harvard cite a research paper

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What is Harvard Style?

What you need to know, harvard style tutorial.

• Other Styles
• Annotated Bibliographies
• How to Create an Attribution

Harvard Style

The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style . It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper.

Unlike other citation styles, there is no single, definitive version of Harvard Style. Therefore, you may see a variation in features such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use of italics. 

Always check with your instructor and follow the rules he or she gives you.

• Harvard Style Guidelines Your class handout
• Harvard Referencing Quick Guide From Staffordshire University

Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places:

• In-text citations in the body of your paper, and
• The reference list at the end of your paper
• All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your paper.
• Reference list entries need to contain all the information that someone reading your paper would need in order to find your source.
• Reference lists in Harvard Style are arranged alphabetically by first author.
• Begin your Reference list on a new page after your text and number it consecutively.

Sample References List:

Click on the Links Below to See Additional Examples:

• Sample Paper Paper provided by Kurt Olson
• Harvard Citation Examples Document created by The University of Western Australia

Click on the image below to launch this tutorial that was created by the University of Leeds. The section on Citing in Text is especially useful.

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Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in a  reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment.

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Example with one author:

Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.

RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).

Example with two or three authors:

Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).

Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Harvard Citation Style: Introduction

Introduction

• Books / E-Books

Company Information

Conference Proceedings

• Internet / Websites

Journal Articles

Lecture Notes

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All Examples

• Writing Support
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In This Guide...

Click on the links below for further information on referencing each material type

Why is Referencing Important?

Getting started.

Reference Formats

• References by Format
• Citing Info Someone Else has Cited

Books/eBooks

• 1, 2 or More Authors
• 1, 2 or More Editors
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Internet/Websites

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Multimedia Formats

• Audio-Visual Material

Newspaper Articles

Patents & Standards

• Citing Patents: Examples
• Citing Patents: Standards
• Citing Theses: Examples
• A table of examples in all formats for quick reference

Referencing or citing your sources is an important part of academic writing. It lets you acknowledge the ideas or words of others if you use them in your work and helps avoid plagiarism.

Referencing also demonstrates that you've read relevant background literature and you can provide authority for statements you make in your assignments.

The Harvard citation style can vary in minor features such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use of italics.

Note: Always check with your instructor/professor for which citation style they prefer you to use.

How and When to Cite - GW Writing Center

The Dos and Don'ts of Paraphrasing - GW Writing Center

There are two components to referencing: in-text citations in your paper and the reference list at the end of your paper.

The in-text citation:

Harvard is an 'author/date' system, so your in-text citation consists of author(s) and year of publication.

In-text citation of a book (the same format applies for a journal article)

If you quote directly from an author or to cite a specific idea or piece of information from the source you need to include the page number of the quote in your in-text citation.

The reference list:

All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your document. The reference list should include details representing all the works you cite in your document and it should be in alphabetical order by author.

Reference list entry for a journal

Reference list entries contain all the information that someone needs to follow up your source. Reference lists in Harvard are arranged alphabetically by author.

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Harvard Citation Guide: Getting Started

• Getting Started
• How do I Cite?
• In-Text Citations
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What is Harvard Style?

Harvard style is a set of rules for research papers and publications. It is one of the most widely used styles in the world.

In Harvard, you must cite sources that you have paraphrased, quoted, or consulted to write your research paper. Cite your sources in two places:

• In the body of your paper (in-text citation).
• In the Reference list at the end of your paper (full bibliographic reference).

Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)

Also known as a permalink, a DOI, or  digital object identifier , is an article's permanent online location. DOIs are used for a variety of academic and non-academic sources that are located online. 

Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI. If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI; if the source only has a URL, include the URL.

Cite Them Right 11th edition

Many of the disciplines and institutions that favor Harvard style use  Cite Them Right 11th edition  as their primary manual.

Cite Them Right   This is the official website for Cite Them Right.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples

Harvard Referencing Style Examples

What is harvard referencing style.

Citing the work of others helps to make your work more impactful. It could be direct quotes , paraphrases of someone else’s ideas, statistical figures, or summaries of main points. There are different methods for crediting resources; Harvard referencing style (or Harvard style for short) is one such method.  

Harvard style follows the author-date system and includes two types of citations:

• in-text citations  
• references  

In-text citations

In-text citations  are included within the text of the main document. They are placed next to the information you are referencing, so the reader is clear on what information came from another source.

In-text citation example:

(Bloom, 2005) or Bloom (2005) wrote…

Every in-text citation has a corresponding reference in a reference list. A reference includes additional details about each source referenced. This enables the reader to refer to the original source, should they need to.  

The reference list is a detailed list of all the works consulted while writing. It is placed at the end of the document.  

Reference example for the above in-text citation:

Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels . Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.

Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different kinds of sources that you might use.  

In-text citation structure and example:  

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Ozeki, 2013)  

Reference structure and example:  

Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.  

Ozeki, R. (2013) A tale for the time being . New York: Penguin Books.  

Book with two or three authors

For books with two or three authors, the names of all the authors are given in both the in-text citation and the reference entry.  

(1 st Author Surname and 2 nd Author Surname, Publication Year)  

(Lodge and Wood, 2000)

1 st Author Surname, Initials. and 2 nd Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.  

Lodge, D. and Wood, N. (2000) Modern criticism and theory: a reader. 2nd edn. Harlow: Longman.  

Book with four or more authors

If the number of authors is four or more, only the first author’s name is used followed by ‘et al.’ , italicised, which is Latin for ‘and others’.

(1 st Author Surname et al., Publication Year)

(Akmajian et al. , 2014)

Reference structure and example:

1 st Author Surname, Initials. e t al. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Akmajian, A. et al. (2014) Linguistics: an introduction to language and communication . 6th edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Book with translator  

For books with a translator, only the author’s name is included in the in-text reference.   The translator is given in the reference list entry, along with the language from which it was translated. This comes right after the title.

(Dostoevsky, 1993)

Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Translated from the Language by Translator Initials. Surname. Place of Publication: Publisher.  

Dostoevsky, F. (1993) Crime and punishment . Translated from the Russian by R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky. London: Vintage.  

Journal articles

Journal articles are highly credible sources of information. The example below was authored by more than three individuals, so the term ‘ et al. ’ is used in lieu of listing all authors.

In-text citation structure and example:

(Lomolino et al., 2020)

Journal reference list entries often have extra information, such as article title, volume, issue number, page numbers, or a specific date.

