paper Sample is on Us!

Timely Deliveries

No Plagiarism & AI

100% Refund

Try Our Free Paper Writing Service

Related blogs.

Connections with Writers and support

Privacy and Confidentiality Guarantee

Average Quality Score

We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy

• A Research Guide
• Writing Guide
• Assignment Writing

How to Write a Term Paper

• Purpose of a term paper
• How to start a term paper
• Structure and outline

Step-by-step writing guide

Standard term paper format.

• Term paper examples
• Writing tips

What is the purpose of a term paper?

How to start a term paper correctly.

• Choose your topic by focusing on what inspires you unless you are already given a topic.
• Take time to research and analyze your subject.
• Start with a term paper outline (see our templates in the next sections).
• Come up with a strong thesis statement before writing anything for body paragraphs.
• Provide topic sentences and practical examples.
• Provide a strong lesson in the conclusion if it suits the subject you write about.
• Edit and proofread available information for trustworthiness.

Term paper structure and outline

• Introduction. This is where you talk about the subject and a problem you are researching. It helps to introduce your thesis statement and explain the objectives that have been set.
• Body Paragraphs. As a rule, in writing college term papers, one must write down several subheadings and headings to divide ideas and arguments into several (at least four) paragraphs. As done below, each body paragraph should contain one idea and a strong topic sentence.
• Heading 1: History of the argument and background.
• Heading 2: Extent of the problem that you write about.
• Heading 3: Effects of the problem and possible causes.
• Heading 4: Possible solutions and outcomes.
• Conclusion. The final part should represent a strong summary and a response to your thesis statement.

Step 1: Data collection

Step 2: explaining research relevance, step 3: introducing your subject, step 4: literature review preparation, step 5: offering results and conclusions, step 6: structural term paper evaluation, step 7: check your citations and references.

Helpful term paper examples

• Term paper examples that earned an A grade from the University of Delaware
• Sample term paper offered by the Justus-Liebig Universitat Giessen
• Purdue Owl Lab Citation Formats Database
• Simon Fraser University Sample Term Paper

Term paper writing tips

• Choose a topic that inspires you if you have an opportunity. If you have been given an already existing prompt to write, research your subject online and ask about the use of course materials. It will help you to narrow things down and already have source materials for referencing purposes.
• If you can choose a subject to write a final paper for your course, think about something you can support with statistical data and some practical evidence.
• Most importantly, keep your term paper relevant to the main objectives of your study course.
• Keep your tone reflective and natural as you write.
• Double-check your grading rubric regarding limitations and obligatory requirements that must be met.
• Always proofread your term paper aloud!
• If you have an opportunity, consider editing your term paper with the help of a friend or a fellow college student.

Receive paper in 3 Hours!

• Choose the number of pages.
• Select your deadline.
• Complete your order.

Number of Pages

550 words (double spaced)

Deadline: 10 days left

By clicking "Log In", you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We'll occasionally send you account related and promo emails.

Sign Up for your FREE account

Custom Essay, Term Paper & Research paper writing services

• testimonials

Toll Free: +1 (888) 354-4744

Email: [email protected]

Writing custom essays & research papers since 2008

How to write a term paper: comprehensive guide for students.

Many students think that for any form of writing, ‘things just fall into place.’ However, to come up with a good term paper, more is happening behind the scenes.

Considering its length and relevance, you can be sure that the activities behind the scenes are rigorous. This guide will empower you to know how to write a term paper fast and painstakingly.

What is a Term Paper?

It refers to a significant assignment written in college over an academic term at the end of a school semester. Therefore, a term paper can act as a yardstick for the student’s performance during the whole period. It evaluates whether the student understood the course in its entirety or not.

A student will be required to conduct a lot of research to develop a top-grade, well-organized, and analyzed term paper. The ability to do this will show that the student has acquired knowledge in his study.

Nevertheless, most students confuse a term paper for a research paper.

Difference Between Term Paper and Research Paper

The two share similar features and can even seem related, but there are apparent differences. Whereas a term paper comes at the end of a term, you can write a research paper at any time of your semester.

You write a research paper to answer particular theoretical questions. However, the term paper offers a critical examination of current topics, and students are allowed to give their opinions. Another significant difference is that a term paper has between 3,000 to 5,000 words, while a research paper can go up to 5,000 words.

However, both of them involve a great deal of research and writing.

How To Write a Term Paper Outline

A term paper outline is necessary for your research, as well as the writing process. It forms the whole skeleton upon which to found your term paper. The internet is awash with a plethora of college term paper format examples.

However, different institutions will recommend a specific term paper format. Thus, you will have to be up to speed with your college or university’s format for a term paper. Irrespective of all these differences, a term paper will have the following parts:

• An introduction,
• And a conclusion.

A well-structured college term paper outline guarantees an excellent paper at the end. You should be in a position to harmonize all the parts of a term paper into one melody that communicates an unmistakable thought of ideas.

Term Paper Structure

The following layout should help you come up with a high-quality term paper this semester:

The Cover page consists of the student’s name, date, course number, and other details concerning the term paper. This text should be at the center. Acknowledgment: Who inspired you towards writing your term paper? You can mention any specific help accorded to you by the people you choose to say here. The Abstract: It summarizes the term paper, which is usually less than one page long. It defines what your article is all about straightforwardly and concisely. The Introduction: It brings the topic of discussion into perspective through the background info. You will also show the significance of the term paper topic and how it will help to solve a particular problem at hand. The body: You will provide an in-depth analysis of the topic citing relevant facts and sources. It should help the reader have a firm grasp of the problem and why it needs his/her attention. The body comprises of the literature review and research methodology. The results and findings: What were you able to get from your research? Are the findings in tandem with the hypothesis that you set out at the beginning? Is there something that needs urgent attention from the results you obtained? Discussion: Sum up the results and findings of the problem that you set out to research. The conclusion can be a restatement of the thesis statement or an appeal for further research on the topic.

And there you have your professional and standard term paper outline example. Ensure that you adequately provide information for every section. Do not leave any room for doubt or speculation on the part of the reader.

How to Write a Term Paper Proposal

Before you embark on the actual term paper writing, you will have to hand in a term paper proposal. Your instructor will have to give you the green light before you proceed. Therefore, it’s not a light matter.

Below are guidelines on how to do a term paper proposal:

State the significance of the term paper topic in a clear and precise manner Outline the list of objectives that you aim to achieve Show recent research made on the subject and reference them properly Have a smooth flow of ideas

You can be sure that any slight mistake in this term paper proposal can lead to its disqualification. Furthermore, you should conduct comprehensive research before writing your term paper proposal. Do not settle for a title that will not have sufficient facts as you progress on to write.

Institutions will have their in-house guidelines on how to format a term paper proposal. If you don’t have one yet, you can use the following format:

• A clear and coherent title
• Objectives you aim to achieve at the end of your research
• The relevance and importance of your topic.

Are you worried about where you will find a title for your upcoming term paper? Here are relevant sources that you can explore for a potential topic or research problem:

• Recent News,
• TV documentaries,
• Social events,
• Global conventions,
• Blog articles, and

You will be amazed at how much information you will find from these sources. Alternatively, you can use the help of expert writers for hire. There’s always a way out regardless of the complexity of the project.

Professional Term Paper Guidelines

Although there are many term paper samples available online, it is crucial to understand the standard operating procedures. This way, you will not be tossed back and forth with the numerous ‘expert’ examples that you will encounter:

• Follow the right format: The most common formats are the MLA and APA format. The use of either format depends on the type of subject. Proper citation will save you from plagiarism accusations.
• Do not be afraid of long research hours: For your term paper to stand out, you must be ready to pay the price – in-depth research. It will help you have a firm standing on your topic and all the relevant information at hand.
• Do not use fluff words: Only include constructive and relevant information. Unnecessary blubbering is an attention killer and may make your paper a top candidate for the trash bin.
• Proofread your work: Due to the long and sleepless nights spent on a term paper, most students will forego the proofreading part. However, sidelining this crucial stage may leave your document marred with many spelling and grammatical mistakes.

You can find cheap and professional writing help with a term paper today. Your top-notch paper is just a click away.

• Content Guidelines
• Privacy Policy

Term Paper on Planning | Functions | Management | Public Administration

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Here is a compilation of term papers on ‘Planning’ for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short term papers on ‘Planning’ especially written for school and college students.

Term Paper on Planning 

Term Paper Contents:

• Term Paper on the Limitations of Planning

Term Paper # 1. Introduction to Planning:

Planning is preparation for action. It is an inherent part of individual and of co-operative or collective endeavour. Thieves plan a theft and the politicians at the highest levels plan a policy, making or marring the future of a nation, or seeking the survival or the extinction of humanity.

Every aspect of governmental action is to be planned—objectives, policies, organiza­tion, finances, work methods, incentive systems and public relations. In fact, planning is “a rational process characteristic of all human behaviour”.

The old prejudice against planning is fast vanishing and it is being increasingly realized that planning alone can deliver the goods. A few years back, planning was thought to be a communist methodology and hence something to be looked down upon.

It was associated with totalitarianism and authoritarianism, and was re­garded a technique unfit for democratic way of living. But today, planning has become not only popular but almost a craze if not in socio-economic terms at least in organizational terms.

Pfiffner and Sherwood have aptly described the growing fancy for organizational planning in these words “In the affairs of mankind some slogan, phrase or movement occasionally catches the fancy of the public and spreads with epidemic haste. Management people are not immune from being bitten by bugs of enthusiasm; they often feel a compulsion to try out new procedural gadgets merely because they have a certain vogue. These developments are not always ephemeral pass­ing fancies, one should hasten to add. They are often substantive and enduring, and it is be­lieved that organization planning is in this category. Nevertheless the establishment of organiza­tion planning departments seemed to spread at such a rate in the late 1950’s as to suggest that it may have been at least partially due to the dictates of fashion.”

Term Paper # 2. Meaning and Definition of Planning:

In the words of Dimock planning is “the use of rational design as contrasted with change, the reaching of a decision before a line of action is taken instead of improving after the action has started.” Seckler-Hudson defines planning as “the process of devising a basis for a course of future action.”

According to M.E. Harley, “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It comprises the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programmes from among alternatives.” ”In the words of David Clevland and William King, “Planning is the process of thinking through and making explicit the strategy, actions, and relationships neces­sary to accomplish an overall objective or purpose.”

Simon and others define it as “the activity that concerns itself with proposals for the future, with the evaluation of alternate proposals and with methods by which these proposals may be achieved.” In the words of Millett, “Planning is the process of determining the objectives of administrative effort and of devising the means calculated to achieve them.”

There are writers like Millett and White who distinguish between policy-decisions and planning. They regard planning as a technique which anticipates policy-decisions.

Thus, in the words of Millett “The word ‘planning’ in and of itself is ‘neutral’; it implies no particular set of goals and no one special type of procedure, dictatorial or otherwise. Planning is simply the endeavour to apply foresight to human activity; planning anticipates desired results and prepares the steps necessary for their realization.”

Again in his ‘Planning and Administration’, Millett writes “It must be repeated planning presupposes no particular set of objectives nor any one conception of political values. Just as budgeting in and of itself does not mean large outlay or small outlay, revenues balanced with expenditure, or deficit spending, so planning does not necessarily mean either a collectivist or a laissez faire economy.”

Similarly, in the words of L.D. White “Planning as a term used in the context of Public Administration is not equivalent to making decision on basic policy. Planning in the context of administration begins where general policy stops; it is concerned with the means by which ends can be brought to fruition.”

Thus planning is the means, the achievement of objectives as laid down in the policy. In other words, we can say that the Government lays down the general policy; the Administrative Plan­ning gives practical shape to that policy in the form of Five Year Plans.

On the other hand, there are writers like Pfiffner who feel that policy and planning are inter-related and complimentary to each other. Planning reveals what is practicable in policy and policy has to be modified accordingly. Planning acts as a moderator to the over-estimated tar­gets of policy.

Although planning affects policy it is only a means to the execution of policy-decisions. It is not desirable to stretch the difference too far. Policy and plan as aims and means have a reciprocal relationship. Plan modifies policy as it reveals impracticability of a policy in action. After all planners are human beings having their own whims and predilections.

They may be perfectly neutral yet their views may colour the objectives of a policy. As such they may suggest modification of policy in order to make the plan workable. Pfiffner has correctly pointed out, “The distinction which is sometimes made between policy and plan, the one being value loaded and the other a new technique seems to suffer from a failure to see that means and end are but a part of continuum. As long as means are related to ends and the latter in turn are concerned with values, Planning and policy are also related.”

However, closely related policy and planning may be, the distinction between them should not be obliterated. Policy formulation is a political task, while planning is an administrative task.

