example essay meaning

• Literary Terms
• Definition & Examples
• When & How to Write an Essay

I. What is an Essay?

An essay is a form of writing in paragraph form that uses informal language, although it can be written formally. Essays may be written in first-person point of view (I, ours, mine), but third-person (people, he, she) is preferable in most academic essays. Essays do not require research as most academic reports and papers do; however, they should cite any literary works that are used within the paper.

When thinking of essays, we normally think of the five-paragraph essay: Paragraph 1 is the introduction, paragraphs 2-4 are the body covering three main ideas, and paragraph 5 is the conclusion. Sixth and seventh graders may start out with three paragraph essays in order to learn the concepts. However, essays may be longer than five paragraphs. Essays are easier and quicker to read than books, so are a preferred way to express ideas and concepts when bringing them to public attention.

II. Examples of Essays

Many of our most famous Americans have written essays. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson wrote essays about being good citizens and concepts to build the new United States. In the pre-Civil War days of the 1800s, people such as:

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (an author) wrote essays on self-improvement
• Susan B. Anthony wrote on women’s right to vote
• Frederick Douglass wrote on the issue of African Americans’ future in the U.S.

Through each era of American history, well-known figures in areas such as politics, literature, the arts, business, etc., voiced their opinions through short and long essays.

The ultimate persuasive essay that most students learn about and read in social studies is the “Declaration of Independence” by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. Other founding fathers edited and critiqued it, but he drafted the first version. He builds a strong argument by stating his premise (claim) then proceeds to give the evidence in a straightforward manner before coming to his logical conclusion.

III. Types of Essays

A. expository.

Essays written to explore and explain ideas are called expository essays (they expose truths). These will be more formal types of essays usually written in third person, to be more objective. There are many forms, each one having its own organizational pattern.  Cause/Effect essays explain the reason (cause) for something that happens after (effect). Definition essays define an idea or concept. Compare/ Contrast essays will look at two items and show how they are similar (compare) and different (contrast).

b. Persuasive

An argumentative paper presents an idea or concept with the intention of attempting to change a reader’s mind or actions . These may be written in second person, using “you” in order to speak to the reader. This is called a persuasive essay. There will be a premise (claim) followed by evidence to show why you should believe the claim.

c. Narrative

Narrative means story, so narrative essays will illustrate and describe an event of some kind to tell a story. Most times, they will be written in first person. The writer will use descriptive terms, and may have paragraphs that tell a beginning, middle, and end in place of the five paragraphs with introduction, body, and conclusion. However, if there is a lesson to be learned, a five-paragraph may be used to ensure the lesson is shown.

d. Descriptive

The goal of a descriptive essay is to vividly describe an event, item, place, memory, etc. This essay may be written in any point of view, depending on what’s being described. There is a lot of freedom of language in descriptive essays, which can include figurative language, as well.

IV. The Importance of Essays

Essays are an important piece of literature that can be used in a variety of situations. They’re a flexible type of writing, which makes them useful in many settings . History can be traced and understood through essays from theorists, leaders, artists of various arts, and regular citizens of countries throughout the world and time. For students, learning to write essays is also important because as they leave school and enter college and/or the work force, it is vital for them to be able to express themselves well.

V. Examples of Essays in Literature

Sir Francis Bacon was a leading philosopher who influenced the colonies in the 1600s. Many of America’s founding fathers also favored his philosophies toward government. Bacon wrote an essay titled “Of Nobility” in 1601 , in which he defines the concept of nobility in relation to people and government. The following is the introduction of his definition essay. Note the use of “we” for his point of view, which includes his readers while still sounding rather formal.

 “We will speak of nobility, first as a portion of an estate, then as a condition of particular persons. A monarchy, where there is no nobility at all, is ever a pure and absolute tyranny; as that of the Turks. For nobility attempers sovereignty, and draws the eyes of the people, somewhat aside from the line royal. But for democracies, they need it not; and they are commonly more quiet, and less subject to sedition, than where there are stirps of nobles. For men’s eyes are upon the business, and not upon the persons; or if upon the persons, it is for the business’ sake, as fittest, and not for flags and pedigree. We see the Switzers last well, notwithstanding their diversity of religion, and of cantons. For utility is their bond, and not respects. The united provinces of the Low Countries, in their government, excel; for where there is an equality, the consultations are more indifferent, and the payments and tributes, more cheerful. A great and potent nobility, addeth majesty to a monarch, but diminisheth power; and putteth life and spirit into the people, but presseth their fortune. It is well, when nobles are not too great for sovereignty nor for justice; and yet maintained in that height, as the insolency of inferiors may be broken upon them, before it come on too fast upon the majesty of kings. A numerous nobility causeth poverty, and inconvenience in a state; for it is a surcharge of expense; and besides, it being of necessity, that many of the nobility fall, in time, to be weak in fortune, it maketh a kind of disproportion, between honor and means.”

A popular modern day essayist is Barbara Kingsolver. Her book, “Small Wonders,” is full of essays describing her thoughts and experiences both at home and around the world. Her intention with her essays is to make her readers think about various social issues, mainly concerning the environment and how people treat each other. The link below is to an essay in which a child in an Iranian village she visited had disappeared. The boy was found three days later in a bear’s cave, alive and well, protected by a mother bear. She uses a narrative essay to tell her story.

VI. Examples of Essays in Pop Culture

Many rap songs are basically mini essays, expressing outrage and sorrow over social issues today, just as the 1960s had a lot of anti-war and peace songs that told stories and described social problems of that time. Any good song writer will pay attention to current events and express ideas in a creative way.

A well-known essay written in 1997 by Mary Schmich, a columnist with the Chicago Tribune, was made into a popular video on MTV by Baz Luhrmann. Schmich’s thesis is to wear sunscreen, but she adds strong advice with supporting details throughout the body of her essay, reverting to her thesis in the conclusion.

VII. Related Terms

Research paper.

Research papers follow the same basic format of an essay. They have an introductory paragraph, the body, and a conclusion. However, research papers have strict guidelines regarding a title page, header, sub-headers within the paper, citations throughout and in a bibliography page, the size and type of font, and margins. The purpose of a research paper is to explore an area by looking at previous research. Some research papers may include additional studies by the author, which would then be compared to previous research. The point of view is an objective third-person. No opinion is allowed. Any claims must be backed up with research.

VIII. Conclusion

Students dread hearing that they are going to write an essay, but essays are one of the easiest and most relaxed types of writing they will learn. Mastering the essay will make research papers much easier, since they have the same basic structure. Many historical events can be better understood through essays written by people involved in those times. The continuation of essays in today’s times will allow future historians to understand how our new world of technology and information impacted us.

List of Terms

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• Deuteragonist
• Doppelganger
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• Malapropism
• Onomatopoeia
• Parallelism
• Pathetic Fallacy
• Personification
• Point of View
• Polysyndeton
• Protagonist
• Red Herring
• Rhetorical Device
• Rhetorical Question
• Science Fiction
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Definition of essay

 (Entry 1 of 2)

Definition of essay  (Entry 2 of 2)

transitive verb

• composition

attempt , try , endeavor , essay , strive mean to make an effort to accomplish an end.

attempt stresses the initiation or beginning of an effort.

try is often close to attempt but may stress effort or experiment made in the hope of testing or proving something.

endeavor heightens the implications of exertion and difficulty.

essay implies difficulty but also suggests tentative trying or experimenting.

strive implies great exertion against great difficulty and specifically suggests persistent effort.

Examples of essay in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'essay.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle French essai , ultimately from Late Latin exagium act of weighing, from Latin ex- + agere to drive — more at agent

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 4

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2

Phrases Containing essay

• essay question
• photo - essay

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To 'Essay' or 'Assay'?

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Dictionary Entries Near essay

Cite this entry.

“Essay.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/essay. Accessed 8 Sep. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of essay.

Kids Definition of essay  (Entry 2 of 2)

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Definition Essay

Definition Essay - Writing Guide, Examples and Tips

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Published on: Oct 9, 2020

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Many students struggle with writing definition essays due to a lack of clarity and precision in their explanations.

This obstructs them from effectively conveying the essence of the terms or concepts they are tasked with defining. Consequently, the essays may lack coherence, leaving readers confused and preventing them from grasping the intended meaning.

But don’t worry!

In this guide, we will delve into effective techniques and step-by-step approaches to help students craft an engaging definition essay.

Continue reading to learn the correct formation of a definition essay. 

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What is a Definition Essay?

Just as the name suggests, a definition essay defines and explains a term or a concept. Unlike a narrative essay, the purpose of writing this essay is only to inform the readers.

Writing this essay type can be deceivingly tricky. Some terms, concepts, and objects have concrete definitions when explained. In contrast others are solely based on the writer’s understanding and point of view.

A definition essay requires a writer to use different approaches when discussing a term. These approaches are the following:

• Denotation - It is when you provide a literal or academic definition of the term.
• Connotation - It is when the writer provides an implied meaning or definition of the term.
• Enumeration - For this approach, a list is employed to define a term or a concept.
• Analogy - It is a technique in which something is defined by implementing a comparison.
• Negation - It is when you define a term by stating what it is not.

A single or combination of approaches can be used in the essay. 

Definition Essay Types

There are several types of definition essays that you may be asked to write, depending on the purpose and scope of the assignment. 

In this section, we will discuss some of the most common types of definition essays.

Descriptive Definition Essay 

This type of essay provides a detailed description of a term or concept, emphasizing its key features and characteristics. 

The goal of a descriptive definition essay is to help readers understand the term or concept in a more profound way.

Stipulative Definition Essay 

In a stipulative definition essay, the writer provides a unique definition of a term or concept. This type of essay is often used in academic settings to define a term in a particular field of study. 

The goal of a stipulative definition essay is to provide a precise and clear definition that is specific to the context of the essay.

Analytical Definition Essay 

This compare and contrast essay type involves analyzing a term or concept in-depth. Breaking it down into its component parts, and examining how they relate to each other. 

The goal of an analytical definition essay is to provide a more nuanced and detailed understanding of the term or concept being discussed.

Persuasive Definition Essay 

A persuasive definition essay is an argumentative essay that aims to persuade readers to accept a particular definition of a term or concept.

The writer presents their argument for the definition and uses evidence and examples to support their position.

Explanatory Definition Essay 

An explanatory definition essay is a type of expository essay . It aims to explain a complex term or concept in a way that is easy to understand for the reader. 

The writer breaks down the term or concept into simpler parts and provides examples and analogies to help readers understand it better.

Extended Definition Essay 

An extended definition essay goes beyond the definition of a word or concept and provides a more in-depth analysis and explanation. 