With journals, the volume number follows the title. If there are any specific parts of the issue, numbered or organized according to months, these details are mentioned alongside in brackets.  

Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) ‘Article title’, Journal Name , Volume(Issue), Page(s). Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date).  

Lomolino, M. et al. (2013) ‘Of mice and mammoths: generality and antiquity of the island rule’, Journal of Biogeography , 40(8), pp. 1427-1439. Available at: https://www.jstor/org/stable/23463664 (Accessed: 10 September 2020).

Newspaper or magazine

(Ingle, 2020)

Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name , Day Month Published, Page(s). Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date).  

Ingle, S. (2020) ‘Geraint Thomas insists he has nothing to prove at road world championships’, The Guardian, 24 September. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sprot/2020/sep/24/geraint-thomas-insists-he-has-nothing-to-prove-at-road-world-championships-cycling (Accessed: 11 October 2020).

  For online articles, you should always include the URL and date of access.

Social media and other online sources

(Author/Poster Name, Publication Year)

(Cramer, 2020)

References for social media posts have a similar format to online articles. However, sometimes they don’t have a true ‘title’. For example, for Twitter posts, the full text of the tweet is used as the title, unless the tweet is overly long.

Author/Poster Surname, Initial(s). [@Handle] (Publication year) Content of Post [Social Media Site] Day Month Published. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).

Cramer, K. [@SenKevinCramer] (2020) Supreme Court vacancies are an important issue to the people I serve [Twitter] 24 September. Available at: https://twitter.com/SenKevinCramer/status/1308915548244398081 (Accessed: 25 September 2020).

The format for citing social media is different than the format for citing regular websites and web pages. This guide on how to cite a website in Harvard style provides details on how to cite web content that is not posted on social media.

(Image Creator or Photographer Surname, Publication Year)

(Pinneo, 2020)

Print reference structure:  

Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title of the Image [Photograph]. Place of Publication: Publisher (if available).

Online reference structure and example:

If the image is on the Internet, then the place of publication and the publisher name are replaced by the image URL and access date.

Author, Initial(s). (Year) Title of the Image .   Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).  

Pinneo, B.J. (2020) Dusty dreams . Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/2020/09/dusty-dreams/ (Accessed: 23 September 2020).

In-text reference structure and example:  

(Film Title , Year Released )

( Pride & Prejudice , 2005)

For films, the title of the film is used in place of the author name.  

Title of the Film (Year Released) Directed by Director Initial. Surname. Available at: Name of Streaming Service (Accessed: Day Month Year).  

Pride & Prejudice (2005) Directed by J. Wright. UK: Universal Pictures. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 29 September 2020).

Published October 29, 2020.

Harvard Formatting Guide

Harvard Formatting

• et al Usage
• Direct Quotes
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Page Numbers
• Writing an Outline
• View Harvard Guide

Reference Examples

• View all Harvard Examples

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• Introduction
• Finding sources

Evaluating sources

• Integrating sources

Citing sources

Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.

Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.

It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.

This quick guide will help you get started!

Finding relevant sources

Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:

• Research databases: Databases can be general or subject-specific. To get started, check out this list of databases by academic discipline . Another good starting point is Google Scholar .
• Your institution’s library: Use your library’s database to narrow down your search using keywords to find relevant articles, books, and newspapers matching your topic.
• Other online resources: Consult popular online sources like websites, blogs, or Wikipedia to find background information. Be sure to carefully evaluate the credibility of those online sources.

When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.

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In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.

CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.

• Currency: Does the source reflect recent research?
• Relevance: Is the source related to your research topic?
• Authority: Is it a respected publication? Is the author an expert in their field?
• Accuracy: Does the source support its arguments and conclusions with evidence?
• Purpose: What is the author’s intention?

Lateral reading

Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:

• Verify evidence
• Contextualize information
• Find potential weaknesses

If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.

Integrating sources into your work

Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:

Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.

• Quoting : This means including the exact words of another source in your paper. The quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks or (for longer quotes) presented as a block quote . Quote a source when the meaning is difficult to convey in different words or when you want to analyze the language itself.
• Paraphrasing : This means putting another person’s ideas into your own words. It allows you to integrate sources more smoothly into your text, maintaining a consistent voice. It also shows that you have understood the meaning of the source.
• Summarizing : This means giving an overview of the essential points of a source. Summaries should be much shorter than the original text. You should describe the key points in your own words and not quote from the original text.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.

Citing your sources is important because it:

• Allows you to avoid plagiarism
• Establishes the credentials of your sources
• Backs up your arguments with evidence
• Allows your reader to verify the legitimacy of your conclusions

The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.

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Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:

• Citation Generator: Automatically generate accurate references and in-text citations using Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator, MLA Citation Generator , Harvard Referencing Generator , and Chicago Citation Generator .
• Plagiarism Checker : Detect plagiarism in your paper using the most accurate Turnitin-powered plagiarism software available to students.
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• Paraphrasing tool: Avoid accidental plagiarism and make your text sound better.
• Grammar checker : Eliminate pesky spelling and grammar mistakes.
• Summarizer: Read more in less time. Distill lengthy and complex texts down to their key points.
• AI detector: Find out if your text was written with ChatGPT or any other AI writing tool. ChatGPT 2 & ChatGPT 3 supported.
• Proofreading services : Have a human editor improve your writing.
• Citation checker: Check your work for citation errors and missing citations.
• Knowledge Base : Explore hundreds of articles, bite-sized videos, time-saving templates, and handy checklists that guide you through the process of research, writing, and citation.

• Untitled Bibliography current
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Bibcitation is a free citation generator that creates bibliographies, references and works cited. Automatically generate MLA, APA, Chicago and other citations and create an accurate bibliography in one click.

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Our Complete Guide to Harvard Referencing Style

In this easy-to-follow guide, we're going to uncover the basics of the Harvard referencing style. You'll learn how to format in-text citations and create a complete reference list, just like the pros do. With our step-by-step examples, you'll quickly get the hang of including accurate Harvard citations in your work.

Find out how a Harvard citation generator can save you time and hassle. Learn how to nail the format of your citations and references every time. And see how building a Harvard bibliography isn't as scary as it seems.

Let's make Harvard citations easy!

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Harvard format overview.