The following characteristics of planning may be identified:

(i) Planning is the first and foremost of all the management functions. Without planning other management function like organisation, control, coordination and motivation cannot be started and completed. It is thus the starting point of management.

(ii) Planning is closely associated with the goals of the organisation. These goals might be implicit or explicit; however, well-defined goals lead to efficient planning.

(iii) Planning is primarily concerned with looking into the future. It requires forecasting of future situation in which organisation has to function.

(iv) Planning involves selection of the best alternative to achieve the objectives of the organisation.

(v) Planning is comprehensive and includes every course of action in the organisation.

(vi) Planning is an interdependent and integrative process. It coordinates the activities of various departments, sections and sub-sections.

(vi) Planning is flexible as it is concerned with future conditions which are dynamic.

(viii) Planning is a continuous affair. It needs constant review and readjustment in the light of achieved targets and future possibilities.

(ix) Planning as a process of formulation and evaluation is primarily a staff function.

Term Paper # 3. Planning Process :

Planning is conscious and deliberate effort; it is rational and determined approach to the achievement of an objective. It is not the result of chance and cannot be acquired in a “fit of absent-mindedness”. In the words of Pfiffner and Presthus “Planning is rational because it demands a systematic analysis of several possible means and ends, followed by a selection of those means thought best suited to the designated end.”

Planning is integrative and comprehen­sive in nature; it is an attempt at coordination, integration and systematization of efforts for the achievement of set objectives. To achieve these objectives, planning involves a succession of steps.

Broadly, these steps are:

(i) Determination of the objectives;

(ii) Consideration of the possible means of action to achieve these objectives;

(iii) Selection of the best course of action; and

(iv) Evaluation of results.

Seckler-Hudson has suggested six steps in systematic planning:

(i) A careful definition and limitation of the problem as far as possible;

(ii) The exploration of all available information pertaining to the problems;

(iii) The posing of possible alternative solutions or methods of solving the problems;

(iv) The experimenting of one or more tentative solutions through actual operations;

(v) The evaluation of results in the light of new developments, research and experience; and

(vi) Reconsideration of the problems and the results, and re-decision, if justified.

According to Millett, these steps are:

(i) The formulation of goals or objectives,

(ii) An assessment of the means or resources available to realize these goals, and

(iii) The preparation of a work programme designed to achieve the determined objectives.

In short, planning involves three steps—the formulation, execution and evaluation of plans.

A brief description of these three steps follows:

(i) Formulation of the Plan:

This is the first and most important step of planning pro­cess. An ill-conceived plan based on unreliable data and impractical targets may not only mean wastage of precious human and financial resources but may also create popular dissatisfaction. Hence, the plan should be formulated by competent people after proper assessment of the nation’s resources laying down proper priorities and making adequate allocations.

For this purpose:

(a) The objectives should be clearly and unambiguously determined,

(b) The various factors like political factors, ethical standards, government controls, fiscal policy, price, demand and avail­ability of various factors of production should be properly analyzed,

(c) The various available alternatives should be examined in the light of organisational objectives and planning premises and after objective evaluation of these alternatives, the best possible alternative should be se­lected.

(ii) Execution of the Plan:

The execution or implementation of the plan is as important step of the planning process. A well-conceived plan may be set at naught by poor implementa­tion. Much of the criticism against planning in India falls in the field of implementation. Expe­rience has shown that effective implementation of the Plan Projects has been the weakest link in the chain of the entire planning process.

In order to ensure effective implementation, the plan­ning body should provide adequate man power and financial resources, arrange sufficient and effective supervision, ensure adequate communication among the officials, build up the charac­ter and morale of the plan executors and stimulate public co-operation.

(iii) Evaluation of the Plan:

Planning is a continuous process. A plan should be flexible enough to incorporate unexpected events and make necessary adjustments in the light of the plan appraisal. The appraisal of various plan projects particularly of a long duration plan is necessary to ensure its right direction.

The uncertainty of the future necessitates continuous evaluation. The problems hindering the effective implementation can be drawn only through constant evaluation of the plan.

Term Paper # 4. Planning Continuum:

It is essential to explain the term ‘planning con­tinuum’ which establishes that policy and plan are inter-related and cannot be kept in isolation. Like decision-making planning is a continuous affair.

It is a cumulative process. Like ad­ministration, it is a universal element in human behaviour visible at every level and using sev­eral general methods. Broadly speaking, the latter comprise establishing goals and purposes, designing operating policy to achieve them and introducing control measures to ensure that such a policy is being followed.

According to Pfiffner, “Governmental planning is actually a contin­uum, an endless stream flowing from key legislative decisions of national significance down through the levels of top and middle management where it appears as policy recommendation to Congress or broad outlines of agency policy. At no single level is planning self-contained. Instead a particular plan is usually inspired by a larger plan and is itself the frame work for succeeding plans of a more detailed nature.”

For instance the Schuman plan which comprises a part global plan to strengthen the free nations impinges directly upon the internal affairs of member countries. It reaches down the social and political life of the member states exercising considerable influence on the general economic conditions, investment policy, employment op­portunities and wage levels.

Policy is planned at the highest level. This is termed as policy planning. Thereafter frame­work for its implementation is designed. This is another aspect of planning termed as ‘programme planning’. With a policy in view and framework designed, operation is to commence. Opera­tional planning thus comes in the picture.

Thus planning is a continuous and pervasive function, both of Line and Staff personnel at every level throughout the Administrative hierarchy. This is termed as “Planning continuum.”

Term Paper # 5. Types of Planning:

As the concept of planning continuum indicates it is impossible to suggest watertight categories of planning. Planning is a seamless web covering all the activities of Government. None of the types of planning suggested are self-contained. They are mere ideal types.

Following may be stated as the types of planning:

(i) Over-All Planning:

Over-all Planning may be termed as a Socio-Economic Planning. It deals with planning of natural resources, objectives and activities of the society. Such a system of planning crushes individual initiative and dwarfs enterprise. Such a type can be imple­mented in a totalitarian state. Such a system of planning was first adopted by Stalin in U.S.S.R. and is being used in Russia since then.

Some other communist countries also have been toeing the line of U.S.S.R. Such a type of planning, which seems to be an imposition from above, could be monopoly only of dictatorial regimes. It is neither possible nor desirable in a demo­cratic society as it saps individual liberty, kills initiative, introduces state capitalism, strengthens bureaucracy and brings in wake many evils.

(ii) Limited Planning:

Such type of planning does not centralize all the socio-economic activities at one focal point. The State opting for this type of planning selects the main objec­tives which the society as a whole considers fundamental and through proper planning and regulation of the activities of the individuals and groups directs the life and the activity of the society in such a way that objectives can be attained.

That does not result in the total regimen­tation of the lives of the people or the total acquisition by the State of all means of production and distribution. The State selects only the main objectives and the activities of the people are regulated only to a limited extent for attaining these objectives.

Moreover, the process of plan­ning and the implementation of the programmes is undertaken democratically, thus guaranteeing to everybody maximum possible liberty of action. However, minimum limitations desired by an urge to achieve some common objectives are imposed. Such a planning is conceived in a demo­cratic society like that of India.

(iii) Administrative Planning:

The Administrative Planning is mainly concerned with ad­ministrative programmes. In the words of Dr. White, “Planning as a term used in the context of Public Administration is not equivalent to making decision on basic policy. Planning in the context of administration begins where general policy stops; it is concerned with the means by which ends can be brought to fruition.”

Prof. Pfiffner is also of the view that Administrative Planning is “a routine level of operation at which value questions seldom arise.”

It is a central function and responsibility of top and middle management who direct opera­tions and supply the coordinate impulse to the organisational machine. It seeks to provide a broad framework for action as it defines major objectives, establishes inter-bureau policy and links departmental policy and programmes with the related departments. Its main purpose is to give detailed shape to the policy plan, to make objectives clearer and more workable. Adminis­trative Planning may be divided into four different phases, viz., policy planning, administrative planning, programme planning and operational planning.

A brief explanation of these phases is given below:

(a) Policy Planning:

Policy Planning is concerned with developing broad general outlines of governmental action in the socio-economic fields for a long period. Usually, value judgments underlie these policy plans. Once broad outlines of public policy—as in our case, the achievement of socialistic pattern of society—have been set, they may continue in operation for a considerable period of time.

This is primarily the task of legislature which, assisted by ministers and plethora of committees, gives legal shape to the will of the people. Political parties, interested groups and various other unions and associations also exert influence on the formulation of policy planning. In recent years, however, policy planning of national action has become more a concern of the executive branch of the government.

The legislature now only “reviews, criticizes, and modifies the plans prepared by the administrative agencies under the co-ordinate responsibility of the Chief Executive.”

Though the final approval or disapproval rests with the legislature, the executive plays a dominant part, more so in a parliamentary form of government, in the preparation and formulation of policy planning. India’s Five Year Plans constitute the first step in Administrative Planning.

(b) Administrative Planning:

In the words of Pfiffner, it seeks “to provide a broad frame­work for action by defining major objectives, establishing inter-bureau policy and, to a lesser extent, linking departmental policy and programmes with those of related departments.”

This policy is formulated by the Chief Executive in consultation with the departmental heads and with the assistance of middle management to give effect to the policy planning and to make the objectives clearer and more workable for the public officials. Thus the five yearly plans are di­vided into yearly plans of Central, State Governments and Local Governments.

At each level the respective governments prepare specific plans, state the objectives in different fields in greater details linking up the activities of the various parts more specifically.

(c) Programme Planning:

In the words of Millett, it is “concerned with the preparation of the specific purposes to be realized and the procedures to be employed by administrative agencies within the framework of existing public policy.” Programme planning is generally the function of the middle management i.e., divisional, branches and sectional heads) though the top-management is usually associated for guidance and advice.

In the words of Pfiffner “Programme planning attempts to draw together policy plans and operational plans in order to fashion from them a concrete scheme of action. It has been called the consolidation of all other types of Planning.”

It is not concerned with the details of operations but “an over-all review of the proposed programme to determine the volume of services involved, the resources in man and money needed to provide them, the general procedures required and the organization struc­ture necessary to use these resources to the best advantage.” It is thus a detailed plan for implementing the programmes in particular departments.

(iv) Operational Planning:

It is “concerned with the systematic analysis of an authorized programme and determination of the detailed means of carrying it out.” After the objectives have been determined and the means and methods of achieving those objectives have been found, then comes operational planning by the divisional and sectional heads who lay down specific procedures and how those have to be used to save time, accelerate production and increase net output. The different function units are assigned various specific functions and their performance measured in terms of time, quantity and quality of production and over-all output. It is, in fact a “workshop-stage” of the programme planning. Hence it is termed as ‘how’ of the management.

Plans may also be of varied duration, short-range or long-range. Short-range planning, also known as operational or tactical planning, usually covers one year. They are formulated to achieve some specific and limited organisational objectives. In the field of business enterprise, the aim may be to sustain the organisation in its production and distribution of current products or services to the existing markets.

After the Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) in India, we had Three Annual Plans (1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69) since the Fourth Five-Year Plan was postponed on account of the situation created by the Indo-Pakistan conflict, two successive years of severe drought, devaluation of the currency and erosion of resources available for plan progress.

After the end of Seventh Five-Year Plan, 1985-90, the eighth plan could not immediately take off due to political changes. The years 1990-91, 1991-92 have been the years of Annual Plan. The eighth plan formulated by the Rao Government was for the years 1992-97.

The ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) was approved by National Development Council on Feb 19, 1999, 2 years behind schedule. The tenth plan for the period 2002-2007 was passed by the NDA government.

However, in 2004 the NDA government was replaced by the UPA government which revised it. The eleventh plan for the period 2007-2012 was approved by the National Development Council in 2008. Generally, the plan is of a longer duration, four to seven years.

The long-term plans are formulated in the context of long-range or perspective plan. Such a plan projects itself 20 to 25 years hence and attempts to determine the goals to be attained at the end of that period. In the formulation of a long-range plan, the existing and long-term framework of economic, social and technological factors is taken into consideration.

Sometimes, basic changes in organisation struc­ture are necessitated, preparations are made to create trained man-power and raise resources to meet the needs as they arise in future. Perspective planning, thus, helps in the formulation of present plans and in maintaining and continuing from one plan period to the other.

In fact, in a successful planning process, short-term plans and long-term plans should be coordinated. Even under a long-term plan, short-term plans, i.e., annual plans are prepared. The annual budget is in one sense one-year plan. While preparing the one year plan, the planners should consider that they are contributing to the long-term plan. For this purpose, they should scrutinize the former in the light of the latter.

Term Paper # 6. Pre-Requisites of Effective Planning:

Planning is a rational, dynamic and integrative process. It is of particular significance to an underdeveloped country where a lot has to be achieved with limited resources and within a time-framework. Thus in India and, for the matter of that, in all underdeveloped countries, planning is perhaps the best way to pull up the economy to a self-sustaining and self-generating stage. But before that certain pre-requisites are required to make planning effective.