The goal of an extended definition essay is to provide a comprehensive understanding of a term, concept, or idea. This includes its history, origins, and cultural significance. 

How to Write a Definition Essay?

Writing a definition essay is simple if you know the correct procedure. This essay, like all the other formal pieces of documents, requires substantial planning and effective execution.

The following are the steps involved in writing a definition essay effectively:

Instead of choosing a term that has a concrete definition available, choose a word that is complicated . Complex expressions have abstract concepts that require a writer to explore deeper. Moreover, make sure that different people perceive the term selected differently. 

Once you have a word to draft your definition essay for, read the dictionary. These academic definitions are important as you can use them to compare your understanding with the official concept.

Drafting a definition essay is about stating the dictionary meaning and your explanation of the concept. So the writer needs to have some information about the term.

In addition to this, when exploring the term, make sure to check the term’s origin. The history of the word can make you discuss it in a better way.

Coming up with an exciting title for your essay is important. The essay topic will be the first thing that your readers will witness, so it should be catchy.

Creatively draft an essay topic that reflects meaning. In addition to this, the usage of the term in the title should be correctly done. The readers should get an idea of what the essay is about and what to expect from the document.

Now that you have a topic in hand, it is time to gather some relevant information. A definition essay is more than a mere explanation of the term. It represents the writer’s perception of the chosen term and the topic.

So having only personal opinions will not be enough to defend your point. Deeply research and gather information by consulting credible sources.

The gathered information needs to be organized to be understandable. The raw data needs to be arranged to give a structure to the content.

Here's a generic outline for a definition essay:

Are you searching for an in-depth guide on crafting a well-structured definition essay?Check out this definition essay outline blog!

6. Write the First Draft

Drafting each section correctly is a daunting task. Understanding what or what not to include in these sections requires a writer to choose wisely.

The start of your essay matters a lot. If it is on point and attractive, the readers will want to read the text. As the first part of the essay is the introduction , it is considered the first impression of your essay.

To write your definition essay introduction effectively, include the following information:

• Start your essay with a catchy hook statement that is related to the topic and the term chosen.
• State the generally known definition of the term. If the word chosen has multiple interpretations, select the most common one.
• Provide background information precisely. Determine the origin of the term and other relevant information.
• Shed light on the other unconventional concepts and definitions related to the term.
• Decide on the side or stance you want to pick in your essay and develop a thesis statement .

After briefly introducing the topic, fully explain the concept in the body section . Provide all the details and evidence that will support the thesis statement. To draft this section professionally, add the following information:

• A detailed explanation of the history of the term.
• Analysis of the dictionary meaning and usage of the term.
• A comparison and reflection of personal understanding and the researched data on the concept.

Once all the details are shared, give closure to your discussion. The last paragraph of the definition essay is the conclusion . The writer provides insight into the topic as a conclusion.

The concluding paragraphs include the following material:

• Summary of the important points.
• Restated thesis statement.
• A final verdict on the topic.

7. Proofread and Edit

Although the writing process ends with the concluding paragraph, there is an additional step. It is important to proofread the essay once you are done writing. Proofread and revise your document a couple of times to make sure everything is perfect.

Before submitting your assignment, make edits, and fix all mistakes and errors.

If you want to learn more about how to write a definition essay, here is a video guide for you!

Definition Essay Structure 

The structure of a definition essay is similar to that of any other academic essay. It should consist of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. 

However, the focus of a definition essay is on defining and explaining a particular term or concept. 

In this section, we will discuss the structure of a definition essay in detail.

Introduction 

Get the idea of writing an introduction for a definition essay with this example:

Body Paragraphs

Here is an example of how to craft your definition essay body paragraph:

Types of the Term/Concept 

If applicable, the writer may want to include a section that discusses the different types or categories of the term or concept being defined. 

This section should explain the similarities and differences between the types, using examples and anecdotes to illustrate the points.

Examples of the Term/Concept in Action 

The writer should also include real-life examples of the term or concept being defined in action. 

This will help the reader better understand the term or concept in context and how it is used in everyday life.

Conclusion 

This example will help you writing a conclusion fo you essay:

Definition Essay Examples

It is important to go through some examples and samples before writing an essay. This is to understand the writing process and structure of the assigned task well.

Following are some examples of definition essays to give our students a better idea of the concept. 

Understanding the Definition Essay

Definition Essay Example

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Definition Essay Topics

Selecting the right topic is challenging for other essay types. However, picking a suitable theme for a definition essay is equally tricky yet important. Pick an interesting subject to ensure maximum readership.

If you are facing writer’s block, here is a list of some great definition essay topics for your help. Choose from the list below and draft a compelling essay.

• Authenticity
• Sustainability
• Mindfulness

Here are some more extended definition essay topics:

• Social media addiction
• Ethical implications of gene editing
• Personalized learning in the digital age
• Ecosystem services
• Cultural assimilation versus cultural preservation
• Sustainable fashion
• Gender equality in the workplace
• Financial literacy and its impact on personal finance
• Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence
• Welfare state and social safety nets

Need more topics? Check out this definition essay topics blog!

Definition Essay Writing Tips

Knowing the correct writing procedure is not enough if you are not aware of the essay’s small technicalities. To help students write a definition essay effortlessly, expert writers of CollegeEssay.org have gathered some simple tips.

These easy tips will make your assignment writing phase easy.

• Choose an exciting yet informative topic for your essay.
• When selecting the word, concept, or term for your essay, make sure you have the knowledge.
• When consulting a dictionary for the definition, provide proper referencing as there are many choices available.
• To make the essay informative and credible, always provide the origin and history of the term.
• Highlight different meanings and interpretations of the term.
• Discuss the transitions and evolution in the meaning of the term in any.
• Provide your perspective and point of view on the chosen term.

Following these tips will guarantee you better grades in your academics.

By following the step-by-step approach explained in this guide, you will acquire the skills to craft an outstanding essay. 

Struggling with the thought, " write my college essay for m e"? Look no further.

Our dedicated definition essay writing service is here to craft the perfect essay that meets your academic needs.

For an extra edge, explore our AI essay writer , a tool designed to refine your essays to perfection. 

Barbara P (Literature, Marketing)

Barbara is a highly educated and qualified author with a Ph.D. in public health from an Ivy League university. She has spent a significant amount of time working in the medical field, conducting a thorough study on a variety of health issues. Her work has been published in several major publications.

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During a student’s academic journey, they will most probably encounter a variety of different assignments and tasks, each with its own set of standards and expectations. Among these genres is the definition essay, which, much like other academic pieces, demands precision, comprehensive research, and a decent amount of preparation.

Our team at AcademicHelp wants to make the process a bit easier for you. That’s why we offer a wide choice of free essay examples and samples on many relevant topics, so you can find some inspiration and set the record straight on what you should and shouldn’t do when writing your own definition essay.

What Is a Definition Essay Example?

A definition essay, as the name implies, centers on defining a particular term or phrase. However, it isn’t as straightforward as just reproducing a dictionary’s explanation. Instead, the writer should go beyond the basic dictionary meaning, comparing and contrasting it with their own experience, or contextualizing it within larger academic discussions. These essays find their use not just in academic circles but also in areas where nuanced understandings of terminology, like law or philosophy, are often discussed.

The Structure of Definition Essay Examples

Every essay possesses a skeletal structure that lends it coherence and flow. For the definition essay, this structure is characterized by the following segments:

Introduction

This section serves as the entryway. Here, the writer presents the word or concept they’ll be exploring in detail. Usually, they start with the dictionary’s take on it, giving the reader a general idea of its meaning. Think of this as setting the stage for everything that follows.

Thesis Statement

Think of this as the heart of the essay. It captures the unique angle or viewpoint the writer has on the term. A definition essay is not just about stating the obvious but rather giving a fresh or personal twist to the term’s understanding.

Body Paragraphs

This is where the meat of the essay is. Like chapters in a book, each paragraph zooms in on specific angles or stories related to the term. Maybe one paragraph digs into its origins, another might show how it’s similar or different from another word, while yet another might explain its significance in today’s world.

Here’s where everything comes together. It’s like the closing remarks of a show. The writer circles back to their main idea, giving readers a quick recap of the highlights of the essay. It’s the final touch that reinforces what the essay sets out to explain and leaves the reader with a clear picture.

Types of Argument Essay Examples

The nature of language and concepts lends itself to a spectrum of interpretation, and nowhere is this more evident than in definition essays. These essays can obviously vary in approach and depth. Here’s a closer examination of the different types of definition essays.

Standard Definition Essays

When one speaks of a standard definition, the immediate thought is often of a dictionary entry – concise, clear, and to the point. Standard definition essays do take this as a foundation, but they are not strictly confined to it. These essays incorporate the dictionary’s direct definition, ensuring readers are grounded and have a universally accepted understanding of whatever term you’re explaining. However, what sets them apart is the author’s skill in adding personal insights or broader context. This ensures that while the dictionary definition provides the baseline, the essay offers a richer, more nuanced understanding, which in turn allows the term to be seen not just as a standalone concept but as one that interacts dynamically with real life.

Extended Definition Essay Examples

These essays are comprehensive, seeking to highlight and explore every detail of a term. This involves exploring the term’s historical evolution, understanding its varied connotations across cultures or even disciplines, and delving into personal or shared experiences associated with it. For instance, a term like “freedom” might be examined in the context of historical movements, philosophical discussions, and individual narratives. The extended definition essay seeks to provide a holistic understanding, which ensures that the reader walks away with a multi-dimensional grasp of the term.

Comparison Definition Essays

Sometimes, the best way to understand something is to see it in relation to something else. Groundbreaking, right? Comparison definition essays adopt this very strategy. They take the term in question and put it against another – either similar or contrasting. This method of comparison and contrast serves a dual purpose. Firstly, it brings into sharp focus the unique attributes of the term at the center of your essay. Secondly, it offers clarity, as understanding what a term is not can be just as enlightening as understanding what it is. For example, comparing “love” with “infatuation” might help understand the boundaries and depths of each term. Through comparison, these essays offer readers a clear lens, which then helps in distinguishing the term’s nuances.

Creating an Outline of Your Definition Essay

The path to a coherent essay begins with a well-thought-out outline. Start by deciding on the term you wish to define. Then, draft your thesis statement, ensuring it offers a fresh perspective or insight. Following this, structure your body paragraphs, deciding the flow of your arguments. Do you begin with a historical context or jump straight into personal experiences? Determine this flow, since your first step is the most important. Finally, draft your conclusion, ensuring it ties back to your introduction and reaffirms your thesis (and not the other way around!).