The Harvard Referencing Style , created by Harvard University, is an author-date citation style extensively adopted across numerous academic disciplines. This style, with its clear rules for crafting in-text citations and reference lists, ensures uniformity and coherence in scholarly writing. Following these guidelines amplifies the legibility of your work and simplifies the process for others to comprehend and reference your research.

In the Harvard Style, there are two primary elements of citations: in-text citations and the reference list.

In-text citations are concise references included within the main body of your paper, signifying the origin of your data. They typically consist of the author's surname and the year of publication, with page numbers included when a direct quote is used. For example: (Smith, 2022) or for direct quotes (Smith, 2022, p.15).

The reference list , appearing at the end of your work, provides complete details for all sources referenced in-text, arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author. It offers detailed bibliographic information, allowing readers to locate each source.

A sample reference list entry might be: Smith, J., 2022. The Art of Referencing. 1st ed. Cambridge: University Press.

This guide aims to simplify your understanding and creation of both in-text and reference list citations using the Harvard Referencing Style, helping you adhere to best practices in academic writing.

At Bibcitation.com, we understand the intricacies of Harvard referencing can be daunting. That's why we've created an intuitive Harvard citation generator. Simply input the necessary details, and we'll produce a perfectly formatted citation!

Insert Harvard In-text Citations

In the Harvard Referencing Style, in-text citations are brief references within the text of your paper, leading readers to the full citation in the reference list. These references usually include the author's last name and the year of publication.

The following examples illustrate in-text citations in the Harvard style:

Basic in-text citation: The most common in-text citation includes the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses, placed at the end of the sentence before the period. For example: (Smith, 2022) .

Multiple authors: If a source has two authors, include both last names in the citation, separated by 'and.' For example: (Smith and Johnson, 2022) . If a source has three or more authors, include the first author's last name followed by 'et al.' For example: (Smith et al., 2022) .

Multiple works by the same author: If citing multiple works by the same author in the same year, include a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) after the year to differentiate between the sources. For example: (Smith, 2022a) and (Smith, 2022b) .

No author: If the source has no author, use the title (in italics) or a shortened version and the year. For example: (Anonymized Title, 2022) .

Citing multiple sources in one sentence: If referencing multiple sources in one sentence, separate each citation with a semicolon. For example: (Smith, 2022; Johnson, 2023) .

Direct quotations: When quoting directly from a source, include the page number where the quote was found. For example: (Smith, 2022, p.15) .

Secondary citations (quotations within a source): If citing a source that is itself citing another source, use 'cited in' before the indirect source. For example: (cited in Smith, 2022, p.15) .

Online sources without page numbers: When citing online sources without page numbers, use the author's last name and the year only. For example: (Smith, 2022) .

Audiovisual sources: If citing a film, television show, or other audiovisual source, use the title (italicized) and the year instead of a page number. For example: (Citizen Kane, 1941) .

For extended quotations , the Harvard style recommends using an indented paragraph without quotation marks. The in-text citation should come after the closing punctuation.

Smith (2022, p. 30) highlights the significance of accurate referencing:

Correct referencing is crucial in maintaining academic integrity and steering clear of plagiarism. By giving due credit to the original authors, you acknowledge their contribution to your work and enable your readers to trace the sources you have utilized.

Format Your Harvard Reference List

The reference list is a fundamental component of any academic paper or scholarly work using the Harvard citation style. It provides a detailed list of all the sources you've referred to in your paper, allowing your readers to locate and validate your research materials.

Here's how to format a reference list in the Harvard style:

• Title and placement: The reference list should start on a fresh page at the end of your work. Centre the heading "References" (without quotation marks) at the top of the page. Do not bold, italicize, or underline the heading.
• Spacing and margins: Employ double-spacing throughout the reference list. Keep 1-inch margins on all sides of the page. Each citation's first line should align with the left margin, while any subsequent lines should be indented by 0.5 inches, forming a hanging indent.
• Organize your citations: Arrange the list of sources in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If a source lacks an author, use the title to order the entry. Ignore definite and indefinite articles ("a," "the") when arranging entries by title.
• Formatting of entries: Follow the established format for each type of source (e.g., books, articles, websites) as prescribed by the Harvard style guide. Include pertinent information such as the author's name, the title of the work, the year of publication, and other relevant details like the publisher and the place of publication.
• Pay attention to punctuation and capitalization: Use title case for titles, capitalizing the first word and all other major words. Ensure punctuation marks are consistently applied, following the Harvard style guidelines.
• Check for accuracy: Always check each reference for correctness, including spelling, punctuation, and proper use of italics and capitalization.

We hope that these guidelines will help you craft a meticulously organized and easily navigable Harvard style reference list.

Cite Books in Harvard

In Harvard style, when citing a book in the reference list, you generally need the following elements: author(s), year of publication, title, edition (if not the first), place of publication, and publisher.

For example:

For multiple authors, list the authors in the order they appear in the book, and separate the authors by a comma:

Remember, in the in-text citation, include the author(s) surname and year of publication. If directly quoting, include the page number as well.

Example: (Rowling, 1997, p.7) or (Martin and Garcia, 2014, p.85) .

Cite an edited book in Harvard: For an edited book, put the editor's name, followed by '(ed.)' after the title of the book.

Cite a book with multiple volumes: When citing from a multi-volume work, you need to include the volume number after the title.

Cite a translated book: For a translated book, list the translator(s) after the title. Use the abbreviation 'trans.' before the translator's name.

Cite a book edition: If the book is a different edition other than the first, you need to include that information in the citation.

Remember to always follow the general structure and adapt it according to these rules when such exceptions come into play while citing different types of books.

Cite Journal Articles in Harvard

When citing a journal article in Harvard format, follow this template:

In your text, you would then cite the work as (Smith, 2020).

When creating a Harvard citation for a journal article without issue or volume number , you can omit this information from the citation.

If you accessed the journal online , you should add the URL or DOI at the end of the citation.

If the journal article you're citing has multiple authors , list them in the order they appear in the article and separate them with commas:

Always tailor the general structure according to these rules when special cases arise while citing different types of journal articles. With this guide in hand, you're well equipped to cite journal articles in Harvard style effectively and accurately!

Cite Websites in Harvard

Citing websites is essential in the digital age, so let's dive into the nuances of citing websites using the Harvard referencing style.

In your text, you would then cite the work as (OpenAI, 2021) .