(i) Sound Administrative Structure:

The development of a country depends upon an efficient and adequate administrative infrastructure. Planning requires devoted personnel able to provide initiative and support. Unless there are trustworthy, upright, selfless men with national­ist outlook at the top of personnel machinery, planning may not be successful.

As a matter of fact, it is the top level which is responsible for success or failure of any organisational process, and planning is no exception. Any politicization of planning process must be avoided.

(ii) Sound Information System:

The availability of adequate, accurate, reliable and up-to-date statistical data is an important pre-requisite for effective planning. Without reliable data about the availability of raw materials, capital, human and natural resources and accurate information about the magnitude of the problems, fixing of targets becomes difficult.

Any ma­nipulation of data and information will only lead to faulty planning. To quote Prof F. Zweig, “The road to effective planning leads through research and perfect knowledge of factual rela­tionships. Satisfactory statistics, inquiries, reports and cost accountancy, besides good adminis­trative and thorough-going propaganda provide for effective planning.”

(iii) Laying Down Limited Objectives and Fixing Concrete Targets:

A plan must be very specific about its objectives and targets to be achieved within a time framework. The priorities should be clearly defined and the targets should not be too ambitious. “Health For All” is too ambitious a target looking to the present availability of medical facilities and health conditions in India.

The growth of G.N.P. by six per cent during the Eighth Five-Year Plan was again an ambitious target in the light of the scarcity of resources. The Government of India is still fighting a losing battle on the economic front. The economic situation is even now grim. People are as usual being fed with pious hopes and shallow slogans.

The objectives of full employment, total literacy and alleviation of poverty are wild dreams of distant ideals. The objectives should be realistic, limited and feasible. Similarly, the targets fixed for various sec­tors should be concrete ones. These should be related to the inputs in the economy. If there are constraints of resources, targets should be accordingly lowered.

(iv) Strong and Efficient Government:

Effective planning presupposes the existence of a strong and stable national government. In the words of R.S. Tucker, Planning, as is universally admitted, requires centralized direction equipped to act more promptly and vigorously than par­liamentary or other forms of representative governments.

In a loose democratic setup with cor­rupt and inefficient administrative machinery, effective planning can hardly take place.

The Na­tional Front Government in India could not finalize the Eighth Five-Year Plan during its exist­ence of more than a year due to its loose character. The Rao Government took more than a year to produce the final draft of the Eighth Plan. Its implementation could not be certain due to the minority character of the Government.

(v) Good International Relations:

An underdeveloped country depends to a great extent on foreign countries for the flow of foreign capital, technical know-how and assistance of vari­ous types. Hence a developing country committed to planning must maintain friendly and har­monious relations with other countries of the world. It should not associate itself with any par­ticular group of nations.

The foreign trade relations must be maintained on non-political grounds. India had to face great difficulties to get loans from the I.M.F. to tide over its B.O.P. position due to the pressure from American political lobby. America does not consider India as its friend.

(vi) Participation in Planning:

The people’s participation is very essential for effective planning. According to Prof W.A. Lewis, “Popular enthusiasm is both the lubricating oil of planning and the petrol of economic development—a dynamic force that makes all things pos­sible.”

The people can be urged to make sacrifices by foregoing immediate satisfaction of their needs in order to build up a strong base for national development. But such exhortations should come from those rulers and administrators who themselves have made these sacrifices.

Asking the half-starved people to tighten their belt when the belt of the politicians is getting wider day- by-day is hardly going to convince them that their sacrifices will bear fruit.

Participation should also come at the level of the subordinates. Committees at various levels may be constituted for transmitting planning information, obtaining suggestions and en­couraging participation in plan formulation. Further, instead of the plan being prepared at the top and transmitting it to the lower levels, it may be prepared at the “grass-root” level and transmitted upwards for integration and adjustment.

In addition to the above important pre-requisites of an effective planning, attention must also be paid to adequate mobilization of financial resources, effective system of economic and administrative controls and proper communication of various planning elements.

Needless to emphasize that a plan must be well formulated taking into account the environmental variables, such as, technological, social, cultural, political, legal and economic and it must be sincerely implemented under proper supervision and able guidance.

Term Paper # 7. Limitations of Planning:

Planning in order to be successful most be effective. A number of limitations within which planning has to operate makes effective planning a difficult task. Awareness of these limitations may help in removing many difficulties in planning.

(i) Lack of Accurate Information:

The first basic limitation of planning is the lack of accurate information and facts relating to future. Planning concerns future activity and its effec­tiveness is determined by the quality of forecast of future events. As no one can predict future events accurately, the planning may face problems in operation.

An unexpected drought or flood may upset production targets. A communal riot or external aggression may destroy costly struc­tures. This problem is further accentuated by lack of formulating accurate data. Targets may be unreal and information collected manipulative.

A realistic view of the available resources is not taken. Most of the targets and estimates are mathematical. Many a time, the planners are not even aware of the socio-economic realities and if aware tend to ignore them to formulate an ambitious plan.

(ii) Problems of Change:

The rapidly changing environment in a developing society of­ten makes planning difficult. The problem of change is more complex in long-range planning. Present conditions tend to weigh heavily in planning and by overshadowing future needs may sometimes result in error of judgement.

Such factors as technology, economic conditions, social environment, people’s tastes and desires, political climate and international events sometimes change rapidly and often unpredictably. The disintegration of U.S.S.R. and the Gulf War has been important international events leading Indian planners to review the available resources for financing the Eighth Five Year Plan which was delayed by two years.

(iii) Failure of People:

There are many reasons why people fail in planning, both at the formulation and implementation levels.

Some of the important reasons are lack of commitment to organisational goals, failure to develop sound strategies on account of lack of experience, education and incomplete/unreliable data, lack of clear and meaningful objectives, tendency to overlook planning premises, failure to see the scope of the plan, excessive reliance on proce­dures, rules and regulations, failure to appreciate the limiting factors of planning, lack of top management support, lack of proper delegation of authority, lack of adequate control techniques and political compulsions.

These factors are responsible for either inadequate planning or wrong priorities in the organisations concerned.

(iv) Inflexibilities:

The planners have to act in a set of given variables. These variables may be internal or external. Among the internal variables some are related to human psychol­ogy, organisational policies and procedures and long-term investment.

The external variables are social, technological, legal, constitutional, geographical and economic. The planners have to formulate their plans keeping in view these variables which limit their scope of action making planning ineffective in many ways.

(v) Time and Cost Factors:

Sometimes, planning suffers because of time and cost fac­tors. Time is a limiting factor for plan-makers. The plan must be formulated in time. Excessive time spent in securing information, collecting data, discussing the draft at various levels and giving it a final form is dysfunctional in the organisation. In India, the eighth plan has been delayed by two years.

The planning also becomes costly if it is delayed and made more de­tailed. The Planning Commission in India charged with the task of plan formulation is a white elephant. The costs incurred in the formulation of the plan can better be applied to the actual implementation of the precious projects and schemes. Planning cannot afford to go beyond a certain time limit and it must justify its costs.

(vi) Rigidity in Planning:

It is said that planning hinders the automatic working of the economy and makes it extremely rigid. Hayek calls planning a ‘road to serfdom’ and leading to a ‘regimented and cruel society’. It brings forth the rule of bureaucracy breeding red-tapism, corruption, favouritism etc. The planning stifles employees’ initiative and forces managers/ex­ecutives into rigid or straightjacket mode of executing their work.

Rigidity leads to delay in work-performance, lack of initiative and lack of adjustment with changing conditions. Though the factor of rigidity is a limiting factor in effective planning, yet it is illogical to hold that planning means end of initiative and freedom in plan implementation.

The above factors do act as limiting factors either making planning ineffective or making lesser degree of planned work. However, without planning development is not possible particu­larly in a developing country like India. It is basic to carry out developmental tasks. The ‘short­comings’ of planning caused by its limitations can be overcome through careful and sincere efforts.

Related Articles:

• Term Paper on Communication | Principles | Public Administration
• Term Paper on Coordination | Management | Public Administration
• Term Paper on Decision | Function | Management | Public Administration
• Delegation of Authority | Term Paper | Public Administration

Upload and Share Your Article:

• Description *
• Your Name *
• Your Email ID *
• Upload Your File Drop files here or Select files Max. file size: 3 MB, Max. files: 5.

Term Paper , Public Administration , Management , Functions , Planning , Term Paper on Planning

Upload Your Knowledge on Political science:

Privacy overview.

• UDSIS-Students
• UDSIS-Staff
• Find It
• UD Home

Educational Technology Programs

• Performances
• Internships

Course Frameworks

• Introduction
• Grading Scale
• Course Description
• Textbooks and Computers
• Requirements
• Presentations
• 01 Understanding
• 02 Surfing and Searching
• 03 Communicating
• 04 Designing Webs
• 05 HTML Coding
• 06 Interacting with Users
• 07 JavaScript
• 09 Publishing Webs
• 10 Web Accessibility
• 11 Networking
• 12 Internet Architecture
• 13 Cybersecurity
• End-Of-Chapter Labs
• 03 Workings
• 04 Education
• 05 Cheating
• 06 Detecting
• 10 Keeping Up
• 01. Google Email
• 02. Google Calendar
• 03. Google Drive
• 04. Google Docs
• 05. Google Sites
• 06. Google Sheets
• 07. Google Slides
• 08. Google Forms
• 09. Google Meet
• 10. Google Groups
• 01 Platforms
• 02 Writing EPUBs with Pages
• 03 Writing EPUBs with MS Word
• 04 Deconstructing an EPUB
• 05 Distribution Options
• 06 Avoiding the Aggregators
• 07 Getting an ISBN (or not)
• 08 Publishing an EPUB
• 09 Troubleshooting eBook Glitches
• 10 Marketing Your eBook
• 11 Tips and Tricks
• 12 Resources
• 02 Principles
• 03 Practices
• 05 Knowledge Base
• 01 Conceptualizing
• 02 Blogging
• 03 Tweeting
• 04 Concept Mapping
• 05 Flipping the Classroom
• 01. LMS Leaders
• 02. Effectiveness
• 05. Videoconferencing
• 06. Digital Badges
• 07. Interoperability
• 08. Trends & Issues
• 09. Keeping Up
• Discussions
• Projects Gallery
• Frameworks Gallery
• 01 Definitions
• 04 Standards
• 06 Societal Issues
• 07 Learning Theory
• 08 Internet Resources
• 09 Assessment
• 10 Planning
• 11 ePortfolio Design
• 01. What Is Multimedia?
• 02. Screen Design
• 03. Hyperlinks
• 04. Accessibility
• 05. Writing
• 06. Graphics
• 09. Teaching and Learning
• 10. Multimedia Design
• 11.Societal Issues
• 12. Multimedia Frontiers
• 13. Keeping Up
• A-Plus Project Examples
• A-Plus Term Papers
• 01 Join Apple Teacher
• 02 System Overview Badge
• 03 Pages Badge
• 04 Keynote Badge
• 05 Numbers Badge
• 06 iMovie Badge
• 07 GarageBand Badge
• 08 Get Your Certificate
• 01 Concepts
• 02 Measure App
• 03 GeoGebra 3D
• 04 Night Sky
• 05 Apollo's Moon Shot
• 06 Statue of Liberty
• 07 Berlin Wall
• 10 Reality Composer
• 01 Role of Technology
• 02 Teacher Knowledge
• 03 Personalized Learning
• 04 Equity & UDL
• 05 Collaborative Learning
• 06 Flipping or Not
• 07 Gaming & Coding
• 08 Mobile Learning
• 09 Open Learning
• 10 Sample Projects
• 01 Perspectives
• 02 Environments
• 03 Curriculum
• 04 Collaboration
• 05 Gaming and Making
• 06 List of Theories
• ePortfolio Defined
• ePortfolio Examples
• 01 Learning from iBooks
• 02 Taking Photos
• 03 Surfing with Safari
• 04 Wikipanion
• 05 Penultimate
• 06 Making Screenshots
• 07 Rotating Images
• 08 Organizing Ideas
• 09 Digital Storytelling
• 10 Dragon Dictation
• 11 Multitasking
• 12 Finding Good Apps
• 13 iTunes U
• 14 Free Books
• 15 Creating ePubs
• 16 Managing Files
• 18 GoodReader
• 19 Organizing Apps
• 20 Configuring Mail & Calendar
• 21 Securing the iPad
• 22 Searching Your iPad
• 23 Projecting the iPad
• 24 Troubleshooting
• 25 Learning More
• 01-Apple Developer
• 02-Install Xcode
• 03-Hello, World!
• 04-Sample Apps
• 05-Objective-C
• 06-Human Interface
• 07-App Design
• 08-App Store
• 02 Getting Started
• 03 Creating Channels
• 05 Embedding
• 06 Technology
• 07 Interaction
• 08 Monetization
• 09 Copyright
• 11 Censorship
• 12 References

Video Lessons

• Getting Started
• Rich Text Editing
• Pages and Subpages
• Inserting Images
• Web Page Layout
• Navigation Modes
• Making Hyperlinks
• Changing Themes

Examples of Term Papers that Got an A

Listed below are links to some term papers that got an "A" grade last year. When you compare these examples with each other, you will notice that there are three important aspects of an “A” paper. First, they are passionately written and captivating to read. Second, they have good grammar and style (following MLA, APA, or CMS style). Third, they are well documented with in-text references (in parentheses) linking their assertions to scholary articles in the list of references at the end of the paper. You will see what I mean when you follow these links to student papers that earned an “A” last year. All of these papers are copyrighted by their authors. Please respect these copyrights.