Tips on How to Write Argument of Definition Essay Examples

Crafting a definition essay that stands out requires more than a mere understanding of the term. Here are some helpful tips for students to use in their academic writing.

Precision is Key. A strong essay is based on accuracy. To make compelling arguments, make sure they are laser-focused and backed by thorough research. Whether you’re referencing a scholarly article, a historic document, or recounting a personal story, ensure that your evidence directly supports your statements. Precision provides credibility!

Avoid Repetition. Each section of your essay should offer a new perspective or detail about your topic. Think of your essay as a journey, with every part revealing a fresh aspect or angle on the main idea. To keep things interesting and informative, approach your topic from various sides or viewpoints. This will enrich the reader’s understanding and keep them engaged.

Consult Varied Sources. Don’t limit yourself to just one source. Explore different books, articles, or websites to get a rounded view of your topic. By checking multiple places, you can weigh different definitions or descriptions against each other, helping you provide a more balanced and informed perspective.

Stay Formal. Imagine you’re speaking to a room full of experts. Your writing should reflect respect and seriousness. Avoid using casual language or slang that might derive points from the essay’s credibility. Also, make sure your essay is free from errors. Proper sentence structure, punctuation, and spelling not only make your essay look neat but also ensure clarity in communication, which is the main goal of a definition essay.

Evolve Your Thesis. As you dig deeper into your topic, you might find your initial idea or thesis changing slightly. Don’t worry! This isn’t a bad thing; it shows growth in understanding. By the end of your essay, ensure that your thesis reflects all the various aspects and insights you’ve covered, presenting a well-rounded and complete viewpoint.

Seek Feedback. It’s a classic! Other people can offer a new way of looking at your essay. They might spot things you missed, suggest better ways to phrase a point, or even bring up a new angle you hadn’t considered. Feedback helps in refining and polishing your essay. Even if you think it’s perfect, a fresh pair of eyes might help elevate it to the next level.

What is an example of a definition essay?

A definition essay is meant to expound upon the meaning of a particular term beyond its basic dictionary definition. For instance, an essay about “courage” wouldn’t just state its textbook definition. Instead, it would delve into its roots in history, its various interpretations in different societies and events, philosophical thoughts on its essence, and individual stories that exemplify courage in real-life situations. As a result, a definition essay paints a comprehensive picture of the concept.

What 3 things should a definition essay include?

A definition essay should include three main points: a) The standard dictionary definition to provide a foundational understanding. b) An analysis of the term’s various facets, including its history, cultural connotations, and related concepts. c) Personal insights, stories, or experiences that offer a unique perspective on the term.

Can you start a definition essay with a question?

Absolutely. Beginning a definition essay with a question can be an effective strategy to pique the reader’s curiosity and engage them from the outset. A well-posed question can frame any further discussions and exploration of the term in the essay.

What are the rules for definition essay?

A definition essay should maintain a formal tone, be thoroughly researched, and avoid subjective biases. The essay should provide the term’s standard definition, explore its deeper meanings, and incorporate varied sources for a better and fuller understanding. Personal experiences or insights, while valuable, should be presented in an objective manner to maintain the essay’s academic integrity.

How long is an essay definition?

The length of a definition essay can vary based on the term being discussed and the depth of exploration. Typically, they range from 500 to 1,500 words. However, in academic settings or for more complex terms, they might extend beyond this range to ensure a thorough analysis.

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essay , an analytic , interpretative, or critical literary composition usually much shorter and less systematic and formal than a dissertation or thesis and usually dealing with its subject from a limited and often personal point of view.

Some early treatises—such as those of Cicero on the pleasantness of old age or on the art of “divination,” Seneca on anger or clemency , and Plutarch on the passing of oracles—presage to a certain degree the form and tone of the essay, but not until the late 16th century was the flexible and deliberately nonchalant and versatile form of the essay perfected by the French writer Michel de Montaigne . Choosing the name essai to emphasize that his compositions were attempts or endeavours, a groping toward the expression of his personal thoughts and experiences, Montaigne used the essay as a means of self-discovery. His Essais , published in their final form in 1588, are still considered among the finest of their kind. Later writers who most nearly recall the charm of Montaigne include, in England, Robert Burton , though his whimsicality is more erudite , Sir Thomas Browne , and Laurence Sterne , and in France, with more self-consciousness and pose, André Gide and Jean Cocteau .

At the beginning of the 17th century, social manners, the cultivation of politeness, and the training of an accomplished gentleman became the theme of many essayists. This theme was first exploited by the Italian Baldassare Castiglione in his Il libro del cortegiano (1528; The Book of the Courtier ). The influence of the essay and of genres allied to it, such as maxims, portraits, and sketches, proved second to none in molding the behavior of the cultured classes, first in Italy, then in France, and, through French influence, in most of Europe in the 17th century. Among those who pursued this theme was the 17th-century Spanish Jesuit Baltasar Gracián in his essays on the art of worldly wisdom.

Keener political awareness in the 18th century, the age of Enlightenment , made the essay an all-important vehicle for the criticism of society and religion. Because of its flexibility, its brevity , and its potential both for ambiguity and for allusions to current events and conditions, it was an ideal tool for philosophical reformers. The Federalist Papers in America and the tracts of the French Revolutionaries are among the countless examples of attempts during this period to improve the human condition through the essay.

The genre also became the favoured tool of traditionalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, such as Edmund Burke and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , who looked to the short, provocative essay as the most potent means of educating the masses. Essays such as Paul Elmer More’s long series of Shelburne Essays (published between 1904 and 1935), T.S. Eliot ’s After Strange Gods (1934) and Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (1948), and others that attempted to reinterpret and redefine culture , established the genre as the most fitting to express the genteel tradition at odds with the democracy of the new world.

Whereas in several countries the essay became the chosen vehicle of literary and social criticism, in other countries the genre became semipolitical, earnestly nationalistic, and often polemical, playful, or bitter. Essayists such as Robert Louis Stevenson and Willa Cather wrote with grace on several lighter subjects, and many writers—including Virginia Woolf , Edmund Wilson , and Charles du Bos —mastered the essay as a form of literary criticism .

What Are the Different Types and Characteristics of Essays?

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The term essay comes from the French for "trial" or "attempt." French author Michel de Montaigne coined the term when he assigned the title Essais to his first publication in 1580. In "Montaigne: A Biography" (1984), Donald Frame notes that Montaigne "often used the verb essayer (in modern French, normally to try ) in ways close to his project, related to experience, with the sense of trying out or testing."

An essay is a short work of nonfiction , while a writer of essays is called an essayist. In writing instruction, essay is often used as another word for composition . In an essay, an authorial voice  (or narrator ) typically invites an implied reader  (the audience ) to accept as authentic a certain textual mode of experience. 

Definitions and Observations

• "[An essay is a] composition , usually in prose .., which may be of only a few hundred words (like Bacon's "Essays") or of book length (like Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding") and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics." (J.A. Cuddon, "Dictionary of Literary Terms". Basil, 1991)
• " Essays are how we speak to one another in print — caroming thoughts not merely in order to convey a certain packet of information, but with a special edge or bounce of personal character in a kind of public letter." (Edward Hoagland, Introduction, "The Best American Essays : 1999". Houghton, 1999)
• "[T]he essay traffics in fact and tells the truth, yet it seems to feel free to enliven, to shape, to embellish, to make use as necessary of elements of the imaginative and the fictive — thus its inclusion in that rather unfortunate current designation ' creative nonfiction .'" (G. Douglas Atkins, "Reading Essays: An Invitation". University of Georgia Press, 2007)

Montaigne's Autobiographical Essays "Although Michel de Montaigne, who fathered the modern essay in the 16th century, wrote autobiographically (like the essayists who claim to be his followers today), his autobiography was always in the service of larger existential discoveries. He was forever on the lookout for life lessons. If he recounted the sauces he had for dinner and the stones that weighted his kidney, it was to find an element of truth that we could put in our pockets and carry away, that he could put in his own pocket. After all, Philosophy — which is what he thought he practiced in his essays, as had his idols, Seneca and Cicero, before him — is about 'learning to live.' And here lies the problem with essayists today: not that they speak of themselves, but that they do so with no effort to make their experience relevant or useful to anyone else, with no effort to extract from it any generalizable insight into the human condition." (Cristina Nehring, "What’s Wrong With the American Essay." Truthdig, Nov. 29, 2007)

The Artful Formlessness of the Essay "[G]ood essays are works of literary art. Their supposed formlessness is more a strategy to disarm the reader with the appearance of unstudied spontaneity than a reality of composition. . . . "The essay form as a whole has long been associated with an experimental method. This idea goes back to Montaigne and his endlessly suggestive use of the term essai for his writing. To essay is to attempt, to test, to make a run at something without knowing whether you are going to succeed. The experimental association also derives from the other fountain-head of the essay, Francis Bacon , and his stress on the empirical inductive method, so useful in the development of the social sciences." (Phillip Lopate, "The Art of the Personal Essay". Anchor, 1994)

Articles vs. Essays "[W]hat finally distinguishes an essay from an article may just be the author's gumption, the extent to which personal voice, vision, and style are the prime movers and shapers, even though the authorial 'I' may be only a remote energy, nowhere visible but everywhere present." (Justin Kaplan, ed. "The Best American Essays: 1990". Ticknor & Fields, 1990) "I am predisposed to the essay with knowledge to impart — but, unlike journalism, which exists primarily to present facts, the essays transcend their data, or transmute it into personal meaning. The memorable essay, unlike the article, is not place or time-bound; it survives the occasion of its original composition. Indeed, in the most brilliant essays, language is not merely the medium of communication ; it is communication." (Joyce Carol Oates, quoted by Robert Atwan in "The Best American Essays, College Edition", 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 1998) "I speak of a 'genuine' essay because fakes abound. Here the old-fashioned term poetaster may apply, if only obliquely. As the poetaster is to the poet — a lesser aspirant — so the average article is to the essay: a look-alike knockoff guaranteed not to wear well. An article is often gossip. An essay is reflection and insight. An article often has the temporary advantage of social heat — what's hot out there right now. An essay's heat is interior. An article can be timely, topical, engaged in the issues and personalities of the moment; it is likely to be stale within the month. In five years it may have acquired the quaint aura of a rotary phone. An article is usually Siamese-twinned to its date of birth. An essay defies its date of birth — and ours, too. (A necessary caveat: some genuine essays are popularly called 'articles' — but this is no more than an idle, though persistent, habit of speech. What's in a name? The ephemeral is the ephemeral. The enduring is the enduring.)" (Cynthia Ozick, "SHE: Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body." The Atlantic Monthly, September 1998)