To cite a website with no publication date , use n.d. ('no date') in place of the year:

When citing a website without a known author , you can use the organization or website name:

To create a Harvard citation where no publisher is identified , use [no publisher] in the reference:

Remember to follow the general structure and adapt it according to these rules when exceptions come into play. With this guide, citing websites in the Harvard style is no longer a perplexing task but an exciting journey into the world of digital academia!

Cite Book Chapters in Harvard

When citing a chapter from a book in Harvard style, the required elements include: author(s) of the chapter, year of publication, title of chapter, in: editor(s) (Ed(s).), title of the book, edition (if not the first), publisher, and pages.

To create a Harvard in-text citation, you would then reference the work as (Johnson, 2017) .

Cite Newspapers & Magazine Articles in Harvard

This section aims to provide an overview on how to cite newspaper and magazine articles in Harvard style, featuring practical examples, as well as various exceptions you might come across.

Your in-text citation would look like: (Patterson, 2021) .

When citing a magazine or newspaper article available online , make sure to include the link to the source at the end of your Harvard citation:

If no page number or issue number is given , you can omit them from the citation:

We hope that our tips should give you the knowledge you need to confidently cite newspaper and magazine articles in the Harvard style, with a clear understanding of how to handle any exceptions that might arise.

Cite Conference Papers in Harvard

To cite a conference paper, you'll need to put together several key elements in the following format:

Then, your in-text citation will simply be (Doe & Roe, 2023) .

To cite conference proceedings published in a book , you will have to follow a slightly different format:

When referencing a keynote speech in the Harvard style , include the term 'keynote speech' in the citation:

Citing conference papers in the Harvard style may feel like navigating an intricate labyrinth, but fear not! With the right guide, it can become a smooth and satisfying journey. We hope that with Bibcitation, you are fully equipped to venture forth and tackle any conference paper citation, confidently navigating the rich and varied landscape of Harvard style referencing.

Cite Movies in Harvard

Movies, documentaries, and TV series often serve as substantial resources in various academic disciplines, including film studies, cultural studies, or history. In Harvard style, when citing films or DVDs, you would use the following format:

The in-text citation would look like this: (The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014) .

To cite a specific scene in the movie , you can include a time stamp in your in-text citation: (The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014: 00:32:45) .

When referencing TV series in Harvard , the format alters slightly. You would need to include the episode title and season and episode number:

To cite movies available on Netflix, Amazon Prime , and other streaming platforms, include the platform name:

We hope that these guidelines and examples will help you cite films and other audio-visual material in your research.

Cite Audio Materials in Harvard

Your in-text citation will be short and simple: (Radiohead, 1997) .

To cite a song accessed through an online music streaming service like Spotify or Apple Music, include the name of the platform in the citation:

When referencing podcasts in Harvard , the format slightly changes. Include the host, episode title, and the platform:

Similar to citing movies, if you need to reference a specific moment in the song, you can indicate the timestamp in your in-text citation: (Radiohead, 1997: 03:12) .

Cite Social Media Posts in Harvard

Social media has evolved to become an essential platform for communication, idea exchange, and knowledge sharing. From tweets to Facebook updates to Instagram posts, these forms of content often provide valuable insights for research, especially in areas like sociology, marketing, and digital humanities.

Here's how to correctly cite them in the Harvard referencing style, ensuring your research acknowledges these dynamic, virtual sources.

Your in-text citation will reference the account name: (NASA, 2022) .

To cite a Twitter post in Harvard , you would normally include the tweet itself as the title. The citation becomes:

For Facebook posts , the format remains mostly the same, but it is common to abbreviate Facebook to 'FB':

Remember, due to the ever-changing nature of social media, these citations might require adaptation based on the platform's current layout and available information.

Cite Artwork in Harvard

Artworks, from paintings to sculptures, represent the pinnacle of human creativity and aesthetics, often used as primary sources in art history, cultural studies, and humanities research. Properly referencing these artistic expressions in the Harvard style not only respects the artists' intellectual property but also provides a clear path for your readers to admire the masterpieces you're discussing.

The basic structure for citing artwork in Harvard style is:

The in-text citation would look like this: (Van Gogh, 1889) .

If you viewed the artwork online , your citation will need to include the URL and the date you accessed the image:

To reference a painting where the artist is unknown , begin with the title. If the year of the artwork is unknown, use the abbreviation 'n.d.' (no date):

Remember, the goal is to ensure anyone can locate the artwork you're referencing. With these guidelines, you're ready to illustrate your research with art citations in Harvard style!

Cite Theses & Dissertations in Harvard

Theses and dissertations serve as a treasure trove of knowledge and original research. These academic works are often used as resources in many fields of study. Therefore, it's crucial to understand how to cite these works correctly in the Harvard style. Buckle up as we dive into the intricacies of this citation journey.

The general structure for citing a thesis or dissertation in Harvard style is:

The in-text citation would look like this: (Smith, 2020) .

If you are looking to cite a thesis or dissertation that you accessed online , include the URL and the date you accessed it:

If the thesis or dissertation was accessed through a specific database or archive , make sure to mention it in the citation:

We hope that by following these guidelines, you'll be well-equipped to cite theses and dissertations in the Harvard style, adding valuable breadth and depth to your research.

Cite Databases & Data Sets in Harvard

In today's data-driven world, databases and data sets serve as valuable reservoirs of information, providing the cornerstone for numerous academic and scientific research endeavors.

This guide is specifically designed to aid you in citing databases and data sets effectively in Harvard style.

Typically, the structure for citing databases and data sets includes the author, year, title, type of data, version (if applicable), place of publication, and publisher, followed by the web address and accessed date. Here's how you do it:

The in-text citation would look like this: (World Bank, 2020) .

If you are citing a specific data point within a larger data set , it's recommended to indicate the relevant information in your citation:

When you can't identify the author of the dataset , which is usually the case with such sources, you can begin your citation with the name of the organization that published the document:

By adhering to these guidelines, you can appropriately reference databases and data sets in Harvard style.

Cite Course Materials & Lectures in Harvard

In academia, referencing course materials and lectures is a common practice. From lecture slides to course handouts, these resources offer a wealth of information that can be crucial for academic works. Citing them appropriately in the Harvard style is essential for giving due credit and allowing readers to track down the original resources if needed.

Below you will find the general structure for citing course materials:

The in-text citation would look like this: (Smith, 2023) .