• Aisha-McCormick-Digital-Marketing
• Allie-Modica-Effectiveness
• Allison-Winters-Technology-And-Learning-Styles
• Amanda-Yanez-Social-Media-Advertising
• Amanda-Warren-Social-Media-Likes
• Austin-Abbruzzesi-Computer-Science-Classes-in-High-School-Curricula
• Ben-Rohe-MOOCs
• Brianna-Patrizio-Gender-Equality
• Collette-Small-Social-Media
• Danielle-Piha-CyberBullying
• Danielle-Ragno-LinkedIn
• David-Palgon-Facebook-and-Employers
• Donna-Muchio-Self-Esteem
• Ebenezer-Riverson-3D-Printing
• Elizabeth-Hansen-WII-Physical-Therapy
• Faith-Lumpkin-LinkedIn
• Giselle-Malenchek-Digital-Piracy
• Jessica-Morris-Healthy-Lifestyles
• Katy-Snyder-Social-Media-Advertisers
• Jillian-Loeffler-Social-Media-in-Your-Job-Search
• Lauren-Vandaniker-Technology-Impact-On-Nursing-Practice
• Lisa-Plumley-Multimedia-Young-Children
• Madison-Gamble-Technology-As-A-Means-For-Therapeutic-Modalities
• Maria-Medved-Hospitality-Industry
• Lisa-Tossey-POV-Cameras-Education
• Paul-Page-Copyright-IP-Public-Good
• Sarah-Ibarguen-Twitter
• Taylor-Soave-Social-Media-Classroom
• Tim-Ware-Social-Media-News-Outlet

• School of Education  •   Willard Hall Education Building  •   Newark, DE 19716  •   USA Undergraduate phone: 302-831-8695  •  Fax: 302-831-4110 Graduate phone: 302-831-1165  •  Fax: 302-831-4421 Director's Office: 302-831-3178  •  Fax: 302-831-6039
• Legal Notices

Term Paper Writing - A Step-by-Step Student's Guide

As the semester ends, some colleges and universities mandate that students must submit an end-of-the-year term paper to fulfill the course requirements. Writing a term paper is one of the many types of assignments students have to complete.

Like writing a research paper, a term paper assignment equips you with important writing skills, knowledge, and experience that come in handy as you advance your studies and your career. However, not every student takes the task lightly.

Most students dread writing a term paper. As a long research paper, a term paper contains organized information, analysis and synthesis, and structured paragraphs and sections.

In this comprehensive guide, our best research paper writers take you through the process of how to write a perfect term paper, what to do and what not to do, and more insights and tips to help you get the best grades.

What is a Term Paper?

A term paper is a long research paper, just like a thesis, dissertation, or capstone project, only that it is required at the end of the school semester. Term papers can be scientific reports, case studies, thesis-driven research papers, or scientific research papers based on an assigned topic, which contributes to your final grade.

Writing a term paper entails exploring a certain topic through thorough research and analysis of data that is collected throughout the course or part of the course period. Most term papers focus on a specific concept, issue, problem, or event, depending on the prompt that your academic advisor, professor, or instructor gives you.

The standard practice is for you to write the paper within the semester and submit it at the end of the college or university semester.

Professors and lecturers assign term paper assignments to evaluate the knowledge of students about the course concepts and contents. Most term papers take the structure of scientific reports.

Every course has its preferred term paper writing requirements, which your professor or teacher will share with you when you are given the assignment. Nevertheless, it is common to undertake in-depth research, analysis, synthesis, and use technical writing skills to achieve the intended goals.

As with any academic assignment, the term paper has to be organized, analytical, and polished to show that you have mastered the knowledge from the specific course.

How long is a Research Paper?

As a general rule of thumb, a term paper should be 10-double spaced pages or five single-spaced pages and above. However, for a term paper full of information, a minimum of 15 pages is fine.

A typical term paper is between 3000 and 5000 words long. It could be more or less, depending on what your professor wants, departmental/institutional requirements, and the complexity of the topic.

Regarding how many references a term paper should have, each page should have 1-3 references. If it is a ten-page term paper, it should have 10-15 references. If you have less than 10 pages, you skimped through the writing process, and your all-nighter probably did not pay.

A college term paper is between 5-7 pages. However, you can consult with your instructor or professor if you are unsure. This answers your question on how long is a term paper writing assignment, doesn't it?

Term Paper Outline or Structure

As you settle in to write a term paper, it is imperative to understand its structure so that you are prepared to handle it confidently.

A term paper outline is a roadmap of the specific components you want to achieve when writing the term paper. It gives a clear picture of every section, including the most pertinent details that you intend to include in every section of the paper.

A typical thesis-driven term paper has an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You can write the paper like an essay only that it will certainly have more paragraphs compared to a typical 5-paragraph essay. If you are writing such a paper, utilize headings and subheadings for the term paper sections to make your ideas flow well and for readers to easily follow the paper.

You can also write a term paper as a scientific research paper, especially if you have collected and analyzed data to make certain conclusions, answer research questions, or test hypotheses.

• Cover or Title Page. This should feature the course name, course code, your name, date of submission, instructor's name, and the number of words. The cover page differs depending on the formatting style. MLA, APA, Harvard, and Chicago each have different cover pages. See our research paper title page guide .
• Abstract. The abstract should describe the entire paper. It is written last. This one should be 200-250 words. Your thesis must contain the background, findings, and conclusions of the paper.
• Introduction. The introduction of your term paper should begin with general knowledge to focused knowledge on the topic. It should have a thesis statement.
• Body. Each body paragraph should have an introductory sentence, and facts (well-cited through APA, MLA, Harvard, or Chicago in-texts). There should also be a concluding sentence. Typically, the body expounds on the paper's main agenda (thesis statement of the term paper).
• Literature Review. This section contains organized information based on critical synthesis and analysis. Here, you explore concepts, methods, frameworks, and theories related to your topic as discussed by other authors. Organize the information in chronological, methodological, or thematic format. Ensure that you only use scholarly sources that are published recently, unless you are referring to seminal studies.
• Methodology. This is the section where you provide details of the theoretical frameworks, conceptual models, and the data collection strategies you used when gathering data for the term paper.
• Results. Here, you interpret the findings.  Explain what the term paper has covered and discovered.
• Discussion. Your paper should end with a summary and conclusion of the topic question. You should take note of the principles of writing a good essay.
• Conclusion. Winds up the paper by restating the thesis of the term paper and summarizing facts.
• References. This section has an alphabetical list of all the sources that you have cited in the paper.
• Appendix (optional). The appendix provides information, which though useful to the paper, would distract the readers if placed within the body of the paper. It should have images, tables, charts, figures, and other materials or documents. Any information that cannot be placed within the text is placed in the appendices.

You can add a list of figures, tables, or abbreviations to your term paper if it is a requirement.

Read more about making a perfect research paper outline to adopt an outline format that works for you for the term paper you are writing. Check out our guide on the parts of a research paper .

How to Do a Term Paper: Steps to Take

If you are writing a term paper, you are going to have a long time (entire semester), which means breaking everything down to avoid unnecessary writer's block and procrastination. Failure to plan will make you write a last-minute term paper, riddled with mistakes and omissions.  To write a term paper effectively, follow these steps.

Step #1: Read the Assignment Prompt

As part of the preparation stages, begin the term paper writing process by reading the instructions. as you read, focus on:

• The requirements. Check whether you are to submit a term paper proposal with a topic. Also, check if you are required to submit a formal term paper outline or an annotated bibliography during the course of the semester.
• Ensure that you know the deadlines for each of the submission requirements, including the proposal, annotated bibliography, article reviews, literature reviews, or evidence synthesis tables.
• The number of pages. Most term papers range between 3000-5000 words. Ensure that you know the number of pages and page limits set for the paper.
• The number of sources. Some professors specify the number of academic or scholarly sources they expect you to use in your term paper.
• Some professors will give you a definite topic or a list of topics to choose from or leave you the liberty to select a suitable topic that resonates with your interests and aspirations.
• Check the questions you are expected to address in the paper.
• The prompt will have details about the formatting style to use when writing the paper. Check whether you are required to use MLA, APA, Harvard, Oxford, Chicago, or Bluebook formats.

The term paper prompt or instructions sometimes come with a rubric that breaks down what the instructor will be checking as they mark your paper. Ensure that you have everything figured out by the time you are writing and submitting the paper.

Step #2: Plan the Tern Paper Writing Process

Given the understanding, you need to plan the term paper writing process by coming up with a calendar to budget the time to achieve milestones. If there are deliverables such as research topic, proposal, annotated bibliography, outline, literature review, or anything else, ensure that you mark the dates on your calendar and plan for their delivery.

When planning the paper, brainstorm and come up with term paper topics and ideas. You should research widely by reading the course content (assigned readings). You should eliminate the topics and settle for the one that is interesting, relevant, relatable, and manageable. When selecting the topic, do your preliminary research to check if there are good scholarly sources you can use when writing the paper. You can also consult with your professor.

When you have the topic, write a term paper proposal that details the topic, rationale for choosing the topic, objectives of the term paper, research questions or hypotheses, thesis statement, purpose and problem statement, methodology, timelines, and budget.

Consult with your professor if there are any changes to be made on the topic or if you are unsure about the next step to take. If everything is approved, proceed to the research phase.

Step #3: Research, Take Notes, and Organize Sources

After getting approval for the topic, it is now time to delve deep into research. If you are doing secondary research, which mainly focuses on reading scholarly and official documents, ensure that you prepare well for it. Do systematic research to identify the sources of information to use in the research paper. As well, ensure that you execute the scientific research well so that you can prove a hypothesis or answer to a given research question. You can use qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods approach, depending on the topic and the scope of research.

When you are doing a research-based term paper, consider primary and secondary sources. We recommend using University library databases such as EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Psych Net, Science Direct, PubMed, CINHAL, or Google Scholar. Google search is also a good place to begin.

DO NOT use WIKIPEDIA, YOUTUBE, Personal blogs, News websites, and other shoddy blogs you find online. Well, you can use non-scholarly sources to familiarize yourself with the topic, but not within the paper. You should strive to ensure that you have a balance for the selected sources.

Although most colleges and universities will give you access to scholarly sources, when supplementing such, choose a credible scholarly source wisely. Use specific keywords in Google Search and for academic libraries. Focus on data from science and educational resources, government records, official reports, open educational resources, journal articles, and other credible sources.

Take notes as you research, which comes in handy when preparing the outline and when writing the paper. Ensure that you indicate the source of information in your notes. You can use tables to organize similar information to make it easy to develop paragraphs.

Each time you get a befitting credible source, log it into your list of potential references. You can use online citation management tools to organize the sources you have selected in alphabetical order. If possible, download the source in pdf format and read it as you highlight major points using different color codes. You can even print them out and make physical notes in writing.

Step #4: Make a Term Paper Outline

Now that you have researched and have an idea of what your paper should look like, visualize it by creating an outline.

You can make a decimal, full-sentence, or alphanumeric outline for your term paper. The outline should contain the major points including the thesis statement, topic sentences, supporting ideas, research questions, hypotheses, and other fine details about the paper.

Format your term paper outline, as you would want the term paper itself to be when you are done writing it.

If you have any charts, images, figures, or data tables, ensure that you have an appendix section. We already covered the formal structure of a term paper, check the previous section.

Step #5: Write the First Draft

Now that you have the ideas outlined, it is time to start working on the first draft. If you had submitted a term paper proposal, it would be easier to develop everything going forward. However, you will need to change the tone, tenses, and language to match that of the term paper. The proposal is written in the future tense while a term paper in the present or past tense since it reports research that you conducted.

Begin writing your term paper from the introduction to the conclusion. After you are done with everything, write the abstract and polish your paper.