The Status of the Essay "Though the essay has been a popular form of writing in British and American periodicals since the 18th century, until recently its status in the literary canon has been, at best, uncertain. Relegated to the composition class, frequently dismissed as mere journalism, and generally ignored as an object for serious academic study, the essay has sat, in James Thurber's phrase, ' on the edge of the chair of Literature.' "In recent years, however, prompted by both a renewed interest in rhetoric and by poststructuralist redefinitions of literature itself, the essay — as well as such related forms of 'literary nonfiction' as biography , autobiography , and travel and nature writing — has begun to attract increasing critical attention and respect." (Richard Nordquist, "Essay," in "Encylopedia of American Literature", ed. S. R. Serafin. Continuum, 1999)

The Contemporary Essay "At present, the American magazine essay , both the long feature piece and the critical essay, is flourishing, in unlikely circumstances... "There are plenty of reasons for this. One is that magazines, big and small, are taking over some of the cultural and literary ground vacated by newspapers in their seemingly unstoppable evaporation. Another is that the contemporary essay has for some time now been gaining energy as an escape from, or rival to, the perceived conservatism of much mainstream fiction... "So the contemporary essay is often to be seen engaged in acts of apparent anti-novelization: in place of plot , there is drift or the fracture of numbered paragraphs; in place of a frozen verisimilitude, there may be a sly and knowing movement between reality and fictionality; in place of the impersonal author of standard-issue third-person realism, the authorial self pops in and out of the picture, with a liberty hard to pull off in fiction." (James Wood, "Reality Effects." The New Yorker, Dec. 19 & 26, 2011)

The Lighter Side of Essays: "The Breakfast Club" Essay Assignment "All right people, we're going to try something a little different today. We are going to write an essay of not less than a thousand words describing to me who you think you are. And when I say 'essay,' I mean 'essay,' not one word repeated a thousand times. Is that clear, Mr. Bender?" (Paul Gleason as Mr. Vernon) Saturday, March 24, 1984 Shermer High School Shermer, Illinois 60062 Dear Mr. Vernon, We accept the fact that we had to sacrifice a whole Saturday in detention for whatever it was we did wrong. What we did was wrong. But we think you're crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. What do you care? You see us as you want to see us — in the simplest terms, in the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basket case, a princess and a criminal. Correct? That's the way we saw each other at seven o'clock this morning. We were brainwashed... But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain and an athlete and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal. Does that answer your question? Sincerely yours, The Breakfast Club (Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson, "The Breakfast Club", 1985)

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Definition of Essay

Types of essay, examples of essay in literature, example #1: the sacred grove of oshogbo (by jeffrey tayler).

“As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice . A diminutive middle-aged man came out from behind the trees — the caretaker. He worked a toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the crevices between algae’d stubs of teeth. He was barefoot; he wore a blue batik shirt known as a buba, baggy purple trousers, and an embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he would show me around the shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the results of his stick work and set off down the trail.”

Example #2: Of Love (By Francis Bacon)

“It is impossible to love, and be wise … Love is a child of folly. … Love is ever rewarded either with the reciprocal, or with an inward and secret contempt. You may observe that amongst all the great and worthy persons…there is not one that hath been transported to the mad degree of love: which shows that great spirits and great business do keep out this weak passion…That he had preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of Juno and Pallas. For whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection quitted both riches and wisdom.”

Example #3: The Autobiography of a Kettle (By John Russell)

“ I am afraid I do not attract attention, and yet there is not a single home in which I could done without. I am only a small, black kettle but I have much to interest me, for something new happens to me every day. The kitchen is not always a cheerful place in which to live, but still I find plenty of excitement there, and I am quite happy and contented with my lot …”

Function of Essay

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How to Write a Definition Essay: Structure, Outline, Samples

Updated 30 Aug 2024

Learn the elements, outline, and logic behind a definition essay. Explore different types of definitions and their functions. Get tips on writing a solid essay, avoiding common mistakes, and crafting a strong thesis statement. Find inspiration and ideas through definition essay example.

So what is a definition essay ? As the name suggests, a definition essay is an essay that explains in detail a certain term or concept. However, instead of being limited to a simple dictionary definition, which normally takes a few phrases, such an essay contains an extended definition that includes additional details, such as examples, descriptions, an analysis of this term and other related ones, etc. Importantly, such essays present your personal opinion about corresponding concepts.

Knowing how to write a definition essay requires a good understanding of the required elements, outline, structure, logic as described below. These essays are important since they require integration of a few interpretations on the same concepts, making clear distinctions and generalizations, providing personal interpretations, etc.

Try to write the best definitive essay with the help of our guide!

The List of Essay Definitions Encountered in Academic Writing

As a rule, before you start with the first paragraph of your definition essay, it is crucial to understand all the different types that will make your writing fit the situation and academic objectives. Therefore, when you have something great for your thesis statement and topic sentences, consider these types of definitions first:

• Analytical . As the title implies, you must use analysis and divide your subject into several parts by approaching each aspect individually. Use one paragraph per idea.
• Classification . It means that you can apply systematization for your definition essay and find similarities or specific factors to classify your issues or processes. 
• Comparison . Just like classification type, you have to find elements that stand out and compare and contrast various things that differ or appear the same. Your thesis must sum up these differences.
• Detailed Method . This is where you must focus on certain characteristics and let your audience focus on details to understand the subject well.
• Negation Approach . It means that writing a definition essay you should use your arguments clearly to prevent your audience from a wrong understanding of a problem. In simple terms, it tells people what your issue is not.
• Origins & Causes . This is where you tell about the origins of your issue or things that have caused some event or changes. Remember to provide background information and the reasons why something is important.
• Scientific Problem . As a rule, it means that you should synthesize available information and explain the ways how something is used or studied by your fellow researchers.

Of course, you can always combine these different essay definition types for the best results, which is acceptable! Remember that it should also contain your thoughts and additions if it is applicable.

If you are looking for interesting exemplification essay examples , EduBirdie has some for you. These examples can provide you with inspiration and ideas on how to effectively use exemplification in your essay, showcasing real-life examples and evidence to support your arguments.

General Definition Essay Structure

Like with other essay types, definition essay format follows the following basic structure:

• Introduction - lists standard explanations and raises important rhetorical questions attempting to interpret them, it may list interesting facts related to the background of these terms (but not only), anecdotes, funny cases, personal experience, etc. Altogether, this helps in hooking attention and providing necessary background that would allow diving deeper into the matter.
• Thesis Statement  – this is not a distinct section but rather, a key element of the introduction. For definitive essay, it should state a generalized and comprehensive personal definition. It should be formulated as an arguable claim that closely summarizes the paper’s essence.
• Main body. All paragraphs should be related to this thesis through topic sentences – normally, this is the first sentence in a paragraph. Subsequent sentences constituting the paragraph explain them, support with arguments, provide evidence and examples, etc. Paragraphs should end up with concluding sentences, which synthesize the content presented within these paragraphs, or with transitioning sentences that help introduce subsequent paragraphs for smoother content flow.
• Conclusion – this is where thesis is restated considering all ideas, arguments, and evidence that has been provided. Apart from synthesizing information, conclusions may suggest related topics for exploration.

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Definition Essay Outline and Its Constitution

When assembling an essay outline, it is useful to consider what type of paragraphs and how many of each should be included and in what order. In terms of meaning, such types of essays have the following sections or paragraphs:

• Denotation – this part provides direct concept explanations, for instance, dictionary or formal interpretations integrated from multiple sources. This section is normally shorter and could be limited to one paragraph. If you are wondering how to start a definition essay, opening your essay by listing formal dictionary explanations would be perfectly acceptable and even fairly standard.
• Connotation – in this part, one describes related ideas or term implications, including from a personal perspective or judgement. A good method for identifying connotations is looking up the word in a thesaurus. The connotation part is typically more voluminous, being spread across multiple paragraphs.

Judged by their specific function, paragraphs can either:

• Describe – provide description of the words in detail; describe perspectives, standard or peculiar interpretations, worldviews, etc.
• Analyze – these paragraphs could dissect complex words or expressions into individual parts and analyze each of these separately, as well as in combination. This could be done, for instance, with terms “self-sufficiency”, (“self” + “sufficiency”) or “gratefulness” (“grate” + ”fulness”). Obviously, such “linguistic” analysis does not apply to simple words like “hate”, “respect”, etc. However, each word may be analyzed for multiple meanings, for instance globalization may be viewed as globalization of culture, of knowledge, commerce, lifestyle, life-quality expectations, etc.
• Exemplify – providing an eloquent and detailed example to accompany complex interpretations or argument increases understanding of it by readers, hence this is mandatory for good writing. Including good analogies has similar effects.
• Compare and contrast. These paragraphs help differentiate discussed words or concepts by strictly defining their boundaries and by highlighting similarities and differences between compared terms.
• Negate . One way of defining concepts is to tell what they are not – this is especially useful for closely related concepts.
• Provide background with regard to history and origin. While this is not practical for common words, it makes sense for neologisms, professional terms, and some other words whose origin is easily tracked (for instance, “democracy”).

Consider definition essay outline and structural requirements along with what types of paragraphs would constitute your essays and what they would be exactly about and you’ll end up with definitive and solid outline.

Tips On How to Write a Definition Essay

Although it may not sound application to writing a definition essay, it must inspire you or motivate you to know your subject because the purpose is to sound confident and clear as you deliver the facts and deliver some important concepts. Here are some tips you must consider before you start writing:

• Start With a List of Sources . Never ignore starting with a list of good references that will help you to support your existing perception of some subject. Remember about citation rules and do not overdo your quoting because it can lead to increased similarity rates and plagiarism risks.
• Proofread & Edit . Always proofread your definition essay to eliminate repetitions and the weak parts that may sound confusing to your reader. Pay attention to possible grammar and spelling issues. By doing so, you can improve your final grade and avoid those minor mistakes. It is also good to proofread your paper aloud to ensure that it sounds right.
• Check The Requires Structure . Even if you may think that you already know it all, it is recommended to check your grading rubric twice in terms of structure and the required paragraphs.
• Research Your Subject . It means that even if you have a good list of sources, you must provide your audience with an unbiased outlook. It will take some time to read through the various sources to determine how the subject is approached by others. Make sure that you check more than one source or dictionary for your definition. Writing a definition essay, doing so will give you a full picture and various semantic meanings.
• Avoid Copying Definitions . Do not copy definitions word-by-word even if you are turning to some dictionary. It is recommended to express your thoughts and paraphrase things to provide a better definition without plagiarism even if it is unintentional.