To cite a lecture in the Harvard style , the citation could look like this:

For a printed course pack , the reference structure slightly changes:

Remember, when in doubt, the primary goal is to provide enough information for others to locate the same material you referenced. By following these guidelines, you can correctly reference course materials and lectures in the Harvard style, thereby strengthening the credibility of your academic work.

Cite YouTube Videos & TED Talks in Harvard

In the era of digital information, YouTube videos often become the source of information in academic and professional research. Whether it's a TED talk, a documentary snippet, or a lecture, the content on YouTube is rich and varied. But just like books, articles, and interviews, these resources also need to be cited correctly to acknowledge the creators and to maintain the credibility of your work.

The general structure for citing a YouTube video in Harvard style is as follows:

If you want to reference a specific point in the video, include a timestamp in your in-text citation, but not in the reference list entry: (Vsauce, 2021, 0:15) .

Cite Dictionaries and Encyclopedias in Harvard

Dictionaries and encyclopedias are often the unsung heroes of academic research. These repositories of knowledge provide researchers with key definitions and detailed explanations that lay the foundation for more complex arguments. Yet, correctly citing such sources following the Harvard style is paramount to maintain the integrity of your work and give credit where it's due.

Here's the basic structure for citing an entry from a dictionary or an encyclopedia:

In many cases, dictionary entries do not have identifiable authors. In such situations, you begin the citation with the title of the entry:

To cite an online dictionary or encyclopedia , the citation will follow this format:

When citing dictionaries and encyclopedias, be attentive to these specific cases. The aim is to provide enough accurate information for readers to locate the same sources you have used, thus ensuring the integrity of your academic work.

Cite Personal Communications in Harvard

When you're conducting research, not all information comes from books, articles, or websites. Sometimes, valuable insights are gained through personal communications - emails, interviews, conversations, or lectures that aren't recorded. The Harvard referencing style has a specific way to cite these sources to acknowledge these individual contributions.

Personal communications are cited slightly differently from most other sources. In Harvard style, they are cited within the text of your work, but do not appear in the reference list at the end, since they are untraceable and can't be accessed by others. The format is as follows:

(Author's initials. Author's surname, personal communication, Day Month Year)

If the communication is available in a recoverable format, such as emails that have been published, interviews available in an archive, or publicly accessible lecture notes, it should be cited according to the format of the source they are retrievable from.

For example, a published interview would be cited similarly to a book or an article, while accessible lecture notes would be cited as course materials.

It's important to get permission before citing personal communications to respect the privacy and rights of the individuals involved. Always make sure to cite accurately to maintain the integrity and reliability of your work.

Cite Secondary Sources in Harvard

In Harvard style, a secondary citation is indicated by citing both the original author and the source author in your text, but only including the source author in your reference list.

Here's the format for citing a secondary source within the text:

For instance, if you read about Einstein's work in a book written by Hawkins, the in-text citation would look like this:

Einstein's theory of relativity (Einstein, 1915, cited in Hawkins, 2001) revolutionized physics...

While secondary citations can be useful in some circumstances, they should be used sparingly. This is because secondary referencing can lead to the propagation of misinterpretations, as you are relying on one author's interpretation of another's work.

It is always best to find and cite the original source of information whenever possible.

Harvard Style: Final Notes

Having studied the ins and outs of the Harvard referencing format, it's clear that citations are a meticulous but vital part of any scholarly work. They ensure transparency, respect original authors' contributions, and lend credibility to your academic endeavor. In this comprehensive guide, we've aimed to illuminate the intricacies of Harvard referencing, covering everything from books to YouTube videos, and even those elusive secondary citations.

Navigating the citation universe can seem daunting, but remember, you're not alone. The team at Bibcitation, your trusted citation generator, is committed to streamlining the referencing process for you. We hope this guide has demystified Harvard referencing, and we're always here to help you in your quest for citation mastery. Here's to impeccable research papers, dissertations, and essays.

Keep writing, keep citing, and keep shining!

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• Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

• A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
• A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal without DOI

• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

• Highlight all the entries
• Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
• In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
• Then close the window with ‘OK’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

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What is Harvard referencing?

How do i reference in harvard, harvard referencing examples, helpful resources on harvard style, the ultimate guide to citing in harvard.

When you reference a work, you are acknowledging other people's contributions to your research. References can provide key background information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer important definitions and data. Referencing also shows that you have personally read the work.

When using the Harvard referencing style, you identify the sources you have used by citing them in text, enclosing partial citations within parentheses embedded in the text, either within or after a sentence. This referencing system is called the author-date system.

The in-text citations are followed by a full, alphabetised list of references in an end section. We will explain this in further detail below with plenty of examples.

Citing can be very complex, which is why we have created the BibGuru Harvard reference generator to help you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about how to get your reference list done correctly.

Learn everything you need to know about Harvard citations on this page and in our Harvard citation guide . This guide is based on the 11th edition of Cite Them Right .

I want to cite a ...

The Harvard style is one of the most widely used referencing styles in the world. This is most likely due to its simplicity and ease of use. There is no official manual, but many institutions offer their own Harvard reference style guides, which of course leads to slight nuances when it comes to punctuation and formatting rules.

The Harvard referencing style uses the author-date system for in-text citations, which means the author's surname and the year of publication in round brackets are placed within the text. If there is no discernible author, the title and date are used.

The reference list outlines all the sources directly cited in your work. It should be ordered alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work. References with no author are ordered alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Only the initials of the authors' given name are used, with no full stop and space between the initials.

Here is an example:

EXAMPLE In-text citation

There are five strategies to implement Diversity Management in companies (Cox, 2001).

EXAMPLE Reference list

Cox, T. (2001). Creating the multicultural organization. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p.50.

When you cite you are referring to someone else's work or ideas in your text. In-text references give brief details of the work that you are quoting from, or which you are referring to, in your text. These references will then link to the full reference in the reference list at the end of your work. Footnotes or Endnotes are not used in the Harvard or other author-date citation styles.

When citing in-text, provide the author's surname and date of publication in brackets right after the borrowed information or at the end of the sentence. If you have already mentioned the author's name in the text, you only need to place the date of publication in brackets directly after where the author's surname is mentioned.

If you are only quoting a particular section of the source, instead of the whole book, you should also include a page number or range after the publication date. If the book has more than four authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames. Use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’, which means 'and others'.