The introduction should start with an attention grabber to enthuse your readers. It can be a statement, fact, or statistic to point to the importance of the topic. You should then provide an overview of the topic, including stating the purpose of the term paper. Your introduction also entails your problem statement, including the rationale for exploring the topic. Include the research questions, hypothesis, and thesis statement of the term paper. You can use the funnel introduction approach so that your readers can appreciate your writing prowess. The introduction should also signpost (highlight) what the readers should expect in the subsequent sections.

With the results of the study or the research notes, write the body section of the paper. For the body paragraphs , write topic sentences, supporting details, explanations, links, and concluding sentences until you are done with the section. Write the literature review critically and present the facts chronologically. You should develop all the arguments gradually and use section headings and subheadings to organize information. Prioritize ideas in terms of their strengths and cite every piece of information from external sources to avoid plagiarism. Paraphrase the ideas from other sources well and avoid overusing vocabulary when developing ideas in the term paper. You should also balance the body paragraphs so that your audience/readers are not bored or confused when reading.

Finally, when writing the conclusion of the term paper, summarize the information you have discussed in the body. Restate the thesis and show how you have addressed it in the paper. Have a concluding sentence that gives your readers a good closure.

When you are done with the conclusion, write the abstract to summarize the entire term paper.

Step #6: Polish the Term Paper

You have spent the longest time writing the term paper and all you now have is a draft. It is recommended that you take a break from writing to refresh your mind. A few days off your writing schedule will not hurt the submission deadline. When on the break do anything unrelated to the term paper. Such breathers are great; you resume working on the paper with an objective mind and a keen eye.

An outstanding term paper has a good flow, contains minimal to no errors, and addresses the research topic. You must not tire to revise the paper until you are sure it meets the rubric requirements. You should focus on moving the paragraphs around, deleting unnecessary sections, replacing paragraphs, and re-writing some sections to make sense to the readers.

When polishing the paper, focus on removing all the grammatical, stylistic, and spelling errors in the paper. As well, ensure that the format of the paper is right. Check the in-text citations to ensure that they are referenced in the references list section. The goal here is to have a high-quality term paper that your professor reads and wants to keep reading or share with friends; one that they will post on the school website as a sample for a perfectly done paper.

Check the choice and use of words. You should ensure that every topic sentence makes sense. Additionally, ensure that you have used the right phrases and words within paragraphs. Your supporting sentences should have citations and explanations. The concluding sentences should use the right transition words to give your paper a good flow.

If you are sure you have edited it enough, consider having a peer review of the term paper to ascertain that you have met the requirements. You can also hire qualified scholars or editors to check your paper against the rubric and advise on areas to make changes or realign for better grades.

Incorporate the changes and turn the first draft into a final draft term paper that you can confidently submit.

Related: How to write a perfect nursing term paper .

Tips for Formatting a Term Paper

College and university papers have a preferred standard format. Students must ensure that they meet the formatting requirements for term papers as specified in the instructions.

Although considered straightforward, formatting alone carries some marks and can affect the grade you get for your term paper.

If you have written your paper but do not know how to format it, you can hire a proofreader or editor for the task.

There are several styles to format a term paper, including MLA, Chicago, APA, oxford, etc. Let us look at the most popular styles.

Formatting a Term paper in APA

Students pursuing social sciences such as psychology, anthropology, social work, sociology, education, geography, and other fields such as engineering, nursing, business, communications, and related fields mostly use APA formatting style . An APA term paper will have the following:

• Written in an A4 sheet 8.5 x 11 inches.
• Use Times New Roman font size 12 or any specific by your professor/instructor.
• Has a one-inch margin around the page.
• Double or single-spaced text (as per your instructor's guidelines).
• 0.5-inch indent for every paragraph , except for the abstract.
• Headings and subheadings are placed on different levels
• Cover page with the title, course details, student details, instructor's name, and submission date.
• The 'References' is bold.
• All entries in the reference list are alphabetical and double-spaced. Use hanging indent for the citations that require more than one line.

We have a quick formatting guide for APA papers ; check it as you polish your paper.

Formatting a Term Paper in Chicago Style

The Chicago or Turabian formatting style is used mostly for religion, theology, law, and other humanities and social sciences.

When writing in Chicago or Turabian style, ensure to format your paper as follows:

• Font: Times New Roman
• Font Size : 12 points.
• Margins: 1 inch.
• Paragraphs: All paragraphs should be indented, half an inch from the margin.
• Spacing: All of the text in the body of your paper should be double-spaced.
• The title page contains a capitalized title, course name, your full name, and the date due for the paper.
• The text is left-aligned with a ragged right edge.
• The entire paper is double-spaced.
• If you are using the CMS, ensure that you place footnotes after any punctuation. Every number must have an entry at the bottom margin of the page.
• Include a page number on the top right corner of the page.
• Start the body of your paper on the first line on a new page.
• The word 'Bibliography' is centered and not in bold.
• The citations in the bibliography section should be in alphabetic order.
• Every entry in the bibliography is single-spaced with a blank line separating each entry.
• Use hanging indent for the citations that require more than one line.

MLA Term Paper Formatting

You can format your term paper in MLA if you are pursuing humanities such as history, English and Literature, Arts, archeology, etc. some of the salient features of this style include:

• Type the paper on a standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
• Double-space the text of your paper.
• Use legible font, mostly Times New Roman, and font size 12.
• Leave a space after the period and other punctuation marks.
• You must indent the first line of every paragraph half an inch from the left margin or ONE tab space.
• Use headers and subheadings effectively.
• When quoting titles of longer works, use italics to mention the titles, only when necessary.
• If you have endnotes, include them on a separate page before the Works Cited section. The section should be titled Notes and centered and it should not be formatted.
• Use quotation marks when referring to literary works in your paper.
• The entire term paper should be left aligned.
• The references should be written in alphabetical order and use hanging indent for those that are more than a line long.

How do you end a Term Paper?

A good term paper should have a comprehensive conclusion. Refer to this source for  term paper writing tips  (external website). To end your term paper:

• Restate the topic in the topic sentence of your conclusion paragraph.
• Also,  restate the thesis statement  of your term paper.
• Briefly present a summary of the significant points in your term paper. Be clear and concise on the arguments.
• Have a call to action if there is a need to do so.
• Your conclusion should pass the "so what" test.
• Your conclusion should synthesize the primary Link from the introduction to the conclusion.
• End your term paper with logic. It will help if you have a suggestion in your conclusion.

Can I end the research paper with a question? Yes, why not? Ending a paper with a question leaves the reader thinking about the content. It entices them to read the piece yet again. A professor doing this means an excellent grade.

Typically, people use words such as sum, conclusion, closing, wind up, etc. However, these words are clichés. Be innovative at the end of your term paper.

Use words like:

• As seen in the discussion above.
• We can conclude from the research.
• It is generally agreed that
• The above discussion
• As can be proved by the findings...
• As research has demonstrated
• Reported and tested

These words are not as stiff as the common concluding transition words. Remember, a thesis should come in the introduction of your term paper. It is only restated in your conclusion.

Before you close this page...

This information on how to write a term paper can help you construct the best term papers and score the best grades. Choose the best topic and have an outline.

Related: Writing article titles in a term paper.

On your GPA hunt, though, writing a term paper can be tough. Getting time to complete college assignments is challenging due to work-life balance. Maybe you have a family to take care of, errands to run, or chores to complete; you can be literarily stuck with your paper.

Instead of worrying or stressing yourself, you can trust our online writing services. We offer discreet, reliable, and trustworthy  online assignment writing help . A term paper requires the input of the best writers. We have experts in  term paper writing  to help. You can purchase a term paper from our website and have it written from scratch based on your instructions. We are the website that writes your term papers at an affordable fee.

Our experienced professional writers will also offer proofreading and editing services free when you order from our website. Besides, they will also come through if you are stuck with choosing a topic for your term paper.

Get a well-written paper in APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard. Any style, we have you covered! Order at GradeCrest.

If you are hoping to choose the best term paper topics, consider our posts and guides including:

• Research Paper Topics
• Nutrition research topics
• List of global and social issues to write about
• How to write a research paper
• Best Topics for international business research papers
• Criminology and criminal justice Research Topics
• Sports term paper topics
• Making a title page for a research paper
• Technology research topics for students
• Research topics on discrimination
• Education research topics
• How to make a Research paper Longer
• Political Science research topics
• How to write any paper fast when you don't have much time
• Aviation Research Papers for students
• Steps and tips for writing a term paper proposal.
• Psychology research topics for term papers.
• Essay Outlining Process
• Writing a Research Proposal

Gradecrest is a professional writing service that provides original model papers. We offer personalized services along with research materials for assistance purposes only. All the materials from our website should be used with proper references. See our Terms of Use Page for proper details.

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Article Menu

• Subscribe SciFeed
• Recommended Articles
• Google Scholar
• on Google Scholar
• Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Assessing climate change projections through high-resolution modelling: a comparative study of three european cities.

1. Introduction

2. data and methods, 2.1. study areas, 2.2. the modelling setup and evaluation, 2.3. climate change indices, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. model evaluation for recent past, 3.2. daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature, 3.3. climate change indices, 4. nature-based solutions potential, 5. summary and conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