Common Mistakes That Occur While Writing Interpretations 

Below, we list some usual mistakes made when writing definition essay:

• Choosing topics that are either too narrow or concrete to allow extended definitions, various perspectives or interpretations. Rather than choosing terms like “Cold War”, “TV mass culture” more general and broad definition essay topics should be used, such as “war”, “culture”, “freedom”, “dignity”, “innovation”, etc.
• Selecting topics that are overly broad or that represent little potential for captivating discussion: “work”, “rain”, “sand”. It is generally advisable to choose controversial topics or concepts whose understanding varies significantly among individuals and might even be associated with conflicting positions.
• Failing to research term properly. Knowing how to define a word in an essay exhaustively implies working with dictionaries. Ignoring these results in a serious mistake, since these normally list all known word meanings in various contexts – exploring how concepts change depending on context is an important starting point for writing definition essays. Combining several good dictionaries could be especially powerful – this will help cover the entire semantic space of a given word, guiding further interpretations and description of connotations.
• Quoting overly lengthy formulations exactly as found in dictionaries – this should be avoided since it affects your level of uniqueness and may be treated as plagiarism by many software tools.

If you are keen to avoid mistakes, consider contracting our academic assistance service. Apart from definition essays, our writers are familiar with definition narrative essay, research papers, laboratory reports, coursework, case studies, capstone projects, speeches, how to write an informative essay , and virtually any other type of writing help one can imagine.

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Definition Essay Example for Students

Given that definition essay example  can be much more helpful in familiarizing readers with this type of essay, below we provide such a sample (the thesis is italicized).

Justice Justice is hugely important element for relationships between individuals and virtually for any human group, however small – obviously, this applies to society as a whole. Commonly understood meaning of justice is adherence to fairness and impartiality whenever dealing with other people or when conflicts management, be it in daily life or within the frames of legal system. The Cambridge online dictionary defines justice as "fairness in the way people are dealt with" or "the condition of being morally correct or fair". As a law term, it is "the system of laws in a country by which people are judged and punished". Moreover, here in the US, it also means a "judge in a law court". The Merriam-Webster dictionary adds a few other unique definitions, for instance "the maintenance or administration of what is just" for instance, by justly managing conflicting claims, rewarding, and punishing. Other definitions are "conformity to truth, fact, or reason", "the principle or ideal of just dealing or right action" but also conformity to this principle (righteousness). Thus, apart from being used to designate judges, all formal interpretations of justice, in a way or another, deal with fair treatment, regardless of whether individuals, groups, or state institutions are considered. Hence, this is regarded as the core and fairly universal meaning of the term. Importantly, many dictionaries mention impartiality as an essential component of this treatment. Impartiality ensures that deliverers of justice put fairness principles above their own interests and above interests of any given actor involved in conflicts that are managed. Apart from this, when thinking about justice or justice deliverers, the following concepts are implied:  integrity, honesty, equity, adherence to truth and law, legitimacy. Nevertheless, understanding of justice differs greatly across individuals but also across societies and cultural groups, which ultimately reflects in laws. For instance, principle of “an eye for an eye” practiced under Iran’s sharia law may seem totally weird here, in the US or western world, where we are used with standardized punishments proportional to crime gravity, such as incarceration, monetary fines, property sequestration. A renowned example involved an Iranian man who blinded a woman using acid and who was sentenced in 2008 to the same punishment. Thus, justice is essentially fair, impartial treatment, be it in interpersonal or collective interaction and whether it is reflected in simple actions or in laws. Importantly, this term has to be examined within societal and cultural context, as notions may vary significantly depending on this.

To conclude, definitive essay provides a broad overview of word or phrase meaning across different contexts along with implications, examples, explanations, and interpretation. Depending on the concepts approached, producing such essays are fairly challenging, which is a good reason to consider essay writing service provided by Edubirdie.

With us, you have greater liberty in selecting your preferred writer according to performance statistics. You can also continuously assess project progress by requesting outlines, drafts, writing samples and effectively correct or guide writers in real time. We also implemented an unlimited free revisions policy if order instructions are not met but also a money-back guarantee policy if revisions are unsatisfactory. Despite high quality output, we strive to minimize potential risks for clients, so that they feel maximally safe contracting our services. Considering all these, why not give it a try?

What makes a good definition essay?

A good definition essay will achieve three goals: it will tell your readers about what is being defined; it will present you with clear and basic information; it will turn to facts and good real-life examples that will help people to understand things. After all, it is the purpose of a good definition essay. Remember to make it vivid and accessible.

How to start a definition essay?

You should start with a good introduction to your subject. Make sure that you provide information about why something is important and how or why it is approached by the academic community or professionals in your field. Start with the most common definition that fits your topic and continue with the less common types.

How do you write a thesis statement for a definition essay?

An introduction of a definition essay ends with a thesis that should express personal and generalized definitions or interpretations of the explored concepts. These arguable statements are the focal points of definition essays, which means that papers revolve entirely around these. The thesis needs to be general enough to connect with and cover all paragraph topic sentences.

How do you write a definition term?    

Picking terms for such essays is done by considering how interesting or controversial the topics are, whether they engulf definitions that vary depending on different circumstances or contexts, whether they allow multiple perspectives, views, including conflictual, whether the author is familiar with these terms and provide an interpretation of these, etc.

How do you organize a definition essay?                  

Organizing essays involves considering the traditional structure, according to which there is an introduction, main body, conclusion, but also deciding how many paragraphs should be used for each section and what information should be each paragraph’s function: denotation, connotation, description, analysis, exemplification, comparison, etc.

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Common Writing Assignments

8 The Examples Essay

An examples essay supports, develops, and defends its thesis in a series of paragraphs, each of which typically illustrates one way in which the thesis statement can be supported.

If you were writing an essay on “Common Minor Penalties in Hockey,” you might have one body paragraph on tripping, one on interference, and one on roughing. If you were doing a longer assignment, such as a survey of all penalties in hockey, you could subdivide your essay into examples of minor, major, and match penalties, each section of which would require more than one paragraph. The conclusion needs to provide readers with that important sense of closure, asserting that the examples have affirmed the thesis and possibly reminding readers of the benefits your information has provided: Hockey is more entertaining to watch when we understand why players are sometimes sent to the penalty box.

To better understand what an examples essay is, read carefully this essay, which describes examples of the red wine grapes of British Columbia.

Example: Red Wine Grapes of British Columbia

Oenophiles and even less devoted wine drinkers are more likely to associate red wine production with France, Italy, and California than Canada. Yet British Columbia is home now to some excellent estate wineries, especially in the Okanagan region, the climate of which is conducive to the growth of the finest red wine grapes. British Columbia vintners grow and harvest Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Pinot Noir grapes to produce red wines, which are growing in quality and reputation.

The Merlot grape is dark blue. It is cultivated by vintners in virtually every wine-producing regions of the world. It is the red wine grape that BC vintners plant and harvest most frequently (Pawsey 2). It produces excellent varietal wines, which are those made mainly from the juice of a single type of grape (“Varietal”). The Merlot grapes grown in British Columbia are high in tannins, a substance found in the skin of the grape, which gives BC Merlots a pleasantly dry and bitter taste, redolent of unsweetened black tea (“Tannins”).  The tannins combined with the red fruit flavours from the juice of the grape mellow out the taste of a Merlot wine, producing a medium-bodied, earthy sensation on the tongue. BC Merlots pair well with most foods, though vegetarians and pescatarians will usually prefer a lighter-bodied red.

The Cabernet Sauvignon grape is hardy enough to thrive in all wine-producing climates, including in the Okanagan, with its sometimes severe temperature fluctuations. It produces wine darker in colour than the Merlot but with less tannins (“Cabernet”). BC “cab savs” are usually full-bodied with moderate acidity. Skilled wine drinkers can taste cherry and mint working in harmony in a fine Cabernet Sauvignon wine (“Cabernet”). This is the carnivore’s grape, pairing well with meat lovers’ pizza, rare steak, baked ham, lamb chops, and thick pulled-pork sandwiches.

If the Cabernet Sauvignon is the muscle grape, the Pinot Noir is the delicate and sensitive member of the family. It is more susceptible than others to disease, and even when it is harvested successfully and made into wine, the wine it produces is fickle, sometimes outstanding, sometimes disappointing (Pawsey 3).  British Columbia’s climate should not be conducive to growing the pinot noir grape, but has become so, as one of the few fortunate consequences of global warming (Pawsey 2). BC Pinots are low in tannins, light-bodied, and paler in colour than their Merlot and cab sav cousins. They typically taste of red fruits, with hints of vanilla and leather (“Pinot Noir”). They pair perfectly with the salmon caught in the Pacific Ocean and in the rivers of British Columbia, with other fish dishes, lighter cheeses, and even vegan food.

When it comes to choosing a BC wine cultivated from a red grape, discriminating omnivores are the lucky ones. They may choose a Merlot, a Cabernet Sauvignon, a Pinot Noir, or any blending of the three to fulfill their quest for the perfect complement for their meal.

Works Cited

“ Cabernet Sauvignon .” My Wine Canada . (n.d.), https://mywinecanada.com/types-of-wine/cabernet-sauvignon-wine. Accessed 31 Jan. 2018.

“ Merlot .”  My Wine Canada . (n.d.), https://mywinecanada.com/types-of-wine/merlot-wine. Accessed 31 Jan. 2018.

Pawsey, Tim. “ Pinot Noir Is the Bad Boy of the BC Wine Scene .” Quench Magazine , 27 Dec. 2017, https://quench.me/magazine/pinot-noir-bad-boy-bc-wine-scene/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2019.

 “ Pinot Noir .” My Wine Canada. (n.d.), https://mywinecanada.com/types-of-wine/pinot-noir-wine. Accessed 31 Jan. 2018.

“ Varietal .” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia , 1 Nov. 2018,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal. Accessed 2 Feb. 2019.

Red Wine Grapes of British Columbia

Study Questions

Respond to these questions in writing, in small group discussion, or both.

• What is the thesis of this essay?
• What is an oenophile?
• Do you think “The Red Wine Grapes of British Columbia” is informative? What did you learn from the essay?
• Is the concluding paragraph effective? Why or why not?
• Is the works cited list appropriate for this essay? Why or why not?

Writing Assignment

Write an examples essay of approximately 750 words on one of the following topics: popular video games, designer handbags, basketball shoes, science fiction movies, high-performance sports cars. You may also select your own topic or one recommended by your teacher.