The reference list at the end of your work should start on a new page and be arranged in alphabetical order. Italicise the titles of books, reports, etc. Beware that for journal articles, the name of the journal should be italicised instead of the title of the article you are citing. Make sure to capitalise the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a publication place and publisher.

How to use Bibguru for Harvard citations

• Printed books
• Journals and Magazines
• Webpages and Websites
• United Kingdom Legal Sources

The general referencing order for a book in Harvard for your reference list is:

• Author/editor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Series and volume number (where relevant)

EXAMPLE Book with one author

All of those factors contribute to climate change (See, 2012).

Reference list

See, M. (2012) Greenhouse gas emissions: Global business aspects . Berlin, Germany: Springer.

EXAMPLE Book with two authors

Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998) explain that a higher level of labor productivity means more output per person.

Auerbach, A. J. and Kotlikoff, L. J. (1998)  Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press.

EXAMPLE Book with an editor and multiple authors

.. as claimed by the authors (Raab et al., 2015).

Raab, M. et al. (eds.) (2015)  Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

EXAMPLE Ebook

.. as claimed by the authors (Christian and Griffiths, 2016).

Christian, B. and Griffiths, T. (2016)  Algorithms to live by: The computer science of human decisions. London, England: William Collins. Available at: http://a.co/7qGBZAk.

Many journals have print and online equivalents, or they may just be available in print or in online editions. You should reference the version that you are using. As long as the journal reference provides enough bibliographic information for the article to be located by the reader, other elements - e.g. database title or URL - don't need to be included. However, if the article you are citing is only available online, you have to include the DOI or URL.

The general referencing order for a journal article in Harvard is:

• Author (surname followed by initials)
• Title of article (in single quotation marks)
• Title of journal (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words)
• Issue information (volume (unbracketed), and, where applicable, part number, month or season)
• Page reference (if available)
• If accessed online: DOI or Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

EXAMPLE Journal article

In their review of the literature (Norrie et al. , 2012)..

Norrie, C. et al. (2012) 'Doing it differently?' A review of literature on teaching reflective practice across health and social care professions', Reflective Practice , 13(4), pp. 565-578.

EXAMPLE Journal article with DOI

(McCauley and Christiansen, 2019)

McCauley, S. M. and Christiansen, M. H. (2019) “Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development,”  Psychological review , 126(1), pp. 1–51. doi: 10.1037/rev0000126.

Magazine articles

To cite a magazine article in Harvard, follow this citation order:

• Title of magazine (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words)

EXAMPLE Electronic magazine article

The southern part of Kalahari has characteristics of a dry savanna ecosystem (Joubert, 2021).

Joubert, L. (2021) 'Rising heat puts the Kalahari’s ecosystem on the edge of survival', National Geographic, 27 July. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/rising-heat-puts-the-kalaharis-ecosystem-on-the-edge-of-survival-feature (Accessed: 28 July 2021).

The citation order for theses is the following:

• Year of submission (in round brackets)
• Title of thesis (in italics)
• Degree statement
• Degree-awarding body

EXAMPLE Doctoral thesis

Pradhan, S. (2021) Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal. Doctoral thesis. Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/ (Accessed: 28 July 2021).

When referencing information from the internet, make sure to distinguish what you are referring to. The internet is made up of a broad range of material - from journal articles to government publications, blogs, and images. This section shows you how to reference internet sites or web pages produced by individuals or organisations.

As always, the information you provide should be just enough for the reader to find the source. As material on the internet can be removed or changed, also note the date when you have accessed the information.

The defining element in referencing a website is the URL. It should be included in your reference list, but not in your in-text citation.

Citation order of a website with individual authors:

• Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
• Title of web page (in italics)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

EXAMPLE Websites with individual authors

McCarthy (2021) also says that wasted food significantly impacts climate change.

McCarthy, S. (2021) Over 1 Billion Tonnes More Food Being Wasted Than Previously Estimated, Contributing 10% of All Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Available at: https://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/over-1-billion-tonnes-more-food-being-wasted-than-previously-estimated-contributing-10-of-all-greenhouse-gas-emissions (Accessed: 27 July 2021).

EXAMPLE Websites with organisations as authors

After identifying symptoms (National Health Service, 2018)...

National Health Service (2018) Check your symptoms . Available at: http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/checkyoursymptoms (Accessed: 17 October 2018).

EXAMPLE Websites with no authors

.. and is considered a virtue (Altruism, 2021).

Altruism (2021)  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism (Accessed: August 24, 2021).

Blogs and Vlogs

Beware that blogs and vlogs are someone's opinion, and therefore might not provide objective, reasoned discussion of an issue. Use them together with reputable sources. This is the citation order for blogs:

• Title of message (in single quotation marks)
• Title of internet site (in italics)
• Day/month of posted message

EXAMPLE Blog

Social channels help us share common interests (Liegl, 2021)

Liegl, J. (2021) 'Communicating with humanity', Several People Are Typing , 2 July. Available at: https://slack.com/intl/en-at/blog (Accessed: 28 July 2021).

Social Media

This would be the citation order for an Instagram post, but other social media websites follow the same order:

• Author (Instagram account holder/poster)
• Year posted (in round brackets)
• Title of post (in single quotation marks)
• [Instagram]

EXAMPLE Instagram post

.. by painting a sea horse (VeganArtShare, 2021).

VeganArtShare (2021) 'Tiny dancer of the sea.' [Instagram]. 25 June. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CQjWYSWJDqT/ (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Photographs

To reference a photograph from the internet, follow this citation order:

• Photographer
• Title of photograph (in italics)

EXAMPLE Photograph from the internet

His beautiful photograph (Kitto, 2013)...

Kitto, J. (2013) Golden Sunset. Available at: http://www.jameskitto.co.uk/photo_1827786.html (Accessed: 14 June 2018).

Television programmes

When viewing a television programme through a streaming service (e.g. Netflix), use the following citation order:

• Title of programme (in italics)
• Year of original broadcast (in round brackets)
• Name of transmitting channel
• Date and time of transmission (if available)
• Available at: Name of streaming service (Accessed: date)

EXAMPLE Programme on Netflix

While this show is set in the Cold war era ( The Queen's Gambit , 2020),..

The Queen's Gambit (2020) Netflix Original, 12 January, 20:00. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

There is a multitude of different legal sources in the UK that we can use to explain referencing in Harvard. The safest way to get the correct reference is to use the BibGuru Harvard reference generator .