• Pörtner, D.C.; Roberts, M.; Tignor, E.S.; Poloczanska, K.; Mintenbeck, A.; Alegría, M.; Craig, S.; Langsdorf, S.; Löschke, V.; Möller, A.; et al. (Eds.) IPCC Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2022; ISBN 978-92-9169-159-3. [ Google Scholar ]
• WMO-No. 1320: State of the Climate in Europe 2022 ; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2023. [ Google Scholar ]
• IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. Available online: https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/ (accessed on 2 August 2024).
• Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L.G.; Benton, T.G.; Herrero, M.; Krishnapillai, M.; Liwenga, E.; Pradhan, P.; Rivera-Ferre, M.G.; Sapkota, T.; et al. Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems ; Shukla, P.R., Skea, J., Calvo Buendia, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Zhai, P., Slade, R., Connors, S., van Diemen, R., et al., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2019. [ Google Scholar ]
• Dugord, P.A.; Lauf, S.; Schuster, C.; Kleinschmit, B. Land Use Patterns, Temperature Distribution, and Potential Heat Stress Risk—The Case Study Berlin, Germany. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2014 , 48 , 86–98. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Gill, S.E.; Handley, J.F.; Ennos, A.R.; Pauleit, S. Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure. Built Environ. Environ. 2007 , 33 , 115–133. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kim, S.; Ryu, Y. Describing the Spatial Patterns of Heat Vulnerability from Urban Design Perspectives. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 2015 , 22 , 189–200. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Barros, V.R.; Field, C.B.; Dokken, D.J.; Mastrandrea, M.D.; Mach, K.J.; Bilir, T.E.; Chatterjee, M.; Yuka, K.L.E.; Estrada, O.; Genova, R.C. (Eds.) IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects Working Group II Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2014; 1132p, ISBN 978107641655. [ Google Scholar ]
• Rafael, S.; Augusto, B.; Ascenso, A.; Borrego, C.; Miranda, A.I. Re-Naturing Cities: Evaluating the Effects on Future Air Quality in the City of Porto. Atmos. Environ. 2020 , 222 , 117123. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hobbie, S.E.; Grimm, N.B. Nature-Based Approaches to Managing Climate Change Impacts in Cities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2020 , 375 , 1794. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jacob, D.; Petersen, J.; Eggert, B.; Alias, A.; Christensen, O.B.; Bouwer, L.M.; Braun, A.; Colette, A.; Déqué, M.; Georgievski, G.; et al. EURO-CORDEX: New High-Resolution Climate Change Projections for European Impact Research. Reg. Environ. Change 2014 , 14 , 563–578. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Van Vuuren, D.P.; Edmonds, J.; Kainuma, M.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Hibbard, K.; Hurtt, G.C.; Kram, T.; Krey, V.; Lamarque, J.-F.; et al. The Representative Concentration Pathways: An Overview. Clim. Change 2011 , 109 , 5–31. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Schär, C.; Fuhrer, O.; Arteaga, A.; Ban, N.; Charpilloz, C.; Di Girolamo, S.; Hentgen, L.; Hoefler, T.; Lapillonne, X.; Leutwyler, D.; et al. Kilometer-Scale Climate Models: Prospects and Challenges. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2020 , 101 , E567–E587. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tölle, M.H.; Schefczyk, L.; Gutjahr, O. Scale Dependency of Regional Climate Modeling of Current and Future Climate Extremes in Germany. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2018 , 134 , 829–848. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Keppas, S.C.; Papadogiannaki, S.; Parliari, D.; Kontos, S.; Poupkou, A.; Tzoumaka, P.; Kelessis, A.; Zanis, P.; Casasanta, G.; de’Donato, F.; et al. Future Climate Change Impact on Urban Heat Island in Two Mediterranean Cities Based on High-Resolution Regional Climate Simulations. Atmosphere 2021 , 12 , 884. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Qiu, L.; Im, E.-S.; Hur, J.; Shim, K.-M. Added Value of Very High Resolution Climate Simulations over South Korea Using WRF Modeling System. Clim. Dyn. 2020 , 54 , 173–189. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Coelho, S.; Rafael, S.; Lopes, D.; Miranda, A.I.; Ferreira, J. How Changing Climate May Influence Air Pollution Control Strategies for 2030? Sci. Total Environ. 2021 , 758 , 143911. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Thomson, A.M.; Calvin, K.V.; Smith, S.J.; Kyle, G.P.; Volke, A.; Patel, P.; Delgado-Arias, S.; Bond-Lamberty, B.; Wise, M.A.; Clarke, L.E.; et al. RCP4.5: A Pathway for Stabilization of Radiative Forcing by 2100. Clim. Change 2011 , 109 , 77–94. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ascenso, A.; Gama, C.; Roebeling, P.; Miranda, A.I. How Effective Are Nature-Based Solutions in Different Environments? Proceedings of the WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. Online, 26–28 October 2021; WIT Press: Billerica MA, USA, 2021; Volume 252, pp. 3–14. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Chausson, A.; Turner, B.; Seddon, D.; Chabaneix, N.; Girardin, C.A.J.; Kapos, V.; Key, I.; Roe, D.; Smith, A.; Woroniecki, S.; et al. Mapping the Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation. Glob. Change Biol. 2020 , 26 , 6134–6155. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Seddon, N.; Smith, A.; Smith, P.; Key, I.; Chausson, A.; Girardin, C.; House, J.; Srivastava, S.; Turner, B. Getting the Message Right on Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change. Glob. Change Biol. 2021 , 27 , 1518–1546. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pereira, P.; Yin, C.; Hua, T. Nature-Based Solutions, Ecosystem Services, Disservices, and Impacts on Well-Being in Urban Environments. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health 2023 , 33 , 100465. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Coelho, S.; Rafael, S.; Coutinho, M.; Monteiro, A.; Medina, J.; Figueiredo, S.; Cunha, S.; Lopes, M.; Miranda, A.I.; Borrego, C. Climate-Change Adaptation Framework for Multiple Urban Areas in Northern Portugal. Environ. Manag. 2020 , 66 , 395–406. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Municipality of Eindhoven Eindhoven | Population & Governance. Available online: https://onderzoek.eindhoven.nl/basisinfo/bevolking-bestuur (accessed on 2 August 2022).
• KNMI Climatology, Daily Data of the Weather in the Netherlands—Download. Available online: http://projects.knmi.nl/klimatologie/daggegevens/selectie.cgi (accessed on 2 August 2022).
• Ascenso, A.; Augusto, B.; Silveira, C.; Rafael, S.; Coelho, S.; Monteiro, A.; Ferreira, J.; Menezes, I.; Roebeling, P.; Miranda, A.I. Impacts of Nature-Based Solutions on the Urban Atmospheric Environment: A Case Study for Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Urban For. Urban Green. 2021 , 57 , 126870. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Augusto, B.; Roebeling, P.; Rafael, S.; Ferreira, J.; Ascenso, A.; Bodilis, C. Short and Medium- to Long-Term Impacts of Nature-Based Solutions on Urban Heat. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020 , 57 , 102122. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Costa, S.; Peters, R.; Martins, R.; Postmes, L.; Keizer, J.J.; Roebeling, P. Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions on Pluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation: The Case Study of the City of Eindhoven (The Netherlands). Resources 2021 , 10 , 24. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Roebeling, P.; Saraiva, M.; Gneco, I.; Palla, A.; Alves, H.; Rocha, J.; Martins, F. Sustainable Urbanizing Landscape Development (SULD) Decision Support Tool: Report on Other Aqua Cases ; Aqua-Add Project, Aqua-Add Technical Report No.04.; Open Repository of the University of Porto: Porto, Portugal, 2014; Volume 33. [ Google Scholar ]
• Saraiva, M.; Roebeling, P.; Sousa, S.; Teotónio, C.; Palla, A.; Gnecco, I. Dimensions of Shrinkage: Evaluating the Socio-Economic Consequences of Population Decline in Two Medium-Sized Cities in Europe, Using the SULD Decision Support Tool. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci. 2017 , 44 , 1122–1144. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Istat—Istituto Nazionale di Statistica Resident Population on 1st January. Available online: http://dati.istat.it/?lang=en (accessed on 2 August 2022).
• Acquaotta, F.; Faccini, F.; Fratianni, S.; Paliaga, G.; Sacchini, A.; Vilímek, V. Increased Flash Flooding in Genoa Metropolitan Area: A Combination of Climate Changes and Soil Consumption? Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 2019 , 131 , 1099–1110. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Weatherbase Genoa, Italy Koppen Climate Classification. Available online: https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=2161&cityname=Genoa,+Italy,%202021 (accessed on 20 June 2022).
• Rodrigues, V.; Gama, C.; Ascenso, A.; Oliveira, K.; Coelho, S.; Monteiro, A.; Hayes, E.; Lopes, M. Assessing Air Pollution in European Cities to Support a Citizen Centered Approach to Air Quality Management. Sci. Total Environ. 2021 , 799 , 149311. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Laikari, A.; Dubovik, M.; Rinta-Hiiro, V.; Wendling, L.; Postmes, L.; Van Dinter, M.; Den Hollander, M.; Van Der Putten, P.; Särkilahti, M.; Leppänen, S.; et al. NBS Demonstration Site Start-Up Report ; Urban Natures Lab: Brussels, Belgium, 2021. [ Google Scholar ]
• Acquaotta, F.; Faccini, F.; Fratianni, S.; Paliaga, G.; Sacchini, A. Rainfall Intensity in the Genoa Metropolitan Area: Secular Variations and Consequences. Weather 2018 , 73 , 356–362. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Statistics Finland Key Figures on Population by Area, Information and Year. Available online: https://pxweb2.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px/ (accessed on 2 August 2022).
• Tampere City Board. Carbon Neutral Tampere 2030 Roadmap . 2020. Available online: https://www.tampere.fi/sites/default/files/2022-06/Carbon_Neutral_Tampere_2030_Roadmap.pdf (accessed on 2 August 2024).
• Skamarock, C.; Klemp, B.; Dudhia, J.; Gill, O.; Barker, D.; Duda, G.; Huang, X.; Wang, W.; Powers, G. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3 ; No. NCAR/TN-475+STR; University Corporation for Atmospheric Research: Boulder, CO, USA, 2008. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Fita, L.; Fernández, J.; García-Díez, M. CLWRF: WRF Modifications for Regional Climate Simulation under Future Scenarios. In Proceedings of the 11th WRF Users’ Workshop, Boulder, CO, USA, 22–24 June 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
• Fita, L.; Fernández, J.; García-Díez, M. CORINE Land Cover Technical Guide—Addendum 2000 ; European Environment Agency: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000.
• Pineda, N.; Jorba, O.; Jorge, J.; Baldasano, J.M. Using NOAA AVHRR and SPOT VGT Data to Estimate Surface Parameters: Application to a Mesoscale Meteorological Model. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2004 , 25 , 129–143. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Regione Liguria Consultazione Dati Meteoclimatici. Available online: https://ambientepub.regione.liguria.it/SiraQualMeteo/script/PubAccessoDatiMeteo.asp (accessed on 2 August 2022).
• Finnish Meteorological Institute Weather and Sea—Download Observations. Available online: https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/download-observations (accessed on 3 August 2022).
• Borrego, C.; Monteiro, A.; Ferreira, J.; Miranda, A.I.; Costa, A.M.; Carvalho, A.C.; Lopes, M. Procedures for Estimation of Modelling Uncertainty in Air Quality Assessment. Environ. Int. 2008 , 34 , 613–620. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Schlünzen, K.H.; Sokhi, R.S. Overview of Tools and Methods for Meteorological and Air Pollution Mesoscale Model Evaluation and User Training ; WMO/TD; WMO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008; Volume 41, ISBN 978-1-905313-59-4. [ Google Scholar ]
• Hong, S.Y.; Lim, J.O.J. The WRF Single Moment 6 Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6). J. Korean Meteorol. Soc. 2006 , 42 , 129–151. [ Google Scholar ]
• Dudhia, J. Numerical Study of Convection Observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment Using a Mesoscale Two-Dimensional Model. J. Atmos. Sci. 1989 , 46 , 3077–3107. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Mlawer, E.J.; Taubman, S.J.; Brown, P.D.; Iacono, M.J.; Clough, S.A. Radiative Transfer for Inhomogeneous Atmospheres: RRTM, a Validated Correlated-k Model for the Longwave. J. Geophys. Res. D Atmos. 1997 , 102 , 16663–16682. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhang, D.; Anthes, R.A. A High-Resolution Model of the Planetary Boundary Layer—Sensitivity Tests and Comparisons with SESAME-79 Data. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1982 , 21 , 1594–1609. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Tewari, M.; Chen, F.; Wang, W.; Dudhia, J.; LeMone, M.A.; Mitchell, K.; Ek, M.; Gayno, G.; Wegiel, J.; Cuenca, R.H. Implementation and Verification of the Unified Noah Land Surface Model in the WRF Model. In Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Seattle, WA, USA, 12–16 January 2004. [ Google Scholar ]
• Hong, S.Y.; Noh, Y.; Dudhia, J. A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes. Mon. Weather Rev. 2006 , 134 , 2318–2341. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Grell, G.A.; Freitas, S.R. A Scale and Aerosol Aware Stochastic Convective Parameterization for Weather and Air Quality Modeling. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014 , 14 , 5233–5250. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Giorgetta, M.A.; Jungclaus, J.; Reick, C.H.; Legutke, S.; Bader, J.; Böttinger, M.; Brovkin, V.; Crueger, T.; Esch, M.; Fieg, K.; et al. Climate and Carbon Cycle Changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM Simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. J. Adv. Model Earth Syst. 2013 , 5 , 572–597. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Riahi, K.; Grübler, A.; Nakicenovic, N. Scenarios of Long-Term Socio-Economic and Environmental Development under Climate Stabilization. Technol. Forecast Soc. Change 2007 , 74 , 887–935. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rafael, S.; Martins, H.; Marta-Almeida, M.; Sá, E.; Coelho, S.; Rocha, A.; Borrego, C.; Lopes, M. Quantification and Mapping of Urban Fluxes under Climate Change: Application of WRF-SUEWS Model to Greater Porto Area (Portugal). Environ. Res. 2017 , 155 , 321–334. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
• Klein Tank, A.M.; Zwiers, F.W.; Zhang, X.; Canada, E. Guidelines on Analysis of Extremes in a Changing Climate in Support of Informed Decisions for Adaptation ; World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009. [ Google Scholar ]
• European Commission; Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Evaluating the Impact of Nature-Based Solutions: A Handbook for Practitioners ; Dumitru, A., Wendling, L., Eds.; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2021; ISBN 978-92-76-22821-9. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lee, S.H.; Lee, K.S.; Jin, W.C.; Song, H.K. Effect of an Urban Park on Air Temperature Differences in a Central Business District Area. Landsc. Ecol. Eng. 2009 , 5 , 183–191. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Hamouda, M.E.; Pasquero, C. European Extreme Precipitation: The Effects of Spatio-Temporal Resolution of the Data. Weather Clim. Extrem. 2021 , 33 , 100337. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Marta-Almeida, M.; Teixeira, J.C.; Carvalho, M.J.; Melo-Gonçalves, P.; Rocha, A.M. High Resolution WRF Climatic Simulations for the Iberian Peninsula: Model Validation. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C 2016 , 94 , 94–105. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pieri, A.B.; von Hardenberg, J.; Parodi, A.; Provenzale, A. Sensitivity of Precipitation Statistics to Resolution, Microphysics, and Convective Parameterization: A Case Study with the High-Resolution WRF Climate Model over Europe. J. Hydrometeorol. 2015 , 16 , 1857–1872. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Yang, B.; Qian, Y.; Lin, G.; Leung, R.; Zhang, Y. Some Issues in Uncertainty Quantification and Parameter Tuning: A Case Study of Convective Parameterization Scheme in the WRF Regional Climate Model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012 , 12 , 2409–2427. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Strangeways, I. Measuring Global Temperature: Their Analysis and Interpretation ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
• Wang, X.; Hou, X.; Piao, Y.; Feng, A.; Li, Y. Climate Change Projections of Temperature Over the Coastal Area of China Using SimCLIM. Front. Environ. Sci. 2021 , 9 , 548. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Cholakian, A.; Colette, A.; Coll, I.; Ciarelli, G.; Beekmann, M. Future Climatic Drivers and Their Effect on PM10 Components in Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2019 , 19 , 4459–4484. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Warscher, M.; Wagner, S.; Marke, T.; Laux, P.; Smiatek, G.; Strasser, U.; Kunstmann, H. A 5 Km Resolution Regional Climate Simulation for Central Europe: Performance in High Mountain Areas and Seasonal, Regional and Elevation-Dependent Variations. Atmosphere 2019 , 10 , 682. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ruosteenoja, K.; Markkanen, T.; Räisänen, J. Thermal Seasons in Northern Europe in Projected Future Climate. Int. J. Climatol. 2020 , 40 , 4444–4462. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• KNMI KNMI’14: Climate Change Scenarios for the 21st Century–A Netherlands Perspective ; Hurk, B.; van den Siegmund, P.; Tank, A.K. (Eds.) KNMI: De Bilt, The Netherlands, 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
• Lecœur, È.; Seigneur, C.; Pagé, C.; Terray, L. A Statistical Method to Estimate PM2.5 Concentrations from Meteorology and Its Application to the Effect of Climate Change. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014 , 119 , 3537–3585. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• D’Oria, M.; Cozzi, C.; Tanda, M.G. Future Precipitation and Temperature Changes over the Taro, Parma and Enza River Basins in Northern Italy. Ital. J. Eng. Geol. Environ. 2018 , 2018 , 49–63. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• D’Oria, M.; Ferraresi, M.; Tanda, M.G. Historical Trends and High-Resolution Future Climate Projections in Northern Tuscany (Italy). J. Hydrol. 2017 , 555 , 708–723. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ruosteenoja, K.; Jylhä, K.; Kämäräinen, M. Climate Projections for Finland Under the RCP Forcing Scenarios. Geophysica 2016 , 51 , 17–50. [ Google Scholar ]
• Keuler, K.; Radtke, K.; Kotlarski, S.; Lüthi, D. Regional Climate Change over Europe in COSMO-CLM: Influence of Emission Scenario and Driving Global Model. Meteorol. Z. 2016 , 25 , 121–136. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Collins, M.; Knutti, R.; Arblaster, J.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Fichefet, T.; Friedlingstein, P.; Gao, X.; Gutowski, W.J.; Johns, T.; Krinner, G.; et al. Long-Term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Midgley, V.B., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2013. [ Google Scholar ]
• Maule, C.F.; Mendlik, T.; Christensen, O.B. The Effect of the Pathway to a Two Degrees Warmer World on the Regional Temperature Change of Europe. Clim. Serv. 2017 , 7 , 3–11. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Ban, N.; Schmidli, J.; Schär, C. Evaluation of the Convection-Resolving Regional Climate Modeling Approach in Decade-Long Simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014 , 119 , 7889–7907. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Fernández, J.; Frías, M.D.; Cabos, W.D.; Cofiño, A.S.; Domínguez, M.; Fita, L.; Gaertner, M.A.; García-Díez, M.; Gutiérrez, J.M.; Jiménez-Guerrero, P.; et al. Consistency of Climate Change Projections from Multiple Global and Regional Model Intercomparison Projects. Clim. Dyn. 2019 , 52 , 1139–1156. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Giorgi, F.; Gutowski, W.J. Regional Dynamical Downscaling and the CORDEX Initiative. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2015 , 40 , 467–490. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Prein, A.F.; Gobiet, A.; Suklitsch, M.; Truhetz, H.; Awan, N.K.; Keuler, K.; Georgievski, G. Added Value of Convection Permitting Seasonal Simulations. Clim. Dyn. 2013 , 41 , 2655–2677. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Kim, S.; Sinclair, V.A.; Räisänen, J.; Ruuhela, R. Heat Waves in Finland: Present and Projected Summertime Extreme Temperatures and Their Associated Circulation Patterns. Int. J. Climatol. 2018 , 38 , 5253. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Jylhä, K.; Jokisalo, J.; Ruosteenoja, K.; Pilli-Sihvola, K.; Kalamees, T.; Seitola, T.; Mäkelä, H.M.; Hyvönen, R.; Laapas, M.; Drebs, A. Energy Demand for the Heating and Cooling of Residential Houses in Finland in a Changing Climate. Energy Build. 2015 , 99 , 104–116. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Pepin, N.; Bradley, R.S.; Diaz, H.F.; Baraer, M.; Caceres, E.B.; Forsythe, N.; Fowler, H.; Greenwood, G.; Hashmi, M.Z.; Liu, X.D.; et al. Elevation-Dependent Warming in Mountain Regions of the World. Nat. Clim. Change 2015 , 5 , 424–430. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Oswald, S.M.; Hollosi, B.; Žuvela-Aloise, M.; See, L.; Guggenberger, S.; Hafner, W.; Prokop, G.; Storch, A.; Schieder, W. Using Urban Climate Modelling and Improved Land Use Classifications to Support Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Environments: A Case Study for the City of Klagenfurt, Austria. Urban Clim. 2020 , 31 , 100582. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• De Wit, R.; Kainz, A.; Goler, R.; Žuvela-Aloise, M.; Hahn, C.; Zuccaro, G.; Leone, M.; Loibl, W.; Tötzer, T.; Hager, W.; et al. Supporting Climate Proof Planning with CLARITY’s Climate Service and Modelling of Climate Adaptation Strategies—The Linz Use-Case. Urban Clim. 2020 , 34 , 100675. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Gál, T.; Mahó, S.I.; Skarbit, N.; Unger, J. Numerical Modelling for Analysis of the Effect of Different Urban Green Spaces on Urban Heat Load Patterns in the Present and in the Future. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2021 , 87 , 101600. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• He, C.; He, L.; Zhang, Y.; Kinney, P.L.; Ma, W. Potential Impacts of Cool and Green Roofs on Temperature-Related Mortality in the Greater Boston Region. Environ. Res. Lett. 2020 , 15 , 094042. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Rafael, S.; Correia, L.P.; Ascenso, A.; Augusto, B.; Lopes, D.; Miranda, A.I. Are Green Roofs the Path to Clean Air and Low Carbon Cities? Sci. Total Environ. 2021 , 798 , 149313. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
• Zhao, J.; Zhao, X.; Liang, S.; Wang, H.; Liu, N.; Liu, P.; Wu, D. Dynamic Cooling Effects of Permanent Urban Green Spaces in Beijing, China. Remote Sens. 2021 , 13 , 3282. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Share and Cite