Composition and Literature Copyright © 2019 by James Sexton and Derek Soles is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Write a Definition Essay: Student's Simple Solution

Ever struggled to define a complex concept? Definition essays offer a solution. They go beyond dictionary entries, exploring the depths of a word's meaning and its background. 

When you write a definition essay, you're showing that you really understand the word and what it stands for. You might be explaining big ideas like love or freedom or things like technology or democracy. But whatever word you choose, your goal is the same: to explain it so well that your readers really get it.

In this article, our rewrite essay service will show you step-by-step instructions on how to write a definition essay. We'll give you practical advice and examples that make it easy to write a strong essay that people will find interesting and clear.

What is a Definition Essay

Definition essay is a type of academic writing that explains a term by defining its meaning or clarifying which meaning is intended if a word has multiple meanings.

For example, a writer might need to define "networking" to someone unfamiliar with the concept of business or the term "organic" to someone new to healthy eating. If a writer calls a friend "ambitious," the friend might ask for the definition of that word. People might also debate the meaning of the word "success" even if they have similar goals. Clearly, definitions are crucial for clear communication and definition essays help readers see beyond the basic dictionary definition, allowing them to fully understand the term or concept being discussed.

Guide on How to Write Definition Essay

A definition essay has a basic structure: an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. What makes it engaging is how you explore the term in the body paragraphs.

Introduction

The introduction serves to introduce the term you are defining and set the stage for the discussion that follows. Here's what each part typically involves:

• Attention-grabbing element: Begin with something that catches the reader's interest. Engage them from the start and make them curious about the term you will define.
• A brief overview of the term: Briefly explain the term you are defining, why it is important and what significance it holds in different contexts. This sets up the framework for your essay and gives readers a clear understanding of what to expect.
• Definition and interpretation: Offer your interpretation or definition of the term, including your perspective on what the term means, how it is commonly understood, and any nuances or complexities associated with it. 

Example of a Thesis Statement

"The concept of 'home' goes beyond a physical place, encompassing a sense of belonging and emotional attachment that varies from person to person."

Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs explore different angles of the term to support your thesis:

• Discuss where the term came from and how its meaning has changed over time. This historical perspective helps readers understand its current significance.
• Look up the term in dictionaries or academic sources and compare these definitions with your own interpretation to show how the term can be understood in different ways.
• Share your own thoughts and experiences related to the term and use examples to explain what the term means to you personally.
• Include perspectives from experts who study the term. Compare their views with yours to show different viewpoints and add credibility to your essay.
• Explore how the term is used in society or popular culture and discuss what this reveals about our values and beliefs.

The conclusion summarizes the main points from the body paragraphs. It reinforces why understanding the term is important and encourages precise use of the term in discussions. It also encourages readers to think critically about how they define and use the term in their own lives.

Definition Essay Checklist

Before we move on to the writing guide, here's a brief checklist for writing a definition essay prepared by our research paper writer :

Definition Essay Examples

Here's an example of a definition essay from our custom essay service. Feel free to study its structure and format to guide your own work. If you're interested, you can always buy essay cheap and get high-quality paper from our platform at any time.

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Commonly Used Definition Essay Types

When choosing an intriguing term with a rich historical background for your definition essay, it's essential to carefully consider your options and determine the most effective approach. Here are some common types, as suggested by our dissertation writing help :

• Analysis : Break down the topic into its constituent parts and define each part separately.
• Classification : Determine the categories under which the topic can be classified.
• Comparison : Highlight the uniqueness of the topic by comparing and contrasting it with more common subjects.
• Details : Identify the key traits and distinctive qualities that best encapsulate the central idea of your essay.
• Negation : Clarify what your topic is, not to narrow down its definition.
• Origins and Causes : Explore the historical origins and background of the concept, examining where it first appeared and any relevant historical details.
• Results, Effects, and Uses : Discuss the consequences, effects, and practical applications of the subject matter.

Definition Essay Topics

To choose a good topic for a definition essay, aim for a term that can be explored in depth, allowing for various interpretations and perspectives. Here are some ideas across different themes:

• My grandma always said, "home is where the heart is." What does that truly mean?
• Imagine a world with no deadlines. How would you define "success" in such a place?
• One day, a friend asks you, "What is courage?" How would you explain it using a personal story?
• You stumble upon a time capsule from the past. What makes something worthy of being called a "memory"?
• After a big fight, you and your sibling need to rebuild trust. How would you define "forgiveness"?
• Can something be beautiful if it's dangerous? Define "beauty" considering both sides.
• When is a lie okay? Explore the definition of "honesty" with some gray areas.
• Does friendship require in-person interaction? Define "friendship" in the age of technology.
• Is there a difference between being lucky and being skilled? Define the role of "chance" in success.
• What separates a hobby from a passion? Define the concept of "dedication."
• When does inspiration become copying? Define "originality" in the creative world.
• Can there be privacy in a world of social media? Define the boundaries of "personal space" in the digital age.
• Is there a right way to grieve? Define "loss" and the healthy ways to cope with it.
• What separates a dream from a delusion? Define the role of "ambition" in achieving goals.
• Is there such a thing as a perfect moment? Define "happiness" considering its fleeting nature.

Tips for Definition Essay Writing Process

Here you'll find some great tips from our essay writer to transform your frown into a confident writer's grin:

• Pick a rich term: Don't settle for basic words. Choose something with layers of meaning and history, like a concept with positive and negative sides (e.g., "power," "courage").
• Examples are king: Use real-life stories of successful people to illustrate your points. This makes your definition clear and relatable.
• Go beyond dictionary definitions: Explore the different ways your term is understood. A hug can show "love," but so can standing up for someone.
• Use contrasting examples: Don't just pile on positive examples. Show the complexity of your term by using contrasting situations (e.g., "Innovation can lead to lifesaving inventions, but also carries the risk of unintended consequences").
• Quote the experts: Don't be afraid to integrate short, relevant quotes from philosophers, authors, or historical figures to strengthen your argument.

Final Words

As we conclude, we hope you now understand how to write it and feel ready to tackle your own. Meanwhile, you can always avoid confusion with our academic writing assistance. Whether you need help brainstorming topics, crafting an analytical piece, or any other writing support, we can help. Order essay today, and let us guide you toward clarity and knowledge!

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How to Start a Definition Essay?

What is a definition essay example, what is the structure of a definition essay.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

• Added writing checklist
• Added topic suggestions
• Added fresh tips
• https://www.apsu.edu/writingcenter/writing-resources/definition-essay-handout-2022.pdf .  (n.d.-b).  
• Publisher, A. R. a. R. O. O. (2015, October 27). 10.6 definition . Pressbooks. https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/10-6-definition/  

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• How to write an argumentative essay | Examples & tips

How to Write an Argumentative Essay | Examples & Tips

Published on July 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An argumentative essay expresses an extended argument for a particular thesis statement . The author takes a clearly defined stance on their subject and builds up an evidence-based case for it.

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Table of contents

When do you write an argumentative essay, approaches to argumentative essays, introducing your argument, the body: developing your argument, concluding your argument, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about argumentative essays.

You might be assigned an argumentative essay as a writing exercise in high school or in a composition class. The prompt will often ask you to argue for one of two positions, and may include terms like “argue” or “argument.” It will frequently take the form of a question.

The prompt may also be more open-ended in terms of the possible arguments you could make.

Argumentative writing at college level

At university, the vast majority of essays or papers you write will involve some form of argumentation. For example, both rhetorical analysis and literary analysis essays involve making arguments about texts.

In this context, you won’t necessarily be told to write an argumentative essay—but making an evidence-based argument is an essential goal of most academic writing, and this should be your default approach unless you’re told otherwise.

Examples of argumentative essay prompts

At a university level, all the prompts below imply an argumentative essay as the appropriate response.

Your research should lead you to develop a specific position on the topic. The essay then argues for that position and aims to convince the reader by presenting your evidence, evaluation and analysis.

• Don’t just list all the effects you can think of.
• Do develop a focused argument about the overall effect and why it matters, backed up by evidence from sources.
• Don’t just provide a selection of data on the measures’ effectiveness.
• Do build up your own argument about which kinds of measures have been most or least effective, and why.
• Don’t just analyze a random selection of doppelgänger characters.
• Do form an argument about specific texts, comparing and contrasting how they express their thematic concerns through doppelgänger characters.

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An argumentative essay should be objective in its approach; your arguments should rely on logic and evidence, not on exaggeration or appeals to emotion.

There are many possible approaches to argumentative essays, but there are two common models that can help you start outlining your arguments: The Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.

Toulmin arguments

The Toulmin model consists of four steps, which may be repeated as many times as necessary for the argument:

• Make a claim
• Provide the grounds (evidence) for the claim
• Explain the warrant (how the grounds support the claim)
• Discuss possible rebuttals to the claim, identifying the limits of the argument and showing that you have considered alternative perspectives

The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays. You don’t have to use these specific terms (grounds, warrants, rebuttals), but establishing a clear connection between your claims and the evidence supporting them is crucial in an argumentative essay.

Say you’re making an argument about the effectiveness of workplace anti-discrimination measures. You might:

• Claim that unconscious bias training does not have the desired results, and resources would be better spent on other approaches
• Cite data to support your claim
• Explain how the data indicates that the method is ineffective
• Anticipate objections to your claim based on other data, indicating whether these objections are valid, and if not, why not.

Rogerian arguments

The Rogerian model also consists of four steps you might repeat throughout your essay:

• Discuss what the opposing position gets right and why people might hold this position
• Highlight the problems with this position
• Present your own position , showing how it addresses these problems
• Suggest a possible compromise —what elements of your position would proponents of the opposing position benefit from adopting?

This model builds up a clear picture of both sides of an argument and seeks a compromise. It is particularly useful when people tend to disagree strongly on the issue discussed, allowing you to approach opposing arguments in good faith.

Say you want to argue that the internet has had a positive impact on education. You might:

• Acknowledge that students rely too much on websites like Wikipedia
• Argue that teachers view Wikipedia as more unreliable than it really is
• Suggest that Wikipedia’s system of citations can actually teach students about referencing
• Suggest critical engagement with Wikipedia as a possible assignment for teachers who are skeptical of its usefulness.

You don’t necessarily have to pick one of these models—you may even use elements of both in different parts of your essay—but it’s worth considering them if you struggle to structure your arguments.

Regardless of which approach you take, your essay should always be structured using an introduction , a body , and a conclusion .

Like other academic essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction . The introduction serves to capture the reader’s interest, provide background information, present your thesis statement , and (in longer essays) to summarize the structure of the body.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.