This is the citation order for papers from the House of Commons and House of Lords:

• Parliament. House of ...
• Year of Publication (in round brackets)
• Paper number (in round brackets) - for House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House if Commons paper numbers

EXAMPLE Papers from the House of Commons and House of Lords

Parliamentary reports for the year included the criminal justice system (Parliament. House of Commons, 1999) and renewable energy (Parliament. House of Lords, 1999).

Parliament. House of Commons (1999) Criminal Justice: working together, Session 1999-2000 . (HC 1999-2000 29). London: The Stationery Office.

Parliament. House of Lords (1999) Electricity from renewables: first report from the Select Committee on the European Union . (HL 1999-2000 (18)). London: The Stationery Office.

While there is a multitude of details and specific rules on how to cite various publications or works in Harvard (magazines, online books, the internet, social media, legal sources, movies, etc.), you do not need to worry about getting your citations wrong with BibGuru. Use our BibGuru Harvard reference generator to create the fastest and most accurate Harvard citations possible.

Ditch the frustrations for stress-free citations

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General Guides (UK)

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Cite Them Right Specific Guides

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The APA style is a variant of the Harvard style. Both styles use author-date references in brackets right after the borrowed information or at the end of the sentence, and full references in the reference list. There are a few differences between APA and Harvard, you can learn more about them here .

Your Harvard paper should be double-spaced with smooth left margins. The Harvard Reference list is double-spaced too.

The Reference list is alphabetised by the author's surname and is double-spaced with a hanging indent, meaning that all but the first line have an indent. The margin can vary depending on your institution, but in general is 0.5.

In general, numbers below 101 should be spelled out. The same goes for large round numbers like "one thousand" or "twenty thousand", although 250,000 would be too long to spell out. Very large numbers, like 4.3 billion, should be expressed in figures. What is most important though is consistency. However, you choose to express numbers, be consistent with them throughout your paper. You can read more about this here .

The Harvard citation style uses the author-date system for in-text references, which means the author's surname and the year of publication in round brackets are placed within the text, not in footnotes. Only use footnotes within a Harvard formatted paper for explanatory notes that would not detract from the text, if necessary.

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Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

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• In-Text Citation Examples
• When neither the author nor the page number is mentioned in the body of the sentence, you should include both the author’s last name and the page number in the parenthetical citation.

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack 24).

• When the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, you should include only the page number in your parenthetical citation.

As Anthony Jack argues, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (24).

• If the source you are writing about does not have page numbers, or if you consulted an e-book version of the source, you should include only the author’s name in the parenthetical citation:

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack).

• If you mention the author in the body of the sentence and there is no page number in the source, you should not include a parenthetical citation.

As Anthony Jack argues, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students.

• If you are referring to an entire work rather than a specific page, you do not need to include a page number.

In The Privileged Poor, Anthony Jack describes many obstacles that low-income students face at selective colleges and universities.

• If you are referring to a source that has no listed author, you should include the title (or a shortened version of the title) in your parenthetical citation.

Harvard College promises “to educate the citizens and citizen-leaders for our society” (“Mission, Vision, & History”).

• If you are referring to a source that has two authors, you should include both authors in your parenthetical citation.

The researchers tested whether an intervention during the first year of college could improve student well-being (Walton and Cohen 1448).

• If you refer to a source that has more than two authors, you should include the first author’s name followed by et al. ( Et al. is an abbreviation for et alia which means “and others” in Latin.) When you use et al. in a citation, you should not put it in italics.

The researchers studied more than 12,000 students who were interested in STEM fields (LaCosse et al. 8).

• If you refer to more than one source by the same author in your paper, you should include the title (or a shortened version of the title) in your parenthetical citation so that readers will know which source to look for in your Works Cited list. If you mention the author’s name in the sentence, you only need to include the title and page number. If you mention the author and title in the sentence, you only need to include the page number.

Colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (Jack, Privileged Poor 24).

According to Anthony Jack, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students ( Privileged Poor 24).

As Anthony Jack writes in Privileged Poor, colleges and universities need to create policies that foster inclusion for low-income students (24).

• If you want to credit multiple authors for making the same point, you can include them all in one parenthetical citation. 

Students who possess cultural capital, measured by proxies like involvement in literature, art, and classical music, tend to perform better in school (Bourdieu and Passeron; Dumais; Orr).

• If you refer to a source that includes line numbers in the margins, numbered paragraphs, numbered chapters, or numbered sections rather than page numbers, you should include the number in your parenthetical citation, along with “line,” “ch./ chs.,” or “sec./secs.”   You can include stable numbering like chapters even when there are no stable page numbers (as in an e-book). You should separate “line” or other designation from the work’s title or author’s name with a comma.  If the source does not include this type of numbering, you should not include it either.

We learn that when he went to the store to buy clothes for his son, “a frantic inspection of the boys’ department revealed no suits to fit the new-born Button” (Fitzgerald, ch.2).

• If you are citing a play, you should include the act and scene along with line numbers (for verse) or page numbers, followed by act and scene, (for prose).

Guildenstern tells Hamlet that “there has been much throwing about of brains” (Shakespeare, 2.2. 381-382).

Chris is in this mindset when he says, “a couple minutes, and your whole life changes, that’s it. It’s gone” (Nottage, 13; act 1, scene1).

• If you are referring to a video or audio recording that contains time stamps, you should include the time in your parenthetical citation to make it easy for your readers to find the part of the recording that you are citing.

In the Stranger Things official trailer, the audience knows that something unusual is going to happen from the moment the boys get on their bicycles to ride off into the night (0:16).

• Citation Management Tools
• In-Text Citations
• Works Cited Format
• Examples of Commonly Cited Sources
• Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Sources in MLA Format
• Sample Works Cited List

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Cite Them Right Harvard Templates: Journal Articles

• Whole Books
• Chapter of Edited Books
• Edited Books

Journal Articles

• Videos and Streaming
• Social Media
• Generative AI
• Computer Programs
• Programming
• Illustrations
• Works of Art
• Audio-Visual
• Legislation
• Personal Communications
• Healthcare Apps and Tools
• Codes and Guides
• Internal Company Documents
• Academic and Course Materials
• PowerPoint Presentations
• Government Documents
• PDFs, Reports, Policy Documents
• Conferences

Harvard Templates

Accessed Online

Articles with doi.