Ascenso, A.; Augusto, B.; Coelho, S.; Menezes, I.; Monteiro, A.; Rafael, S.; Ferreira, J.; Gama, C.; Roebeling, P.; Miranda, A.I. Assessing Climate Change Projections through High-Resolution Modelling: A Comparative Study of Three European Cities. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7276. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177276

Ascenso A, Augusto B, Coelho S, Menezes I, Monteiro A, Rafael S, Ferreira J, Gama C, Roebeling P, Miranda AI. Assessing Climate Change Projections through High-Resolution Modelling: A Comparative Study of Three European Cities. Sustainability . 2024; 16(17):7276. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177276

Ascenso, Ana, Bruno Augusto, Sílvia Coelho, Isilda Menezes, Alexandra Monteiro, Sandra Rafael, Joana Ferreira, Carla Gama, Peter Roebeling, and Ana Isabel Miranda. 2024. "Assessing Climate Change Projections through High-Resolution Modelling: A Comparative Study of Three European Cities" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7276. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177276

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, supplementary material.

ZIP-Document (ZIP, 100 KiB)

Further Information

Mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

Yes, Harris Plans to Institute 25% Tax on Unrealized Capital Gains — of Wealthiest Americans

The plan will be "the absolute end of the middle class," u.s. rep. lauren boebert, from colorado, claimed in an x post., anna rascouët-paz, published aug. 27, 2024.

About this rating

It's true Harris endorsed a plan to institute a 25% tax on unrealized capital gains. However …

… The plan specified that the tax would apply only to those with wealth exceeding $100 million — i.e., not the middle class. Given that it would therefore only affect the wealthiest 0.01% in the country, it is unlikely to cause an "economic calamity."

While the Democratic National Convention took place in Chicago, Illinois, in August 2024, a rumor began to spread that the party's presidential nominee, U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris, had endorsed a 25% tax on unrealized capital gains ( archived ): 

This post had received 4.7 millions views and 59,000 likes as of this writing. Others on X made the same claim, with one arguing this measure would double home prices ( archived ) . U.S. Rep. Lauren Boebert, a Republican from Colorado, said this new tax would harm the middle class most ( archived ). 

Vivek Ramaswamy, an entrepreneur who ran and lost in the 2024 Republican primary against former President Donald Trump, said it would result in an " economic calamity " ( archived ).

" The Harris Walz ticket plan to tax, up to 44%, unrealized capital gains regardless of how much you earn annually," one Snopes reader wrote in an email. Another shared a meme they had seen on Facebook:

An examination of the claims revealed that they were a mix of true and false information.

What Are Unrealized Capital Gains, and What Would This Plan Actually Do?

Unrealized capital gains describe the value an asset has gained while under someone's ownership. Realized capital gains are the effective profit at the sale of one's assets. So for example, if someone bought a house in 2012 for $200,000 and the house is now worth $250,000 but that person still owns it, the unrealized capital gains are $50,000. These are also known as "paper" gains.

Starting Aug. 16, 2024, the Harris campaign began to outline its economic plan . In doing so, it endorsed President Joe Biden's 2025 budget , whose revenue proposals included a "minimum [income] tax on billionaires," which the budget said would raise $500 billion over 10 years. Those unrealized capital gains would be taxed as income.

According to the proposals, the 25% tax on unrealized capital gains would apply only to people with a net worth of $100 million or more, or the richest 0.01% of people in the country. Contrary to Boebert's assertion, it would not directly affect the middle class. Even then, it would not apply to the entirety of the concerned group, but only to those who own 80% of their wealth in tradable assets (stocks, bonds, crypto currencies — in other words, securities that can be sold easily on a secondary market). 

This would exclude anyone whose fortune is made up of shares in privately held businesses or real estate — i.e., startup owners or investors. As a result, this would not, in fact, "double home prices," because no one would have to pay it on their homes or any of their real estate holdings, contrary to what some opponents of the measure have suggested.

Its proponents have argued that this tax would contribute to reducing wealth inequities. One reason for this is that people can often borrow money at lower interest rates against the current value of their assets, which can include unrealized capital gains. As such, the Biden administration decided to treat them as income:

Proposes a Minimum Tax on Billionaires. The tax code currently offers special treatment for the types of income that wealthy people enjoy. While the wages and salaries that everyday Americans earn are taxed as ordinary income, billionaires make their money in ways that are taxed at lower rates, and sometimes not taxed at all. This special treatment, combined with sophisticated tax planning and giant loopholes, allows many of the wealthiest Americans to pay lower rates on their full income than many middle-class households pay. To finally address this glaring inequity, the Budget includes a 25 percent minimum tax on the wealthiest 0.01 percent, those with wealth of more than $100 million.

One supporter argued in MarketWatch that this would be no different than paying city taxes on his home based on its " assessed value " each year.

But the proposal's critics fear that it would hinder risk-taking, which is an essential part of keeping an economy vibrant. For example Florida Atlantic University College of Business professor Siri Terjesen wrote in July 2024 it would act like a "kill-switch for entrepreneurship." "I nvestors may be less likely to invest in growth-oriented ventures due to greater swings in valuation compared to larger, established companies," she said.

Given that this measure is only set to affect the wealthiest 0.01% of the population, however, it is unlikely to cause an "economic calamity." If it were to apply to people in the middle class, on their homes or their investments, it might, in fact, affect their purchasing power, their ability to plan for the future or their ability to own homes. As it stands, however, the measure is too limited in scope for that.

As for the 44.6% tax rate alluded to in an email from a Snopes reader, it referred to a pair of proposals that would increase the top ordinary tax rate on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends for people who earn more than $1 million to 39.6% from the current 20%, and the net investment rate by 1.2 percentage points to 5% for those who earn more than $400,000. 

The tax rate on long-term capital gains — assets held more than a year — for high earners would match the rate for short-term gains, which are taxed at ordinary rates based on a taxpayer's income bracket. The proposal would apply only to the taxpayer's income above $1 million; for example, someone with taxable income of $1.1 million that included $200,000 of long-term capital gains would be taxed at 39.6% on $100,000 of those gains and 20% on the other $100,000. Someone with income of $900,000 including $200,000 of long-term gains would pay 20% in tax on all $200,000.

Arends, Brett. 'Opinion: Kamala Harris's Critics Are Totally Wrong about Taxing Unrealized Gains'. Marketwatch, 24 Aug. 2024, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/kamala-harriss-critics-are-totally-wrong-about-taxing-unrealized-gains-8275e55c.