The body of an argumentative essay is where you develop your arguments in detail. Here you’ll present evidence, analysis, and reasoning to convince the reader that your thesis statement is true.

In the standard five-paragraph format for short essays, the body takes up three of your five paragraphs. In longer essays, it will be more paragraphs, and might be divided into sections with headings.

Each paragraph covers its own topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Each of these topics must contribute to your overall argument; don’t include irrelevant information.

This example paragraph takes a Rogerian approach: It first acknowledges the merits of the opposing position and then highlights problems with that position.

Hover over different parts of the example to see how a body paragraph is constructed.

A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.

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An argumentative essay ends with a conclusion that summarizes and reflects on the arguments made in the body.

No new arguments or evidence appear here, but in longer essays you may discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your argument and suggest topics for future research. In all conclusions, you should stress the relevance and importance of your argument.

Hover over the following example to see the typical elements of a conclusion.

The internet has had a major positive impact on the world of education; occasional pitfalls aside, its value is evident in numerous applications. The future of teaching lies in the possibilities the internet opens up for communication, research, and interactivity. As the popularity of distance learning shows, students value the flexibility and accessibility offered by digital education, and educators should fully embrace these advantages. The internet’s dangers, real and imaginary, have been documented exhaustively by skeptics, but the internet is here to stay; it is time to focus seriously on its potential for good.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

The majority of the essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that the goal of any essay you’re asked to write is argumentative: To convince the reader of your position using evidence and reasoning.

In composition classes you might be given assignments that specifically test your ability to write an argumentative essay. Look out for prompts including instructions like “argue,” “assess,” or “discuss” to see if this is the goal.

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Evaluation Essay

Evaluation essay generator.

Creating an essay is a part of every student’s academic journey. There are different kinds of essays that can be a part of a  student writing  task. One of these essays is the evaluation essay. What can set apart an evaluation essay from various kinds of academic essays is that it can also be used in different undertakings within the corporate and professional environment. Evaluation essays are not limited to be used for educational purposes as it can also be beneficial in the fields of business, research and community development.

An evaluation essay contains an objective assessment that is written by an individual who should be fully-knowledgeable of what he or she is writing about. More so, this essay relays the sound judgement about a specific subject matter or topic of discussion. Each evaluation essay are based on evaluative writing that are commonly created in accordance to a set of criteria or value measurements. We have curated ten evaluation essays that you can refer to if you want to write your own evaluation essay.

Self-Evaluation Essay Sample

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Student Self-Evaluation Essay

Size: 121 KB

Things to Remember When Writing an Evaluation Essay

An evaluation essay should always be direct to the point and specific as it contains factual information that is essential to be known by the readers. To avoid  common essay mistakes , some of the things that you should always remind yourself when writing an evaluation essay are listed below.

• When writing an evaluation essay, a writer must always be backed up by evidences so that he or she can support the evaluation being made. If you are writing an evaluation essay, you should always be objective with the content that you are presenting. Your opinion matters but you should make sure that it is based on reality. Evaluation essays work best if the readers can identify the sources that you have used to come up with the assessment that they are currently reading. If you will ensure that there is enough evidences to support you, then your evaluation essay can be more credible and relevant.
• Be specific with the kind of evaluation essay that you are creating. An evaluation essay can only be effective if you are aware of the purpose on why you are writing the document. Being able to present details, comments, and information that is directly related to the kind of evaluation essay that you are writing can help you create a highly-usable output. There are different kinds of evaluation essays and you should be aware that each of them have differences depending on the purpose of their creation. Come up with a highly-usable and effective evaluation essay by directly providing the needs of your readers.
• Always be clear when presenting your evaluation. Since the main purpose of an evaluation essay is to relay your viewpoint about a specific subject, you have to make sure that you will be precise and concise when delivering the message that you want your readers to be knowledgeable of. You have to explain how you were able to create the evaluation which includes the specification of the factors that you have considered within the entirety of the evaluation and writing process.

Humanities Project Evaluation Essay

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Printable Self-Evaluation Essay Example

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Purposes of an Evaluation Essay

There is a wide variety of evaluation  essay examples that are specifically created for particular purposes. Evaluation essays can cover a lot of topics which is why it is used in a range of industries and processes. The different kinds of evaluation essays can be used for the following instances and activities:

• To create a book report or a review of a book’s content and how it has affected the reader
• To identify critical points of a written work may it be a poem, another essay or a research paper
• To create a literature or literary review to fully identify the content of a literary piece
• To give critique about an initial analysis or a full process
• To support the processes of employment regularization or employee promotion
• To assess and analyze the results of a reading activity
• To add value to a recommendation letter
• To analyze a research topic that can fully affect the entire research activity
• To evaluate the work performance of either a student or an employee
• To identify the strengths and weaknesses of an individual through a self-evaluation

With the different ways on how you can use an evaluation essay, it is safe to say that there are a lot of fields of expertise that can benefit from this document. When creating your own evaluation essay, you should always keep in mind that the content of your essay must be relevant to the message that you would like to disseminate or share to your target readers.

Thesis Paper Evaluation Essay Example

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Evaluation Essay Sample in PDF

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Qualitative Evaluation Essay Example

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Steps in Writing an Evaluation Essay

If you want to create an evaluation essay, you should be strategic when it comes to the presentation of information that can be helpful in the writing activity. Your evaluation essay can only be fully-maximized if there is an organized discussion of your evaluation as well as the facts that can support your thesis statement.

Here is an  essay writing basic guide  that you may follow when writing an evaluation essay:

• Be aware of your topic. The first thing that you need to do when writing an evaluation essay is to be knowledgeable about the topic that you will write about. As much as possible, research about the subject of discussion so you can easily identify the characteristics that you can evaluate and the criteria that you will use for evaluation.
• Make sure to have a set of criteria that can help you determine your evaluation. Once you are already aware of your topic, you can already set criteria that will serve as the basis for your evaluation. If you will properly identify the criteria that will best fit your needs for the specific evaluation, then you can make your evaluation essay stronger and more effective.
• Refer to samples and templates of evaluation essays. It will be helpful if you will look at different kinds of evaluation essay samples and templates. These documents can help you be more familiar with what an evaluation essay is and how the details present in this kind of essay should be arranged and presented.
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About Haecceity: An Essay in Ontology

Matthew Davidson, About Haecceity: An Essay in Ontology , Routledge, 2024, 154pp., $144.00 (hbk), ISBN 9781032575148.

Reviewed by Sam Cowling, Denison University

Is there a property of  being Socrates ? If so, what is it like and what distinguishes it from properties like being blue or being oblong ? This concise book by Matthew Davidson is a concerted effort to get to the bottom of the metaphysics of haecceities—the controversial category of properties like being Socrates and being identical with Donald Trump .

The central thesis of About Haecceity is constituentist realism . On this view, haecceities exist and have as their constituents the entities that exemplify them. So, for example, being Socrates has Socrates as a constituent, while being red and being round have no objects as constituents. On Davidson’s preferred version of constituentist realism, haecceities belong to a sui generis category of abstract entity, each of which has an individual as a constituent. Davidson argues that constituentism comes with a variety of benefits. It permits a plausible analysis of the intuitive distinction drawn above between qualitative properties like being blue and non-qualitative ones like being Socrates (or, for Davidson, qualitative and quidditative properties). It is also alleged to provide a plausible treatment of claims sometimes made regarding our capacity to “grasp” the haecceities of individuals.

The structure of the book is agreeably straightforward. An introductory chapter surveys—in terms readily digestible to analytic metaphysicians—some historical precursors to recent discussions about haecceity. Of particular value is an overview of some unduly neglected yet comparatively recent contributions to these debates from Roderick Chisholm, Alvin Plantinga, Robert Adams, and Gary Rosenkrantz. The centerpiece of the book is the second chapter, which articulates a taxonomy of views about haecceities. There, Davidson mounts a case against partist versions of realism, which hold haecceities to be parts of individuals. He further argues that we ought to prefer his constituentism to the next-best competitor, primitivism , which takes haecceities to be primitive entities without individuals as constituents. Chapter Three evaluates the more basic question of whether or not haecceities exist. In this regard, Davidson’s assessment is distinctive. He finds no support for realism about haecceities in the thought experiments attributable to Max Black or related arguments developed by Adams and others regarding identity and distinctness. Instead, Davidson takes the case for haecceities to rest upon semantic considerations—roughly, the ease with which certain semantic frameworks can be developed once haecceities are posited. (Would-be nominalists will find no extended discussion of views that reject the existence of properties altogether and in doing so rule out the existence of haecceities.)

The remaining chapters explore various concerns about haecceities, often with an eye toward the implications of constituentism. Chapter Four defends quidditative constituentism, according to which the qualitative or quidditative status of properties depends upon whether they have individuals as constituents. Chapter Five defends the existence of unexemplified haecceities on semantic grounds and with noteworthy consequences. On Davidson’s preferred view, it turns out that, even in worlds where Socrates doesn’t exist, the property being Socrates might nevertheless exist. This constellation of views—that Socrates does not exist, that being Socrates does, and that being Socrates still has Socrates as a constituent—pushes Davidson toward a view regularly referenced in the book: independence actualism . According to independence actualism, some objects exemplify properties and stand in relations despite not existing. (In this case, Socrates has the property being a constituent of being Socrates despite there being no such thing as Socrates.) Chapter Six touches upon certain issues regarding the epistemology of haecceities and in what sense, if any, we might grasp haecceities of individuals. A discussion of presentism and the prospects of using haecceities to address various objections to this view of time is undertaken in Chapter Seven.

About Haecceity makes clear the varied ties between haecceities and several on-going debates in ontology. Throughout, Davidson’s clarity, coupled with his running defense of sui generis constituentism, make for an organized inquiry into what could otherwise prove to be unwieldy terrain. At some junctures, the scope of the book leaves the reader eager for a more sustained pursuit of possible options, but Davidson is clear-eyed about when the assessment of an argument or view would require settling extant ontological controversies. In any case, there are arguments aplenty here, and it is a virtue of the book that readers will have a relatively sharp sense of where they part company from Davidson.

Ultimately, the constituentist view emerges as the most well-developed view of haecceities presently found in the literature. At the same time, the case mounted in its favor raises a few methodological points of interest, which I discuss in what follows.