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, including text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), page range or article number. Available at: DOI

Paraphrasing / Summarising

(Chen, 2023)

According to Chen (2023)

"..." (Chen, 2023, p. 3916)

According to Chen (2023, p. 3916), "..."

Reference List :

Chen, Y. (2023) 'Addressing uncertainties through improved reserve product design', IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , 38(4), pp. 3911–3923. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3200697

See the FAQs section at the bottom of this page for informaton on the differences between print and online versions of articles, and for information on the use of a DOI or URL for online articles.

Articles with URL

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), page range or article number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

(Changuiti et al. , 2023)

Changuiti et al. (2023) suggest that...

"..." (Changuiti et al. , 2023)

According to Changuiti et al. (2023) "..."

Changuiti, O. et al. (2023) 'Simulation and midwifery education 2011-2021: a systematic review', British Journal of Midwifery , 31(5), pp. 286–293. Available at: https://ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=ccm&AN=163525494&scope=site (Accessed: 19 December 2023).

See the FAQs section at the bottom of this page for informaton on the differences between print and online versions of articles, and for informaton on the use of a DOI or URL for online articles.

Articles with Article Number

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), article number. Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

(Fleck and Anatolitis, 2023)

Fleck and Anatolitis (2023) suggest that...

"..." (Fleck and Anatolitis, 2023, p. 4)

According to Fleck and Anatolitis (2023, p. 4) "..."

Fleck, A. and Anatolitis, V. (2023) 'Achieving the ojectives of renewable energy policy - insights from renewable energy auction design in Europe', Energy Policy , 173, article number 113357. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113357

These types of articles do not have traditional page numbers. Instead, an article number is given. If quoting from such an article and there is a PDF version available, use the appropriate page number indicated in the PDF. If there is no PDF, then you can omit the page numbers out of the citation, even if you are quoting.

Accessed in Print

Print articles.

Please ensure that you follow the template exactly, inluding text formatting such as italics and punctuation.

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue), page range.

(Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss, 2019)

Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss (2019) suggest that…

"..." (Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss, 2019, p. 12)

According to Vindin, Mithieux and Weiss (2019, p. 12) "..."

Vindin, H., Mithieux, S.M. and Weiss, A.S. (2019) 'Elastin architecture', Matrix Biology , 84, pp. 4–16.

Other Publications

References for abstracts from journal articles should be referenced in exactly the same way as though you were referencing the entire journal article. You do not need to add anything to the reference to show that you have referred to the abstract.

However, it is good practice to make it clear that you have used an abstract at the point of citation. e.g. 'The findings of Fleck and Anatolitis (2023) are summarised in the abstract. It shows...'

Supplement to a Volume

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: DOI

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

(Clift, 2020)

Clift (2020) suggests that ...

"..." (Clift, 2020, p. 2)

According to Clift (2020, p. 2) "..."

Clift, P. (2020) 'Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) related to congenital heart disease (CHD): introducing the CHAMPION supplement', Journal of Congenital Cardiology , 4(Supp. 1), article number 20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40949-020-00053-9

Supplement to an Issue

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue, Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: DOI

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title , Volume(Issue, Supp. no.), page range or article number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

(Hammami, Rezk and Dubey, 2020)

Hammami, Rezk and Dubey (2020) suggest that ...

"..." (Hammami, Rezk and Dubey, 2020, p. S6)

According to Clift (Hammami, Rezk and Dubey, 2020, p. S6) "..."

Hammami, M.B., Rezk, M. and Dubey, D. (2022) 'Validation of MATCH score: A predictive tool for Identification of Patients With kelch-like protein-11 autoantibodies', Neurology , 99(23, Supp. 2), p. S6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000903084.26865.8a

Article in Press

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title (in press). Available at: DOI

Author(s) (Year of publication) 'Article title', Journal Title (in press). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

(Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen, 2024)

Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen (2024) suggested that ...

"..." (Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen, 2024)

Deichmann, Hansson and Jensen (2024) stated that "..."

Note: In Press articles do not usually have page numbers, so one cannot be given in the citation for a quote.

Deichmann, M., Hansson, F.G. and Jensen, E.D. (2024) 'Yeast-based screening platforms to understand and improve human health', Trends in Biotechnology (in press). Available at: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.05.001 (Accessed: 11 June 2024).

See the FAQs section at the bottom of this page for informaton on the use of a DOI or URL for online articles.

Accessed dates are always included with an In Press article, even if using the DOI. In Press articles can change before full publication, so including the accessed date shows when the version you used was the current one.

Print or e-journal Article

Journal articles read in the print version of the journal (i.e. a printed paper format) are referenced in almost exactly the same way as an e-journal article accessed online.

Choose the correct template by number of authors or author type and follow the guidance. If you have accesed the article online then include either the DOI or the URL and accessed date at the end of the reference. (See the separate FAQ on the differences between DOIs and FAQs).

If you have read the article in the paper version of the journal then follow the template up to and including the page numbers. You do not include the DOI or URL when referencing the paper version of the journal article.

DOI or URL for e-journal Article

When referencing an article you have read online, you must include either the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL.

Most academic journals will have a DOI, so this should be used in preference. Check the summary page of the article or look for a citation tool. These will normally tell you if there is a DOI available. DOIs are permanent links to the article, so should not suffer from the broken links problem that affects many URLs over time. If you use the DOI then you do not have to include an accessed date.

If there is no DOI then the URL can be used. You need to provide an accessed date when using the URL as these are subject to breaking. The point of the accessed date is for you to show that the link was live on a particular date.

Choose the correct template by number of authors or author type and follow the guidance.

Articles with Missing Elements

Check the article carefully, as most will include all of the elements needed for a reference. You may need to dowload the PDF to find all of the details. Care should also be taken to check whether the article is 'In Press' (which means it is pre-publication). There is a separate template for Articles in Press as these usually do not have volume, issue or page numbers.

If the article is not In Press then follow the guidance for the correct template by number or type of authors. The missing element can be simply left out.

No issue number - Follow the template until Volume. Leave out the brackets and move directly from Volume, to Page range or article number.

No Volume or Issue number - Follow the template until Journal Title , move directly to Page range or article number.

No page or article number - Follow the template until Volume(Issue), move directly to Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

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Cite A Journal in Harvard style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a journal. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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