Budget of the U.S. Government. White House, Fiscal Year 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/budget_fy2025.pdf.

General Explanations of the Administration's Fiscal Year 2025 Revenue Proposals. U.S. Department of the Treasury, 11 Mar. 2024, https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/131/General-Explanations-FY2025.pdf.

Terjesen, Siri. 'Biden's Tax on Unrealized Gains Would Be Kill Switch for Entrepreneurship'. The Daily Signal, 12 July 2024, https://www.dailysignal.com/2024/07/12/bidens-tax-on-unrealized-gains-would-be-kill-switch-for-entrepreneurship/.

Vice President Harris Lays Out Agenda To Lower Costs for American Families. https://mailchi.mp/press.kamalaharris.com/vice-president-harris-lays-out-agenda-to-lower-costs-for-american-families. Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.

By Anna Rascouët-Paz

Anna Rascouët-Paz is based in Brooklyn, fluent in numerous languages and specializes in science and economic topics.

Article Tags

Samantha Putterman, PolitiFact Samantha Putterman, PolitiFact

Leave your feedback

• Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/fact-checking-warnings-from-democrats-about-project-2025-and-donald-trump

Fact-checking warnings from Democrats about Project 2025 and Donald Trump

This fact check originally appeared on PolitiFact .

Project 2025 has a starring role in this week’s Democratic National Convention.

And it was front and center on Night 1.

WATCH: Hauling large copy of Project 2025, Michigan state Sen. McMorrow speaks at 2024 DNC

“This is Project 2025,” Michigan state Sen. Mallory McMorrow, D-Royal Oak, said as she laid a hardbound copy of the 900-page document on the lectern. “Over the next four nights, you are going to hear a lot about what is in this 900-page document. Why? Because this is the Republican blueprint for a second Trump term.”

Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, has warned Americans about “Trump’s Project 2025” agenda — even though former President Donald Trump doesn’t claim the conservative presidential transition document.

“Donald Trump wants to take our country backward,” Harris said July 23 in Milwaukee. “He and his extreme Project 2025 agenda will weaken the middle class. Like, we know we got to take this seriously, and can you believe they put that thing in writing?”

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Harris’ running mate, has joined in on the talking point.

“Don’t believe (Trump) when he’s playing dumb about this Project 2025. He knows exactly what it’ll do,” Walz said Aug. 9 in Glendale, Arizona.

Trump’s campaign has worked to build distance from the project, which the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, led with contributions from dozens of conservative groups.

Much of the plan calls for extensive executive-branch overhauls and draws on both long-standing conservative principles, such as tax cuts, and more recent culture war issues. It lays out recommendations for disbanding the Commerce and Education departments, eliminating certain climate protections and consolidating more power to the president.

Project 2025 offers a sweeping vision for a Republican-led executive branch, and some of its policies mirror Trump’s 2024 agenda, But Harris and her presidential campaign have at times gone too far in describing what the project calls for and how closely the plans overlap with Trump’s campaign.

PolitiFact researched Harris’ warnings about how the plan would affect reproductive rights, federal entitlement programs and education, just as we did for President Joe Biden’s Project 2025 rhetoric. Here’s what the project does and doesn’t call for, and how it squares with Trump’s positions.

Are Trump and Project 2025 connected?

To distance himself from Project 2025 amid the Democratic attacks, Trump wrote on Truth Social that he “knows nothing” about it and has “no idea” who is in charge of it. (CNN identified at least 140 former advisers from the Trump administration who have been involved.)

The Heritage Foundation sought contributions from more than 100 conservative organizations for its policy vision for the next Republican presidency, which was published in 2023.

Project 2025 is now winding down some of its policy operations, and director Paul Dans, a former Trump administration official, is stepping down, The Washington Post reported July 30. Trump campaign managers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita denounced the document.

WATCH: A look at the Project 2025 plan to reshape government and Trump’s links to its authors

However, Project 2025 contributors include a number of high-ranking officials from Trump’s first administration, including former White House adviser Peter Navarro and former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson.

A recently released recording of Russell Vought, a Project 2025 author and the former director of Trump’s Office of Management and Budget, showed Vought saying Trump’s “very supportive of what we do.” He said Trump was only distancing himself because Democrats were making a bogeyman out of the document.

Project 2025 wouldn’t ban abortion outright, but would curtail access

The Harris campaign shared a graphic on X that claimed “Trump’s Project 2025 plan for workers” would “go after birth control and ban abortion nationwide.”

The plan doesn’t call to ban abortion nationwide, though its recommendations could curtail some contraceptives and limit abortion access.

What’s known about Trump’s abortion agenda neither lines up with Harris’ description nor Project 2025’s wish list.

Project 2025 says the Department of Health and Human Services Department should “return to being known as the Department of Life by explicitly rejecting the notion that abortion is health care.”

It recommends that the Food and Drug Administration reverse its 2000 approval of mifepristone, the first pill taken in a two-drug regimen for a medication abortion. Medication is the most common form of abortion in the U.S. — accounting for around 63 percent in 2023.

If mifepristone were to remain approved, Project 2025 recommends new rules, such as cutting its use from 10 weeks into pregnancy to seven. It would have to be provided to patients in person — part of the group’s efforts to limit access to the drug by mail. In June, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a legal challenge to mifepristone’s FDA approval over procedural grounds.

WATCH: Trump’s plans for health care and reproductive rights if he returns to White House The manual also calls for the Justice Department to enforce the 1873 Comstock Act on mifepristone, which bans the mailing of “obscene” materials. Abortion access supporters fear that a strict interpretation of the law could go further to ban mailing the materials used in procedural abortions, such as surgical instruments and equipment.

The plan proposes withholding federal money from states that don’t report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention how many abortions take place within their borders. The plan also would prohibit abortion providers, such as Planned Parenthood, from receiving Medicaid funds. It also calls for the Department of Health and Human Services to ensure that the training of medical professionals, including doctors and nurses, omits abortion training.

The document says some forms of emergency contraception — particularly Ella, a pill that can be taken within five days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy — should be excluded from no-cost coverage. The Affordable Care Act requires most private health insurers to cover recommended preventive services, which involves a range of birth control methods, including emergency contraception.

Trump has recently said states should decide abortion regulations and that he wouldn’t block access to contraceptives. Trump said during his June 27 debate with Biden that he wouldn’t ban mifepristone after the Supreme Court “approved” it. But the court rejected the lawsuit based on standing, not the case’s merits. He has not weighed in on the Comstock Act or said whether he supports it being used to block abortion medication, or other kinds of abortions.

Project 2025 doesn’t call for cutting Social Security, but proposes some changes to Medicare

“When you read (Project 2025),” Harris told a crowd July 23 in Wisconsin, “you will see, Donald Trump intends to cut Social Security and Medicare.”

The Project 2025 document does not call for Social Security cuts. None of its 10 references to Social Security addresses plans for cutting the program.

Harris also misleads about Trump’s Social Security views.

In his earlier campaigns and before he was a politician, Trump said about a half-dozen times that he’s open to major overhauls of Social Security, including cuts and privatization. More recently, in a March 2024 CNBC interview, Trump said of entitlement programs such as Social Security, “There’s a lot you can do in terms of entitlements, in terms of cutting.” However, he quickly walked that statement back, and his CNBC comment stands at odds with essentially everything else Trump has said during the 2024 presidential campaign.

Trump’s campaign website says that not “a single penny” should be cut from Social Security. We rated Harris’ claim that Trump intends to cut Social Security Mostly False.

Project 2025 does propose changes to Medicare, including making Medicare Advantage, the private insurance offering in Medicare, the “default” enrollment option. Unlike Original Medicare, Medicare Advantage plans have provider networks and can also require prior authorization, meaning that the plan can approve or deny certain services. Original Medicare plans don’t have prior authorization requirements.

The manual also calls for repealing health policies enacted under Biden, such as the Inflation Reduction Act. The law enabled Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers for the first time in history, and recently resulted in an agreement with drug companies to lower the prices of 10 expensive prescriptions for Medicare enrollees.

Trump, however, has said repeatedly during the 2024 presidential campaign that he will not cut Medicare.

Project 2025 would eliminate the Education Department, which Trump supports

The Harris campaign said Project 2025 would “eliminate the U.S. Department of Education” — and that’s accurate. Project 2025 says federal education policy “should be limited and, ultimately, the federal Department of Education should be eliminated.” The plan scales back the federal government’s role in education policy and devolves the functions that remain to other agencies.

Aside from eliminating the department, the project also proposes scrapping the Biden administration’s Title IX revision, which prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It also would let states opt out of federal education programs and calls for passing a federal parents’ bill of rights similar to ones passed in some Republican-led state legislatures.

Republicans, including Trump, have pledged to close the department, which gained its status in 1979 within Democratic President Jimmy Carter’s presidential Cabinet.

In one of his Agenda 47 policy videos, Trump promised to close the department and “to send all education work and needs back to the states.” Eliminating the department would have to go through Congress.

What Project 2025, Trump would do on overtime pay

In the graphic, the Harris campaign says Project 2025 allows “employers to stop paying workers for overtime work.”

The plan doesn’t call for banning overtime wages. It recommends changes to some Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, regulations and to overtime rules. Some changes, if enacted, could result in some people losing overtime protections, experts told us.

The document proposes that the Labor Department maintain an overtime threshold “that does not punish businesses in lower-cost regions (e.g., the southeast United States).” This threshold is the amount of money executive, administrative or professional employees need to make for an employer to exempt them from overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act.

In 2019, the Trump’s administration finalized a rule that expanded overtime pay eligibility to most salaried workers earning less than about $35,568, which it said made about 1.3 million more workers eligible for overtime pay. The Trump-era threshold is high enough to cover most line workers in lower-cost regions, Project 2025 said.

The Biden administration raised that threshold to $43,888 beginning July 1, and that will rise to $58,656 on Jan. 1, 2025. That would grant overtime eligibility to about 4 million workers, the Labor Department said.

It’s unclear how many workers Project 2025’s proposal to return to the Trump-era overtime threshold in some parts of the country would affect, but experts said some would presumably lose the right to overtime wages.

Other overtime proposals in Project 2025’s plan include allowing some workers to choose to accumulate paid time off instead of overtime pay, or to work more hours in one week and fewer in the next, rather than receive overtime.

Trump’s past with overtime pay is complicated. In 2016, the Obama administration said it would raise the overtime to salaried workers earning less than $47,476 a year, about double the exemption level set in 2004 of $23,660 a year.

But when a judge blocked the Obama rule, the Trump administration didn’t challenge the court ruling. Instead it set its own overtime threshold, which raised the amount, but by less than Obama.

Support Provided By: Learn more

Educate your inbox

Subscribe to Here’s the Deal, our politics newsletter for analysis you won’t find anywhere else.

Thank you. Please check your inbox to confirm.

Trump and Allies Forge Plans to Increase Presidential Power in 2025

The former president and his backers aim to strengthen the power of the White House and limit the independence of federal agencies.

Donald J. Trump intends to bring independent regulatory agencies under direct presidential control. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

Supported by

• Share full article

By Jonathan Swan Charlie Savage and Maggie Haberman

• Published July 17, 2023 Updated July 18, 2023

Donald J. Trump and his allies are planning a sweeping expansion of presidential power over the machinery of government if voters return him to the White House in 2025, reshaping the structure of the executive branch to concentrate far greater authority directly in his hands.

Their plans to centralize more power in the Oval Office stretch far beyond the former president’s recent remarks that he would order a criminal investigation into his political rival, President Biden, signaling his intent to end the post-Watergate norm of Justice Department independence from White House political control.

Mr. Trump and his associates have a broader goal: to alter the balance of power by increasing the president’s authority over every part of the federal government that now operates, by either law or tradition, with any measure of independence from political interference by the White House, according to a review of his campaign policy proposals and interviews with people close to him.

Mr. Trump intends to bring independent agencies — like the Federal Communications Commission, which makes and enforces rules for television and internet companies, and the Federal Trade Commission, which enforces various antitrust and other consumer protection rules against businesses — under direct presidential control.

He wants to revive the practice of “impounding” funds, refusing to spend money Congress has appropriated for programs a president doesn’t like — a tactic that lawmakers banned under President Richard Nixon.

He intends to strip employment protections from tens of thousands of career civil servants, making it easier to replace them if they are deemed obstacles to his agenda. And he plans to scour the intelligence agencies, the State Department and the defense bureaucracies to remove officials he has vilified as “the sick political class that hates our country.”

We are having trouble retrieving the article content.

Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and  log into  your Times account, or  subscribe  for all of The Times.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access.

Already a subscriber?  Log in .

Want all of The Times?  Subscribe .

Advertisement

Please contact the site administrator