According to partist views which compete with Davidson’s preferred constituentism, haecceities are mereological proper parts of either bundles of properties, thick particulars, or hylomorphic compounds. Davidson’s case against partism is motivated, in part, by his general skepticism about whether qualities (or at least tropes or hylomorphic forms) are parts of things. Of his opposition to partism, Davidson says

[It] stems from a belief that objects don’t have things like tropes or substantial forms as parts. I don’t think there is any reason to include such things in one’s ontology; there is nothing that substantial forms or tropes do for one metaphysically that one can’t already do with objects, properties, and abstract states of affairs. Furthermore, objects, properties, and states of affairs—for me at least—are less metaphysically suspect than abstract particular tropes or form-matter ontologies. Thus, I reject that objects have things like tropes or forms as parts. (32)

Davidson adds that, when asked to name parts of Socrates, “At no point in my list of parts of Socrates have I included things like tropes or substantial forms” (32). Davidson’s case against partism therefore rests upon two kinds of argumentative maneuver: a broad evaluation of theoretical costs and benefits, and an appeal to what seems like ordinary intuitions about parthood.

I agree with Davidson that, by ordinary standards, it is peculiar to cite redness as a part of an apple or humanity as part of Socrates. But I’m not sure how much this should matter in light of certain other arguments Davidson offers in the book. Consider the case Davidson gives for the coherence of the central tenet of constituentism according to which haecceities have individuals as constituents. In defense of this thesis, Davidson says, “If we are able to understand a concrete object being a constituent of a singular proposition, we should be able to understand a concrete object being a constituent of an haecceity. . . .As the notion of a singular proposition is coherent, I submit the notion of an haecceity with a concrete constituent also is coherent” (39).

I’m doubtful that the passenger on the Clapham Omnibus would happily accede to the relevant claims about propositional constituency that Davidson alludes to here. In fact I’d wager that they would view them with suspicion. But, if ordinary intuitions matter in the case against partists, they should matter in the case against constituentists. And, similarly, if we can support constituentism by appeal to the judgments of a studiously informed metaphysician who is well acquainted with singular propositions, we should be able to appeal to the same judgments in defending the merits of partism—and, of course, many metaphysicians part ways with Davidson in holding hylomorphism to be perfectly intuitive. For these reasons, I was uncertain how the balance of intuitive evidence was to be understood across certain arguments in the book, especially for those inclined to contrast “folk” intuitions from the judgments of plausibility and coherence made by metaphysicians.

Davidson’s assessment of the case for haecceities raises additional questions about the role and weight of deductive arguments as compared to evaluations of theoretical virtue and vice in metaphysics. Early on in the book, in his assessment of hylomorphist views, Davidson presents his case against them on two grounds: “The first is that I never feel like I have a firm grasp on what forms, or forms over and above matter, are. . . . A second reason is related to the first: I don’t think that form matter ontologies do any explanatory work that ordinary object-property ontologies can’t do” (33). These are familiar sorts of complaints in contemporary metaphysical debates. Davidson’s former argument identifies an allegedly vicious degree of unclarity in hylomorphism, and the latter cites an allegedly vicious failure of parsimony in hylomorphism’s proffered explanations. A similar kind of argument was also quoted above as part of Davidson’s case against partism.

I am sympathetic to metaphysics that involves a significant role for cost-benefit analysis, but if such a methodology is adopted, it means that our standards for assessing certain arguments often become noticeably murkier. This bears significantly on Davidson’s evaluation of the family of arguments that Adams and others have advanced in support of realism about haecceities. Roughly speaking, this family of arguments revolves around thought experiments concerning qualitatively indiscernible spheres, nearly qualitatively indiscernible spheres, and various temporal and modal analogues thereof. For example, suppose we admit, not just the possibility of there being two qualitatively indiscernible spheres, but that there are additional distinct possibilities regarding which of the two is, say, spontaneously destroyed. This sort of case for haecceities asserts that the existence of the haecceities of the spheres in question is needed to account for the distinctness of these possibilities.

Davidson provides an extensive discussion of these thought experiments—one that interprets and assesses them exclusively as deductive arguments, and he ultimately concludes that the premises of these various arguments fail to entail the truth of their putative conclusion or fall prey to allegations of question-begging. In evaluating these arguments, Davidson says, “All of them have been seen to fail. Many of them fail in the same sort of way, viz., that they fail to rule out a view on which individuation is truly brute” (60).

I agree with Davidson about the shortcomings of these arguments when interpreted and evaluated as deductive demonstrations of the existence of haecceities—ontological commitment to haecceities, like most any other ontological commitment, remains resistible in principle. But if our aim is to discern what metaphysical theories best explain our target phenomena (e.g., the just-noted scenarios regarding spheres or perhaps our best physical theories), a natural way to evaluate Adams’s arguments is by asking whether realism about haecceities provides the best explanation of the metaphysical scenarios. Put another way: I worry that Davidson asks too much of the arguments Adams and others offer for haecceities. The more charitable reading of these arguments as abductive in structure would also be in line with Davidson’s own manner of defending metaphysical theses seen just above. To be sure, the holistic evaluation of theories is a complicated and often frustratingly open-ended matter, but the weight of this family of arguments seems more aptly measured by attending to explanatory virtues than by scrutinizing their irresistibility as demonstrations. Moreover, when Davidson cites the role of haecceities within his preferred semantic theories, it is difficult not to ask whether these semantic theories are themselves supported via general theoretical virtues rather than by irresistible deductive arguments. For these reasons, I believe open questions still remain about why, if at all, we should be realists about haecceities.

Davidson’s case for constituentism involves several interesting wrinkles. Among them, he argues that constituentism allows realists about haecceities to avoid metaphysically necessary connections between distinct existences. Davidson says the following:

Consider then Socrates and his haecceity, being Socrates . If primitivism about haecceities is correct, then we have a necessary connection between two distinct contingent existences: Necessarily, Socrates exists only if being Socrates does. . . .Suppose, however, that constituentism is correct. Then, Socrates is part of his haecceity, being Socrates. As a result, we don’t really have a necessary connection between distinct objects. (37)

This line of argument raises questions about the stricture against necessary connections, which has been influentially defended by David Lewis. (Lewis receives surprisingly little attention throughout the book—perhaps most notably, his deflationary treatment of haecceities as either singletons or sets of counterparts is undiscussed.) One worry raised by Lewis about the interaction of non-mereological composition with necessary connections looms especially large. Abbreviating Lewis’ arguments significantly: if composition is mereological, then composites are nothing over and above their parts, so the relation of parts to a whole is not a necessary connection between distinct existences. If, however, composition is non-mereological, then the relationship between the parts and what they compose would be an objectionable necessary connection since the whole would be, not merely its parts, but its parts plus something else (e.g., a certain kind of structure).

For Lewis, this worry is most familiar in the form of states of affairs. Consider the state of affairs of a being F . This state of affairs isn’t merely the sum of a and F— after all, a might exist even when only b is an F. So, this complex entity would seem to have a and F as constituents but in a non-mereological manner. If we assume that the existence of a being F necessitates the existence of both a and F, this kind of necessary connection is worrisome, says Lewis, because the state of affairs is something distinct from or “over and above” its constituents. On this front, Lewis suggestively says of necessary connections and non-mereological composition that “Perhaps these two mysteries are the same” (Lewis 2003:37).

Non-mereological composition is essential to constituentist realism: Socrates’ haecceity is not merely the sum of Socrates and a specific abstract entity. Rather, the haecceity of Socrates must be built out of Socrates and an abstract entity in the right way . Although Davidson draws an analogy between the constituency relation of haecceities and individuals to singular propositions and their constituent semantic values, more could usefully be said about the specific nature of this non-mereological composition. But, if the constituentist’s haecceities are like singular propositions, then, since the latter are standardly taken to be built up non-mereologically, the former will similarly involve necessary connections that Lewis and others seek to do without. For this reason, the constituency relationship essential to constituentism is in tension with the motivation of avoiding necessary connections.

The above worry might be mitigated by noting that some Humeans—including Lewis himself, at times—are principally concerned with individuals being modally “free” from one another and not individuals and properties (or properties and properties). In Davidson’s argument for constituentism, the specified modal concern involves Socrates and the property being Socrates. (He refers to individuals and properties as “objects.”) But, if our aim is to do away with all necessary connections involving properties, there seems to be little hope of achieving this on the present view. While, according to independence actualism, being Socrates can exist even in worlds where Socrates does not exist, being Socrates will nevertheless necessarily instantiate the property having Socrates as a constituent— a property that singular propositions and other non-mereological complexes can instantiate too. Perhaps some Humeans would be comfortable with such a commitment since it relates properties rather than individuals, but, again, it does seem to traffic in the kind of “mysteries” that Lewis and others find concerning. In light of this tension between constituentism and Humeanism, it seems that the case for constituentism will have to rest on other considerations.

The cumulative case Davidson makes for constituentism also points us toward the prospective analysis of qualitative versus quidditative properties. One way to shore up this line of argument is to make clear precisely why this distinction is worth analyzing—e.g., what role the distinction plays in our broader theorizing or, more controversially, as part of an inviolable body of ordinary intuitions.

My hunch is that the broadest and most regular use of this distinction is in spelling out notions like qualitative indiscernibility and related ones like duplication . If that’s correct, certain challenges await Davidson’s constituentism. Here’s one: suppose you believe that time can pass without qualitative change and, with fans of certain conceptions of the moving spotlight theory of temporal passage, that there is a fundamental property of being present that “shines” over reality. I take it that the best way to understand this view is as one on which a fundamental tense property of being present is non-qualitative. But such a property surely doesn’t seem to have constituents.

Here’s another curious case related to the qualitative distinction: according to some, species properties like being a tiger are non-qualitative and so different from qualitative properties like being tiger-like and are much more akin to haecceities. If that view is correct, does being a tiger have each and every tiger as a constituent, or only past and present tigers, or what?

A final curiosity about the qualitative distinction is specific to constituentism: you might think that the actual world has a haecceity, but, if the world consists of all that there is, then, for the world to have a haecceity, it would need to be a constituent of that haecceity. But, it’s not clear how the world can be all that there is as well as a part of something else upon pain of increasingly strange forms of constituency. So what should we make of the limits of haecceity distribution? Do worlds, times, or regions possess them, too? (This sort of problem will be familiar to proponents of singular propositions who face a parallel one.)

There may be constituentist stories to tell about such properties, but, regardless of these and other curious cases, About Haecceity will prove a useful book for metaphysicians interested in questions about the metaphysics of identity.

Lewis, David. 2003. "Things Qua Truthmakers" in Lillehammer, H. and G. Rodriguez-Pereyra (eds.), 2003, Real Metaphysics: Essays in honor of D. H. Mellor , London: Routledge, 25–38.